Combustion of syngas vs. combustion of solid biomass.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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From July 1997 he has worked at the Department of Wireless Communications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia. He was on a research study at the Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom (1999/2000). In April 2007 he was promoted to Associate Professor. He participated in 4 scientific projects financed by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia and 4 international COST projects of the European Commission in the field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Currently he is a project leader of the research project: Intelligent Image Features Extraction in Knowledge Discovery Systems (036-0982560-1643), supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia (2007-2009). 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Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited 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\r\n\tThe objective of this book is to make the food professionals acquainted with recent directions of the research work in food science. The different sections of this book project will describe the utilization of digital transformation in the food industry using the available applications of digital tools such as the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), sensor technologies, and blockchain. The effect of climate changes on the agro-industry will be discussed through the issues of climate changes, climate adaptation, agro-ecosystems, and environmental aspects and impacts. Recently, the food industry is subjected to unexpected new risks such as pandemics, lack of specific food supply, financial situations, and information technology problems so this too should be taken into consideration in the food science research work. As the food industry is a consumer-driven industry the continual improvement is a cornerstone in this industry. Recent technologies such as nanotechnology, membrane technology, and high-pressure technology besides the advanced analytical methods such as applications of the electron microscope and PCR would be covered.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-066-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-065-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-067-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"086633aee9a7b3ec134fb3a465418eac",bookSignature:"Prof. Yehia El-Samragy",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11741.jpg",keywords:"Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Climate Change, Agroecosystems, Pandemics, Information Technology Problems, Lack of Specific Food Supply, Nanotechnology, High-Pressure Technology, PCR, Membrane Technology",numberOfDownloads:54,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 2nd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 23rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 19th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 18th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Emeritus of Food Science, International Expert Trainer of Food Safety and Quality Management Systems, IRCA Lead Auditor/Tutor of QMS, and Food Safety, FSPCA Lead Instructor of PCQI and FSVP courses, registered Tutor of Highfield Food Safety and HACCP",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"81644",title:"Prof.",name:"Yehia",middleName:null,surname:"El-Samragy",slug:"yehia-el-samragy",fullName:"Yehia El-Samragy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81644/images/system/81644.jpg",biography:"Dr. El-Samragy has over four decades of a professional career bridged between academia and industry. He is Professor Emeritus of Food Science at Ain Sham University, Cairo, Egypt, and Visiting Research Professor at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY and Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA. He is an International Expert Trainer of Food Safety and Quality Management Systems. He worked as an Expert at some international organizations including FAO, UNIDO, UNDP, JECFA, ISO, USAID, ACDI-VOCA and DANIDA, in different projects of technology transfer, food standards, food product development, waste utilization, cleaner production, implementation of integrated management systems. He is IRCA Lead Auditor/Tutor of QMS, and Food Safety (HACCP & ISO/FSSC 22000) (IRCA Certificate # 01182132), and Lead Instructor, FSPCA Preventive Controls for Human Food Course (FSPCA Certificate # d16e213f) and FSPCA Foreign Supplier Verification Programs (FSPCA Certificate # d26bcf6b). Also, he registered and approved to deliver Food Safety and HACCP training and examinations leading to Highfield Qualifications (Highfield Tutor # 29012). He has extensive experience in delivering training courses on QMS, HACCP and ISO/FSSC 22000 in Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Zambia, Tanzania, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gambia, South Africa, Uganda, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Dubai, Sharjah, Syria, Bahrain, Lebanon, Kazakhstan, Russia, USA and Canada.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"81452",title:"High-Intensity Ultrasound and Its Interaction with Foodstuff and Nanomaterials",slug:"high-intensity-ultrasound-and-its-interaction-with-foodstuff-and-nanomaterials",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81707",title:"The Function of a Coffee Shop as a Social Cultural Entity",slug:"the-function-of-a-coffee-shop-as-a-social-cultural-entity",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82087",title:"Value-Added Foods: Characteristic, Benefits, and Physical Properties",slug:"value-added-foods-characteristic-benefits-and-physical-properties",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81983",title:"Pulsed Electric Fields as a Green Pretreatment to Enhance Mass Transfer from Grapes of Bioactive Molecules: Aromatic, Phenolic, and Nitrogen Compounds",slug:"pulsed-electric-fields-as-a-green-pretreatment-to-enhance-mass-transfer-from-grapes-of-bioactive-mol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82180",title:"Optimization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) 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However, cancer remains the second major cause of death in the world and major cause of death in the rich countries [2, 3]. Cancer consists in a set of diseases characterized by the progressive accumulation of mutations in the cell. These mutations provide changes in the intracellular environment that induce advantages for its proliferation as well as greater resistance to mechanisms of cell death. A dysfunctional cluster of these cells is classically known as tumor. Currently, cancer is understood as a microenvironment, in which the interactions between the cellular elements that compose it are determinants for the progression of the disease. For example, such elements would be involved in the interaction of tumor cells with normal cells such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, immune system cells, and endothelial cells [4, 5, 6]. All these cellular interactions support the development of cancer cachexia, which affects approximately 50–80% of cancer patients, and more than 25% of cancer deaths are a direct consequence of cachexia [7]. Cancer cachexia is directly related to a reduction in tolerance to physical effort [8], a reduction in tolerance to cancer treatments [9], and a shorter patient survival [10].
\nDuring cancer progression, tumor cells develop a number of important biological changes to support initiation, proliferation, and resistance to death known as cancer hallmarks [5, 6]. Hanahan and Weinberg [5, 6] discuss 10 biological capabilities acquired by tumor cells that may be common among the different neoplasms and are important for the development and growth of the tumor mass, namely: (1) sustaining proliferative signaling, (2) loss of growth suppressors, (3) resisting cell death, (4) enabling replicative immortality, (5) inducing angiogenesis, (6) activating invasion and metastasis, (7) genome instability, (8) inflammation, (9) reprogramming of energy metabolism, and (10) loss of immune destruction [5, 6]. Among the 10 cancer-related biological processes, we point out that 6 are of fundamental importance for tumor mass growth.
Sustaining proliferative signaling
In normal tissues, there is a careful control of the release of growth and proliferation factors for the regulation of the cell cycle, which ensures adequate tissue architecture and function. However, tumor cells show abnormal proliferation signaling, which promote exacerbated cell proliferation that generates morphological and functional tissue disarrangement. Some mutations are shown as probable causes of a normal cell to initiate a sustained proliferation and tumorigenesis. For example, mutation of
Loss of growth suppressors.
Tumor cells bypass growth suppressor signals through the escape of mechanisms that negatively control cell proliferation. Usually, tumor cells show loss of
Resisting cell death.
Over the past few decades, the literature has shown that apoptosis-programmed cell death serves as a natural barrier to the development of cancer. Apoptosis is triggered in response to various physiological stresses that tumor cells undergo during the course of tumorigenesis or as a result of antineoplastic therapies. However, tumor cells have the ability to resist apoptosis and subsequently progress to conditions of malignancy and resistance to therapy [5].
Enabling replicative immortality.
In healthy tissues, most normal cells have growth and cell division capacity controlled, but tumor cells have unlimited replicative potential, which favors the development of tumors [5].
Inducing angiogenesis.
In any tissue, the presence of vessels allows both the uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the release of substances not useful for the cells. Moreover, angiogenesis occurs temporarily in response to some stimulation such as healing and the female reproductive cycle, being a transient process. However, this process is sustained and dysfunctional, since new vessels that present less coverage of pericytes appear continuously, favoring tumor growth [5].
Activating invasion and metastasis.
Tissue invasion and metastasis are probably the most relevant features developed by tumor cells, since the major cause of cancer death is associated with the formation of metastatic tumors. Metastasis is the formation of a new tumor, originating from the primary tumor. This is a complex process in which primary tumor cells invade blood and lymphatic circulation, spreading and forming colonies at distant sites from the primary tumor [13].
To reach the circulation and invade distant tissues, tumor cells need to modify their configuration and undergo a process named epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, tumor cells with epithelial characteristics deactivate the mechanisms of cell adhesion and acquire locomotor properties, becoming able to infiltrate the stroma and have access to blood and lymphatic vessels [14, 15]. Moreover, for the colonization of tumor cells in distant tissues, the preparation of the “
Cancer is considered a typically genetic disease; however, epigenetic modifications play an important role in the development and progression of cancer [5, 6, 25, 26, 27].
\nThe term “epigenetics” was originally described by Conrad Waddington to describe hereditary changes in a cell phenotype that were independent of changes in DNA sequence [28].
\nEpigenetic modifications reflect a complexity of factors that determine the condensation state of chromatin, which determines whether the DNA is accessible to proteins that control gene transcription. A relaxed or “open” chromatin state allows gene transcription, while a condensed or “closed” chromatin condition prevents gene transcription [25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31]. Epigenetic mechanisms currently believed to play a role in the development of cancer include: (1) DNA methylation of cytosine bases in CG-rich sequences, called CpG islands; (2) posttranslational modification of histones (proteins that form the nucleosomes), which regulate the packaging structure of DNA (called chromatin); and (3) microRNAs (miRs) and noncoding RNAs [25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31].
\nAlthough DNA methylation and histone modifications are important components of epigenetic regulation [25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31], here we will focus on the role of alterations in miRs expression, since their expression is regulated through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications, and because their functions are aberrant in cancer, boosting the progression of the disease.
\nMiRs are a class of molecules that have an important role in the regulation of protein expression, even after the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA).
\nMiRs are characterized as small RNAs of approximately 17–22 nucleotides, noncoding proteins, that act by binding to the mRNA, repressing the translation of proteins. MiRs are found in several organisms as animals and plants and control a lot of physiological and pathological processes. Evidence shows that at least one-third of all biological processes are controlled by miRs [32].
\nThis class of molecules was first observed in 1993 by Lee et al., which demonstrated that miR
As mentioned, miRs exert their action through partially or totally binding to the 3’UTR region of the target mRNA. The complete complementarity induces the degradation of the mRNAs, being commonly observed in plants. In mammals, there is partial complementarity, which inhibits the translation of the target transcript [36].
\nThe miRs bind their
The biogenesis of miRs begins with the action of the enzyme RNA polymerase II that generates a primary transcript called pri-miR. The pri-miR has a hairpin double helix structure with approximately 300 nucleotides. Still in the cell nucleus, the Drosha enzyme and its cofactor DGCR8 cleave the pri-miR, forming its precursor, the pre-miR. The pre-miR is exported to the cytosol by the exportin 5 enzyme. In the cytoplasm, the pre-miR is cleaved by the enzyme dicer, originating two strands together, one being the mature miR and the other called an antisense. Dicer cleaves again and separates the duplex. The mature miR is then incorporated by a multimeric complex named RISC that contains argonaute protein (AGO) as showed in Figure 1, while the other strand can be degraded or incorporated in other RISC complex to exert negative regulation of target mRNAs [32].
\nCanonical pathway of biogenesis of miRs [
Recently, the interest in the study of miRs has increased, since they exert a paracrine function and are effective in the tissue communication. Also, an miR can exert the same function on different cell types, as different function in the same cells. In 2008, the presence of miRs in plasma and other biological fluids was discovered, demonstrating that miRs are viable in the extracellular environment and important signaling molecules. There are circulating miRs in almost all biological fluids, including: milk, plasma, serum, saliva, urine, tear, and amniotic fluid [37]. Circulating miRs are remarkably stable, resistant to RNase activity, freeze-thaw cycles as well as extreme pH. This stability is associated with the carriers that carry them and can be secreted by the cells through different vesicles such as exosomes, HDL, or AGO proteins containing apoptotic bodies [37].
\nThe miRs play a key role in the control of various physiological and pathological processes. Many studies demonstrate the participation of miRs during the progression of several types of cancer. MiRs present altered expression in tumors, and many studies are being conducted with this new class of molecules to elucidate their role in controlling the pathophysiology of the disease [36, 38, 39].
\nThere is evidence that miRs are also involved in regulation of hallmarks of cancer and thus in the progression of cancer [5, 15]. In view of this, there is an effort by the scientific community to understand the mechanisms involving miRs and the development of cancer aiming to develop cancer-specific gene therapies [40]. The aim of these efforts is to improve responses to conventional drugs for the cancer treatment, specifically suppress oncogenic processes, and improve the prognosis of the disease.
\nThe
Garzon et al. [40] observed that there is a decrease in
Moreover,
In contrast, miRs may also be increased in cancer and their biological effects may potentiate the development of the disease. For example, the case of
MiRs are also involved in several other cancer factors, such as in the formation of metastases. Zhou et al. [48] observed that
Landscape of investigative field involving miRs, molecular basis, and the hallmarks of cancer. Currently, among the miRs related to the cancer hallmarks, only
Although in recent time cancer treatments have evolved considerably, there are still no responsive patients to the treatments, which suggest the need for strategies to reduce the incidence and aggressiveness of cancer. At same time,
Physical fitness is the ability to perform daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without excessive fatigue and with energy to enjoy leisure activities and to meet unforeseen emergencies [54]. It is known that physical activity induces beneficial adaptations to the body, improving physical fitness [55]. Physical activity encompasses both physical exercise with controlled volume, intensity, and duration or recreational activities [56]. There is evidence that support the importance of maintaining a physically active life for health. Healthy individuals or cardiovascular patients who have low physical capacity tend to have a lower survival rate [57]. Corroborating with these clinical and epidemiological data, experimental results show that rats with high capacity to run present a higher survival (~45%) when compared to those that have low capacity to run [58, 59]. Regular physical activities are recognized as nonpharmacologic preventive approach and treatment for chronic diseases [60, 61, 62], including cancer [63, 64, 65]. Several studies also demonstrate that aerobic physical activity normalizes the expression of aberrant miRs due to diseases such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. That these pathologies induce molecular and structural alterations and aerobic physical exercise is a beneficial stimulus for the reversal and control of these deleterious alterations such as muscle mass decrease and microvascular rarefaction [66, 67, 68, 69].
\nThere is evidence that aerobic physical activity reduces the incidence of several types of cancer [65]. Moore et al. [65] demonstrated that regular physical activity resulted in decreased incidence of 13 types of cancer in 26 analyzed in 1.44 million adults. The individuals involved with higher daily volumes of physical activity presented decrease in the incidence in esophageal adenocarcinoma, myeloid leukemia, myeloma, liver, lung, kidney, gastric, endometrial, colon, head and neck, rectal, bladder, and breast cancer. The effects of physical activity on reducing the incidence of cancer were independent of other factors such as body mass index (BMI), smoking, geographical region, use of hormonal therapy, and ethnicity [65]. Cancer patients with reduced physical capacity have a worse prognosis [70, 71, 72]. Colon cancer patients have a reduction of more than 20% in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 máx.) compared to their healthy peers [71]. Patients with lung cancer and colon cancer with greater physical capacity present a higher survival compared to patients with lower physical capacity [73]. Aerobic physical activity attenuates tumor growth in different animal models [74, 75, 76, 77, 78]. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this response are poorly understood. Recently, Pedersen et al. [79] showed that 4 weeks of prior voluntary physical activity was able to delay tumor initiation and attenuate tumor growth in various cancer models in mice and was also efficient in decreasing the formation of metastatic nodules. The authors demonstrated that physical activity increases the mobilization and redistribution of NK cells to the tumor microenvironment due to the systemic increase of
However, it is important to note that only two of the studies that observed attenuation of tumor growth induced by aerobic physical activity investigated the role of miR in this response, both in mice breast cancer injected with MC4-L2. Khori et al. observed that aerobic physical activity was efficient in reducing
These results indicate the potential of physical activity in modulating the decompensated miRs in the tumor. Also, we can point to the potential of physical activity to an improved miRs profile in the tumor, and their direct role in the reduction of the tumor growth and aggressiveness. However, currently there is a gap in elucidating about the global molecular mechanisms by which physical activity induces the phenotypical improvement. Therefore, the interaction between cancer, miRs and the effect of physical activity in the several cancer types is a promisor field of investigation that certainly will develop a lot of knowledge about preventive, therapeutic, as well as the mechanisms by which physical activity acts is cancer.
\nCancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by continuous loss of muscle mass that can be conjugated or not by loss of fat mass. CC cannot be completely reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional disability [83]. The pathophysiology of CC is characterized by a negative protein balance, anorexia, and metabolic abnormalities [84]. CC individuals usually present with muscle weakness, asthenia and poor response to anticancer treatment, all of these processes contributes to patient mortality [85, 86].
\nMuscle atrophy in CC results from the imbalance in protein turnover due to exacerbated proteolytic activation, reduction of protein synthesis pathways, and reduced regenerative capacity in skeletal muscle [87, 88].
\nIn this context, it is essential to understand the role of epigenetic factors in the loss of muscle mass in CC. There is massive evidence that epigenetic factors, for example histone acetylation, DNA methylation and miRs orchestrate processes such as muscle proliferation and differentiation, as well as skeletal muscle regenerative capacity [89, 90, 91, 92]. To elucidate about the epigenetic factors that lead to the loss of muscle mass in CC also may contribute to the emergence of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of the syndrome.
\nIn this section, we will approach about the role of miRs in the regulation of muscular trophism. Skeletal muscle presents a set of miRs that are enriched in this tissue and mediate mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis. These miRs are known as myomiRs [32]. The most studied myomiRs are the
Interesting advances have been made in studies about the of role skeletal muscle enriched miRs in CC. Lee et al. [95] conducted a study in order to investigate the profile of miRs expressed in skeletal muscle of cachectic mice. The researchers performed a sequencing of the anterior tibial muscle of LLC tumor-bearing mice, animal model of orthotopic lung cancer, and compared them to healthy mice. The
Narasimhan et al. [96] conducted another study evaluating the profile of miRs in muscle tissue of CC patients. In this study, human rectal abdominal muscle samples were collected during the tumor resection surgery of colon and pancreatic cancer patients. Sequencing analyzes demonstrated that eight miRs were differentially expressed between cachectic individuals and controls. The miRs let-
The loss of fat mass is not present in all cases of CC; however, the role in energy metabolism of adipose tissue in CC is important. Therefore, studies are being conducted to understand the function of miRs in maintaining of adipose tissue in cachetic state. Kulyté et al. [97] conducted a sequencing analyzes of miRs in adipose tissue of cachectic and noncachectic gastrointestinal cancer patients, the authors found difference in expression of nine miRs between cachectic and noncachectic patients.
MiRs are also present in body fluids such as saliva, tear, and blood. In this sense, studies are being conducted with the purpose of understanding the role of circulating miRs in CC. Okugawa et al. [98] showed that the expression of circulating
The role of
There are few studies showing a direct association of the action of miRs and their targets about processes involved in the progression or reversal of CC. The issue promises a great field for development of results that can be clinically relevant and useful in the future. Additionally, skeletal muscle is highly responsive to both physical activity and CC, and investigation of skeletal muscle-enriched miRs and the effect of physical activity and exercise in these miRs are promising to elucidate about CC. The next section will cover this topic.
\nThere is massive evidence that support the importance of maintaining aerobic fitness for health. Low aerobic fitness is an independent indicator of early death in individuals with cardiovascular and/or healthy individuals [57]. The physical training regulates the expression of miRs in a profile that enables endurance performance and physical fitness. Aerobic exercise prevents a number of chronic-degenerative diseases [60], including cancer [65]. Resistance training increases muscle mass and strength and contributes to increased functional capacity [87]. Therefore, aerobic and resistance training are presented as a therapeutic potential for CC patients and presents an interesting field of investigation to clarify clinically relevant process related to CC. However, due to clinical difficulties and poor safety conditions, there is a lack in human studies about the role of physical exercise in CC patients. In this context, the use of animal models in well-controlled studies has shown that physical training may be promising in the treatment of CC. Oh et al. demonstrated that the C26, orthotopic colon cancer cachectic mice, when submitted to resistance training and aerobic training protocols presented lower muscle mass loss [100]. Partial preservation of muscle mass due to physical training is associated with higher expression of proteins such as
Skeletal muscle trophism is regulated by the action of some miRs, and exercise controls the expression of these miRs. As example,
In conclusion, many studies show that both aerobic and resistance physical exercise control the expression of miRs that are dysregulated by diseases as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity [68, 69, 104, 105]. Physical exercise rebalances the expression of the miRs involved with those alterations reverses structural deleterious changes in the skeletal muscle and restores tissue or prevents deterioration [66]. However, there are no studies designing an miR profile from CC skeletal muscle and the prevention of muscle catabolism by physical exercise, which is interesting for future investigation.
\nThe effects of physical activity as nonpharmacological adjuvant for cancer patients are effective to the disease and survivorship in cancer, since it improves quality of life and decreases the recurrence of cancer. Currently, there are massive efforts to include exercise in the therapeutic approach to patients. Furthermore, studies show several benefits of aerobic physical activity in reducing the risk of incidence of cancer. Physical activity also reduces expenditures for public health agencies, both by decrease of cancer incidence and can attenuate the side effects or resistance related to anticancer treatment. However, little is known about the epigenetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms involved in this response, both related to hallmarks of cancer, to cachexia process, and the comprehension about physical training effect in oncologic patients remains incipient.
\nRecently, the attentions of several areas of the scientific community have turned to miRs, epigenetic regulators in different cellular processes, as in tumorigenesis. To date, studies postulating the effects of aerobic physical activity on the modulation of decompensated miRNAs in the tumor and its potential as cancer gene therapy in cancer are rare. Thus, the identification of miRs modified by cancer of sedentary animals in comparison with trained animals can lead to the identification of miRs with therapeutic potential and elucidate about epigenetic mechanisms involved in physical activity therapy. However, it is necessary to better understand these mechanisms both in cell culture and in animal models of cancer in order to transpose into translational medicine in a whole approach. In this sense, extensive basic research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms in order to establish relationships about the role of miRs, the 10 biological capacities, the hallmarks of cancer, and if how these processes can be reversed by physical activity. Another interesting issue to be investigated is about the involvement of the miRs regulated by the physical activity in the CC and how these miRs are related to the 10 capacities and the hallmarks of cancer. These approaches can extensively clarify about cancer mechanisms and improve future physical activity therapy.
\nThe researchers were supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP: 2015/22814-5, 2015/17275-8, 2015/09919-2, 2017/22069-3, and 2018/02351-9), USP/PRP-NAPmiR, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq: 307591/2009-3, 159827/2011-6, and 313479/2017-8), and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES-Proex).
\nNo disclosures.
3’UTR region | 3’ untranslated region |
AKT | AKT serine/threonine kinase |
AGO | argonaute protein |
ATGL | patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 |
BCL2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
BMI | body mass index |
CC | cancer cachexia |
CCDN1 | cyclin D1 |
CD324 | cadherin 1 |
CDC34 | cell division cycle 34 |
CDK6 | cell division protein kinase 6 |
DGCR8 | DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 microprocessor protein |
DLK1 | delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
E2F2 | E2F transcription factor 2 |
EIF4E | eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E |
EMT | epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
ETS1 | ETS proto-oncogene 1 |
FOXO3 | forkhead box O3 |
HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
HiF1α | hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha |
HMGA2 | high-mobility group AT-hook 2 |
HRAS | HRas proto-oncogene |
HSL | hormone-sensitive lipase |
IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
IGF-1R | insulin like growth factor 1 receptor |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
VO2máx | maximal oxygen consumption |
mRNA | messenger RNA |
miR | microRNA |
mTOR | mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase |
MYC | Myc proto-oncogene |
MyD88 | myeloid differentiation primary response |
NK cells | natural killer cells |
P38 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 |
PAX3 | paired box 3 |
PAX7 | paired box 7 |
PDCD4 | programmed cell death protein 4 |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
PIK3CA | phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase |
PLIN1 | perilipin 1 |
PDCD4 | programmed cell death 4 |
RISC | RNA induced silencer complex |
RPS6KA6 | ribosomal protein S6 kinase A6 |
SULF1 | sulfatase 1 |
TLR8 | toll like receptor 8 |
TPM1 | tropomyosin 1 |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
ZO1 | tight junction protein 1 |
For the last decades, the demand for renewable energy has been increasing intensively due to the crude-oil crisis and the alert of global warming. Among the alternatives for fossil fuels to generate heat, biomass is an abundant neutral carbon source, of which its conversion to heat does not break the balance of the atmosphere’s air contents [1]. Combustion of biomass has been the most direct and simple process to produce energy. However, the traditional combustion of biomass, such as wood, charcoal, straw, husks, etc., often leads to the emission of smoke, dust, fumes, volatile compounds and toxic gases due to incomplete reactions and fine particles dragged out of the system by the flue gas [2]. Although several combustion methods were invented to increase efficiency and reduce emission of pollutants, such as fixed bed rocket type, and fluidized bed technology, the direct combustion of solid fuels is still one of the major causes of the industrial air pollutant in the world [3].
In contrast, gasification of biomass can minimize the emission of pollutants. Syngas produced from gasification of biomass can be optionally purified before being combusted. Ultimately, the combustion of gaseous fuels inherently has higher efficiency than that of solid matters. That is because the oxidation of a solid object in oxygen/air is gradually happening from its outer surface into the inner layers, which can be described as a heterogeneous process, while a combustive gas like syngas can be burned at a very high mass transfer rate in a homogeneous process. A comparison is presented in Table 1.
Combustion of syngas from gasification of biomass | Direct combustion of solid biomass | |
---|---|---|
Type of reactions | Homogeneous | Heterogeneous |
Uniformity | Very high | None |
Process nature | Simple | Complex |
Mass transfer rate | Almost instant | Slow, depending on the solid surface – oxygen/air contact |
Combustion of syngas vs. combustion of solid biomass.
The gasification phenomenon of carbonaceous materials was possibly observed in the human history as very early as the invention of fire. Gasification was found as the ignition and combustion of smoke released from smoldering coal, wood, straw, grass, or other organic substances in the lack of oxygen. In 1792, the first industrial gasification system to generate electricity was reported [4]. Gasification is a thermal decomposition process of solid or liquid substances to syngas in the presence of gasification agents through a series of chemical reactions mentioned in the following sections. This technology can help converting variable low-energy-density fuels to combustive gases. It attracts significant interests in both academic and industrial fields. Figure 1 shows a very strong flame torch produced by gasification of oil-extracted cashew nut shell.
Gasification of oil-extracted cashew nut shell at Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT).
Gasification is an advanced technology to convert biomass to syngas fuel under different atmospheres (oxygen/air, steam, H2, CO2). The product syngas can also be used as precursors to synthesize valuable chemicals via Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactions [5]. Table 2 highlights some key differences between gasification and direct combustion of biomass.
Gasification of biomass | Direct combustion of biomass | |
---|---|---|
Input feedstock | Low-energy-density and wet biomass is still feasible | The biomass fuel must have acceptable moisture content and relatively flammable to guarantee a sustainable operation. |
Output flame | Smokeless, free of dust and toxic gases if the syngas is purified. | Smoky and dusty with fly ash. |
Impact to the heat exchangers’ surface | Minimized | Silica fume, dusty aerosol, and corrosive gases can shorten the lifetime of equipment. |
Applicability for internal combustion engines | Yes | No |
Equipment design complexity | Complex | Simple |
Heat receiver arrangement | Mobile | Fixed to the burner |
Side product | Char, ash (solids), tar, bio-oil, wood vinegar (liquids) | Ash |
A brief comparison between biomass gasification and combustion.
The combustion of a solid fuel is a thermal and oxidation decomposition with the involvement of oxygen in air. Generally, for biomass, it can be simply expressed as:
This process can be observed with two visual phenomena: first, thermal decomposition on the outer surface of the solid phase to release volatile and combustive components, which join thermal reactions in the gas phase secondly, as the formation of flames [6]. Differing from direct combustion, gasification limits the process at the first step to produce syngas. Conventionally, oxygen/air is used as gasification agent in this case. However, other gasification agents also can be employed to enhance the conversion efficiency as presented followings.
In this context, to simplify the theory, biomass can be formulated with its main general composition CaHbOc due to the much lower contents of other elements, such as N, S, P, and halogens. The involvement of inorganic compounds is not considered.
The thermal decomposition of biomass in insufficient presence of oxygen/air, known as incomplete combustion, is the most conventional gasification. Logically, the whole process can be described below as rearranged from theory [7].
Drying: firstly, once entering the reactor, the biomass is dried due to heat.
Combustion: secondly, a part of the solid biomass, which was ignited and in contact with locally excess oxygen/air, is combusted to generate heat as the energy source for later reactions to occur.
Pyrolysis: heat from the combustion zone is transferred via radiation, conduction, and convective hot streams to the surrounding biomass where oxygen/air is not sufficient or absent. Due to the heat, pyrolysis occurs to form CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4, H2O, char (C), and other organic solids and liquids as primary tar (2).
Reduction: after the above two steps, hot reactants react in situ with the biomass and with each other via a series of reactions.
The main weakness of gasification by oxygen/air is due to a large portion of inert nitrogen in the agent (79–80%), which makes the resulted syngas diluted. It can be roughly estimated that syngas from this type of gasification mainly contains around 30–60% of nitrogen and 10–15% of CO2 since its heating value is typically between 4 and 6 MJ/m3 (for comparison, HHV of H2 = 12.76 MJ/m3, CO = 12.63 MJ/m3, CH4 39.76 MJ/m3 and CH4 is commonly much less than CO and H2) [7, 8, 9]. Low quality syngas is the main disadvantage of this technique for applications which require high temperature and steady operation, such as internal combustion engine, metallurgy, and melting glass industries.
Air-based gasification processes are sensitive and complex, which are influenced by a number of factors, such as biomass composition and particle geometry, gasification agent composition and flow rate, equipment design, etc. Among these, the ratio of actual air-fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (ER) is used as a parameter to calculate and to simulate the process [10].
Gasification ER is theoretically usually from 0.19 to 0.43, and a range of 0.25–0.29 was studied to be considered as the optimum ER in gasification of some popular biomass [11].
To obtain more concentrated syngas, nitrogen must be limited from the gasification agent in air-based systems while sufficient oxygen is still guaranteed for combustion to generate heat [12]. This method does not change the nature of the gasification process since nitrogen is an inert gas not involved in the reactions. Several techniques were introduced to remove nitrogen, thus increase oxygen content in the input air stream, such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA) [13], temperature swing adsorption [14], carbon membranes [15], etc. Oxygen concentration in studies on gasification with oxygen- enriched air is found limited by less than 50%, and no study on 100% oxygen gasification, possibly because of a high risk of explosion [16, 17, 18].
Figure 2 shows the visual change in an air-based syngas flame (wood pellet as feedstock) when oxygen concentration in the gasifying agent increased from that of normal air to 30%. With normal air, the syngas flame is thinner with smoke, while oxygen-enriched air makes the flame stronger, thicker, and less smoke. The flame temperature was measured as 874 and 933°C, respectively.
Experimental gasification of wood pellet (a) showing the flame of syngas when using (b) normal air (21% vol. as O2) and (c) oxygen-enriched air (30% vol. as O2).
Water gas (3) and water gas shift (6) reactions are the reasons steam can be introduced to oxygen/air gasification or wet biomass is accepted, of which moisture is more tolerated than that in direct combustion. Higher generation yields of H2 and CO are obtained so the final syngas mixture gets higher heating value. However, these two reactions are endothermic while the vaporization enthalpy of water has a large value (at atmospheric pressure that is 40.65 kJ/mol) so saturated steam or water can make the pyrolysis zone lose heat, drop temperature, leading to lower conversion yield. Lower quantity becomes a contrast to higher quality of syngas formation in this case. Subsequently, the process even gets faded if sufficient heat is not guaranteed. To achieve both quantity and quality of syngas, heat should be redeemed by using superheated steam instead of saturated steam or water in wet biomass so that the gasification temperature is maintained above 750–800°C [19].
The ratio of steam to carbon content of the biomass fuel (SCR) is used as a crucial operating parameter in biomass gasification with steam feeding [20]:
Steam flow rate (kg/s) to biomass (kg/s) ratio (S/B) is also used like SCR [21]. Steam feeding makes the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the whole reaction mixture increase, which was found to yield more H2, and increase the heating value of the syngas, while tar content decreases significantly [22]. This technique is positively meaningful in biomass gasification because it does not only increase the quality of the syngas but also reduce tar-clogging problems to sustain the process.
Not many studies on gasification by hydrogen and carbon dioxide were found although these two agents are reactants in methanation (4) and Boudouard (7) reactions.
Methanation reaction can be increased when more H2 exists in the reaction zone of a gasifier. Since methanation is exothermic, hydrogen can be mixed with air in air-based gasification or can be used as the only gasification agents without slagging problems in the gasifiers like conventional oxygen/air gasification. Pure hydrogen gasification is expected to be able to run at lower temperature and milder conditions because less heat is generated from methanation reaction (ΔH = −87.5 kJ/mol) than from combustion step in air-based gasification [23], which may lead to the absence of oils and tars [24]. However, catalysts are needed because the reaction rates are very low [25]. Otherwise, hydrogen gasification should be carried out in high H2 pressure, which rises several safety concerns.
CO2 is a Boudouard reactant, as well as it can react with H2 in the mixture via reverse water gas shift reaction. Hot flue gas is a popular product in industry, which includes steam, CO2, and heat from direct combustion of fuel, thus can be considered as a gasification agent [26]. This technique is available if a combustion process is combined with gasification because air-based gasification already has its combustion zone. CO2 utilization and enhancement of CO formation can be the purposes of CO2-gasification [27].
The reactions in gasification can proceed with higher yields and less energy input if appropriate catalysts are employed. Catalysts can facilitate the process by reducing slagging problems, by which in severe cases, gasifiers need to be shut down for maintenance. Together with slagging of low-melting-point inorganic compounds, tar and soot formation also interrupts the operation because matters can be vaporized at high temperature, then condense at cooler zones and clog the systems. Catalysis helps limit the formation of such undesired side-products or decompose them to workable substances by cracking reactions. The mechanism of tar catalytic cracking can be assumed as follows [28]:
Organic and hydrocarbon compounds are dissociated from the biomass and absorbed on the catalytic sites.
Catalytic dehydrogenation reactions happen.
Water is hydroxylated to OH radicals, which oxidize the hydrocarbon fragments.
Syngas, CH4, and lighter hydrocarbons are formed then.
In contrast, catalytic gasification has some disadvantages, such as material costs and fading catalyst performance over reaction time. Theoretically, catalysts can be recovered after the process. But in fact, they are easily poisoned and contaminated by variable products, which are formed from the complex interactions in gasification.
Alkali metal salts seem to be the earliest catalysts to be examined for gasification [29]. Alkali elements were studied to catalyze gasification of char and biomass, and they were proved to reduce the formation of tar and soot [30, 31]. The employment of catalysts is preferred for entrained-flow gasifiers, which will be discussed later [32].
Natural minerals, precious metal and synthetic catalysts are also studied for their application in biomass gasification, as well as coal and syngas conversion [33, 34, 35].
Plasma, which can be produced by an electric arc discharged to a gas, is a very hot and highly ionized gaseous mixture. The initial gas interacts with the electric arc to become dissociated into electrons and ions at temperatures often exceeding thousands of Celsius degree. When biomass and a non-oxidizing gasifying agent are fed into a plasma reactor, the gasification can proceed at high temperatures without combustion to generate heat as in conventional process. Therefore, plasma gasification can convert organic substances to syngas that preserve all its chemical and heat energy, while converts inorganic mineral ash to inert vitrified glass or slag. As a result, contamination and dilution of syngas are minimized and the process control is easy to yield expected syngas composition [36, 37].
Microwave was also used to generate plasma in plasma gasification [38]. However, microwave plasma system is not easy to scale up for industrial purposes like electric arc type.
With the principle of supplying intensive heat for endothermic reactions, plasma gasification was used to produce hydrogen with steam injection as discussed in Section 2.3 [20]. Carbon dioxide gasification was studied with a various biomass feedstock to show input plasma energy was lowest while syngas formation yield was highest [39]. Experimental results showed that steam or catalysts added to plasma gasification can significantly reduce the formation of tars [40].
Gasification is a complicated process, which is influenced by many factors, among which equipment design plays a very important role. Popular types of gasifiers are listed and briefly discussed as bellows.
There are three ways of arrangement for biomass and gasifying agents entering to react with each other in the reactors: updraft, downdraft, and cross draft as illustrated in Figure 2a–c.
Updraft gasifiers (Figure 3a): in this type of reactor, biomass is fed downward from the top and gasifying agents is fed upward from the bottom in a counter flow arrangement. Ash is collected at the bottom of the equipment with air-lock design. The biggest weakness of updraft gasifiers is the accumulation of tar, moisture, and soot on the top of the reactors, which becomes hard clogging blocks inside the equipment. Figure 4 is the actual photo of a very thick and hard layer of tar and soot attached to the inner wall on the top of an updraft biomass gasification reactor (the photos were taken at the Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, HCMUT). This counter flow process also makes syngas from updraft gasifiers carries much contamination. In contrast, the operation of updraft gasifiers is the easiest among the three types of fix-bed gasifiers above. Its design is also simple and available for multi-feed stock purpose.
Downdraft gasifiers (Figure 3b): a narrow throat at the combustion zone is the typical design of this type of equipment. Since syngas is obtained at the bottom of the reactor, biomass and gasifying agents move in a co-current direction and get in contact for combustion at the device throttle. The flow rate of the gasifying agent gets maximum at this position due to the decreasing cross-sectional area of the orifice. As a result of this structure, the combustion increased sharply at the throttle while the amount of feeding agents is still. Downdraft gasifiers have higher conversion yield than that of their updraft models [41]. Syngas from downdraft gasifiers have much less tar and incomplete decomposed substances because they have to pass the combustion zone before exit with the syngas. However, downdraft gasifiers cannot be scaled up easily due to difficulties in controlling the movement of solid fuels through the throttle. Another difficulty in designing and fabricating downdraft gasifiers is “bridging problems” for feedstock with low densities [42]. The downward flow of the solid fuel is dictated by gravity while the pyrolysis zone is right above the narrow throat. The melting and adhesivity of lignin in biomass, as well as the local condensation of volatile substances, also facilitate the formation of stiff domes above the device throat, blocking the coming feedstock. It was observed that a rice husk downdraft gasifier kept stop working within some minutes of operation due to this problem and it was not an easy job to remove the bridging dome of “melting” rice husk inside the equipment (Figure 5).
Crossdraft gasifiers (Figure 3c): as an intermediate between downdraft and updraft design, crossdraft gasifiers has the simplest design when biomass is fed from the top, gasifying agent from the rear side, and syngas is withdrawn from the other rear side of the reactor. Thanks to this arrangement, the pyrolysis zone is separated from reduction zone, where syngas is obtained, and between them is the combustion zone to reduce tar and soot. Bridging problem is not a concern in this case, and scaling up is feasible.
Fix-bed gasifier types. (a) Updraft gasifier. (b) Downdraft gasifier. (c) Crossdraft gasifier.
(a) an updraft gasifier converting rice husk to syngas, (b) the inside wall of the top opening is clogged with a thick layer of condensed tar and soot.
Fixing a downdraft gasifier after a bridging problem happened.
Fluidization is an advance technique for solid fuel combustion. It is also applied for gasification. Inert materials (sand, dolomite, crushed stone, etc.) are employed to hold fluidization. The gasifying agents enter the reactor from the bottom upward to the top at velocities of 1–3 m/s through the biomass + inert material bed. Gasification reactions occur inside the bed then the resulted gases drag the particle before going up like “bubbling”. This technique provides the mixture a uniformity for heat exchange. Cyclones are installed to collected solid particles and return them to the reactors. With high gasification efficiency, fluidized bed gasifiers are known for tar and char reduction [43].
The operating temperature of fluidized-bed gasifiers is limited to the melting point of the inert medium. The gasifying agents also play a role as fluidization fluids so the input flow rate must be high enough. Therefore, gasification agents in fluidized bed gasifiers are usually rather than only oxygen/air, which need to be at a limited mass ratio to the biomass [44, 45].
Entrained flow gasifiers are applied for biomass with small particle sizes so that the specific contact area with gasifying agents is large enough for suitable reaction rate. Simply described as illustrated in Figure 6a, the solid and the gas agents are fed co-currently to the reactor in the same downward direction. The agent surrounds the solid particles and react to convert the biomass to syngas. At the end of the falling routine to the bottom of the reactor of the feed, only ash and slag are expected to be remained solid collected in cyclone systems while syngas is passing through. The operation is carried out at high temperature and in high pressure. The extremely turbulent flow of the aerosol mixture causes rapid conversion and allows high throughput [46].
(a) Entrained flow gasifier, (b) rotary drum gasifier.
To reach uniformity of the biomass during gasification without combustion (using gasifying agents rather than oxygen/air), mechanical mixing can be applied as rotary kiln type reactor (Figure 6b). In this rotating cylinder, biomass is well mixed in contact with gasifying agents. Differing from fluidized bed and entrained flow equipment, the gasifying agents’ flow rates can be at any value in rotary drum gasifiers.
Gasification is a big subject in biomass and chemical engineering. Among the renewable technologies converting biomass to fuels and energy with environmental preservation concern, gasification is superior over combustion with variable feasible application. Gasification process includes many reactions, which make it complex and sensitive to many factors. The diversity in the thermochemistry of gasification gives researchers and engineers a big space for creativity in R&D. This context introduced some brief theory and technical discussion on gasification technology with a humble hope to contribute to that vision.
This research was funded by Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) under grant number B2018-20-02. We acknowledge the support of time and facilities from Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCMUT for this study. We also acknowledge the technical support and consultancy from Tin Thanh Group for Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research in the last 5 years of this study.
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Anti-inflammatory diet is designed to improve health and prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet. Proper nutrition is based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits are the long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and chronic diseases. Inflammatory factors from food may play a role in the development of osteoporosis and an anti-inflammatory diet may be a way to control and reduce long-term inflammation and prevent bone loss. Pro-inflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue, through activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could intervene with bone metabolism in a way of increased bone loss. Therefore the special attention need to be given to obese patients due to twofold risk, one related to pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the other related to the deprivation of the vitamin D in the fat tissue.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza, Sandra Pavičić Žeželj, Gordana Kenđel Jovanović, Ivana Pavičić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Jasna Lulić Drenjak, Gordana Starčević Klasan, Ariana Fužinac Smojver and Juraj Arbanas",authors:[{id:"339281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Cvijanović Peloza",slug:"olga-cvijanovic-peloza",fullName:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza"},{id:"346420",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić Žeželj",slug:"sandra-pavicic-zezelj",fullName:"Sandra Pavičić Žeželj"},{id:"346421",title:"BSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić",slug:"ivana-pavicic",fullName:"Ivana Pavičić"},{id:"346423",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezija",middleName:null,surname:"Jerbić Radetić",slug:"ana-terezija-jerbic-radetic",fullName:"Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić"},{id:"346424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zoričić Cvek",slug:"sanja-zoricic-cvek",fullName:"Sanja Zoričić Cvek"},{id:"346426",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Lulić Drenjak",slug:"jasna-lulic-drenjak",fullName:"Jasna Lulić Drenjak"},{id:"346427",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Starčević Klasan",slug:"gordana-starcevic-klasan",fullName:"Gordana Starčević Klasan"},{id:"346428",title:"MSc.",name:"Ariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fužinac Smojver",slug:"ariana-fuzinac-smojver",fullName:"Ariana Fužinac Smojver"},{id:"346429",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Arbanas",slug:"juraj-arbanas",fullName:"Juraj Arbanas"},{id:"350011",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kenđel Jovanović",slug:"gordana-kendjel-jovanovic",fullName:"Gordana Kenđel Jovanović"}]},{id:"76351",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97416",title:"Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis",slug:"glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The use of glucocorticoids (GC) in the medium and long term, causes several considerable side effects, being one of the main ones the reduction of bone mineral density (BMD). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy reduces BMD by up to 20% in trabecular bone and approximately 2–3% in cortical bone in the first year of use. This loss rate declines and stabilizes at approximately 2% in subsequent years. Therefore, there is a considerable increase in the incidence of pathological fractures, whether clinically symptomatic or asymptomatic (detected as a radiological finding), which varies between 30 and 50% of patients who use GC for more than three months. In view of the above, it is essential to prevent fractures and treat osteoporosis in patients using glucocorticoids for long periods (in particular, greater than or equal to 3 months), which may or may not be associated with clinical risk factors or previous fractures. The guidelines for the treatment and prevention of this comorbidity are well established for postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. However, for patients below this range, studies are still lacking.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"José Renan Vieira da Costa Júnior and Sérgio Luchini Batista",authors:[{id:"164388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Luchini Batista",slug:"sergio-luchini-batista",fullName:"Sergio Luchini Batista"},{id:"354032",title:"Dr.",name:"José Renan",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Da Costa Júnior",slug:"jose-renan-vieira-da-costa-junior",fullName:"José Renan Vieira Da Costa Júnior"}]},{id:"76677",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97760",title:"Introductory Chapter: Osteoporosis Overview",slug:"introductory-chapter-osteoporosis-overview",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Luis Rodrigo",authors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75660",title:"Bone Quality of the Dento-Maxillofacial Complex and Osteoporosis. 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Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to describe the use of these parameters as an auxiliary mechanism in the detection of low bone mineral density, as well as to characterize the radiographic findings of patients with osteoporosis.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe, Giovani Antonio Rodrigues, Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha, Michel Campos Ribeiro, Enéas de Almeida Souza Filho, Rafael Angelo Soares Vieira and Fabio Santos Bottacin",authors:[{id:"76171",title:"Prof.",name:"Plauto C. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"plauto-c.-a.-watanabe",fullName:"Plauto C. A. 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Unfortunately, the comorbidities of aging have created a large economic and health burden on society. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent age-related disease. It is characterized by uncoupled bone resorption that leads to low bone mass, compromised microarchitecture and structural deterioration that increases the likelihood of fracture with minimal trauma, known as fragility fractures. These fractures lead to disproportionally high mortality rate and a drastic decline in quality of life for those affected. While estrogen loss is one known trigger of osteoporosis, a number of recent studies have shown that osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition in both humans and rodent models. The presence or absence of certain factors are likely to determine which subset of the population develop osteoporosis. In this chapter, we review the factors that contribute to osteoporosis with an emphasis on its multifactorial nature and the therapeutic consequences.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Di Wu, Anna Cline-Smith, Elena Shashkova and Rajeev Aurora",authors:[{id:"339667",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Aurora",slug:"rajeev-aurora",fullName:"Rajeev Aurora"},{id:"347366",title:"Mr.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"di-wu",fullName:"Di Wu"},{id:"347367",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Cline-Smith",slug:"anna-cline-smith",fullName:"Anna Cline-Smith"},{id:"347579",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Shashkova",slug:"elena-shashkova",fullName:"Elena Shashkova"}]},{id:"75742",title:"Osteoporosis and Dietary Inflammatory Index",slug:"osteoporosis-and-dietary-inflammatory-index",totalDownloads:233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Healthy bones are constantly being renewed and proper nutrition is an important factor in this process. Anti-inflammatory diet is designed to improve health and prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet. Proper nutrition is based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits are the long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and chronic diseases. Inflammatory factors from food may play a role in the development of osteoporosis and an anti-inflammatory diet may be a way to control and reduce long-term inflammation and prevent bone loss. Pro-inflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue, through activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could intervene with bone metabolism in a way of increased bone loss. Therefore the special attention need to be given to obese patients due to twofold risk, one related to pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the other related to the deprivation of the vitamin D in the fat tissue.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza, Sandra Pavičić Žeželj, Gordana Kenđel Jovanović, Ivana Pavičić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Jasna Lulić Drenjak, Gordana Starčević Klasan, Ariana Fužinac Smojver and Juraj Arbanas",authors:[{id:"339281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Cvijanović Peloza",slug:"olga-cvijanovic-peloza",fullName:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza"},{id:"346420",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić Žeželj",slug:"sandra-pavicic-zezelj",fullName:"Sandra Pavičić Žeželj"},{id:"346421",title:"BSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić",slug:"ivana-pavicic",fullName:"Ivana Pavičić"},{id:"346423",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezija",middleName:null,surname:"Jerbić Radetić",slug:"ana-terezija-jerbic-radetic",fullName:"Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić"},{id:"346424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zoričić Cvek",slug:"sanja-zoricic-cvek",fullName:"Sanja Zoričić Cvek"},{id:"346426",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Lulić Drenjak",slug:"jasna-lulic-drenjak",fullName:"Jasna Lulić Drenjak"},{id:"346427",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Starčević Klasan",slug:"gordana-starcevic-klasan",fullName:"Gordana Starčević Klasan"},{id:"346428",title:"MSc.",name:"Ariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fužinac Smojver",slug:"ariana-fuzinac-smojver",fullName:"Ariana Fužinac Smojver"},{id:"346429",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Arbanas",slug:"juraj-arbanas",fullName:"Juraj Arbanas"},{id:"350011",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kenđel Jovanović",slug:"gordana-kendjel-jovanovic",fullName:"Gordana Kenđel Jovanović"}]},{id:"76351",title:"Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis",slug:"glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The use of glucocorticoids (GC) in the medium and long term, causes several considerable side effects, being one of the main ones the reduction of bone mineral density (BMD). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy reduces BMD by up to 20% in trabecular bone and approximately 2–3% in cortical bone in the first year of use. This loss rate declines and stabilizes at approximately 2% in subsequent years. Therefore, there is a considerable increase in the incidence of pathological fractures, whether clinically symptomatic or asymptomatic (detected as a radiological finding), which varies between 30 and 50% of patients who use GC for more than three months. In view of the above, it is essential to prevent fractures and treat osteoporosis in patients using glucocorticoids for long periods (in particular, greater than or equal to 3 months), which may or may not be associated with clinical risk factors or previous fractures. The guidelines for the treatment and prevention of this comorbidity are well established for postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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