Nancy Lynn Bowen

By Nancy Lynn Bowen

This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, specifically how the possible internucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two internucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus, rather this calculation only examines the energy of all possible internucleon up-to-down bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this calculated binding energy is made to the experimental binding energy with remarkably good results. The potential significance and implications of this noteworthy finding are discussed.

Part of the book: Quantum Chromodynamic

By Nancy Lynn Bowen

This chapter discusses the electromagnetic forces inside a nucleus. Previous nuclear theories have ignored the electromagnetic force or treated it as a minor component, considering only Coulomb forces between protons. Since quarks are the centers for both the electric charge and the magnetic dipole moments within a nucleon, such assumptions are not valid. Since the electromagnetic interaction between inter-nucleon quarks may be formidable, electromagnetism can, indeed, be the force holding the nucleons together in a nucleus. Thus, the electromagnetic forces within a nucleus should not be ignored, but rather given the foremost of consideration—specifically with regard to nuclear behavior. New understandings are gained by applying the laws of electromagnetism to the nuclear structure inside an atomic nucleus. In this chapter, historic misunderstandings are debunked and clarified—including the supposed limitations of the electromagnetic force, the miscalculated violations of uncertainty principles, and the misconceived lowest-energy shape of the nuclides.

Part of the book: Quantum Entanglement in High Energy Physics