\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
\r\n\t
Cancer is a complex disease due to its multiple etiologies, and cancer cells are different to normal cells in many ways. The main characteristics of cancer cells are the cell growth out-of-control in a part of the body that spreads to surrounding tissue, and cancer cells are less specialized than the normal cells. Cancer cells ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin the process of apoptosis. Also, these cells frequently evade the immune system.
\nThese cells influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels which feed tumors supplying with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors [1].
\nCancer has a large global impact; between 2011 and 2015, the number of new cases of cancer was 439.2 per 100,000 habitants, the cancer mortality rate was 163.5 per 100,000, and cancer mortality was higher for men than women [2].
\nIn 2012, approximately 57% of new cancer cases were detected in less developed countries such as those in Central America and some parts of Africa and Asia, where 65% of cancer deaths occurred. In 2030, it is expected that the number of new cancer cases will rise to 23.6 million [2].
\nIn 2017, it was estimated that in the USA, national expenditures for cancer care were $147.3 billion dollars, and the cost will rise with the increase in cancer prevalence and population age.
\nCurrently, many types of cancer treatment are used. Most patients with cancer undergo a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy is one of the most common cancer treatments, but the drugs used produce severe side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and alopecia, among others, which diminish the quality of life of the patients.
\nThe use of plants in the treatment of many diseases is an ancient practice that has an increased use in recent years. Medicinal plants are a source of compounds with biological activities as anticancer agents, and over 50% of the drugs used in the clinical treatment of cancer, such as Taxol, camptothecin, vincristine, and vinblastine, were obtained from natural sources.
\nEssential oils (EOs) are a highly complex, volatile, and odorous mixture. The main components are monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aromatic compounds. EOs are obtained mainly by steam distillation [3]. EOs have several activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antiviral, fungicidal, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activities [4].
\nThe Lamiaceae family comprises 240 genera and 7200 species distributed around the world. Most members of this family are perennial or annual herbs with square stems and are woody shrubs or subshrubs. This family is characterized by aromatic plants, which are widely used as culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, oregano, and sage. Species of this family are important ornamental and medicinal plants and are considered one of the most important sources of EOs of economic importance. In fact, different studies suggest that several EOs obtained from this family have demonstrated cytotoxic activity against different cell cancer lines and could be used as a preventive and alternative treatment for cancer [5]. Several EOs obtained from plants of this family contain high amounts of monoterpenes, such as thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, and limonene, among others, and the cytotoxic activity of some of these compounds has been studied.
\nThe aim of this review is to provide a critical overview of the research on the traditional medicine basis, cytotoxic properties, cancer cell lines targeted, and composition of EOs isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family.
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The genus
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The genus
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The genus
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Plants were collected in Guatemala, and the yield of EO was 0.33% w/w. The main components of the EO were methyl cinnamate (70.1%), linalool (17.5%), β-elemene (2.6%), and camphor (1.52%). The IC50 values of the EO against AGS (epithelial gastric adenocarcinoma), A375 (epithelial malignant melanoma), and A431 (epithelial squamous carcinoma) cell lines were 0.39, 0.36, and 0.34 μL/mL, respectively [22].
\nThis oil was also tested against HeLa (cervical adenocarcinoma cells; IC50 of 90.5 μg/mL) and HEp-2 (human epithelioma; IC50 of 96.3 μg/mL) cell lines [24]. In
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Aerial parts of these plants usually contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, and essential oils. Diterpenoids are the main compounds in the roots. These compounds show a variety of activities, and different pharmacological models have been used to explain their mechanisms of activity.
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The genus
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The cytotoxicity of the EO, thymol, and carvacrol was determined against hepatoma G2 cells (Hep G2), and the IC50 values were 149.12, 53.09, and 60.1 μg/mL, respectively [33].
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The cytotoxic activity of the EO from
The EO obtained from
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The National Cancer Institute of the USA (NCI) has screened approximately 100,000 compounds and 50,000 natural product extracts for potential anticancer agents [47]. The NCI considers a compound or an extract to have potential anticancer activity if it has an IC50 value of 4 or 30 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, according to the NCI, the EOs described in this review with remarkable cytotoxic activity are those obtained from
Plants whose EOs present remarkable cytotoxic activity. Images taken from [
Breast cancer is the second common type of cancer worldwide after lung cancer and it is the most frequent cancer in the women [1, 2]. As the report, lung cancer is the first common cancer. Breast cancer alone accounts for 29% of all new cancers among women in 2014 [3] and it is the second cause of cancer death in women both in Europe and in the USA [2, 3].
Therapeutic application of radiation has developed significantly over the past century. The development is momentous. It began with brachytherapy and even now continuing in parallel to the external beam radiation techniques. Gradually the use of fascinating advanced external beam radiation techniques is getting a base standard.
There are several therapeutic methods for breast cancer treatment, such as, surgery, systemic therapy, hormonotherapy, and radiation therapy (RT). Radiation therapy is utilized supplementarily to surgery and/or systematic therapy. It is also used as a single treatment procedure. Breast cancer radiation therapy utilizes high-energy X-rays, protons, electrons, or other particles to kill tumor cells. Radiation therapy for breast cancer can be delivered in two techniques i.e., Brachytherapy and External radiation.
The primary stage localized tumors are treated by brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is a form of internal radiation therapy for cancer treatment where a potted radioactive source is positioned in or near a tumor to demolish tumor cells. The early stage localized tumors are used to treat by brachytherapy. The tumors have not spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body.
Brachytherapy has been in use for most of the twentieth century. In the 1920s, Keynes used interstitial radium needles to implant the entire breast to treat breast cancer [3]. With the advent of megavoltage radiation, external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was used to treat the whole breast, with brachytherapy being utilized as a boost for unresected tumors. The high total doses resulted in poor cosmetic results, and therefore, the trend was to perform lumpectomy followed by EBRT and lower doses of brachytherapy [4, 5].
External radiation therapy is used for lung, breast, head and neck, abdomen etc. cancer treatment. It is an external device provides high energy X-ray radiation from outside body to the localized tumors. It is reliable, comfortable, and minimum side effects depend on which parts of body is being exposed to radiation.
Besides technological hardware and software advances in delivery and planning systems, the fractionation schemes have changed a lot the last decades with recent hypo-fractionated radiotherapy schemes or emerging partial-breast irradiation protocols. The technical evolution allowed us a successive reduction in the treatment-related complications such as fibrosis and long-term cardiac toxicity. It has shown that the locoregional control rates increased concentrating more on heart and coronary sparing with four-dimensional (4D) breath-hold techniques. Advanced radiotherapy procedures need to be applied in routine clinical care with maximum safety and efficacy. It increases the benefit of locoregional treatment and to decrease the risks of late complications.
The treatment of breast cancer by external radiotherapy varies in organization to organization depending on the conveniences and applying treatment protocol. The radiation dose delivery stays complicated to the thoracic wall after complete mastectomy or to the breast conservation surgery. Radiation fields are mostly tangential to include the breast or thoracic wall. The fields are matched to a supraclavicular field in some cases.
Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT) is an advanced technique that includes the use of new imaging technologies computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) CT etc.). It generates three-dimensional images of a tumor. 3D CRT permits for a high level of accuracy and the accuracy in the delivery of radiation treatment. The planning target volume (PTV) and organ at risk for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) have been defined according to international commission on radiation units & measurements (ICRU) reports 50 and 62 [5, 6]. 3D CRT can use high-energy X-ray beams to be delivered to breast, pelvis head and neck etc. tumors to minimize the dose to the organ at risk.
Treatment plans are independently calculated for each patient. There is various combination such as gantry angles, beam weightage, multi leaf collimator (MLC) positioning, number of fields including field in field (FiF). These are the effective ways to reduce heart dose with 3DCRT in the treatment of breast cancer (Figure 1).
The figure displays the dose distribution on transversal, coronal, sagittal plane and beams eye view (BEV) for a right-side breast cancer planning using FiF technique. The breast PTV is shown as a blue contour and the colourwash represents 95% of the prescription dose.
The mono isocentric technique reduces the dose in organs at risk such as lung and heart. It also allows the avoidance of the cold and the hot spots. A single isocenter is placed in the junction of tangential and supraclavicular fields. The superior half of the tangential fields and the lower half of the anterior field are half-blocked. The field matching accepted using asymmetric jaws to beam-split along the central axis plane. The treatment delivery needs one time to do set up inside the treatment room to treat tangential and supraclavicular fields. The total treatment delivery time is effectively reduced (Figure 2).
The figure illustrates the dose distribution on transversal, coronal, sagittal plane and beams eye view (BEV) for left-side breast cancer planning in mono-isocentric technique for irradiation of tangential breast fields and supraclavicular field.
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a modern treatment technique entrenched on delivery of non-uniform fluence. IMRT treatment delivers radiation beams at several different gantry, collimator angles and strengths to provide precise doses to PTV of breast cancer while sparing the dose to organ at risk such as heart, lungs, contra lateral breast and normal tissue. The treatment delivery can be either with fixed field or dynamic MLC technique. Dosimetric studies have well recognized advantage of tangent IMRT compared to 2D conventional planning or 3DCRT in providing better PTV coverage and organ at risk (OAR) sparing. Intrafraction motion lowers treatment plans predominantly for treatment of left breast. This motion can be restricted by breath-hold or respiratory gated techniques [7]. The importance of breast IMRT is well recognized. However, the routine clinical application of breast IMRT must be prudently considered (Figure 3).
The figure shows the dose distribution on transversal, coronal, sagittal plane and beams eye view (BEV) for a right-side breast cancer planning using dose dynamic IMRT. The breast PTV is shown as a blue contour and the colourwash represents 95% of the prescription dose.
Traditionally 2-dimensional or 3D conformal radiation techniques often result in large dose inhomogeneity throughout the treatment volumes, inadequate target coverage, or excessive normal tissue doses especially when coverage to the internal mammary nodes is required. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a novel procedure extension of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). An optimized three-dimensional dose distribution may be delivered in rotation of gantry and collimator simultaneously. Breast planning with volumetric modulated arc therapy has been explored mainly for left-sided breast treatments, with the primary committed of decreasing the heart dose and developing target dose homogeneity. VMAT planning technique that produced acceptable target volume coverage, excellent homogeneity throughout the PTV, and tolerable doses to the normal structures (Figure 4).
The dose distribution on transversal, coronal, sagittal plane and beams eye view (BEV) for a left breast cancer planning using VMAT. The breast PTV is shown as a red contour and the colourwash represents 95% of the prescription dose.
Stereotactic radiation therapy is most frequently used to treat cranial tumor. The radiation therapy in other parts of the body, such as the lung, spine and liver called stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It delivers a high dose per fraction in a single or multiple fractions. The radiation dose delivers directly to the tumor, sparing nearby healthy tissue. The data of breast SBRT are not established sufficient. It has not validated in a significant prospective study with long term follow up in terms of long-term disease control. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for breast cancer may replace surgery in patients who wish to avoid surgery.
Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is a radiation therapy treatment technique. Patients hold a deep breath throughout while radiation is given. By holding a deep breath in, lungs fill with air and heart will move away from chest wall. The TPS planned and expected delivery doses could be different due to respiratory motion during the treatment delivery. Several research showed that PTV dose heterogeneity increases as respiratory motion grows. The lung and heart doses also change due to respiratory motion. So that a larger margin is suggested from CTV to PTV margin [7]. DIBH technique could help to reduce the dose to heart and lung arising from respiratory motion. Breath-hold technique’s dosimetric advantages have been clearly in the literature [8], although the technique is not yet in widespread use.
The supine (face up) position is common for most patients undergoing breast conservation radiation treatment. Prone breast irradiation technique is a special technique to treat breast cancer. The patient placed comfortably on a specially constructed treatment table with a breast board in the prone position (face down) to deliver radiation dose. This technique has become both feasible and reproducible [9] with the help of CT and MRI treatment planning system. The heart may be particularly at risk to late effects of radiation when treatment is given in the supine position for left breast [10] (Figure 5).
The dose distribution on transversal beams eye view (BEV) for a left breast cancer planning using VMAT in prone position. The breast PTV is shown as a blue contour and the isodose represents as a color bar.
Recent studies [11, 12] have demonstrated good coverage of PTV and a significant reduction in dose to ipsilateral lung, thyroid, contralateral breast, contralateral lung, and esophagus when compared to supine position. However, prone breast radiation may not be appropriate for all women.
Proton beat therapy (PBT) is a special treatment that can precisely target to PTV and provide high radiation doses to a tumor. The clinical application of proton beam external radiotherapy has been rising in breast cancer treatment. Bragg peak of proton beam gives the advantage of excellent PTV coverage and reducing damage to neighboring tissue and organs at risk such as the heart and lungs. PBT brings carefully potential to reduce the risk of cardiac events, maintaining the mean heart dose at ≤1 Gy [13].
PBT radiobiological effect rate is higher than (1.1) photons beam. Extensive cost of equipment and maintenance are an important barrier fact to become widespread in clinical use although it has high dosimetric advantage. The current studies [14, 15] showed the great benefit of PBT for breast cancer patients compared to conventional treatment with photon beam.
Modern dynamic irradiation techniques by linear accelerators, such as field in Filed (FiF), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), at the time to generate more uniform and conformal dose distributions for the planning target volume (PTV) and less dose to OAR [16, 17]. However, dynamic radiation techniques allow the risk of increased induction of secondary tumors at compliment to larger areas of low-dose exposure and increased monitor units (MU) [18]. To equilibrium the respective benefits of static and dynamic radiation techniques, Mayo et al. [19] have established a composite method combining 3DCRT and IMRT named hybrid intensity-modulated radiation therapy (H-IMRT) (Figure 6).
The figure shows the dose distribution on transversal, DVH, coronal, sagittal planes respectively for 70% 3D FiF plus 30% VMAT (hybrid plane). The green and blue line indicate 95% and 90 isodose line covering PTV (red line).
Hybrid is an advanced new technique which uses conventional 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) or Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Normally, the ratio of 3DCRT and IMRT or VMAT needs to be determined. The different proportions of 3DCRT and VMAT were used for breast cancer patients to determine the optimal weightage for hybrid technique so that the planning target volume (PTV) coverage improve as well as the dose to the organ at risk (OAR) decline.
Patient specific quality assurance is a method for verification of the clinical planned dose before to start the treatment. The planned dose is compared to delivered dose. The methodology contains various dosimetric tasks that have been performed prior to the treatment of individual patient. Any dose calculation or delivery errors would be revealed. Patient specific QA has benefit to target. The underdose or overdose are harm to the patient. Patient specific QA has been done by film dosimetry, Delta4 phantom [20], Octavius 4D phantom [21], EPID, MapCHECK etc. Each device has their own advantages (Figure 7).
A screenshot from Octavius 4D measurement analyzed in Verisoft. Showing the result of 3 beams SBRT delivery of lung cases. Panels (a), (b), and (c) show dose map in eclipse, Octavius calculated dose matrices and -distribution in transversal, sagittal and coronal plans column wise respectively having 3 beams of SBRT delivery for lung case (figure is taken from [
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Every year, the number of palm oil mills increases rapidly, thus increasing the capacity of fresh fruit bunch waste or effluent discharge. Based on the data from the Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2012, Malaysia produced 99.85 million tons of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) per year. However, about 5–5.7 tons of water was required in order to sterilize the palm fruit bunches and clarify the extracted oil to produce 1 ton of crude palm oil resulting in 50% of the water turning into palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is one of the major environmental pollutants in Malaysia. The characteristics of POME and its behavior, if discharged directly, in water are described in this chapter. The suspended solid and nutrient content in POME could be able to support the growth of algae. 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Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. 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Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:5449,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are well known for their efficiency in incrementing oil production; however, the selection of the most suitable method to adopt for specific field applications is challenging. Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"60752",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:2823,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:"Oil palm are among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families, especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. Properties and characterization of biomaterial from oil palm waste will not only help to promote further study on nanomaterials derived from non-wood materials but also emphasize the importance of commercially exploit oil palm waste for sustainable products.",book:{id:"6730",slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]},{id:"66623",title:"Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerine to Acrolein",slug:"catalytic-dehydration-of-glycerine-to-acrolein",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The biodiesel production yields glycerine as a by-product in quantities around 10 vol% of produced biodiesel. Acrolein can be obtained from glycerine by a dehydration reaction. Catalytic processes in gas phase have been developed to obtain acrolein from a renewable feedstock using heterogeneous catalysts. The main process variables are the reaction temperature, the concentration of glycerol in water, and the space velocity in fixed-bed reactors. A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium has been made to estimate the conversion to equilibrium as a function of temperature. The reactors have been heated usually between 523 and 603 K. Generally, an aqueous glycerol solution is preheated in a preheating zone at a temperature enough to vaporize the feedstock, between 473 and 533 K, depending on the concentration of reactant required in the feed. Some of the most active catalysts in the gas-phase reaction (yield >70%) were NH4-La-β zeolite, Pd/LaY zeolite, hierarchical ZSM-5, WO3/ZrO2, WO3/TiO2, ZrOx-NbOx, WOx-NbOx, WO3-SiO2/ZrO2, NbOx-WOx/Al2O3, H3PO4-MCM-41, SAPO-40, NbPSi, Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41, H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15, H3PW12O40/Nb2O5, Cs-doped H4SiW12O40/Al2O3, H4SiW12O40/TiO2, and H4SiW12O40/SiO2.",book:{id:"8448",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",fullTitle:"Glycerine Production and Transformation - An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy"},signatures:"Israel Pala Rosas, Jose Luis Contreras Larios , Beatriz Zeifert and José Salmones Blásquez",authors:[{id:"94936",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"José Luis Contreras"},{id:"284261",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Pala-Rosas",slug:"israel-pala-rosas",fullName:"Israel Pala-Rosas"},{id:"284262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Salmones",slug:"jose-salmones",fullName:"Jose Salmones"},{id:"284263",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Zeifert",slug:"beatriz-zeifert",fullName:"Beatriz Zeifert"},{id:"295779",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"Jose Luis Contreras"}]},{id:"64816",title:"PVT Properties of Black Crude Oil",slug:"pvt-properties-of-black-crude-oil",totalDownloads:1561,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Precise PVT studies and behavior of phase-equilibrium of petroleum reservoir fluids are essential for describing these fluids and appraising their volumetric behavior at several pressure stages. There are numerous laboratory studies that can be performed on a reservoir sample. The amount of data desired determines the number of tests to be performed in the laboratory. Generally, there are three laboratory tests which characterize hydrocarbon fluids, namely primary study, constant mass depletion, and differential vaporization test. Generally, PVT properties are determined either experimentally or calculated theoretically through published correlations. This chapter presents different PVT laboratory tests that are required to understand the phase behavior of black oils.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"210639",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad M.",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-m.-desouky",fullName:"Saad M. Desouky"}]},{id:"64885",title:"Environmental Challenges Associated with Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",slug:"environmental-challenges-associated-with-processing-of-heavy-crude-oils",totalDownloads:876,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The petroleum industry is one of the largest industries in the world and plays a pivotal part in driving a nation’s economy. However, the exploration and exploitation of heavy crude oil have raised series of environmental challenges and caused increased concern for the communities where the oil refineries are cited. Activities such as gas flaring and oil spillage have led to the release of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, which has resulted in acid rain, climate change, and contamination of soil, water, and air. These environmental hazards have caused adverse effects directly or indirectly to the ecosystem. This chapter offers a general overview of the processes involved in the processing and some of the potential environmental challenges associated with heavy crude oil processing.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Samuel O. Sojinu and Onome Ejeromedoghene",authors:[{id:"265172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Sojinu",slug:"samuel-sojinu",fullName:"Samuel Sojinu"},{id:"275861",title:"Mr.",name:"Onome",middleName:null,surname:"Ejeromedoghene",slug:"onome-ejeromedoghene",fullName:"Onome Ejeromedoghene"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"702",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031RJmlQAG/Profile_Picture_1600760167494",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung in Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture in college. Dr. Chen's research interests are bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published over 60 research papers, reviewed over 260 manuscripts, and edited at least 150 papers in international peer-review journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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