",isbn:"978-1-80356-678-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-677-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-679-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"6dcb071a2e978694b6b1cb9c20afc1a3",bookSignature:"Prof. Hai-Zhi Song",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11494.jpg",keywords:"Electric Field Effect, Nano-Materials, Electric Field Design, Antenna, Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, Electric Field Stimulation, Brain and Nerve, Electric Field Imaging, Atomic Electric Field, Space Science, Climate",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in the fields of new materials, optoelectronic devices, and quantum information processing, appointed vice director of the Science and Technology Committee of SWITP, author/co-author of more than 170 research papers, and holder of 40 patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196114",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"hai-zhi-song",fullName:"Hai-Zhi Song",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196114/images/system/196114.jpg",biography:"Curriculum Vitae\n\nName: Hai-Zhi Song \nGender: male\nDate of Birth: Oct. 20, 1968\nPlace of Birth: Shanxi, China\nAffiliation and Address: \nSouthwest Institute of Technical Physics\nNo.7, Section 4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu 610041, China\nAnd\nInstitute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences,\nUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China,\nNo. 4, Section 2, Jianshebei Road, Chengdu 610054, China\n\nWork Phone: +86-28-68180751, +86-28-83208728\nMobile Phone: +86-158-28239155\nFax: +86-28-83201896\nE-mail: hzsong1296@163.com, hzsong@uestc.edu.cn\n \nEducation \nSept, 1990 – July, 1995:Peking University, PhD, Thesis “Visible luminescence of porous silicon and its mechanism”, Researches on hydrogen-influenced Schottky diodes and silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nSept, 1986 – July, 1990:Nanjing University, Bachelor of Science, Thesis “Study of refractory metal silicides”, Research on Ohmic contact of semiconductors.\n\nWork Experience \nJuly, 1995 – Sept. 1997: Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Postdoctoral Researcher, Research on silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nOct, 1997 – Sept. 1998: Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Visiting free Researcher, Research on amorphous semiconductors. \nOct, 1998 – Sept. 2001: Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan, Assistant Professor, Research on semiconductor quantum dots. \nOct, 2001 – March 2012: Fujitsu Lab. Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. Realized a series of optoelectronic quantum devices for quantum information processing, such as fiber-integrated photon-pair-entangler, chiplet heralded single photon emitter, fiber quantum memories, quantum number generator, etc.\n\nHonor and Group Memberships \nSelected Scholar of the Recruitment Program of Global Experts, China\nEditorial member of “Laser Technology”\nEditorial member of “Journal of Electronic Science and Technology”\nEditorial member of “Internal J. Mat. Sci. Appl”\nMember of APS (American Physics Society)\nMember of OSA (Optical Society of America)\nPermanent Member of China Physical Science and Technology\nPermanent Member of the Chinese Optical Society\nTechnical committee member of PIERS, organizing a series of “quantum information processing and devices” sessions\nTechnical committee member of ICICM",institutionString:"Southwest University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southwest University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"40476",title:"Computer Image Analysis of Liver Biopsy Specimens in Patients with Heroin Abuse and Coinfection (Tuberculosis, HCV, HIV)",doi:"10.5772/52971",slug:"computer-image-analysis-of-liver-biopsy-specimens-in-patients-with-heroin-abuse-and-coinfection-tube",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
The computer morphometry in histopathology is оnе of the most perspective directions in contemporary medicine including the hepatopathology. The potential advantages of measurement in histopathology have been recognized for many years [1]. The quantitative estimation has several advantages over conventional visual assessment such as objectivity and reproducibility [2]. The employment of modern optical equipment and special computer programs creates the possibilities for significant acceleration of quantitative analysis.
\n\t\t\t
At present the computer morphometry has been rather intensively used to study liver changes of the patients with chronic viral hepatitis. The quantitative assessment of the fibrosis was performed mainly in chronic virus hepatitis C [3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 8, 9].
\n\t\t\t
Many investigators considered that the quantitative evaluation of hepatic fibrosis was mostly useful for assessing the origin, location and the stage of fibrosis. Using the morphometric analysis is also very important for the correct evaluation of repeated biopsies [10]. Some investigators studied the changes in liver fibrosis after the interferon therapy [11, 12, 13]. This technique can be used in future for therapeutic trials by the estimation of the agents inhibiting the fibrosis progression [7].
\n\t\t\t
Rates of fibrosis progression differ markedly in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection [14, 15, 16]. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in tuberculosis and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients has never been studied with the use of the computer morphometric analysis of liver fibrosis progression. In this chapter the changes of liver biopsies in patients with heroin abuse and infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were studied by the morphological and computer morphometric analysis.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Patients and methods
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. Patients
\n\t\t\t\t
13 male patients with co-infection of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were investigated during the study. All the patients used also the injections of heroin (Table 1).
\n\t\t\t\t
The patients started their history as a rule from heroin using (mean duration – 9.5 years) and later all of them acquired HCV (mean duration – 7.1 years), HIV (mean duration – 4.7 years) and TB at last (the duration of TB infection of the most part of patients was less than 1 year).
\n\t\t\t\t
The diagnosis was established after careful examination of the patients: the anamneses of diseases and life, laboratory analyses, virological and morphological studies. Serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was expressed. The upper limit of normal (ULN) of ALT was 41 U/L, AST – 31 U/L.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.2. Histological evaluation
\n\t\t\t\t
To refine the diagnosis as well as for detection of the activity of pathological processes in the liver, aspiration biopsy was taken from all the patients. All liver biopsies were performed to the routine medical follow up program, using the standard Menghini procedure [17, 18]. Criteria for adequacy of the biopsy specimens included a core length of 10 mm and at least 5-6 portal tracts. So, only 9 biopsy specimens were used for further histological evaluation. Four biopsy specimens were fragmented and weren’t used (Table 1). Samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Serial paraffin sections were cut at 5 mcm. Hematoxylin-eosin and tolluidine blue stains were used.
\n\t\t\t\t
Each biopsy for necro-inflammatory activity and fibrosis was assessed by two hepatologists. Knodell Histology Activity Index (HAI) was used to grade histopathological lesions [19]. HAI was graded as minimal (scores 1–3), mild (scores 4–8), moderate (scores 9–12), or severe hepatitis (scores 13–18). METAVIR group scoring system was used for detecting the stage of fibrosis [20]. Fibrosis was staged on the scale from F0 to F4, as follows: F0 = no fibrosis, F1 = portal fibrosis without septa, F2 = few septa, F3 = numerous septa without cirrhosis, F4 = cirrhosis. Only single patient showed any signs of cirrhosis. Fibrosis was also staged by Ishak scoring system[21]. In the Ishak scoring system interface hepatitis (piecemeal necrosis), focal necrosis in the lobule, portal inflammation were scored from 0 to 4, incomplete cirrhosis (bridging necrosis with occasional nodules) and cirrhosis were scored from 5 to 6.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatient number
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sex
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Age (years)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Biopsy number in next tables
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Duration of infections (years)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Duration of heroin abuse (years)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
TB
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HCV
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HIV
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
fragment
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
fragment
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
fragment
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
unknown
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
36
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
fragment
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
male
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV, HIV. The patients are arranged according to their age.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.3. Computer digital analysis
\n\t\t\t\t
Quantitative morphometric analysis was performed using an image analysis system consisting of a microscope (Leica DM 2500) with attached digital camera (Leica DFC 320 R2) and a computer. Serial pictures of biopsy slices of patients with co-infection were photographed by light microscope and were saved electronically. Serial microphotographs of biopsies were made by an objective x20. The further process was performed with the computer program Adobe Photoshop CS 5.0. Serial microphotographs were mounted to receive the general picture of liver biopsy (Figure 1). The digital image was converted into a binary image. The two-dimensional patterns were measured by direct pixels counting on the binary images under simultaneous visual control of the light microscopy.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 1.
General picture of the liver biopsy composed by computer microscopy (Obj. x20) using Adobe Photoshop CS 5.0. Total area of the biopsy is 11449177 pixels
\n\t\t\t\t
Three main parameters were used for quantitative evaluation: the total area of portal zones, the total area of intralobular infiltrates and necroses, as well as the total area of hepatic vessels (central and sublobular veins). We considered the total amount of these main parameters as non-parenchymal elements. Liver plates and sinusoids were attributed to the hepatic parenchyma.
\n\t\t\t\t
The measurement of portions (in percentages) of portal area, foci of intralobular necroses, and vessels was estimated.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.4. Statistical analysis
\n\t\t\t\t
Statistical analysis was performed by tabulated processor Microsoft Excel 2003 and STATISTIKA 9.0.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Results
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.1. Features of histopathological structure of biopsies
\n\t\t\t\t
Morphological analysis of liver biopsies of the patients – heroin addicts with tuberculosis (TB) and virus (HCV, HIV) co-infection showed that the extension of portal zones, the damage of limiting plates of liver cells and the formation of piecemeal and bridging necroses took place practically in all biopsies (Figure 2).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 2.
Subfigure with two images. Section of the liver biopsy specimen of a patient with co-infection (TB, HCV, HIV) and heroin abuse. Variants (a, b) of the development of interface hepatitis with piecemeal necrosis at the peripheral zone of portal tract. Hematoxylin-eosin. Obj. x40
\n\t\t\t\t
The peripheral regions of the portal zones were usually densely infiltrated by lymphocytes and mononuclear histiocytes (Figure 2). Sometimes the lymphoid aggregates adjacent to the damaged bile ducts were formed. Dense connective tissue elements developed more often around the portal vessels (portal veins and hepatic arteries).
\n\t\t\t\t
The appearance of focal lymphohistiocyte infiltrates and the formation of numerous intralobular necroses, containing hepatocytes, surrounded by lymphocytes (encircled hepatocytes) were typical to peripheral and middle zones of liver lobules (Figure 3).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Subfigure with two images. Section of the liver biopsy specimen of a patient with co-infection (TB, HCV, HIV) and heroin abuse. Variants (a, b) of the development of intralobular necroses containing encircled hepatocytes at the middle part of liver lobule. Hematoxylin-eosin. Obj. x40
\n\t\t\t\t
In the liver parenchyma the narrowing of sinusoids, as without of inflammatory infiltration signs and with the elements of lymphohistiocyte infiltration and chains of lymphocytes inside of them, was predominated (Figure 4).
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
There were features of moderate protein and vacuole dystrophia in all biopsies. In two cases some hepatocytes contained large lipid inclusions (Figure 5). Disturbance of the lobular architecture was observed only in one biopsy (Figure 6).
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
Section of the liver biopsy specimen of a patient with co-infection (TB, HCV, HIV) and heroin abuse. Severe infiltration of intralobular sinusoids by lymphocytes and histiocytes at the peripheral zone of liver lobule. Hematoxylin-eosin. Obj. x20
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
Section of the liver biopsy specimen of a patient with co-infection (TB, HCV, HIV) and heroin abuse. Expansion and infiltration of portal areas, presence of intralobular necroses at the middle zone of liver lobules, deposition of lipid droplets were in some hepatocytes. Hematoxylin-eosin. Obj. x10
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 6.
Section of the liver biopsy specimen of a patient with co-infection (TB, HCV, HIV) and heroin abuse. Strong development of bridging fibroses and disturbance of the lobular architecture. Hematoxylin-eosin. Obj. x10
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.2. Quantitative image analysis for evaluation of pathological changes in liver biopsy structure
\n\t\t\t\t
Quantitative computer image morphometric analysis included three indexes. We calculated separately the square (in pixels) occupied by portal zones, the square of intralobular focal infiltrates and necroses and the square of hepatic vessels (central and sublobular veins).
\n\t\t\t\t
The portal areas were divided into two groups: the portal zones with primary formation of piece-meal necroses and the portal zones with primary formation of bridging necroses. We took into account the calculation of portal zones fragments and septa. We also subdivided the intralobular damages in liver in two groups: the focal lymphohistiocyte infiltrates without hepatocytes and the intralobular piecemeal necroses with encircled hepatocytes.
\n\t\t\t\t
As for hepatic vein, we separately considered terminal hepatic veins (central veins) and sublobular veins. In each case we estimated the relative square of the above-mentioned indexes in pixels and then calculated the specific parts in percents to the total square of biopsy.
\n\t\t\t\t
We assigned the total sum of a specific part of portal zones, the specific part of intralobular focal infiltrates and necroses and the specific part of the hepatic veins as non-parenchymal elements. Respectively, the hepatic plates and sinusoids were remained in the composition of the parenchyma.
\n\t\t\t\t
Then we calculated the parenchyma indexes as the relation of non-parenchymal elements to the parenchyma; these indexes characterized a certain degree of the replacement of the functioning hepatic tissue.
\n\t\t\t\t
The data obtained were summarized in the Tables 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The samples of biopsies were arranged in sequence of increasing of non-parenchymal elements in bioptats.
\n\t\t\t\t
The control group included the analysis of cohort of the patients with the monoinfection of chronic virus hepatitis C (Table 3). The morphometric analysis of liver structure of the patients belonging to given group was made earlier with the use of the method of the stereometric point morphometry [8].
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.1. The general characterization of morphometric data
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The analysis showed that the specific part of non-parenchymal elements strongly varied in the group of the patients with co-infection and heroin abuse: from 2.65% to 27.43% (Table 2). Mean value of non-parenchymal elements was 12.08±2.38. The specific part of non-parenchymal elements varied in cases of monoinfection of hepatitis C with the different degree of activity from 2.16% до 11.93%, the mean value was 6.94±0.77. Thus, the mean value of non-parenchymal elements of liver biopsy of the patients – heroin addicts with co-infection exceeded the mean value of non-parenchymal elements in liver biopsy of the patients with monoinfection of hepatitis C (HСV) in 1.74 times. The maximal value of the specific part of non-parenchymal elements in case of co-infection was in 2.29 times higher than in cases of monoinfection HCV (Tables 2 and 3).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiopsynumber
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ratio of non-parenchymal elements
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of portal zones, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of spotty infiltrates ,%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of hepatic veins, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Chains of lymphocytes (absent or present)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
97,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,86
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
93,39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5,80
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,74
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
93,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90,73
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,59
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,46
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,08
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88,87
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,41
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
83,72
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
81,19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17,99
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
72,57
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,31
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 2.
Quantitative characteristics of liver biopsy specimens of patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV by computer morphometric analysis
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Biopsynumber
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
ALT activity (U/L)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of morphometry (points of intersections)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total number of microscopic fields(SU)(x400)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ratio of non-parenchymal elements
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of portal area, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of spotty infiltrates ,%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of hepatic veins, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Chains of lymphocytes (absent or present)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15,
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
29450
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
97,84
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,79
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18910
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
61
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
97,54
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,46
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
57
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
37690
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
126
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
96,49
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,51
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,46
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17980
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
58
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
96,40
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,60
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,42
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
46190
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
149
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95,70
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
104
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70060
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
226
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,63
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,09
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
86800
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
280
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
95,30
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,70
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,91
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,77
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
42
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
37820
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
122
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
94,94
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5,06
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
80290
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
259
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
94,82
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5,18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,84
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,41
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
441
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
89900
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
290
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
93,36
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,64
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,29
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
214
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
54560
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
176
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
91,33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8,67
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,09
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,89
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,55
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
187
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
70680
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
228
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90,54
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,46
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,57
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,76
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
333
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
47720
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
152
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90,32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,68
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,51
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
107
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
32860
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
106
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90,29
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8,32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
53514
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
193
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
89,44
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,56
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,61
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
122
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
49600
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
160
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
89,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,89
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,54
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
596
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
75330
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
243
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88,24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,76
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,56
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,94
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
162
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
60760
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
196
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,49
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,44
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 3.
Quantitative characteristics of liver biopsy specimens of the patients with monoinfection of chronic hepatitis C by stereometric point morphometry
\n\t\t\t\t\t
We made the comparative analysis of histopathological changes in liver biopsy structure in the group of the patients – heroin addicts and co-infected using the standard semi quantitative methods of the Ishak score evaluation (Table 4).
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
We determined the histological activity index HAI according to Knodell [19]. The stages of the fibrosis development were defined by two ways: with the use of the research group French METAVIR [20] recommendations and with Ishak method [21]. Under the METAVIR system we evaluated the fibroses using five indexes where the maximal evaluation was 4 scores (F4 – cirrhosis). It consisted 6 scores (F6 – cirrhosis) according the Ishak system.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Standard semi quantitative analysis methods for the most part of biopsies (6 patients from 9) made possible to determine the same fibrosis stage: F3 according to the Ishak system and F2 according to the METAVIR system (Table 4).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiopsynumber
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HAI by score Knodell
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Stage of fibrosis by score Ishak
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Stage of fibrosis by score METAVIR
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
F4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 4.
Comparative characteristics of non-parenchymal elements specific parts, grading of histopathological lesions (HAI) and the stages of fibrosis in liver biopsy specimens of the patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV by computer morphometry and semi quantitative evaluation
\n\t\t\t\t\t
At that time the quantitative computer image morphometric analysis showed (Table 2) that among studied biopsies the specific parts of non-parenchymal elements differed significantly in various biopsies at the same fibrosis stages.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The minimal value of the specific part of non-parenchymal elements was 2.65%. These values were 6.71% и 6.93% (two biopsy specimens), 9.27% and 9.48% (two other specimens of biopsy) and 11.13% (one biopsy specimen). Thus, in this case the methods of the semi quantitative score evaluation reflected only common regularities of the process of the fibrosis development. Meanwhile, the quantitative value of fibrosis was very essential for decision making of the medical treatment tactic and the estimation of the medical treatment effectiveness.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The quantitative value of fibrosis is especially important in the process of repeated studies for the determination of positive or negative dynamics of the fibrosis development. The histological activity index HAI according to Knodell proved to be more informative. HAI increased gradually from 8 to 16 points in accordance with the increasing of specific parts of non-parenchymal elements in biopsies.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.2. Computer image analysis of portal zones
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The majority of non-parenchymal elements were situated in portal zones. Therefore these indexes were analyzed in details (Table 5).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiopsy number
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of portal zones
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Portal area with piecemeal necroses
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Portal area with bridging necroses
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,86
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,00
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,86
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,99
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5,80
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,98
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,86
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,82
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,23
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,06
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,59
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,94
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,97
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,89
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,90
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,45
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,41
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,62
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,19
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,42
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,79
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,92
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
14,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,47
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,66
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13,39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,51
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
17,99
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7,92
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
15,96
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4,34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 5.
Quantitative characteristics of portal zones in liver biopsy specimens of the patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV by computer morphometric analysis
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The amount of portal zones studied in each biopsy varied from 5 to 18. It depended on the total biopsy volume. The mean value of the portal zones number was 9.8 9±1.34. The amount of portal zones with piecemeal necroses varied from 2 to 8 (mean value was 3.44±0.72). The amount of portal zones with the septa and bridging necroses was more significant, it changed from 1 to 10 (mean value was 6.44±1.01).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
In one case (biopsy specimen № 8) the portal zone included several portal tracts forming the extensive confluent bridging necrosis.Thus, the amount of portal zones with bridging necroses (6.44) exceeded in 1.87 times the amount of portal zones with piecemeal necroses (3.44).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The total specific part of portal zones varied from 1.86% to 27.16% (mean value was 11.08±2.42) (Table 5).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The specific part of portal zones with piecemeal necroses varied from 0.18% to 11.17% (mean value was 3.76±1.21). The minimal size of such portal zones characterized mainly its fragment, it changed from 0.06% to 0.9% (mean value is 0.37±0.13). The maximal sizes of such portal zones characterized in general the degree of the portal zone extension, they changed from 0.12% to 3.37% (mean value was 1.29±0.37).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The specific part of the portal zones with bridging necroses (Table 5) changed from1.86% to 15.96% (mean value was 7.31±1.63). Thus, the specific part of portal zones with bridging necroses was practically in 2 times (1.94) more than the specific part of portal zones with piecemeal necroses.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The minimal size of portal zones with bridging necroses characterized in general the septa fragments, it changed from 0.01% to 0.37% (mean value was 0.13±0.03). The maximal size reflected more correctly the specific part of the portal zones with bridging necroses, it changed from 0.97% to 10.07% (mean value was 3.37±0.91).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The quantitative computer image morphometric analysis showed that the significant extension of portal zones with the destruction of the limiting plate and the development of piecemeal or bridging necroses took place in all bioptats of this patients group. In addition the specific part of portal zones with bridging necroses exceeded considerably (in 1.9 times) the specific part of portal zones with piecemeal necroses.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
For comparison: the total specific part of portal zones changed from 1.79% tо 11.49% (mеan value was 5.35±0.68) at chronic hepatitis C monoinfection (Table 3).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Thus, the specific part of portal zones of liver biopsies of the patients – heroine addicts with tuberculosis and virus (HCV, HIV) co-infection was 2.07 times higher than the specific part of portal zones of liver biopsies of the patients with the monoinfection HCV.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Moreover the bridging and piecemeal necroses were absent in the liver of the patients with monoinfection HCV under minimal and low activity. Their appearance was noticed only if
\n\t\t\t\t\t
the value of specific parts of non-parenchymal elements exceeded 4.7%.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
We have not observed any difference between the amounts of piecemeal and bridging necroses in biopsy specimens with monoinfection HCV.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.3. Сomputer image analysis of intralobular infiltrates and necroses
\n\t\t\t\t\t
We analyzed the morphometric indexes of intralobular infiltrates and necroses (Table 6).
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Intralobular necroses presented in all biopsies, their number varied from 6 to 38 (mean value was 16.33±3.42). The amount of focal intralobular lymphohistiocyte infiltrates was significantly less in comparison with the intralobular necroses containing encircled hepatocytes.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The total number of focal intralobular infiltrates varied in different biopsies from 1 to 11 (mеan value was 3.67±1.09), whereas the total number of intralobular piecemeal necroses varied from 4 to 28 (mеan value was 12.78±2.5).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The relation between piecemeal necroses and focal intralobular infiltrates was especially demonstrative (Table 6). The number of piecemeal necroses in each biopsy was in several times more (up to 10 times) than the number of focal necroses. The total number of intralobular piecemeal necroses was 115, whereas the number of focal intralobular infiltrates was only 33, i.e. in 3.48 times less.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBiopsynumber
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of intralobular necroses, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total number of intralobular necroses perbiopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Focal lymphohistiocyte infiltrates
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Intralobular necroses with encircled hepatocytes (piecemeal necroses)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area ,%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,51
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,74
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,21
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,08
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,33
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,09
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,24
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
22
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,25
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,46
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,45
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,12
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,37
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,34
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,06
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,08
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,52
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,36
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,06
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,31
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,06
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 6.
Quantitative characteristics of intralobular necroses in the liver biopsy specimens of the patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV by computer morphometric analysis
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The total specific part of intralobular necroses varied from 0.21% to 1.53% (mеan value was 0.69±0.14). The specific part of the focal intralobular infiltrates varied from 0.01% to 0.1% (mеan value was 0.04±0.01). The size of the minimal infiltrate was only 0.01%, the size of the maximal infiltrate was 0.08% (mеan value was 0.02±0.01).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The total specific part of intralobular piecemeal necroses varied from 0.16% to 1.52% (mеan value was 0.66±0.14). The minimal size of the specific part of intralobular piecemeal necroses was 0.01% (mеan value was 0.03±0.01), whereas their maximal size was 0.36 % (mеan value was 0.15±0.02).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The analysis of the total biopsy specimen (Figure 1) allowed attributing the topography of the intralobular necroses distribution. Thus, under the middle degree of the parenchyma injury (HAI according to Knodell system up to 10 points) the small lymphohistiocyte infiltrates dominated in periportal zones of lobules. Under the high activity of the process (HAI according to Knodell scoring system exceeded 10 points) the large piecemeal necroses dominated, they arranged mainly in the middle zones of lobules.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Hepatocytes surrounded by lymphocytes were well noticeable in large piecemeal necroses (Figure 3b); it is perhaps connected with hepatocytes death, mediated by lymphocytes.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
It is typically that the inflammatory infiltration of sinusoids and the formation “chains” of lymphocytes in them are mostly expressed in large piecemeal necroses (Figure 4).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
So, the histological activity index HAI according to Knodell reached 15 points, the total number of intralobular necroses reached 38 (28 from them were referred to piecemeal necroses) in the biopsy № 7 (Tables 4 and 6). Remarkably that during the cirrhosis development (biopsy № 9, fibrosis stage according to the METAVIR system scale was F4 – cirrhosis) the total number of intralobular necroses considerably reduced (6 piecemeal necroses and 3 focal infiltrates in one large biopsy; see Figure 6).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
3.2.4. Computer image analysis of hepatic vessels
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The amount of venous vessels in biopsy samples varied from 2 to 7 (mean value was 3.33±0.63). The central veins with endothelium which are often damaged predominated in all biopsies (Table 7).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Biopsynumber
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of non-parenchymal elements, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area of hepatic vessels ,%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total number of hepatic vessels per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Terminal hepatic veins (central veins)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sublobular veins
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area ,%
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size , %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total area, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number per biopsy
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Minimal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Maximal size, %
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2,65
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,09
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,71
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,17
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,14
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,18
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,27
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9,48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,08
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,02
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,95
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,95
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,95
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
11,13
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,35
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,01
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,11
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
16,28
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,31
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
18,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,07
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,03
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,04
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
27,43
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Table 7.
Quantitative characteristics of hepatic vessels in liver biopsy specimens of the patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV by computer morphometric analysis
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Sublobular veins were observed only in two biopsies, perhaps they did not get into biopsies because of large sizes in comparison with central veins.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
The total specific part of the hepatic vessels varied from 0.07% to 1.08% (mean value was 0.34±0.1). The specific part of the central veins varied from 0.17% tо 0.35% (mean value was 0.18±0.04). The minimal size of the central vein was 0.01% (mean value was 0.03±0.01), the maximal size was 0.18% (mean value was 0.08±0.02). The specific part of sublobular veins reached 1.48%, maximal size – 0.95%.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
On the whole it is possible to note the tendencies to the stable extension of vessels and the
\n\t\t\t\t\t
damage of its internal walls. In addition, the sharp narrowing of intralobular sinusoids adjacent to above mentioned vessels, took part in the contribution of the impairment of the processes of the microcirculation inside of liver lobules. Perhaps the worsening of microcirculation lead to the bypass ways of the circulation, this may be one of the reasons of bridging necroses development.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
3.3. Investigation of activity of alanin aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
\n\t\t\t\t
The measurement of liver enzyme activities (serum ALT and AST) are important for diagnosis and assessment of liver diseases in clinical practice. However, ALT levels fluctuate in chronic HCV infection and may fall into the normal range [22].The use of many medications have been associated with elevated ALT levels [23]. In chronic hepatocellular injury, ALT increasing is more typical than AST. However, when the fibrosis progresses, ALT activity typically declines, and the ratio of AST to ALT gradually increases [24], especially during the development of cirrhosis [25,26].
\n\t\t\t\t
We observed the increasing of the ALT and AST levels practically among all the patients (Table 8).
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Biopsy number
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Activity of ALT (U/L)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Activity of AST (U/L)
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ratio of AST/ALT
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,53
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
36
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
32
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,88
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
45
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
42
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
140
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,64
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
162
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
179
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,10
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
48
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,81
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
90
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
68
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,75
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
88
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
93
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1,05
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
106
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
84
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0,79
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 8.
Activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in liver biopsy specimens of the patients with heroin abuse and co-infection of TB, HCV and HIV
\n\t\t\t\t
So, the ALT level changed from 36 to 162 points (mean value was 89.4±13.45). The AST level varied from 32 to179 points (mean value was 75±14.25). The AST/ALT ratio varied from 0.53 to 1.10 points (mean value was 0.83±0.06).
\n\t\t\t\t
The mostly expressed increase of ALT and AST levels was discovered in the patients with the samples of biopsy having the specific part of non-parenchymal elements up to 10% (Table 8, samples of biopsies № 4 and № 5). As a rule the ferment activity rather reduced under the fibrosis intensification. The AST/ALT ratio was increased in 3 patients. In other cases it was closer to the upper border of the normal level.
\n\t\t\t\t
We have not discovered any direct interconnections between the ferment activity levels and the sizes of the specific parts of intralobular necroses. The intralobular piecemeal necroses were dominant in this group of the patients; perhaps, the hepatocytes destruction was caused by the special mechanism of the cell death (apoptosis).
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Discussion
\n\t\t\t
Detailed information about natural history of HIV/HCV co-infection is discussed in special review article [27]. Some studies have suggested that human immunodeficiency infection modifies the natural history of hepatitis C virus infection accelerating the progression of fibrosis and the development of cirrhosis [28, 29, 30, 31].
\n\t\t\t
Co-infection HCV/HIV is very often discovered among injecting drug users [32, 33]. Thus, it was shown that about 90% drug users (consumers of heroin) are infected by hepatitis C virus [34]. Intravenous heroin abuse induces significant morphological changes in liver tissue (vesicular changes, fatty changes, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis), and the severity of these changes increases with years of heroin abuse [35]. Authors supposed that worsening of morphological changes in the liver happens mostly often because of a significantly reduced detoxification functions of the liver.
\n\t\t\t
Espinal, Peréz, Baéz, Hénriguez et al. [36] analyzed the clinical aspects of the co-infection HIV and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis remains an important public health problem in the world that has been exacerbated by HIV epidemic, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality [37, 38]. The pathogenesis and mechanisms of inflammation and accelerated fibrosis in co-infected patients are still poorly understood [28, 39].
\n\t\t\t
At present investigation the peculiarities of patients with heroin abuse and co-infection (TB, HCV and HIV) were analyzed (see Table 1). All the patients were males of the age from 26 to 39 years (mean value was 32.2 years). The heroin abuse was the longest (mean value was 13.6 years). Patients with HCV-infection occupied the second position of disease duration (mean value was 7.1 years), than there were the patients with HIV-infection (mean value was 4.7 years) and finally the patients with TB-infection (mean value was 3.5 years). At last case the tuberculosis was discovered for the first time of 7 patients from 13 patients. It is characteristic that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not discovered in phlegm of any patients under repeated analyses.
\n\t\t\t
We could not detect any interconnections between the quantitative parameters of biopsy specimen getting with the use of computer microscopy and for the duration of above-mentioned observations.
\n\t\t\t
Moreover the tendency to the diseases heaviness increasing is evident. The good example of this \n\t\t\ttendency is the biopsy specimen № 9: the duration of heroin abuse in this case composed 15 years, HIV – 13 years, TB – 12 years and HCV – 9 years. In accordance with it the cirrhosis developed in the liver of this patient (see Figure 6) and the segment of non-parenchymal elements reached 27.43%. Among them the specific part of portal zones was prevalent (27.16%).
\n\t\t\t
The other peculiarity was the presence of the same stage of fibrosis (namely fibrosis F2 by METAVIR scoring) and F3 (by Ishak scoring) in liver of the majority of the patients.
\n\t\t\t
At that time the segment of non-parenchyma elements in liver of these patients varied from 2.65% to 11.13%, and the specific part of the portal zones changed from 1.86% to 10.41%. The detailed information about discussion questions and interpretation of liver biopsy assessment by grading and staging systems was presented in recent works [40, 41].
\n\t\t\t
The typical changes included the destruction of limiting plate, the expansion of portal areas and the development of interface hepatitis, formation of short septa or bridging necroses. The image analysis allows calculating of portal zones areas and intralobular infiltrates in different fields of biopsy vision. The expansion of portal zones took place especially during the development of interface hepatitis. As a rule, intensive lymphohistiocyte infiltration predominates in such a type of portal zones.
\n\t\t\t
The region of intralobular infiltrates strongly varies. Our investigation showed that intralobular infiltrates developed as a result of lymphocyte-mediated death of hepatocytes (apoptosis).
\n\t\t\t
Earlier we studied the apoptosis in liver biopsy specimens of the patients with HCV with the use of the TUNEL method [42, 43]. TUNEL-marked cells looked as small groups similar to intralobular piecemeal necroses. All morphometric parameters were significantly higher in comparison with monoinfection HCV [8].
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Conclusion
\n\t\t\t
Morphometric image analysis gives a possibility to evaluate quantitative parameters of necro-inflammatory and fibrosis changes in liver biopsy of patients with mixed infections and heroin abuse.
\n\t\t\t
It is characteristic that the combination of different infections leads to the progression of liver inflammation and the increasing of the portion of non-parenchymal elements as a total sum of portal areas, intralobular infiltrates and distended hepatic vessels.
\n\t\t\t
The investigation showed significant intensification of necroinflammatory lesions. Lymphohistiocyte infiltration was typical both for portal zones and intralobular areas. These morphological indications could be connected with the change of the immune state of patients as a result of combine effect of bacterial, viral infections and heroin abuse. So, numerous factors have been associated with an increased risk of fibrosis progression in liver of such type of patients.
\n\t\t\t
Of course, it is necessary for more correct analysis to study the biopsies of the patients of several control groups with the sequential cut-off of the definite factors. We plan to carry out such investigation in future.
\n\t\t\t
Quantitative analysis of digital images of total biopsies is indispensable to study the effectiveness of treatment tactics testing as the effect of therapy can be calculated as the percentage of morphological changes in biopsy.
\n\t\t
\n\t\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/40476.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/40476.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40476",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40476",totalDownloads:1695,totalViews:193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:70,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 1st 2012",dateReviewed:"September 2nd 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 21st 2012",dateFinished:"October 25th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/40476",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/40476",book:{id:"3329",slug:"liver-biopsy-indications-procedures-results"},signatures:"Ivan B. Tokin, Ivan I. Tokin and Galina F. Filimonova",authors:[{id:"57834",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Tokin",fullName:"Ivan Tokin",slug:"ivan-tokin",email:"ivan.tokin@rambler.ru",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Patients and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Patients",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Histological evaluation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Computer digital analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4. Statistical analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1. Features of histopathological structure of biopsies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2. Quantitative image analysis for evaluation of pathological changes in liver biopsy structure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"Table 5.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"Table 6.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"Table 7.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3. Investigation of activity of alanin aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoss\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1982\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalytical and Quantitative Cytology. A Historical Perspectives\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histolology\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t251\n\t\t\t\t\t256\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHamilton\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAllen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995\n\t\t\t\t\tMorphometry in Histopathology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Pathology\n\t\t\t\t\t175\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t369\n\t\t\t\t\t379\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPilette\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRousselet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBedossa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChappard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tÓberti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRifflet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaiga\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGallois\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCalès\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tHistopathological Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis: Quantitative Analysis vs Semi-Quantitative Scores. Comparison with Serum Markers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t28\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t439\n\t\t\t\t\t446\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO` Brien.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeating\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tElderiny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCerda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKeaveny\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfdhal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNunes\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tAn assessment of Digital Image Analysis to Measure Fibrosis in Liver Biopsy Specimen of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Clinical Pathology\n\t\t\t\t\t114\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t712\n\t\t\t\t\t718\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZaituon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMardini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAwad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUkabam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMakadisi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRecord\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantitative Assessment of Fibrosis and Steatosis in Liver biopsies from Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Clinical Pathology54\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\tJune\n\t\t\t\t\t461\n\t\t\t\t\t465\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoodman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBecker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPockros\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfdhal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tProgression of Fibrosis in Advanced Chronic Hepatitis C: Evaluation by Morphometric Image Analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t45\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t886\n\t\t\t\t\t894\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGoodman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStoddard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBonkovsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFontana\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGhany\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorgan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWright\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrunt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKleiner\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShiffmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEverson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLindsay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDienstag\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorishima\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tthe HALT-C Trial Group\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tFibrosis Progression in Chronic Hepatitis C: Morphometric Image Analysis in the HALT-C Trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology50\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1738\n\t\t\t\t\t1749\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilimonova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tAn Assessment of Morphometric Analysis in Liver Biopsy Specimens with Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tPapers on Anthropology. Tartu, Estonia\n\t\t\t\t\tXIX\n\t\t\t\t\t69\n\t\t\t\t\t80\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilimonova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantitative Morphometric Analysis of Liver Biopsy: Problems and Perspectives\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Liver Biopsy. Ed. By Hirokazu Takahashi, INTECHWEB.ORG\n\t\t\t\t\t137\n\t\t\t\t\t154\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKage\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShimamatu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNakashima\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKojiro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInoue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\n\t\t\t\t\tLong-Term Evolution of Fibrosis from Chronic Hepatitis to Cirrhosis in Patients with Hepatitis C: Morphometric Analysis of Repeated Biopsies.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t4April 1028\n\t\t\t\t\t1031\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManabe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChevallier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChossegross\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCausse\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuerret\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrepo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGrimaud. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1993\n\t\t\t\t\tInterferon-alfa 2b Therapy Reduces Liver Fibrosis in Cronic A, Non-B Hepatitis: A Quantitative Histological Evaluation.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology,\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t6\nDecember\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1344\n\t\t\t\t\t1349\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDuchatelle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarcellin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiostra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBregeaud\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPouteau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBoyer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAuperin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuerret\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tErlinger\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHenin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDegott\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tChanges in Liver Fibrosis at the End of Alfa Interferon Therapy and 6 to 18 Months Later in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Quantitative Assessment by a Morphometric Method.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t28\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCaballero\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPérez-Milena\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMasserolli\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO`\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValle. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSalmerón\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDel Moral\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSánches-Salgado\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tLiver Fibrosis Assessment with Semiquantitative Indexes and Image Analysis Quantification in Sustained-Responder and Non-Responder Interferon-treated Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t34\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t740\n\t\t\t\t\t747\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBenhamou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDi Martino\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBochet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tColombet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThibault\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLiou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKatlama\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoynard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tand for the Multivir C Group\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tFactors Affecting Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infected Patients: Impact of Protease Inhibitor Therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t34\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\tAugust\n\t\t\t\t\t283\n\t\t\t\t\t287\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinez-Sierra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArizcorreta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiaz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoldán\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartin-Herrera\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPérez-Guzmán\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGirón-González\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tProgression of Chronic Hepatitis C to Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis C Virus and Immunodeficiency Virus.\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical Infectious Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t36\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t491\n\t\t\t\t\t498\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoynard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMathurin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChing-Lung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLai.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuyader\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoupon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTainturier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMyers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMuntenau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRatziu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tManns\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArndt\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCapron\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChedid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBedossa\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tfor the Panfibrosis Group. (A Comparison of Fibrosis Progression in Chronic Liver Diseases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t257\n\t\t\t\t\t265\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMenghini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1958\n\t\t\t\t\tOne-Second Needle Biopsy of the Liver.\n\t\t\t\t\tGastroenterology\n\t\t\t\t\t35\n\t\t\t\t\t2August), 190\n\t\t\t\t\t199\n\t\t\t\t\t0016-5085\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMenghini\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLauro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCaraseni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1975\n\t\t\t\t\tSome Innovations in the Technic of the One- Second Needle Biopsy of the Liver\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology64\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t175\n\t\t\t\t\t180\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKnodell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIshak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBkack\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGraig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaplowitz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKiernan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWollman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1981\n\t\t\t\t\tFormulation and Application of a Numerical Scoring System for Assessing Histological Activity in Asymptomatic Chronic Active Hepatitis\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\tSeptember/October\n\t\t\t\t\t431\n\t\t\t\t\t435\n\t\t\t\t\t0270-9139\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFrench METAVIR Cooperative Study Group\n\t\t\t\t\t1994\n\t\t\t\t\tIntraobserver and Interobserver Variations in Liver Biopsy Interpretation in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t115\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIshak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaptista\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBianchi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCallea\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Groote\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGudat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDenk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDesmet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKorb\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMac\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSween. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhillips\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPortmann\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPoulsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSheuer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSchmid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThaler\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995\n\t\t\t\t\tHistological Grading and Staging of Chronic Hepatitis B.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t696\n\t\t\t\t\t699\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInglesby\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRai\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAstemborsky\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGruskin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNelson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVlahov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThomas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tA Prospective Community Based Evaluation of Liver Enzymes in Individuals With Hepatitis C after Drug Use.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t590\n\t\t\t\t\t596\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGreen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFlamm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tAGA Technical Review on the Evaluation of Liver Chemistry Tests\n\t\t\t\t\tGastroenterology\n\t\t\t\t\t123\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1367\n\t\t\t\t\t1384\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKim\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFlamm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDi Bisceglie\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBodenheimer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tSerum Activity of Alanin Aminotransferase (ALT) as an Indicator of Health and Disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology. 47\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1363\n\t\t\t\t\t1370\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliams\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoofnagle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1988\n\t\t\t\t\tRatio of Serum Aspartate to Alanin Aminotransferase in Chronic Hepatitis: Relationship to Cirrhosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tGastroenterology. 95\n\t\t\t\t\t734\n\t\t\t\t\t739\n\t\t\t\t\t0016-5085\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSheth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFlamm\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGordon\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChopra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAST/ALT Ratio Predict Cirrhosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology\n\t\t\t\t\t93\n\t\t\t\t\t44\n\t\t\t\t\t48\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPetrovic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tHIV/HCV Co-infection: Histopathological Findings, Natural History, Fibrosis, and Impact of Antiretroviral Treatment: a Review Article.\n\t\t\t\t\tLiver International\n\t\t\t\t\t598\n\t\t\t\t\t606\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMohsen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEastbrook\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPortman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKulasegaram\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurad\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tImpact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection on the Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tGut\n\t\t\t\t\t52\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\tJuly\n\t\t\t\t\t1035\n\t\t\t\t\t1040\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRullier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrimoulet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeau\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tFibrosis is Worse in HIV/HCV Patients with Low-level Immunosuppression Referred for HCV Treatment than in HCV-matched Patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tHuman Pathology\n\t\t\t\t\t35\n\t\t\t\t\t1088\n\t\t\t\t\t1094\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKelleher\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfdhal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of Liver Fibrosis in Co-infected Patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t44\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\tS126\n\t\t\t\t\tS131\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVallet-Pichard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPol\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tNatural History and Predictors of Severity of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Co-infection\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Hepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t44\n\t\t\t\t\t528\n\t\t\t\t\t534\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThomas\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShih\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlter\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996\n\t\t\t\t\tEffect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Injecting Drug Users.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal Infectious Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t174\n\t\t\t\t\t690\n\t\t\t\t\t695\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDi Martino\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRufat\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBoyer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRenard\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDegos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMartinot-Peignoix\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatherov\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLe Moins\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVachin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDegott\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tValla\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMarcellin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Influence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection on Chronic Hepatitis C in Injection Drug Users: a Long-term Retrospective Cohort Study\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatology\n\t\t\t\t\t34\n\t\t\t\t\t6December1193\n\t\t\t\t\t1199\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTennant\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tHepatitis C, B, D and A: Contrasting Features and Liver Function Abnormalities in Heroin Addicts.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Addictive Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIlic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKaradzic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKostic-Banovic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStojanovic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tChronic Intravenous Heroin Abuse: Impact on the Liver.\n\t\t\t\t\tFacta Universitats Series: Medicine and Biology\n\t\t\t\t\t12\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t150\n\t\t\t\t\t153\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEspinal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPeréz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBaéz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHénriguez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFernández\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLopez\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOlivo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReingold\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tInfectiousness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected Patients with Tuberculosis: a Prospective Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Lancet\n\t\t\t\t\t355\n\t\t\t\t\t9200\n\t\t\t\t\tJanuary\n\t\t\t\t\t275\n\t\t\t\t\t280\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSharma\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMohan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKadhitavan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tHIV-TB Co-infection: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian Journal of Medical Research. 121\n\t\t\t\t\t550\n\t\t\t\t\t567\n\t\t\t\t\t0971-5916\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSterlig\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPham\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChaisson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tHIV Infection-Related Tuberculosis: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical Infectious Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t50\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\tMay\n\t\t\t\t\tS223\n\t\t\t\t\tS230\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJones\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDunning\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNelson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tHIV and Hepatitis C Co-infection\n\t\t\t\t\tInternational Journal Clinical Practice.\n\t\t\t\t\t59\n\t\t\t\t\t1082\n\t\t\t\t\t1092\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTheise\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tLiver Biopsy Assessment in Chronic Viral Hepatitis: a Personal, Practical Approach.\n\t\t\t\t\tModern Pathology\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\tJuly 2006\n\t\t\t\t\tS3\n\t\t\t\t\tS14\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShiha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZalata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t\t\tIshak versus MERAVIR: Terminology, Convertibility and Correlation with Laboratory Changes in Chronic Hepatitis C.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Liver Biopsy. Ed by Hirokazu Takahashi, INTECHWEB.ORG\n\t\t\t\t\t155\n\t\t\t\t\t170\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilimonova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJarveots\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuuroju\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tFeatures of the Liver Apoptosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Viral Infection (HCV).\n\t\t\t\t\t In: Proceedings of the 7th International Cell Death Society Symposium “Targeting cell death pathway for human diseases”, Shanghai Mega City, China\n\t\t\t\t\t127\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFilimonova\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHussar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tU.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJarveots\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSuuroju\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTokin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tFeatures of Liver Apoptosis in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection.\n\t\t\t\t\tPapers on Anthropology Tartu, Estonia.XVIII, 361\n\t\t\t\t\t371\n\t\t\t\t\t1406-0140\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ivan B. Tokin",address:" ivan.tokin@rambler.ru",affiliation:'
St.-Petersburg State University, Russia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ivan I. Tokin",address:null,affiliation:'
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, Russia
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Galina F. Filimonova",address:null,affiliation:'
St.-Petersburg State University, Russia
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, Russia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3329",type:"book",title:"Liver Biopsy",subtitle:"Indications, Procedures, Results",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy - Indications, Procedures, Results",slug:"liver-biopsy-indications-procedures-results",publishedDate:"November 21st 2012",bookSignature:"Nobumi Tagaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3329.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0853-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7044-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"34311",title:"Prof.",name:"Nobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tagaya",slug:"nobumi-tagaya",fullName:"Nobumi Tagaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40992",type:"chapter",title:"Liver Biopsy - Indications, Procedures, Results",slug:"liver-biopsy-indications-procedures-results",totalDownloads:3264,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Claudia Randazzo, Anna Licata and Piero Luigi Almasio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57304",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Randazzo",fullName:"Claudia Randazzo",slug:"claudia-randazzo"},{id:"159631",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Licata",fullName:"Anna Licata",slug:"anna-licata"},{id:"159632",title:"Prof.",name:"Piero Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Almasio",fullName:"Piero Luigi Almasio",slug:"piero-luigi-almasio"}]},{id:"41004",type:"chapter",title:"Types of Liver Biopsy",slug:"types-of-liver-biopsy",totalDownloads:2029,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nobumi Tagaya, Nana Makino, Kazuyuki Saito, Takashi Okuyama, Yoshitake Sugamata and Masatoshi Oya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34311",title:"Prof.",name:"Nobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Tagaya",fullName:"Nobumi Tagaya",slug:"nobumi-tagaya"},{id:"165988",title:"Dr",name:"Nana",middleName:null,surname:"Makino",fullName:"Nana Makino",slug:"nana-makino"},{id:"165989",title:"Prof.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Oya",fullName:"Masatoshi Oya",slug:"masatoshi-oya"},{id:"165990",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitake",middleName:null,surname:"Sugamata",fullName:"Yoshitake Sugamata",slug:"yoshitake-sugamata"}]},{id:"40819",type:"chapter",title:"Rethinking the Role of Liver Biopsy in the Era of Personalized Medicine",slug:"rethinking-the-role-of-liver-biopsy-in-the-era-of-personalized-medicine",totalDownloads:2133,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Teresa Casanovas Taltavull",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37764",title:"Dr",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Casanovas",fullName:"Teresa Casanovas",slug:"teresa-casanovas"}]},{id:"41003",type:"chapter",title:"Safety and Reliability Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Procedure in Children with Chronic Liver Diseases",slug:"safety-and-reliability-percutaneous-liver-biopsy-procedure-in-children-with-chronic-liver-diseases",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anna Mania, Paweł Kemnitz, Magdalena Figlerowicz, Aldona Woźniak and Wojciech Służewski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38277",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Mania",fullName:"Anna Mania",slug:"anna-mania"},{id:"53478",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Kemnitz",fullName:"Pawel Kemnitz",slug:"pawel-kemnitz"},{id:"53481",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Sluzewski",fullName:"Wojciech Sluzewski",slug:"wojciech-sluzewski"},{id:"165993",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Figlerowicz",fullName:"Magdalena Figlerowicz",slug:"magdalena-figlerowicz"},{id:"166002",title:"Dr.",name:"Aldona",middleName:null,surname:"Woźniak",fullName:"Aldona Woźniak",slug:"aldona-wozniak"}]},{id:"41006",type:"chapter",title:"Risks and Benefits of Liver Biopsy in Focal Liver Disease",slug:"risks-and-benefits-of-liver-biopsy-in-focal-liver-disease",totalDownloads:1787,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Letiția Adela Maria Streba, Eugen Florin Georgescu and Costin Teodor Streba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",fullName:"Costin Streba",slug:"costin-streba"},{id:"119881",title:"Dr.",name:"Letitia Adela Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Streba",fullName:"Letitia Adela Maria Streba",slug:"letitia-adela-maria-streba"},{id:"158918",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Dumitrescu",fullName:"Daniela Dumitrescu",slug:"daniela-dumitrescu"},{id:"158919",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Georgescu",fullName:"Eugen Florin Georgescu",slug:"eugen-florin-georgescu"}]},{id:"41008",type:"chapter",title:"Current Trends in Liver Biopsy Indications for Chronic Liver Diseases",slug:"current-trends-in-liver-biopsy-indications-for-chronic-liver-diseases",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jean-François Cadranel and Jean-Baptiste Nousbaum",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"157508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-François",middleName:null,surname:"Cadranel",fullName:"Jean-François Cadranel",slug:"jean-francois-cadranel"},{id:"166480",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Baptiste",middleName:null,surname:"Nousbaum",fullName:"Jean-Baptiste Nousbaum",slug:"jean-baptiste-nousbaum"}]},{id:"40425",type:"chapter",title:"Primary and Metastatic Tumours of the Liver: Expanding Scope of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Details in the Biopsy",slug:"primary-and-metastatic-tumours-of-the-liver-expanding-scope-of-morphological-and-immunohistochemical",totalDownloads:4536,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ilze Strumfa, Janis Vilmanis, Andrejs Vanags, Ervins Vasko, Dzeina Sulte, Zane Simtniece, Arnis Abolins and Janis Gardovskis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54021",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Strumfa",fullName:"Ilze Strumfa",slug:"ilze-strumfa"},{id:"159993",title:"Dr.",name:"Janis",middleName:null,surname:"Vilmanis",fullName:"Janis Vilmanis",slug:"janis-vilmanis"},{id:"159994",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrejs",middleName:null,surname:"Vanags",fullName:"Andrejs Vanags",slug:"andrejs-vanags"},{id:"159996",title:"Dr.",name:"Zane",middleName:null,surname:"Simtniece",fullName:"Zane Simtniece",slug:"zane-simtniece"},{id:"159997",title:"Dr.",name:"Dzeina",middleName:null,surname:"Sulte",fullName:"Dzeina Sulte",slug:"dzeina-sulte"},{id:"159998",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnis",middleName:null,surname:"Abolins",fullName:"Arnis Abolins",slug:"arnis-abolins"},{id:"160000",title:"Prof.",name:"Janis",middleName:null,surname:"Gardovskis",fullName:"Janis Gardovskis",slug:"janis-gardovskis"},{id:"165981",title:"Dr.",name:"Ervins",middleName:null,surname:"Vasko",fullName:"Ervins Vasko",slug:"ervins-vasko"}]},{id:"41027",type:"chapter",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Pathological View",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-a-pathological-view",totalDownloads:3454,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Joaquín Cabezas, Marta Mayorga and Javier Crespo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"157439",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Javier Crespo",slug:"javier-crespo"},{id:"158086",title:"Dr.",name:"Joaquín",middleName:null,surname:"Cabezas",fullName:"Joaquín Cabezas",slug:"joaquin-cabezas"},{id:"160039",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Mayorga",fullName:"Marta Mayorga",slug:"marta-mayorga"}]},{id:"41007",type:"chapter",title:"Liver Biopsy After Liver Transplantation",slug:"liver-biopsy-after-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:2655,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alpna R. Limaye, Lisa R. Dixon and Roberto J. Firpi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"156698",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Firpi",fullName:"Firpi",slug:"firpi"},{id:"166142",title:"Dr.",name:"Alpna",middleName:null,surname:"Limaye",fullName:"Alpna Limaye",slug:"alpna-limaye"},{id:"166143",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dixon",fullName:"Lisa Dixon",slug:"lisa-dixon"}]},{id:"41028",type:"chapter",title:"Non-Invasive Evaluation of Liver Steatosis, Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients Using Unidimensional Transient Elastography (Fibroscan®)",slug:"non-invasive-evaluation-of-liver-steatosis-fibrosis-and-cirrhosis-in-hepatitis-c-virus-infected-pati",totalDownloads:2255,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Monica Lupsor, Horia Stefanescu, Diana Feier and Radu Badea",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85739",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",middleName:"Ion",surname:"Badea",fullName:"Radu Badea",slug:"radu-badea"},{id:"159146",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Lupsor",fullName:"Monica Lupsor",slug:"monica-lupsor"},{id:"159894",title:"Dr.",name:"Horia",middleName:null,surname:"Stefanescu",fullName:"Horia Stefanescu",slug:"horia-stefanescu"},{id:"159896",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Feier",fullName:"Diana Feier",slug:"diana-feier"}]},{id:"40476",type:"chapter",title:"Computer Image Analysis of Liver Biopsy Specimens in Patients with Heroin Abuse and Coinfection (Tuberculosis, HCV, HIV)",slug:"computer-image-analysis-of-liver-biopsy-specimens-in-patients-with-heroin-abuse-and-coinfection-tube",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan B. Tokin, Ivan I. Tokin and Galina F. Filimonova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"57834",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Tokin",fullName:"Ivan Tokin",slug:"ivan-tokin"}]},{id:"40501",type:"chapter",title:"Future Aspects of Liver Biopsy: From Reality to Mathematical Basis of Virtual Microscopy",slug:"future-aspects-of-liver-biopsy-from-reality-to-mathematical-basis-of-virtual-microscopy",totalDownloads:2351,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ludmila Viksna, Ilze Strumfa, Boriss Strumfs, Valda Zalcmane, Andrejs Ivanovs and Valentina Sondore",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53975",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Viksna",fullName:"Ludmila Viksna",slug:"ludmila-viksna"}]},{id:"41032",type:"chapter",title:"Real-Time Tissue Elastography and Transient Elastography for Evaluation of Hepatic Fibrosis",slug:"real-time-tissue-elastography-and-transient-elastography-for-evaluation-of-hepatic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:2218,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Hiroyasu Morikawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53289",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Morikawa",fullName:"Hiroyasu Morikawa",slug:"hiroyasu-morikawa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1807",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7ec52cb83e9fc2064e573afcfc87a71",slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",bookSignature:"Thomas Brzozowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1807.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35441",title:"Intestinal Microbial Flora – Effect of Probiotics in Newborns",slug:"intestinal-microbial-flora-effects-of-probiotics-in-newborn",signatures:"Pasqua Betta and Giovanna Vitaliti",authors:[{id:"91524",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasqua",middleName:null,surname:"Betta",fullName:"Pasqua Betta",slug:"pasqua-betta"}]},{id:"35442",title:"Probiotics - What They Are, Their Benefits and Challenges",slug:"probiotics-what-they-are-their-benefits-and-challenges-",signatures:"M.S. Thantsha, C.I. Mamvura and J. Booyens",authors:[{id:"93091",title:"Dr.",name:"Mapitsi",middleName:null,surname:"Thantsha",fullName:"Mapitsi Thantsha",slug:"mapitsi-thantsha"},{id:"129028",title:"Ms.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:"Isabel",surname:"Mamvura",fullName:"Chiedza Mamvura",slug:"chiedza-mamvura"},{id:"129030",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemma",middleName:null,surname:"Booyens",fullName:"Jemma Booyens",slug:"jemma-booyens"}]},{id:"35443",title:"The Impact of Probiotics on the Gastrointestinal Physiology",slug:"the-impact-of-probiotics-on-the-gastrointestinal-physiology",signatures:"Erdal Matur and Evren Eraslan",authors:[{id:"98529",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Matur",fullName:"Erdal Matur",slug:"erdal-matur"},{id:"139107",title:"Dr.",name:"Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Eraslan",fullName:"Evren Eraslan",slug:"evren-eraslan"}]},{id:"35444",title:"The Benefits of Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition",slug:"the-benefits-of-probiotics-in-human-and-animal-nutrition",signatures:"Camila Boaventura, Rafael Azevedo, Ana Uetanabaro, Jacques Nicoli and Luis Gustavo Braga",authors:[{id:"75447",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Nicoli",fullName:"Jacques Nicoli",slug:"jacques-nicoli"},{id:"84117",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Uetanabaro",fullName:"Ana Uetanabaro",slug:"ana-uetanabaro"},{id:"98366",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Braga",fullName:"Luis Gustavo Braga",slug:"luis-gustavo-braga"},{id:"101499",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Boaventura",fullName:"Camila Boaventura",slug:"camila-boaventura"},{id:"129125",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Rafael Azevedo",slug:"rafael-azevedo"}]},{id:"35445",title:"Gut Microbiota in Disease Diagnostics",slug:"gut-microbiota-in-disease-diagnostics",signatures:"Knut Rudi and Morten Isaksen",authors:[{id:"101120",title:"Prof.",name:"Knut",middleName:null,surname:"Rudi",fullName:"Knut Rudi",slug:"knut-rudi"}]},{id:"35446",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi"}]},{id:"35447",title:"Chronic NSAIDs Therapy and Upper Gastrointestinal Tract – Mechanism of Injury, Mucosal Defense, Risk Factors for Complication Development and Clinical Management",slug:"chronic-nsaids-therapy-and-upper-gi-tract-injury-mechanism-mucosal-defense-risk-factor-for-bleeding-",signatures:"Francesco Azzaroli, Andrea Lisotti, Claudio Calvanese,\r\nLaura Turco and Giuseppe Mazzella",authors:[{id:"90606",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Lisotti",fullName:"Andrea Lisotti",slug:"andrea-lisotti"},{id:"101564",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Azzaroli",fullName:"Francesco Azzaroli",slug:"francesco-azzaroli"},{id:"101565",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Turco",fullName:"Laura Turco",slug:"laura-turco"},{id:"101567",title:"Dr.",name:"Claduio",middleName:null,surname:"Calvanese",fullName:"Claduio Calvanese",slug:"claduio-calvanese"},{id:"101569",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Mazzella",slug:"giuseppe-mazzella"}]},{id:"35448",title:"Swallowing Disorders Related to Vertebrogenic Dysfunctions",slug:"swallowing-disorders-related-to-vertebrogenic-dysfunctions",signatures:"Eva Vanaskova, Jiri Dolina and Ales Hep",authors:[{id:"78375",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Dolina",fullName:"Jiri Dolina",slug:"jiri-dolina"},{id:"118620",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Vanaskova",fullName:"Eva Vanaskova",slug:"eva-vanaskova"},{id:"149655",title:"Prof.",name:"Ales",middleName:null,surname:"Hep",fullName:"Ales Hep",slug:"ales-hep"}]},{id:"35449",title:"Enhanced Ulcer Recognition from Capsule Endoscopic Images Using Texture Analysis",slug:"enhanced-ulcer-recognition-from-capsule-endoscopic-images-using-texture-analysis",signatures:"Vasileios Charisis, Leontios Hadjileontiadis and George Sergiadis",authors:[{id:"93295",title:"Mr.",name:"Vasileios",middleName:null,surname:"Charisis",fullName:"Vasileios Charisis",slug:"vasileios-charisis"},{id:"128882",title:"Dr.",name:"Leontios",middleName:null,surname:"Hadjileontiadis",fullName:"Leontios Hadjileontiadis",slug:"leontios-hadjileontiadis"},{id:"128883",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiadis",fullName:"George Sergiadis",slug:"george-sergiadis"}]},{id:"35450",title:"Methods of Protein Digestive Stability Assay - State of the Art",slug:"methods-of-protein-digestive-stability-assay-state-of-the-art",signatures:"Mikhail Akimov and Vladimir Bezuglov",authors:[{id:"94747",title:"Dr",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Akimov",fullName:"Mikhail Akimov",slug:"mikhail-akimov"},{id:"101211",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bezuglov",fullName:"Vladimir Bezuglov",slug:"vladimir-bezuglov"}]},{id:"35451",title:"Mesenteric Vascular Disease",slug:"mesenteric-vascular-disease-",signatures:"Amer Jomha and Markus Schmidt",authors:[{id:"99290",title:"Dr.",name:"Amer",middleName:null,surname:"Jomha",fullName:"Amer Jomha",slug:"amer-jomha"},{id:"102703",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",fullName:"Markus Schmidt",slug:"markus-schmidt"}]},{id:"35452",title:"A Case Based Approach to Severe Microcytic Anemia in Children",slug:"clinical-approach-to-microcytic-anemia-in-children",signatures:"Andrew S. Freiberg",authors:[{id:"98243",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Freiberg",fullName:"Freiberg",slug:"freiberg"}]},{id:"35453",title:"Emerging Approaches for the Treatment of Fat Malabsorption Due to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency",slug:"emerging-approaches-for-the-treatment-of-fat-malabsorption-due-to-pancreatic-insufficiency",signatures:"Saoussen Turki and Hela Kallel",authors:[{id:"99489",title:"Dr.",name:"Héla",middleName:null,surname:"Kallel",fullName:"Héla Kallel",slug:"hela-kallel"},{id:"137672",title:"Dr.",name:"Saoussen",middleName:null,surname:"Turki",fullName:"Saoussen Turki",slug:"saoussen-turki"}]},{id:"35454",title:"Pharmacology of Traditional Herbal Medicines and Their Active Principles Used in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer, Diarrhoea and Inflammatory Bowel Disease",slug:"pharmacology-of-medicinal-plants-and-their-active-principles-used-in-the-treatment-of-gastrointestin",signatures:"Bhavani Prasad Kota, Aik Wei Teoh and Basil D. Roufogalis",authors:[{id:"98740",title:"Prof.",name:"Basil",middleName:null,surname:"Roufogalis",fullName:"Basil Roufogalis",slug:"basil-roufogalis"}]},{id:"35455",title:"Evaluating Lymphoma Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease",slug:"evaluating-lymphoma-risk-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease",signatures:"Neeraj Prasad",authors:[{id:"90724",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",fullName:"Neeraj Prasad",slug:"neeraj-prasad"}]},{id:"35456",title:"Development, Optimization and Absorption Mechanism of DHP107, Oral Paclitaxel Formulation for Single-Agent Anticancer Therapy",slug:"development-optimization-and-absorption-mechanism-of-dhp107-oral-paclitaxel-formulation-for-single-a",signatures:"In-Hyun Lee, Jung Wan Hong, Yura Jang, Yeong Taek Park and Hesson Chung",authors:[{id:"97306",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesson",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Hesson Chung",slug:"hesson-chung"}]},{id:"35457",title:"Differences in the Development of the Small Intestine Between Gnotobiotic and Conventionally Bred Piglets",slug:"differences-in-the-development-of-the-small-intestine-between-gnotobiotic-and-conventionally-bred-pi",signatures:"Soňa Gancarčíková",authors:[{id:"100726",title:"Dr.",name:"Sona",middleName:null,surname:"Gancarcikova",fullName:"Sona Gancarcikova",slug:"sona-gancarcikova"}]},{id:"35458",title:"Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome",slug:"superior-mesenteric-artery-syndrome",signatures:"Rani Sophia and Waseem Ahmad Bashir",authors:[{id:"98430",title:"Dr.",name:"Rani",middleName:null,surname:"Sophia",fullName:"Rani Sophia",slug:"rani-sophia"},{id:"136580",title:"Dr.",name:"Waseem Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Bashir",fullName:"Waseem Ahmed Bashir",slug:"waseem-ahmed-bashir"}]},{id:"35459",title:"Appendiceal MALT Lymphoma in Childhood - Presentation and Evolution",slug:"appendiceal-malt-lymphoma-in-childhood-presentation-and-evolution",signatures:"Antonio Marte, Gianpaolo Marte, Lucia Pintozzi and Pio Parmeggiani",authors:[{id:"77207",title:"Dr",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marte",fullName:"Antonio Marte",slug:"antonio-marte"},{id:"127644",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianpaolo",middleName:null,surname:"Marte",fullName:"Gianpaolo Marte",slug:"gianpaolo-marte"},{id:"127645",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Pintozzi",fullName:"Lucia Pintozzi",slug:"lucia-pintozzi"},{id:"127646",title:"Prof.",name:"Pio",middleName:null,surname:"Parmeggiani",fullName:"Pio Parmeggiani",slug:"pio-parmeggiani"}]},{id:"35460",title:"The Surgical Management of Chronic Pancreatitis",slug:"the-surgical-management-of-chronic-pancreatitis-",signatures:"S. Burmeister, P.C. Bornman, J.E.J. Krige and S.R. Thomson",authors:[{id:"101403",title:"Dr.",name:"Sean",middleName:null,surname:"Burmeister",fullName:"Sean Burmeister",slug:"sean-burmeister"}]},{id:"35461",title:"The Influence of Colonic Irrigation on Human Intestinal Microbiota",slug:"the-influence-of-colon-irrigation-on-human-intestinal-microbiota",signatures:"Yoko Uchiyama-Tanaka",authors:[{id:"76302",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoko",middleName:null,surname:"Uchiyama-Tanaka",fullName:"Yoko Uchiyama-Tanaka",slug:"yoko-uchiyama-tanaka"}]},{id:"35462",title:"Pancreato-Biliary Cancers – Diagnosis and Management",slug:"pancreato-biliary-cancers-diagnosis-and-management",signatures:"Nam Q. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"91596",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Nguyen",slug:"nguyen"}]},{id:"35463",title:"Recontructive Biliary Surgery in the Treatment of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries",slug:"reconstructive-biliary-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-iatrogenic-bile-duct-injuries",signatures:"Beata Jabłońska and Paweł Lampe",authors:[{id:"83975",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Jabłońska",fullName:"Beata Jabłońska",slug:"beata-jablonska"},{id:"86845",title:"Prof.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Lampe",fullName:"Paweł Lampe",slug:"pawel-lampe"}]},{id:"35464",title:"Hepatic Encephalopathy",slug:"hepatic-encephalopathy",signatures:"Om Parkash, Adil Ayub and Saeed Hamid",authors:[{id:"86570",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Parkash",fullName:"Parkash",slug:"parkash"}]},{id:"35465",title:"Adverse Reactions and Gastrointestinal Tract",slug:"adverse-drugs-reaction-in-hospitalized-patients",signatures:"A. Lorenzo Hernández, E. Ramirez and Jf. Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero",authors:[{id:"91142",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero",fullName:"Juan Francisco Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero",slug:"juan-francisco-sanchez-munoz-torrero"}]},{id:"35466",title:"Selected Algorithms of Computational Intelligence in Gastric Cancer Decision Making",slug:"selected-algorithms-of-computational-intelligence-in-cancer-surgery-decision-making",signatures:"Elisabeth Rakus-Andersson",authors:[{id:"113450",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Rakus-Andersson",fullName:"Rakus-Andersson",slug:"rakus-andersson"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4724",title:"Recent Advances in Liver Diseases and Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00acb64dc687301436a332e905747071",slug:"recent-advances-in-liver-diseases-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Hesham Abdeldayem,Ahmed El-Shaarawy, Tary Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4817",title:"Membrane-bound Atp-dependent Energy Systems and the Gastrointestinal Mucosal Damage and Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33b0ab37b6c96db36130daafb1cd9701",slug:"membrane-bound-atp-dependent-energy-systems-and-the-gastrointestinal-mucosal-damage-and-protection",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik and Imre Szabo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4817.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"5102",title:"Extradigestive Manifestations of Helicobacter Pylori Infection",subtitle:"An Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8c185be3bce68ede380640a14661ac4",slug:"extradigestive-manifestations-of-helicobacter-pylori-infection-an-overview",bookSignature:"Bruna Maria Roesler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54995",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna Maria",surname:"Roesler",slug:"bruna-maria-roesler",fullName:"Bruna Maria Roesler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5414",title:"Challenges in Pancreatic Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20877be74cb655ac2c0d75ed24d40795",slug:"challenges-in-pancreatic-pathology",bookSignature:"Andrada Seicean",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68858",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrada",surname:"Seicean",slug:"andrada-seicean",fullName:"Andrada Seicean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5435",title:"Irritable Bowel Syndrome",subtitle:"Novel Concepts for Research and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"809b69e057dbb5ffdf5a04ec922d659a",slug:"irritable-bowel-syndrome-novel-concepts-for-research-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Victor Chaban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5435.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83427",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Chaban",slug:"victor-chaban",fullName:"Victor Chaban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3329",title:"Liver Biopsy",subtitle:"Indications, Procedures, Results",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88af8989dafb0f91911783c5a0f461e6",slug:"liver-biopsy-indications-procedures-results",bookSignature:"Nobumi Tagaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34311",title:"Prof.",name:"Nobumi",surname:"Tagaya",slug:"nobumi-tagaya",fullName:"Nobumi Tagaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76834",title:"Brain Computer Interface Drone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97558",slug:"brain-computer-interface-drone",body:'
1. Introduction
The brain computer interface (BCI) technology makes the possible manipulation of embedded systems using signals generated by brainwaves. A characteristic of the BCI system can easily capture brain signals generated by neural activities, it can also recognize differently firing neural activity patterns, and these signals can transform them into useful commands [1]. These commands can be utilized to control the machines or the devices. BCIs are most commonly applied in prosthetic limbs for paralyzed patients, exoskeletons, robotics, autonomous vehicles, virtual keyboard and computer games [2]. The BCI system can be classified as invasive, non-invasive (these are classified based on the location of placement of EEG biosensors). Non-invasive BCIs are based on electroencephalography (EEG) to record the brain activities using a series of biosensors disposed on the scalp will be able to measure the potential generated by the electrical activity of thousands to billions of cortical neurons inside our brain [3]. Our study is focused on noninvasive BCI using an Electroencephalogram. The neocortex is a convoluted surface which resides at the top of the brain. It is about ⅛ of 1 inch thick. It has 30 billion neurons arranged in 6 layers. Each neuron makes around 10,000 synapses with other neurons, which results in around 300 trillion connections in the total [4]. The most common type of neuron in the cortex is the pyramidal neuron, populations of which are arranged in columns oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface. The surface of the cortex is convoluted, with Fissures sulci, Ridges gyri. The neocortex exhibits functional specialization. Each area of the cortex is specialized for a particular function. The occipital areas near the back of the head specialize in basic visual processing [5]. The parietal areas towards the top of the head specialize in spatial reasoning and motion processing [6]. Visual and auditory recognition occurs in the temporal areas (towards the sides of the head) while frontal areas are involved in planning and higher cognitive functions. Inputs to a cortical area mainly come into the middle layers, Outputs of the cortical area leave from the upper and lower layers [7]. Based on these input–output patterns, the cortex roughly acts as an organized network of sensory, motor areas. Coming to the EEG, it is a device that extracts, organizes, and filters the electric signals which exist due to the neural firings (action potential) of the brain it is used for various diagnosing purposes, it is a popular non-invasive technique for recording the neuronal firing using electrodes placed on the scalp. The currents originating deep in the brain due to the firing of the neurons are not detected by EEG because the voltage fields will fall off with the square of the distance from the source [8]. The time domain signal displays the signals from different electrodes in a graph known as electroencephalography. EEG will reflect the summation of postsynaptic potentials occurring due to firing of thousands of neurons which are oriented radially to the scalp but not due to tangential electrodes. The spatial resolution of EEG is poor in a square centimeter range because of the impedance caused due to the presence of skull, scalp, CSF, meanings [9]. These layers’ act as volume conductors and low pass filters to smear the original signals, whereas coming to the temporal resolution is good at the range of milliseconds [9]. This time domain signal from EEG is then converted into frequency domain signal using different transforms in the signal processing such as discrete Fourier transform, fast Fourier transform, etc. The amplified frequencies (according to the fast Fourier transform) which are extracted from brain by electroencephalogram into 4 ranges they are theta (θ) which ranges from 4 Hz to 8 Hz, alpha (α) which ranges from 8 to 12, beta (β) ranges from 12 to 25 Hz and finally gamma (γ) ranges minimum from 25 Hz to maximum of 45 to 75 Hz [10]. After performing many experiments on many patients specifically to observe the type of waves and the amplified frequencies (when will they occur, in what state of patient these waves can be observed) they have presented a generalized form of relation between their frequency ranges and normal human functions. When a person is ready or about to perform tasks or if he/she is in an alert state then more percentage of α frequency waves are generally observed and if a person is task oriented or if he is in a busy state or anxiously thinking or actively concentrating then high percentages of β frequency waves are generally observed, if a person is performing high motor functions, or if the person is switching the activities during multitasking then high percentage of γ frequency waves are observed mostly in the frontal lobe of the human brain. After performing several tests, I was able to predict that in my meditation state a high percentage of θ frequency waves were observed even in a sleeping state where the mind is in a relaxed condition there are high percentages of θ frequency waves. The Emotiv Insight is an EEG Brain wear device which is composed of five sensors that are projected to acquire and measure the key activity from the entire functional areas of the cortex. The device can provide raw EEG Signals, Mental Commands (conscious thoughts), Facial Expressions - Facial mimicry and Measurements of performance of the brain. The principal key characteristics of this scientific design is the dynamic brain-computer interface interactions with more degrees of freedom for controlling physical and virtual objects. The device accurately identifies mental states and emotion such as Engagement, Focus, Excitement, Meditation, Relaxation, Stress [11]. There is a possibility to build brain activity models in real-time based on spatial resolution. A deeper perspective on specific patterns of an individual’s brain activity. The very important problem in EEG processing is low signal to the noise ratio since there are many layers between the neural cortex and the scalp and also due to the artifacts which result with great amplitude, the solution to minimize the noise is we can use filtering techniques and noise reduction techniques to remove the noise from the raw EEG data and extract the brain activity signals [12]. Since the EEG signal is non-stationary signal we use classifiers which are trained on user data (which is limited, this is also another main problem) we can generalize those results poorly to the already trained data on the same individual (different for different individuals because of physiological differences, this also limits the use of EEG applications) at different times. The accuracy might increase as we increase the number of training sessions but generalizing for subjects, i.e., to handle inter-subject variability processing pipelines with domain-specific approaches are used in order to clean, extract relevant features and classify (Riemannian geometry based classifiers, adaptive classifiers) EEG data. The subset of Machine Learning which is Deep Learning is used mainly to extract the features, Recently CNNs (convolutional neural networks) are used to simultaneously extract the feature and the classifier in order to achieve end to end supervised feature learning. Hence the devices use CNNs and recurrent neural networks of 3 to 10 layers in total [13].
2. Common EEG patterns
2.1 EEG
In most of the Neurosurgery hospitals or the hospitals where the diagnosis of the human brain takes place, they mostly use EEG which have very high Temporal and spatial resolutions, devices also occupy huge amounts of space. But in the study of Brain Computer Interface wherein we are required to develop the applications to control the external environment in such a way that the patient or subject or the user must not be facing the adaptability issues to significant extent [14]. If we observe the EEG devices which are used in the Hospitals, they generally require minimum of 2 to 3 hours for just equipping the device or placing the electrode in proper locations over the scalp, where in the contact optimizing fluid needs to be applied all over the head and the electrodes needs to be placed which is a tedious and complex process. But recently the company Emotiv has come up with a very sophisticated and easily adaptable device named as INSIGHT. This Insight device is equipped with very efficient specifications, where in which It has 3 axis gyroscope and 3 axis Magnetometer which are very helpful to remove the artifacts due to the head movements which is absent in the case of hospital EEGs (therefore the patients is instructed not to move their head/to avoid the motor movements). There are 5 important electrodes installed in the device which are made of semi-dry polymer. The electrode locations are 2 in the frontal region, 2 in the temporal region and another is at the central peritoneal region. The nomenclature of these electrodes are given according to the international 10–20 system. Where the frontal left electrode is named as AF3, frontal right electrode is named as AF4, temporal left electrode is named as AT7, temporal right electrode is named as AT8 and peritoneal central electrode is named as Pz plus DRL reference mastoid electrode on the left, the channels with built in digital 5th order sinc filter, bandwidth of 0.5-43 Hz with digital notch filters at 50 Hz and 60 Hz, 2.4 Hz wireless connectivity, 8400uV is the dynamic range (input referred), sequential sampling, 128 samples per second is the sampling rate, 14bit motion resolution, the electrodes are semi dry polymers, with 14bits 1 LSB = 0.51muV (16 bit ADC, 2 bits instrumental noise floor discarded) EEG Resolution. Main principle of EEG devices is the differential amplifier which has 2 inputs Input 1 and Input 2. From both the inputs the information is fed, the information can be mathematical or any signal it gives the output resultant signal which is the relative deference chunk of signal. Mounting the device over the subject’s scalp is a crucial procedure, where saline glycerol solution is applied to the semi dry electrodes in order to maintain the optimum contact quality with the scalp of the head. The electrodes were being placed in active locations according to the International 10–20 system protocol and the optimal 100% contactivity is ensured. The subject is instructed to not to move to avoid motion artifacts and stay focused on mental commands. Connection between the insight and the laptop is achieved by following the EmotivApp protocol, connection can be established either using Insight dongle or through the Bluetooth connection. Authentic Interpretation of EEG requires a very high amount of training and experience in analyzing and predicting the Graphical data. The most important set of rules which needs to be followed while analyzing the EEG data is the type of montages used, the time domain of the subject state compared to the EEG data at that current time in order to check that there are no external noises or movements made by the subject. There are different types of montages such as longitudinal bipolar Montage, longitudinal-transverse bipolar montage, circumferential bipolar montage, temporal bipolar montage, Cz referential Montage, Ipsilateral ear referential Montage in order to analyze the patient’s cognitive state in different ways in order to predict the correct result. In the EmotivePro app in MacBook Air laptop to record raw EEG data for the experiments I have used an Ipsilateral ear referential montage where one input of the differential amplifier will be a DRL reference mastoid electrode and the other input will be any one of the active electrodes. I set up the channel spacing to 400 μV minimum amplitude to −100 μV, maximum amplitude to +100 μV, with a high pass filter.
2.2 EEG pattern in eye blinks
As we know that the cornea is positively charged and the retina is negatively charged, when there is a movement of the eyes towards upwards due to the bell’s phenomenon Figure 1, when eyes are closed this will result in the abnormal signals in the frontal electrodes [15]. There is an upward peak then downward peak when eye is blinked once, I blinked the eye continuously therefore crist and troughs continuously occurred only at the AF3, AF4 frontal electrodes in the Figure 2, this is because of the bells phenomenon when the eyes are closed the cornea moves up due to which there is a change is potential observed near the frontal electrodes, there is an upward peak at the first when the eyes are closed which implies that there is a relative positive potential of AF3/AF4 with the reference electrode and when eyelids opened there is a downward peak which implies that there is a relative negative potential of AF3/AF4 with the reference electrode.
Figure 1.
Bell’s phenomenon during eye blink.
Figure 2.
Crests and troughs observed at AF3,AF4 electrodes in common reference montage EEG data.
2.3 Meditation
To cross check a theoretical aspect of the brain frequencies also in order to validate and prove that the device is authentic, we performed meditation mental tasks for diverse subjects and analyze their signal frequencies of their respective time domain signals using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the MATLAB.
2.3.1 Test dataset acquisition and observation
The test is being conducted in an anechoic chamber as we can observe at the background of the subjects in Table, in order to minimize the external noise and to isolate the experiment. The subject’s voluntary consent has been taken prior for performing this particular test experiment. Also, the subjects are strictly advised to be in a relaxed mental condition for 10 minutes before the test perusal and before 30 seconds of the performance of the test, the subject’s eye movements (closed state and opened state) also analyzed by the EmotivPro application in order to remove the eye blink artifacts. All subjects have performed the test successfully as instructed.
As the subject’s experiments begin, their mental state is being captured in the camera and the state at which the subjects are present is being noted and presented in the mental state column of Table 1. After ensuring the optimum contact quality, the EEG data following common reference montage is analyzed in the live, with EmotivPro license, it is possible to record the current EEG data of its respective electrodes.
Table 1.
The table displays the specific subject with their respective mental task.
After performing the tests on the subjects, the raw EEG data which is recorded during experimentation is stored in the EmotivPro application cloud. This recorded data is exported to the client server system in the .csv format, Figure 3 these files can be assessed through the links provided in the above Table 1 for the respective subject test.
Figure 3.
The imported data in the workplace.
This .csv file contains the recorded potentials of all 5 channels (AF3, AF4, T7, T8, Pz) at their respective timestamp. This data is copied and imported into the workspace of MATLAB. Database toolbox is used to read, write, import and export the data of .csv files Figure 4. Digital signal processing toolbox is used for converting time domain signal to frequency domain signal.
Figure 4.
The subject’s EEG data in the work space.
The main principle of fast Fourier transform is it converts the time domain signal into frequency domain signal. As the raw data is injected into the FFT in matlab, it analyzes the frequencies of the time domain signals. The xfft vs. absolute part of the FFT gives us the frequency domain signal. In this case, there is a large amount of noise observed in the frequency domain graph for the test dataset. Hence, in order to remove the noise and the high peak which is near to zero, the smoothing filters were applied independently and a band pass filter is also applied between 4 to 45 Hz, as the result of the experiment lies within that particular frequency range.
The length of the signal is assigned to variable = nfft,
In order to have a good resolution of the signal the nearest 2 power value of the length nfft is assigned to the variable nfft2.
The fast Fourier transform filter is applied and assigned to the variable fft.
In the absolute part of the fft, we can observe a symmetric curve with frequency x axis and amplitude magnitude of the y-axis.
In order to remove the symmetry about the line parallel to the y-axis and only consider the initial half part, we only consider half of the nfft2 length and that half portion is assigned to the variable = fff.
For the x component of the fft signal is assigned to the variable xfft, where input values of the sample frequency with half of the length of the data is assigned to xfft.
The graphical plot is made with xfft as x-axis and fff as y-axis for that particular time period. Savitzky Golay filter, moving average filter, smoothing filter were applied and analyzed independently to all of the test files. After applying filters to the signals, their respective frequencies are extracted, recorded and saved and the smoothing filter is considered to be the best fit filter at a window of 100 neighboring samples for our test datasets.
2.3.2 Test results
The smoothing filter, band pass filter along with FFT in combination resulted in best output for the frequency domain analysis and the results are observed, noted and represented graphically in Table 2 as there is time domain graph at the top and frequency domain graph at the bottom in the experimental analysis column in Table 2.
Table 2.
This table represents the experimental analysis graphically.
As most of the subjects are performing the meditative test they should experience a very high amount of theta waves they ranged between 5.1 to 7.6 Hz i.e., there will be a maxima peak within the range of 5.1 to 7.6 Hz in the frequency domain signal and also when the subject performs a demanding motor task he experienced a high amount of gamma waves with maxima peak at 35.9 Hz (Table 3).
S. No
File Name
Mental State
Frequency at Maxima (x-axis)
Maxima (y-axis)
1
InsightTestNithin01
Mathematical Calculation
35.9 Hz
45375.0
2
InsightTestMurty05
Meditating
05.5 Hz
17920.0
3
InsightTestNithin06
Meditating
05.6 Hz
18475.0
4
InsightTestNithin07
Meditating
07.6 Hz
24568.0
5
InsightTestNithin08
Lifting
35.9 Hz
13585.0
6
InsightTestSai09
Meditating
05.1 Hz
5016.8
7
InsightTestOnesimus10
Meditating
05.6 Hz
8094.6
Table 3.
This table represents the frequency analysis of subjects numerically.
Hence, the test results prove that the subject’s mental state falls within specific range when a specific mental task is performed. This ends the validation part of the Emotiv Insight EEG device.
3. Common EEG patterns
After connecting the device with the EmotivApp, the EmotiveBCI application is used to train mental commands. After training, the live mode is switched ON to control a cube with our Imagery thoughts. Next those live mental commands should be extracted from the application to integrate with the drone. This is achieved through cortex API documentation, for the ease I have edited the code in python language. Then simultaneously those commands should be integrated to a dji tello drone. This is achieved through dji tello API documentation. Finally a link between the drone and Insight brainware is achieved.
3.1 Mental command training
Giving mental command to the EmotivBCI application will result in the movement of the object in the desired direction. Initially numerous training needs to be done to the device in the initial stage to get good desired output. For example during an object movement test when the subject is thinking to move the cube towards the right direction we can observe this in the Figures 5 and 6 represented below that there is a movement of the cube towards the right direction. Each of the Neutral, moving left, lift, drop mental commands were trained for 10 times.
Figure 5.
The object movement test of the subject, live mode in BCI App when the person is neutral.
Figure 6.
The object movement test of the subject, live mode in BCI App when the person thinks of moving the object left from neutral, the cube has moved left.
3.2 Extraction of mental commands and assigning them to the drone
The python code is built in Atom software editor in Dell Inspiron laptop. Jason, websocket, ssl, time, win32, requests, pyautogui, socket, keyboard, threading are the libraries used in the code. The control of the drone with the computer is achieved using DJI Tello drone protocol Figure 7, where the drone is connected to the local wifi and the laptop should also be connected to the same wifi using a TP-Link USB Wi-Fi Adapter which is used for PC(TL-WN725N) it’s an N150 Wireless Network Adapter for laptop, UDP protocol is used to make an interface between the computer system and dji tello drone, it should be explicit and bind to a local port on our computer where tello can send messages. The functions that listen for messages from tello will be printed on the screen. Connection between the insight and the laptop is done according to the Emotiv App protocol, connection can be established either using Insight dongle or through the Bluetooth connection. After connecting the device with the EmotivApp, the EmotiveBCI application is used to train mental commands. After training, the live mode is switched ON to control a cube with our Imagery thoughts. Next those live mental commands should be extracted from the application to integrate with the drone. This is achieved through cortex API documentation. Then simultaneously those commands should be integrated to a dji tello drone. This is achieved through dji tello API documentation. Finally a link between the drone and Insight brainware is achieved. Coming to the Insight, InsightHandler class is used then the web connection is acquired, In order to get the approval form the Emotiv app we have to generate client id and secret then we have to give the approval in the emotive app. After approving then authorisation happens to generate the token this token will create the session and loads the profile from the cortex app, then we are going to start and stream the mental commands data in our terminal, these commands will be integrated with the our keyboard clicks, these clicks will intern control the drone as a controller, so basically as we are thinking of a mental command which will be controlling our computers keyboard this will intern control the drone.
Figure 7.
Procedure of interfacing EEG with a drone.
4. Result
After several attempts the drone control was modified and whenever the power meter of a mental command crosses 50% then that specific keyboard key will be clicked. For example if the subject is in a neutral state and suppose he is thinking of a lift command and simultaneously if the power meter of that lift mental command is at 50% or crosses 50% then that command will be executed and the computer keyboard key which is assigned to the push will be clicked this will intern transmits the thrust command from the laptop and drone will receive this command and lifts off the floor. In the terminal window and live mode in the Mental command window controlling a cube are represented in the Figures 8–10. The cube is in the neutral position therefore we can observe neutral in the terminal window in Figure 8. When the person is thinking of lifting the cube, the cube changes from its neutral position and moves upwards therefore we can observe change from neutral to lift in the terminal window, Figure 9. The cube is in the neutral position therefore we can observe neutral in the terminal window, Figure 10.
Figure 8.
Cube in neutral state.
Figure 9.
Cube moving upwards.
Figure 10.
Cube moving downwards.
The drone is in the resting state when the mental command of the subject is neutral, Figure 11. The drone takes off when the mental command of the subject has changed from the neutral to lift, Figure 12.
Figure 11.
Drone in the neutral state.
Figure 12.
The drone takes off.
5. Conclusions
EEG patterns such as motor movements, eyes movements, meditation, sleeping tests are recorded and analyzed. A mathematical model is developed in the MATLAB using concepts such as signal processing in order to analyze the theoretical data of the brain frequencies at different mental states. The validation of the device by analysis of raw signal has been performed using signal processing methods such as fast Fourier transform simultaneously applying filters to extract the signal of interest by removing noise. These EEG patterns are analyzed on 5 different subjects and cross validated the data with the theoretical brain frequencies data. After these above experiments, Interface between DJI Tello Drone and Emotiv Insight BCI headset was achieved and the Drone was controlled with 2 mental commands moving up and moving down from the neutral state.
Acknowledgments
Inspiration, motivation and presentation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. I express my sincere thanks to “Prof. S. Murugesan” Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani being my supervisor and encouraging me to the highest peak and providing me the opportunity to prepare for this research. I feel to acknowledge my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to “Dr. Anantha Krishna Chintanpalli” Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at BITS Pilani for being co-supervisor whose valuable assistance to me in this course has shaped my present work. I am immensely obliged to my friends for their elevating inspiration, encouraging guidance and kind supervision in the completion of my project. Last, but not the least, my parents are also an important inspiration for me. So with due regards, I express my gratitude to them.
CPZ
Central Peritoneal Zero
Cz
Central Zero
DBS
Deep Brain Stimulation
DCES
Direct Electrical Cortical Stimulation
ECoG
Electrocorticography
EEG
Electroencephalogram/Electroencephalography
fMRI
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Hz
Hertz
InsightTestNithin06
Insight: Device Name.
TestNithin: Testing the subject name.
06: Test number
IZ
Inion Zero
kHz
KiloHertz
LTD
Long Term Depression
LTP
Long Term Potentiation
MEG
Magnetoencephalography
MU
Memory Unit
Nz
Nasion Zero
OS
Optical Stimulation
Oz
Occipital Zero
POZ
Peritoneal Occipital Zero
Pz
Parietal Zero
STD
Short Term Depression
STDP
Spike timing dependent plasticity
STF
Short Term Facilitation
STP
Short Term Potentiation
TMS
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
TUS
Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation
\n',keywords:"Brain Computer Interface, fast Fourier transform, emotiv insight, DJI Tello drone, band power, EEG, Neuroscience, Machine Learning, Signal Processing",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76834.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76834.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76834",totalDownloads:245,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"April 2nd 2021",datePrePublished:"May 20th 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",dateFinished:"May 20th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Brain-Computer Interface has emerged from dazzling experiments of cognitive scientists and researchers who dig deep into the conscious of the human brain where neuroscience, signal processing, machine learning, physical sciences are blended together and neuroprosthesis, neuro spellers, bionic eyes, prosthetic arms, prosthetic legs are created which made the disabled to walk, a mute to express and talk, a blind to see the beautiful world, a deaf to hear, etc. My main aim is to analyze the frequency domain signal of the brain signals of 5 subjects at their respective mental states using an EEG and show how to control a DJI Tello drone using Insight EEG then present the results and interpretation of band power graph, FFT graph and time-domain signals graph of mental commands during the live control of the drone.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76834",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76834",signatures:"Manupati Hari Hara Nithin Reddy",book:{id:"10654",type:"book",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-529-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-522-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-530-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"346077",title:"Mr.",name:"Manupati Hari",middleName:"Nithin",surname:"Hara Nithin Reddy",fullName:"Manupati Hari Hara Nithin Reddy",slug:"manupati-hari-hara-nithin-reddy",email:"f20171067@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Common EEG patterns",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 EEG",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 EEG pattern in eye blinks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Meditation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Common EEG patterns",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1 Mental command training",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Extraction of mental commands and assigning them to the drone",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Result",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Rao, R. (2013). Introduction. In Brain-Computer Interfacing: An Introduction (pp. 1-4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139032803.002'},{id:"B2",body:'Al-Quraishi MS, Elamvazuthi I, Daud SA, Parasuraman S, Borboni A. EEG-Based Control for Upper and Lower Limb Exoskeletons and Prostheses: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(10):3342. Published 2018 Oct 7. DOI: 10.3390/s18103342'},{id:"B3",body:'McFarland DJ, Wolpaw JR. EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces. Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2017;4:194-200. DOI:10.1016/j.cobme.2017.11.004'},{id:"B4",body:'Wikipedia contributors, ‘Neocortex’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 January 2021, 00:52 UTC, <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neocortex&oldid=1017132329> [accessed 12 January 2021]'},{id:"B5",body:'Wikipedia contributors, ‘Occipital lobe’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 March 2021, 16:11 UTC, <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occipital_lobe&oldid=1014174641> [accessed 16 January 2021]'},{id:"B6",body:'Ackerman CM, Courtney SM. Spatial relations and spatial locations are dissociated within prefrontal and parietal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2012;108(9):2419-2429. DOI: 10.1152/jn.01024.2011'},{id:"B7",body:'Jawabri KH, Sharma S. Physiology, Cerebral Cortex Functions. [Updated 2021 Feb 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538496/'},{id:"B8",body:'Buzsáki G, Anastassiou CA, Koch C. The origin of extracellular fields and currents--EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(6):407-420. Published 2012 May 18. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3241'},{id:"B9",body:'Burle B, Spieser L, Roger C, Casini L, Hasbroucq T, Vidal F. Spatial and temporal resolutions of EEG: Is it really black and white? A scalp current density view. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015;97(3):210-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.004'},{id:"B10",body:'Hamzei, Nazanin. 2017. “Analysis of Low-Noise EEG in Search of Functional Gamma Band Correlates.” Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 2008+. T, University of British Columbia. DOI: 10.14288/1.0345615'},{id:"B11",body:'Sánchez-Reolid, R.; García, A.S.; Vicente-Querol, M.A.; Fernández-Aguilar, L.; López, M.T.; Fernández-Caballero, A.; González, P. Artificial Neural Networks to Assess Emotional States from Brain-Computer Interface. Electronics 2018, 7, 384. DOI: 10.3390/electronics7120384'},{id:"B12",body:'Jiang X, Bian GB, Tian Z. Removal of Artifacts from EEG Signals: A Review. Sensors (Basel). 2019;19(5):987. Published 2019 Feb 26. DOI: 10.3390/s19050987'},{id:"B13",body:'Alexander Selvikvåg Lundervold, Arvid Lundervold, An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI, Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, Volume 29, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 102-127, ISSN 0939-3889, DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2018.11.002'},{id:"B14",body:'Shih JJ, Krusienski DJ, Wolpaw JR. Brain-computer interfaces in medicine. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(3):268-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008'},{id:"B15",body:'Wikipedia contributors, \'Bell\'s phenomenon\', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 1 January 2021, 00:32 UTC, <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell%27s_phenomenon&oldid=997534506> [accessed 12 January 2021]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Manupati Hari Hara Nithin Reddy",address:"f20171067@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in",affiliation:'
Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10654",type:"book",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-529-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-522-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-530-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreri",email:"felicia.ferreri@unime.it",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",position:null,biography:"Felicia M. Ferreri graduated summa cum laude from the University of Messina, Italy, in 1998 and completed her ophthalmology residency at the Policlinico Universitario, Messina, in 2002. She interned at the Corneal Section of San Raffaele Hospital in Milan and at the Pediatric Ophthalmology Diseases Section of Hospital Careggi in Florence. She spent research periods at Virginio del Rocio hospital in Seville, San Carlos hospital in Madrid, the Royal Bolton Hospital in Manchester, and Universidade Fluminense in Rio de Janeiro. She served as co-investigator of many national and international clinical trials. Since 2002, she is an Assistant Professor in Ophthalmology at the University of Messina. Her research interests are in the areas of glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, and cataract. She authored more than 50 scientific papers and edited two IntechOpen Books.",institutionString:"University of Messina",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32442/images/system/32442.png",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"2",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},booksEdited:[{id:"10732",type:"book",slug:"dry-eye-syndrome-modern-diagnostic-techniques-and-advanced-treatments",title:"Dry Eye Syndrome",subtitle:"Modern Diagnostic Techniques and Advanced Treatments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10732.jpg",abstract:"Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common types of ocular surface disorders that significantly worsen the quality of life of tens of millions of people worldwide.In the last decades, researchers worldwide investigated the composition and regulatory mechanisms of the preocular tear film to better understand dry eye syndrome. The tear film, in fact, plays a critical role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting the eyes against infections, and preserving visual acuity. Recent scientific discoveries helped us gain a more and more accurate understanding of the structure and functioning of the tear film and how disorders in the tear film relate to dry eye syndrome. Today, ophthalmologists benefit from sophisticated diagnostic techniques, and they have at their disposal a wide range of effective therapeutic options to manage dry eye syndrome. This book illustrates the most recent research results in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye syndrome, and it is of interest to the broad audience that comprises ophthalmologists, researchers, and students.",editors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}},{id:"6786",type:"book",slug:"optic-nerve",title:"Optic Nerve",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6786.jpg",abstract:"The optic nerve is a primary reference for those ophthalmologists and researchers interested in its anatomy and physiology, in the most recent diagnostic techniques, as well as in the clinical management of optic nerve disorders. The book provides a detailed description of the structure and functioning of the optic nerve and attempts at clarifying how anomalies in its development are related with tumor development. The book surveys the most recent diagnostic techniques, such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and highlights how these techniques can be employed to evaluate optic nerve layers as well as lesions compressing the visual pathway. Practical references to optic nerve drusen and the changes in the optic nerve due to diabetic retinopathy are also presented. The book is written in a concise fashion and aims at being a major reference to a broad audience, including students, ophthalmologist consultants, neurologists, researchers, and surgeons concerned with optic nerve diseases.",editors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"47280",title:"Tonometry",slug:"tonometry",abstract:null,signatures:"Felicia Ferreri, Rosa Minniti, Alessandra Polimeni, Lucia Zavettieri,\nGiuseppina Ferreri, Paolo Ferreri and Pasquale Aragona",authors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",email:"felicia.ferreri@unime.it"}],book:{id:"3848",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"ophthalmology-current-clinical-and-research-updates",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"64685",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-dysthyroid-optic-neuropathy",abstract:null,signatures:"Felicia M. Ferreri and Giuseppina Ferreri",authors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",email:"felicia.ferreri@unime.it"}],book:{id:"6786",title:"Optic Nerve",slug:"optic-nerve",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"38965",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",surname:"Yoshitomi",slug:"takeshi-yoshitomi",fullName:"Takeshi Yoshitomi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41620",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"makoto-ishikawa",fullName:"Makoto Ishikawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"44376",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih",surname:"Gundogan",slug:"fatih-gundogan",fullName:"Fatih Gundogan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62824",title:"Dr.",name:"Elliot",surname:"Kirstein",slug:"elliot-kirstein",fullName:"Elliot Kirstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"77116",title:"Prof.",name:"De-Quan",surname:"Li",slug:"de-quan-li",fullName:"De-Quan Li",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Baylor College of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"169657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ipek",surname:"Midi",slug:"ipek-midi",fullName:"Ipek Midi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"169659",title:"Dr.",name:"Umit",surname:"Yolcu",slug:"umit-yolcu",fullName:"Umit Yolcu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"169888",title:"Dr.",name:"Cintia",surname:"de Paiva",slug:"cintia-de-paiva",fullName:"Cintia de Paiva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"169895",title:"Dr.",name:"Peizeng",surname:"Yang",slug:"peizeng-yang",fullName:"Peizeng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"170643",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Pflugfelder",slug:"stephen-pflugfelder",fullName:"Stephen Pflugfelder",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11501",title:"Qualitative and Computational Aspects of Dynamical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9d21a5db7515233f254abc02d89c2be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kamal Shah, Dr. . Eiman and Dr. Arshad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11501.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11502",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eca1aa784f719310820d6bb2cf5a7b20",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea3923dea83de1bec4d3fc5e43173856",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hammad Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"411171",title:"Dr.",name:"Hammad",surname:"Khalil",slug:"hammad-khalil",fullName:"Hammad Khalil"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11504",title:"Kalman Filter - Engineering Applications\ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11505",title:"Time Series Analysis - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29054c3869e21230a405c4aef0904dfd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rifaat Abdalla and Dr. Mohammed El-Diasty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11505.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11863",title:"Inverse Problems - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"778be380846c917e320eceaf5d7a5983",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Kyrchei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11863.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226980",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Kyrchei",slug:"ivan-kyrchei",fullName:"Ivan Kyrchei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11864",title:"Game Theory - From Idea to Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17db7dc9ca5813b2e1c7cd9d8ded210d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Branislav Sobota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11864.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"109378",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Sobota",slug:"branislav-sobota",fullName:"Branislav Sobota"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11865",title:"Operator Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"acb2875b3bfc189c9881a9b44b6a5184",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdo Abou Jaoudé",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11865.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11952",title:"Response Surface Methodology - Research Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a22fd44ae22d422a792470bb5c441a81",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12017",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1912acc4811b724cc0a15dba11f5af79",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12017.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12018",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48eee82290a62159304dbf1689e3aeca",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12018.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38f0946fe1dd3314939e670799f88426",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mykhaylo I. Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:16},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1330",title:"Ethnic Studies",slug:"ethnic-studies",parent:{id:"275",title:"Social History",slug:"social-history"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:26,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1330",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8522",title:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"500f04edfaf31487a6637ec914cff04d",slug:"indigenous-aboriginal-fugitive-and-ethnic-groups-around-the-globe",bookSignature:"Liat Klain-Gabbay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257515",title:"Dr.",name:"Liat",middleName:null,surname:"Klain Gabbay",slug:"liat-klain-gabbay",fullName:"Liat Klain Gabbay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5866",title:"Indigenous People",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"855fd54af0a1f830ea8d0ee1519387dc",slug:"indigenous-people",bookSignature:"Purushothaman Venkatesan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198936",title:"Dr.",name:"Purushothaman",middleName:null,surname:"Venkatesan",slug:"purushothaman-venkatesan",fullName:"Purushothaman Venkatesan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69889",title:"Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Appropriate Technology Development",slug:"indigenous-knowledge-systems-for-appropriate-technology-development",totalDownloads:4035,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) comprises knowledge developed within indigenous societies, independent of, and prior to, the advent of the modern scientific knowledge system (MSKS). Examples of IKS such as Ayurveda from India and Acupuncture from China are well known. IK covers diverse areas of importance for society, spanning issues concerned with the quality of life - from agriculture and water to health. The IK resident in India and China have high relevance to rural life, especially given the level of engagement with agricultural and health technologies. The goal is to establish a heuristic whereby IK can be reviewed and evaluated within particular contexts to determine if the IKS can lead to the development of appropriate technology (AT) addressing that need sustainably. Although much work on cataloguing and documenting IKS has been completed in these two countries, a paucity of attention has been paid to the scientific rationale and technological content of these IKS. Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"56510",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69890",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2572,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. Shisanya",authors:[{id:"200734",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Shisanya",slug:"chris-shisanya",fullName:"Chris Shisanya"}]},{id:"56426",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70104",title:"Indigenous Resource Management Practices and the Local Social-Cultural Context: An Insight towards Self-Directed Resource Management by People who ‘Coexist’ with Supernatural Agents",slug:"indigenous-resource-management-practices-and-the-local-social-cultural-context-an-insight-towards-se",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent arguments in the governance of natural resource management, effectiveness and desirability of collaborative management among various stakeholder including indigenous people has been recognized. In the context of Indonesia, the reformation movement has stimulated the growth of a new perception of indigenous people’s rights to their land in the country. This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. Then, I discuss the possible future applications for achieving self-directed resource management by people who ‘coexist’ with supernatural agents.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Masatoshi Sasaoka",authors:[{id:"198898",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaoka",slug:"masatoshi-sasaoka",fullName:"Masatoshi Sasaoka"}]},{id:"56601",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69887",title:"Revisiting Indigenous Biotic and Abiotic Weather Forecasting for Possible Integration with Scientific Weather Prediction: A Case from the Borana People of South Ethiopia",slug:"revisiting-indigenous-biotic-and-abiotic-weather-forecasting-for-possible-integration-with-scientifi",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This study assesses how Borana herders make weather forecast using abiotic and biotic indicators. Survey questionnaire, observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interview were employed to obtain data. Field data were analyzed and interpreted using appropriate analytical tools and procedures. The result revealed that the Borana herders have time-tested weather forecasting experience of using astrological, intestinal, plant, and animal body language indicators. Astrological and intestinal readings that need special training and local expertise are known as Urgii Elaltus and Uchuu, respectively. Forecast information is disseminated using the Borana sociocultural institutions. Based on the disseminated forecast information, the Borana herders take measures such as strengthening enclosure, storing hay, migrating with animals, destocking, and changing schedules of social and cultural festivities such as wedding. The precision and credibility of traditional weather forecast steadily declined and led to repeated faulty predictions. Poor documentation and knowledge transfer system, influence of religion and modern education, premature death of forecast experts, and expansion of alcoholism were identified as causes undermining the vitality of Borana indigenous weather forecast. It is high time that the tenets of indigenous weather forecasting be assessed scientifically and be integrated into the modern science of weather forecasting before they vanish.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Desalegn Yayeh Ayal",authors:[{id:"198164",title:"Dr.",name:"Desalegn",middleName:"Yayeh",surname:"Ayal",slug:"desalegn-ayal",fullName:"Desalegn Ayal"}]},{id:"67479",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86677",title:"Exploring Aboriginal Identity in Australia and Building Resilience",slug:"exploring-aboriginal-identity-in-australia-and-building-resilience",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the challenges faced by Aboriginal people seeking recognition of their identity as Indigenous Australians. It will explore government policies, their impact on identity formation and the ongoing impact of colonisation on education and health outcomes for Indigenous people in Australia. The issues raised will include historical and contemporary experiences as well personal values and attitudes. The strategies and programs introduced within educational settings as part of an inclusive practice regime will be highlighted. Aboriginal people have faced many challenges, and continue to do so in postcolonial times, including challenges to their identity.",book:{id:"8522",slug:"indigenous-aboriginal-fugitive-and-ethnic-groups-around-the-globe",title:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe",fullTitle:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe"},signatures:"Clair Andersen",authors:[{id:"296447",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Clair",middleName:null,surname:"Andersen",slug:"clair-andersen",fullName:"Clair Andersen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56426",title:"Indigenous Resource Management Practices and the Local Social-Cultural Context: An Insight towards Self-Directed Resource Management by People who ‘Coexist’ with Supernatural Agents",slug:"indigenous-resource-management-practices-and-the-local-social-cultural-context-an-insight-towards-se",totalDownloads:1737,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent arguments in the governance of natural resource management, effectiveness and desirability of collaborative management among various stakeholder including indigenous people has been recognized. In the context of Indonesia, the reformation movement has stimulated the growth of a new perception of indigenous people’s rights to their land in the country. This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. Then, I discuss the possible future applications for achieving self-directed resource management by people who ‘coexist’ with supernatural agents.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Masatoshi Sasaoka",authors:[{id:"198898",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaoka",slug:"masatoshi-sasaoka",fullName:"Masatoshi Sasaoka"}]},{id:"56259",title:"Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Appropriate Technology Development",slug:"indigenous-knowledge-systems-for-appropriate-technology-development",totalDownloads:4043,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) comprises knowledge developed within indigenous societies, independent of, and prior to, the advent of the modern scientific knowledge system (MSKS). Examples of IKS such as Ayurveda from India and Acupuncture from China are well known. IK covers diverse areas of importance for society, spanning issues concerned with the quality of life - from agriculture and water to health. The IK resident in India and China have high relevance to rural life, especially given the level of engagement with agricultural and health technologies. The goal is to establish a heuristic whereby IK can be reviewed and evaluated within particular contexts to determine if the IKS can lead to the development of appropriate technology (AT) addressing that need sustainably. Although much work on cataloguing and documenting IKS has been completed in these two countries, a paucity of attention has been paid to the scientific rationale and technological content of these IKS. Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"56510",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. Shisanya",authors:[{id:"200734",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Shisanya",slug:"chris-shisanya",fullName:"Chris Shisanya"}]},{id:"56296",title:"Empowering Namibian Indigenous People through Entrepreneurship: The Case from the Nama People",slug:"empowering-namibian-indigenous-people-through-entrepreneurship-the-case-from-the-nama-people",totalDownloads:1595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The challenge emanating from the colonial and apartheid regimes on the Nama people of Namibia have not only resulted in them losing nearly half of its population, but they also appeared to have lost their social identity. To that end we continually find convergences and divergences in clothing and accessories, food, traditional dances, homes, and traditional beauty cosmetics, between the past and present. This chapter seeks to explore whether the Nama people have always used money to acquire the aforementioned past? If not, what have they done right in the past to acquire all these items? These are one of the few questions this chapter seeks to explore and understand, and the role Nama entrepreneurial activities play for their own socio-economic advancement. Critical discourse can lead to a better understanding and appreciation of entrepreneurship among indigenous people in Namibia. This will in turn result in an enhanced understanding of the role entrepreneurship and culture can play in both a local and international context. After a brief introduction to Namibia and the Nama people, the cultural values and entrepreneurial initiatives of the Nama people are discussed, followed by discussions, recommendations and conclusions. Research methods employed were in-depth interviews and participant observation.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Wilfred Isak April, Daniel Ileni Itenge, Josef Petrus Van der\nWesthuizen and Lazarus Shimwaningi Emvula",authors:[{id:"110034",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",middleName:"Isak",surname:"April",slug:"wilfred-april",fullName:"Wilfred April"},{id:"204208",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Ileni",surname:"Itenge",slug:"daniel-itenge",fullName:"Daniel Itenge"},{id:"204209",title:"Mr.",name:"Lazarus",middleName:null,surname:"Emvula",slug:"lazarus-emvula",fullName:"Lazarus Emvula"},{id:"204916",title:"Mr.",name:"Josef",middleName:"P.",surname:"Van Der Westhuizen",slug:"josef-van-der-westhuizen",fullName:"Josef Van Der Westhuizen"}]},{id:"55689",title:"Usages and Customs of the Indigenous Communities in Favour of the Reduction of the Digital Divide: A Case Study of the Ñuu Savi People",slug:"usages-and-customs-of-the-indigenous-communities-in-favour-of-the-reduction-of-the-digital-divide-a-",totalDownloads:1247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This research is of ethnographic nature, focusing on the study of the Ñuu Savi people (people of the rain), also called the Mixtec people, of pre-Columbian origin belonging to the Mixteca Region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. On the basis of sociocultural theory and the theory of the diffusion and adoption of technological innovations, the study on the cultural identity of the ethnolinguistic group, whose social platform is the “uses and customs,” is carried out. As a result of this research, the descriptive analysis is presented, detailing the effect of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the situation of the vulnerable and disadvantaged group. Likewise, cultural elements have been identified that allow the formulation of a model for the development and inclusion of the ethnic minority. An educational strategy is designed and implemented through the model. However, in the process of implementing the educational strategy, it was observed that the Ñuu Savi people experience a conjunctural stage where technological adoption coexists with some beliefs, aptitudes, and attitudes, characteristic of its form of government of “uses and customs,” which create sociocultural barriers that make social and digital inclusion difficult.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Olivia Allende-Hernández and Jesús Salinas",authors:[{id:"198235",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivia",middleName:null,surname:"Allende-Hernández",slug:"olivia-allende-hernandez",fullName:"Olivia Allende-Hernández"},{id:"201435",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Salinas",slug:"jesus-salinas",fullName:"Jesús Salinas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1330",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 14th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"
\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:70,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79696",title:"How to Build Food Safety Resilience in Commercial Restaurants?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101481",signatures:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas and Elke Stedefeldt",slug:"how-to-build-food-safety-resilience-in-commercial-restaurants",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79604",title:"Perspective Chapter: Food System Resilience - Towards a Joint Understanding and Implications for Policy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99899",signatures:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Emma Termeer, Deborah Bakker, Hubert Fonteijn and Herman Brouwer",slug:"perspective-chapter-food-system-resilience-towards-a-joint-understanding-and-implications-for-policy",totalDownloads:125,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/32442",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"32442"},fullPath:"/profiles/32442",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()