Classification of some papers.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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It allows providing common services and programming abstractions and hiding the low-level management of the connected hardware. With the recent advances in distributed systems and enabling technologies, such as RFID, WSNs, IoT, IoE, cloud computing, context-aware pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, etc., middleware design and development has become a necessity, taking increasing importance. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the different design patterns and reference models used in middleware architectures in general, followed by a description of specific middleware architectures dedicated to the use of the different emerging technologies, such as IoT, cloud computing, IEEE 802.11, etc. This book intends therefore to bring together in one place up-to-date contributions and remaining challenges in this fast-moving research area for the benefit of middleware systems’ designers and applications developers.",isbn:"978-1-83969-407-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-406-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-408-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92536",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"middleware-architecture",numberOfPages:106,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",bookSignature:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",numberOfDownloads:904,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 18th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 8th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 6th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",middleName:null,surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26677/images/system/26677.png",biography:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar obtained her Ph.D. in computer science from ENSIAS School in Rabat, Morocco (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d\\'Informatique et d\\'Analyse des Systèmes) and both her Bachelor of Science in computer science and Master of Science in computer networks from Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), Morocco. Her research fields include, but are not limited to, the following: RFID, middleware design, WSNs, pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, context-awareness, policy-based systems, ontologies, IoT, IoE, IoNT, etc.\nDr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar is a pioneering researcher of middleware architecture for RFID applications, WSNs, and IoT, appointed as the best reviewer by international journals and proofreading or editing companies, and holder of best paper awards from many recognized international conferences for her research papers.",institutionString:"Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"585",title:"Cloud Computing",slug:"cloud-computing"}],chapters:[{id:"79246",title:"Middleware Solutions for the Internet of Things: A Survey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100348",slug:"middleware-solutions-for-the-internet-of-things-a-survey",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Internet of Things (IoT), along with its wider variants including numerous technologies, things, and people: the Internet of Everything (IoE) and the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), are considered as part of the Internet of the future and ubiquitous computing allowing the communication among billions of smart devices and objects, and have recently drawn a very significant research attention. In these approaches, there are varieties of heterogeneous devices empowered by new capabilities and interacting with each other to achieve specific applications in different domains. A middleware layer is therefore required to abstract the physical layer details of the smart IoT devices and ease the complex and challenging task of developing multiple backend applications. In this chapter, an overview of IoT technologies, architecture, and main applications is given first and then followed by a comprehensive survey on the most recently used and proposed middleware solutions designed for IoT networks. In addition, open issues in IoT middleware design and future works in the field of middleware development are highlighted.",signatures:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79246",authors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],corrections:null},{id:"76136",title:"Middleware Architecture - History and Adaptation with IEEE 802.11",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97124",slug:"middleware-architecture-history-and-adaptation-with-ieee-802-11",totalDownloads:226,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Communication, which intends to provide a link between any two people, is now moving towards man-to-machine and machine-to-machine connection for transferring different types of data. This transmission scenario, with and ever expanding number of active and passive users, lays the foundation to variety of communication protocols owing to the different types of data which is involved in the process. Within this ever expanding communication arena, Middle-ware can be thought of as a set of hardware and software which is used to connect different platforms with the end-users that are increasing in number day-by-day, with a possible wide spread over any region spanning from few meters to several kilometers. IEEE 802.11 is the set of standards which guides the wireless technology for device implementation and demands seamless integration across the entire protocol stack. This in turn demands an overview of the middleware architecture in broader perspective. This chapter explores the concept of middleware in the existing communication scenario, current trends and future scope.",signatures:"Rochak Bajpai, Atul Bansal, Jyoti Tripathi and Sridhar Iyer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76136",authors:[{id:"211351",title:"Mr.",name:"Rochak",surname:"Bajpai",slug:"rochak-bajpai",fullName:"Rochak Bajpai"},{id:"349930",title:"Prof.",name:"Atul",surname:"Bansal",slug:"atul-bansal",fullName:"Atul Bansal"},{id:"349932",title:"Ms.",name:"Jyoti",surname:"Tripathi",slug:"jyoti-tripathi",fullName:"Jyoti Tripathi"},{id:"349933",title:"Dr.",name:"Sridhar",surname:"Iyer",slug:"sridhar-iyer",fullName:"Sridhar Iyer"}],corrections:null},{id:"76226",title:"Middleware Application, Suitable to Build an Automated and Connected Smart Manufacturing Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97397",slug:"middleware-application-suitable-to-build-an-automated-and-connected-smart-manufacturing-environment",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The current manufacturing transformation is represented by using different terms like; Industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs), and the Model-Based enterprise. This transformation involves integrated and collaborative manufacturing systems. These manufacturing systems should meet the demands changing in real-time in the smart factory environment. Here, this manufacturing transformation is represented by the term ‘Smart Manufacturing’. Smart manufacturing can optimize the manufacturing process using different technologies like IoT, Analytics, Manufacturing Intelligence, Cloud, Supplier Platforms, and Manufacturing Execution System (MES). In the cell-based manufacturing environment of the smart industry, the best way to transfer the goods between cells is through automation (mobile robots). That is why automation is the core of the smart industry i.e. industry 4.0. In a smart industrial environment, mobile-robots can safely operate with repeatability; also can take decisions based on detailed production sequences defined by Manufacturing Execution System (MES). This work focuses on the development of a middleware application using LabVIEW for mobile-robots, in a cell-based manufacturing environment. This application works as middleware to connect mobile robots with the MES system.",signatures:"Muzaffar Rao and Thomas Newe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76226",authors:[{id:"14279",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Newe",slug:"thomas-newe",fullName:"Thomas Newe"},{id:"345247",title:"Dr.",name:"Muzaffar",surname:"Rao",slug:"muzaffar-rao",fullName:"Muzaffar Rao"}],corrections:null},{id:"77864",title:"Middleware Patterns for Cloud Platforms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98884",slug:"middleware-patterns-for-cloud-platforms",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores how traditional system architectures are being affected by the emergence of ‘Uber’ style platform models that provide business services with huge global reach. 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As a result, it’s critical to consider appropriate approaches and security middleware solutions. In this chapter, we define a middleware architecture to address security concerns and explore the general concept of cloud to achieve a higher level of security. Since it is designed to pre-process data at the network’s edge, this security middleware functions as a smart gateway. Data can be processed and stored locally on fog or sent to the cloud for further processing, depending on the information obtained. Furthermore, the devices communicate via middleware, which gives them access to more computing power and improved security capabilities, allowing them to conduct safe communications. 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Indeed, it is the study of nature and natural phenomena, in an attempt to understand the principles and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, obtain ideas from nature, and apply concepts that may benefit science, engineering, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine. Smart/Intelligent Biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a fine example. Yet, biomimicry can go above and beyond the simplistic inspiration and use of natural properties as the basis for the innovation of new products. It bridges the gap between the lab and the industry, via the intra-disciplinary design and formulation of functional solutions combining knowledge, methods, techniques, and advances in the fields of chemistry, biology, architecture, engineering, medicine, pharmaceutics, dentistry, and biomedical engineering. Three-Dimensional Printing, Self-Healing nanoCoatings, biomechanical Carbon nanoTubes, Stimuli-sensitive and -responsive Cell/Drug Delivery Systems, and Robotics are good examples. Those are some of the topics that will be covered in this new book, with the objective to provide the interested reader, whether a student or an expert, with a practical reference approaching biomimetics from a realistic and translational perspective, discussing problems and offering solutions, via including studies from basics to the clinic to scale-up and industrial or go-to-market obstacles.
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There are several transportation modes such as air, rail, truck, water, and intermodal modes. An intermodal transportation mode consists of multiple modes of transportation (e.g., water and truck) being used. Analyzing and selecting the right transportation mode is a challenging task because there are several options to choose from [1].
Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located in the east of the country. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island is a beautiful island at the eastern tip of Nova Scotia. The population of the region was 101,619 in 2011. Figure 1 shows the map of Cape Breton Island and the surrounding areas. Cape Breton Island has a unique geography with accessibility to deep water (North Atlantic Ocean) through multiple ports, such as the port of Sydney. Sydney is a community in Cape Breton Island which is located on the east bank of the Sydney River.
Cape Breton Island (source: Google Maps).
Department of Transportation, New Brunswick [2], published a report about Atlantic Canada Transportation Strategy 2008–2018. Atlantic Canada includes Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. Strategic highways, railways, airports, marine ports, and ferry services have been identified in said report. Cape Breton Partnership [3] summarized the supply chain and business opportunities in the Strait Area/Mulgrave region of Nova Scotia. The area is connected to Cape Breton Island through the Canso Causeway. Logistics opportunities and recommended priority opportunities have been identified in the report.
There are some existing investigations into the transportation modes in Cape Breton Island. A majority of them have focused on one mode of transportation (e.g., rail) in the area without providing an overview of multiple modes simultaneously. The port of Sydney master plan has been defined in the Sydney Harbor, Nova Scotia report [4]. Interested readers are encouraged to refer to the executive summary of the report. In Governance Structure Port of Sydney report [5], new governance structure has been discussed. Besides, some recommendations related to the vision, mandate, financial sustainability, and transition plan have been provided. An overview of rail studies in Sydney subdivision has been provided in the Summary report [6]. The authors concluded that the loss of rail services is a serious concern for businesses in the area. Besides, the proposed container terminal can result in significant rail traffic and can lead to the reactivation of the railway. MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7] published a report about rail/truck shipping between Cape Breton Island and Mainland Nova Scotia. Rail and trucking rates, transit times (truck versus rail), as well as impacts of transloading and shipping by truck are all important parts of the report.
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) matrix is a well-known technique for conducting a strategic study. It includes determining the objective of the company or project and identifying the internal and external factors for achieving that objective. SWOT is helpful when used to convert weaknesses into strengths, as well as threats into opportunities. SWOT matrix has several applications including strategic decision-making applications [8, 9]. SWOT analysis originated from the work of business policy academics at Harvard Business School and other American business schools in the 1960s [10]. It involves systematic thinking and comprehensive analysis of factors related to both internal and external aspects for any organization, project, or individual [11, 12]. In recent years, SWOT matrix has been utilized in different fields and has provided a good basis for strategy formulation when used properly [13]. However, inadequate development when using SWOT analysis leads to ending-up with long lists of general, even meaningless and over described factors [14]. In addition, the results of SWOT analysis would be strongly dependent on the knowledge and capabilities of the experts involved because it is a subjective approach [14, 15].
Some papers which used SWOT analysis have been classified in Table 1. Dadvar et al. [16] evaluated dry ports by SWOT matrix. A dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a center for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. Gao and Peng [11] developed a model for analyzing and ranking SWOT factors with nonhomogeneous uncertain preference information. They showed the application of the model by a numerical example. Bas [17] applied SWOT-fuzzy based method for the electricity supply chain in Turkey. Diakaki et al. [18] analyzed Vehicle Automation and Communication Systems by SWOT technique. They analyzed the problem from the motorway traffic management viewpoint. Rauch et al. [14] developed strategies for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe by SWOT matrix. They provided both country and regional level SWOTs.
Authors | Application | # S | # W | # O | # T | Total | Ranking the factors | Finding the strategies |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amin et al. [8] | Supplier selection | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 | ✓ | ||
Arslan and Er [19] | Liquid chemicals | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 29 | ✓ | ✓ |
Bas [17] | Electricity supply chain | 2 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 15 | ✓ | ✓ |
Dadvar et al. [16] | Dry ports | 14 | 8 | 14 | 10 | 46 | ||
Diakaki et al. [18] | Vehicle Automation Systems | 16 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 52 | ||
Gao and Peng [11] | Numerical example | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 17 | ✓ | |
Kurttila et al. [15] | Forest case | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13 | ✓ | ✓ |
Rauch et al. [14] | Forest supply chain | 13 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 46 | ✓ | ✓ |
Sevkli et al. [20] | Airline industry | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 30 | ✓ | ✓ |
Shahabi et al. [21] | Steel industry | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 14 | ✓ | ✓ |
Shang and Pheng [22] | Construction industry | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 12 | ||
Our research | Transportation modes | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 55 | ✓ | ✓ |
Classification of some papers.
S, strengths; W, weaknesses; O, opportunities; T, threats.
To our knowledge, there is no comprehensive report or publication in the literature about transportation modes in Cape Breton Island using SWOT analysis. In this chapter, we provide a unique overview of transportation modes including air, rail, truck, water, and intermodal modes in Cape Breton Island. Then, we find and rank the SWOT factors by two methods. Finally, appropriate strategies are found. This research is the first investigation that applies SWOT to analyze transportation modes in this area. The results of this research will provide bases for future quantitative investigations in the region. In addition, this chapter introduces the steps for analyzing transportation modes of other areas and regions using pairwise comparisons in AHP method.
The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 provides summary of transportation modes in Cape Breton Island. In Section 3, SWOT matrix is introduced. In addition, the factors of the matrix are identified and ranked. Section 4 discusses the transportation strategies obtained from the SWOT matrix. Finally, Section 5 provides the conclusions and future research.
Transportation is defined as the movement of products from one location to another location. It also refers to shipping the products from the beginning of a supply chain to the end customers and or consumers. Since few products are produced and consumed in the same location, transportation proves to play an important role in the supply chain. Moreover, transportation costs are regarded as an important part of the total supply chain cost [1]. The following sections include the summaries of the information we have collected about different modes of transportation in Cape Breton Island.
There are three commercial airports in Cape Breton Island. They have been illustrated in Figure 2. The main airport is JA Douglas McCurdy Airport that lies just 20 min from the Sydney downtown business district. It is also located within easy driving distance to other key areas of Cape Breton Island. This airport provides flight services, which are operated by four airline companies. Air Canada operates five flights daily to Halifax and a year round daily flight between Sydney and Toronto, with worldwide connectivity. WestJet also provides a daily flight between Sydney and Halifax year round and another daily flight between Sydney and Toronto from May to October. Air St. Pierre currently offers two flights per week to St. Pierre from July to September and one flight per week during the rest of the year. Unlike other airline companies which just provide passenger services, Air St. Pierre also provides weekly cargo service to St. Pierre and Miquelon. In the past, Provincial Airlines executive air charter service, which travels throughout Atlantic Canada, Ontario, the eastern U.S. and Greenland [23].
Airports of Cape Breton Island (source: Google Maps).
The second airport is Margaree Airport, which is owned by the Inverness Municipality. The Inverness County has decided to upgrade this airport as a part of efforts to grow a tourism-based economy [24]. The third airport is Port Hawkesbury Airport that is located in the north of the town of Port Hawkesbury and a few minutes drive from the gateway of Cape Breton Island (Canso Causeway). It has the geographical advantage of being near the famous golf course (Cabot Link), fishing (Margaree River), as well as other interests on Cape Breton Island and the eastern mainland of Nova Scotia. This airport offers a large number of Biz-Jets, recreational flyers, medical and government flights during the year, as well as charter services which operate from Halifax or any other airport on the Atlantic Seaboard [25].
There are three controlled-access 100-series highways converging in the Sydney area, which are Highway 104, Highway 105 (Trans-Canada Highway), and Highway 125. These highways are in total 211 km of 45,456 roadways [5]. In Cape Breton Island, Highway 105 connects the gateway of the island (Canso Causeway) located in Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Port Hawkesbury has been shown in Figure 2.
According to a research by MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7], total annual volumes of truck traffic at two locations in Cape Breton Island were 50,759 units through Hay Cove (St. Peter’s) and 221,825 units through South Haven (Baddeck) in 2014. MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7] also pointed out that all rail users indicated that the conversion from rail to truck movements would be a factor of 1:3, which means 500 inbound carloads by rail in 2014 would convert to 1500 truckloads traveling between Port Hawkesbury and Sydney.
Most of the Sydney-area shippers transport the products by rail to Port Hawkesbury and use transloading at the Port Hawkesbury Paper (PHP) facility before completing the journey to Sydney by Truck. The transloading process would also increase shipping costs for the shippers. It would also be necessary for shippers to increase their capital costs and for PHP to improve their storage capacity [7].
For the area of Cape Breton Island, short haul trucking is available for both trailer loads and bulk shipping. In the research of MariNova Consulting Ltd. [7], some of the interviewees said that they are either using RST Industries (Irving Group) or Trimac to move resin from Moncton or Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Another firm used Atlantic Diversified Trucking System (ADTS) flatbeds to transport products from Port Hawkesbury to Sydney. Figure 3 illustrates the roads surrounding the Sydney area.
Roads connect Sydney Mines, North Sydney, Sydney, Glace Bay (source: Google Maps).
The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) is the operator of a 245-mile short line railway between Truro and Sydney, with spurs at Stellarton, Point Tupper, and Sydney. This railway was primarily purchased by RailTex company in 1993, then RailAmerica company in 2000, and now it is owned by Genesee & Wyoming Inc. (G & W). The Sydney Subdivision, a portion of the overall Truro to Sydney line, comprises a 98-mile section between St. Peter’s Junction (at Point Tupper) and Sydney [7]. A part of the railway across Sydney River has been shown in Figure 4.
Railway across Sydney river in Cape Breton Island.
The railway was active regularly over the past years. According to a study conducted in 2003, there were 520 outbound carloads of cargo per year originating east of St. Peter’s. These carloads included transportation of some products such as steel, coal, logs, and scrap. There were 767 carloads of building supplies, scrap, bulk cement, petroleum products, resins, feed, logs, and intermodal cargo inbound at the same time [7].
Recently, traffic on the rail line has decreased. It had decreased to about 500 carloads in total by 2014, which led to the owners applying to the Nova Scotia Public Utilities and Review Board (UARB) to stop the rail service. Based on the estimates from Genesee & Wyoming, 10,000 return carloads per year is the breakeven point for the Sydney Subdivision. For the past 10 years, losses resulting from reduced traffic volume were offset by an annual subsidy from the Province of Nova Scotia [7]. The owner did not resubmit the application for a $3 million yearly government subsidy in 2015, and the railway between Port Hawkesbury and Sydney was to be abandoned based on the authorization of the Nova Scotia regulator in October 2015 [26].
Due to the shut-down of this section of CBNS railway, some manufacturers would encounter challenges related to transportation costs. They would have to try and find new ways to receive raw materials [26]. It is expected that the businesses engaged in the transshipment of building supplies destined for Newfoundland and Labrador, and the businesses involved in feeding grain to the Island, and transportation of round wood (logs) would be affected significantly by the shut-down of the rail line [7].
The Port of Sydney is situated on the East Coast of Canada. It is noticeable that it is the closest port in North America to the Suez Canal, Middle East, and India, as well as Europe. Its channel and sheltered inner harbor have the potential to handle the world’s largest ships and vessels and the Port is placed on direct shipping routes to Europe, the U.S., Asia, and South America. The routes have been illustrated in Figure 5. In addition, the Port of Sydney is noted as the “Gateway to the Great Lakes” and is the furthest point that lake freighters or “lakers” can go during the 3 months of the year when the St. Lawrence cannot be voyaged [5].
The potential routes for water transportation to Cape Breton Island through Suez Canal (sources: Google Maps, website of Novaporte).
Some studies show that the development of the port and related supply chains has a very good future and can provide more opportunities for the area. Insufficient investment in transportation infrastructure is the main challenge for the port development plan. It has been announced that Harbor-Port Development Partners (HPDP) have signed an agreement with one of the world’s famous port construction companies, China Communications Construction Company Limited (CCCC) for the design, construction, and ownership of a deep-water container terminal in Sydney. The goal is not only to build the terminal, but also to bring business opportunities for all of the area’s supply chain components [27]. As for the design and construction of Sydney’s container terminal, CCCC plans to take charge of all required infrastructures and related equipment [28].
Marine Atlantic Inc. plays a significant role in water transportation through Cape Breton Island. The company provides ferry services between the island of Newfoundland and the Province of Nova Scotia over two routes; the routes are shown in Figure 6. The first route is a year-round, 96 nautical mile daily ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Port aux Basques located in Newfoundland and Labrador. The second one is active from mid-June until late September because of the weather conditions. It is a 280 nautical mile tri-weekly ferry service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Argentia in Newfoundland and Labrador. The company provides service to more than 300,000 people yearly with 6–8 h travel between North Sydney and Port aux Basques, and 14–16 h travel between North Sydney and Argentia. Besides these routes, it also carries more than 100,000 commercial units each year, of which more than 50% of all products are being transported to and from the Newfoundland Island. Recently, there is a competition between the area and Halifax to transport the products needed to Newfoundland and Labrador.
Water transportation from Cape Breton Island to Newfoundland and Labrador (source: Google Maps).
Truck transportation provides convenience to shippers in Cape Breton Island and has the ability to cooperate with other transportation modes well due to the highways, road conditions, and the flexibility of truck transportation. Especially after discontinue of rail way service, truck services gradually replace the role of rail service in Cape Breton Island. Port Hawkesbury, as the entrance of the Island from the (mainland) rest of Nova Scotia, plays a significant role in the development of the transportation aspect of Cape Breton Island.
Truck and water transportation modes in the Port of Sydney can be combined to promote the intermodal transportation of Cape Breton Island. This port is the gateway for all trucked cargo to and from Newfoundland and Labrador. Due to the condition of the highways, a full range of trucking services can provide an alternative to rail and water transportation modes.
There is a possibility of combining water and rail transportations in this area as well. The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) has discussed with HPDP recently about the possibility of providing future rail service on the line from Truro to Sydney, as a part of the deep water port development project in Sydney [28].
SWOT analysis is one of the most straightforward approaches that can be used in the analysis of a company’s strategic position. It includes factors of internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats [10, 14].
We propose the following steps to analyze transportation modes of areas and regions:
Step 1: identifying the SWOT factors: brainstorming, SWOT form, interview, and literature review can be applied to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats factors.
Step 2: ranking the factors: multifactor process and pairwise comparisons are utilized to rank the identified factors.
Step 3: calculating the average of the weights for each factor: the results of Step 2 are combined to obtain the average of the weights for each factor.
Step 4: transportation strategies: transportation strategies related to the identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region are defined by the experts.
In this section, we apply these steps to analyze the transportation modes in Cape Breton Island.
In this research, we have applied four methods including brainstorming, SWOT form, interview, and literature review to identify the SWOT factors. (i) Brainstorming: we discussed and analyzed the potential SWOT factors in group meetings. Each group included 4 or 5 people. At the beginning of each session, we provided some general information about the transportation modes using PowerPoint slides. We emphasized that this research focuses on business transportation, not public transportation. (ii) SWOT form: Table 2 shows SWOT form that has been designed based on tables of Rauch [29] and Rauch et al. [14]. In addition to this table, we have provided an example of a SWOT table adopted from Dadvar et al. [16]. The example was helpful to provide ideas for the people. (iii) Interview: we noticed that it is a challenging task for some individuals to fill out the SWOT form. As a result, we conducted some interviews to find SWOT factors. The goal was to explore views and ideas related to this research. (iv) Literature review: some publications about transportation modes in the area have been mentioned in Section 1.1. We reviewed those publications to find the SWOT factors. The identified SWOT factors have been written in Table 3. In addition, SWOT factors based on transportation modes have been illustrated in Figure 7.
Internal strengths | Internal weaknesses |
---|---|
What are the advantages of the transportation modes in the area? What is done well? What do others see as advantages of them? - Shipping between the area and Newfoundland and Labrador | What are the current disadvantages of the transportation modes in the area? What could be done better? What is actually done poorly? - Lack of rail services |
Which trends are affecting the transportation modes in the area? Which opportunities can arise from these trends? - Port of Sydney development plan | Are there any relevant future competition scenarios? What are possible barriers and relevant changes? Does a technology shift or a change in legal framework threaten the actual status? - Competition between the area and Halifax |
SWOT form.
Strengths | Weaknesses |
---|---|
Air | Air |
S1: Passenger and cargo services through Sydney airport | W1: Small scale of Sydney Airport |
Rail | W2: Limitations in flight destinations |
S2: Existence of railways | W3: High cost of passenger and freight transportations |
Truck | W4: Infrequent flight schedules |
S3: Several roads and highways | Rail |
S4: Operations of local companies with economies of scale | W5: Lack of rail services |
S5: Shipping of fresh and flash frozen seafood products by refrigerated trucks to USA | W6: High cost of upgrading railways and related infrastructures |
Water | Truck |
S6: Shipping between the area, and Newfoundland and Labrador | W7: Existence of one connection road to the mainland |
S7: Ice free Sydney harbor | W8: All roads and highways are not twin |
S8: Existence of cruise | W9: Poor highways maintenance |
S9: Geographical location of Port of Sydney | W10: Fresh food deliveries from Halifax to the area is limited in each week |
S10: One of the deepest harbors in North America | Water |
S11: Fully operational and well developed shipping pier | W11: Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments |
S12: Existence of greenfield site which is ready for port of Sydney development | W12: Different ownerships of Sydney harbor bottom |
Intermodal | W13: Cruise berth limitations in Port of Sydney |
S13: Land availability for projects development | Intermodal |
S14: Tourism transportation | W14: Poor public transportation options to the Halifax |
Air | Rail |
O1: Future development in the Sydney airport | T1: Lack of information sharing about the importance of railways in the community |
O2: Future development in Margaree and Port Hawkesbury airports to reach tourism destinations | Truck |
O3: Increased flights and better schedules | T2: Poor highway maintenance continues to reduce number of privately-operated tour bus services |
Rail | T3: Competition between local transportation companies and other companies |
O4: The possibility of buying and maintaining rails by external companies | Water |
O5: Future rail services | T4: Competition between the area and Halifax |
Truck | Intermodal |
O6: Standards improvement of highway construction to lengthen lifespan of road surfaces | T5: Decreasing trend in population of the area |
Water | T6: Weather conditions such as storm |
O7: Port of Sydney development plan | T7: Increase in the cost of fuel for motor vehicles and marine vessels |
O8: Relocating ice breakers to the port of Sydney | T8: Short-term limitations because of stricter emission standards and environmental issues |
Intermodal | T9: Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development |
O9: Potential transportation businesses related to Donkin coal mine | T10: Limitations of government funding and support for development of transportation modes |
O10: Shipment from larger vessels to smaller vessels in port of Sydney | T11: Older demographic in local areas |
O11: Technological innovations | T12: Policy of provincial government for infrastructure development in Halifax area and Sydney area |
O12: Growth of tourism industry in the region | T13: Limited high-speed internet outside municipal population clusters that limits economic development opportunities |
O13: New markets and businesses due to increased transportation modes | |
O14: Cost saving and less damages to the roads due to the existence of the rails |
SWOT factors.
SWOT factors based on transportation modes.
In this section, the five most important factors from each group (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) are selected and ranked. Two methods including multifactor process and pairwise comparisons are utilized to rank the SWOT factors. Then, the results are compared.
In the multifactor decision-making process, 3 experts (E1, E2, E3) assign scores for each SWOT factor. The scale includes 1–9 in which 9 means extremely important. Then, the numbers are combined and the averages and ranks are calculated. The results have been written in Table 4. Based on the rankings, “Geographical location of Port of Sydney,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development” are the main transportation factors in the area.
Strengths | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 5.33 | 3 | W3 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6.66 | 2 |
S3 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 2 | W5 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 6.33 | 3 |
S6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5.33 | 3 | W6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4.66 | 5 |
S9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7.33 | 1 | W9 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
S10 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 2 | W11 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
O3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | T4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5.33 | 5 |
O5 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 5.33 | 4 | T5 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 3 |
O6 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 3 | T6 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 5.66 | 4 |
O7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1 | T9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7.33 | 1 |
O12 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7.33 | 2 | T10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 2 |
SWOT ranking based on multifactor process.
Some studies have shown that pairwise comparisons can provide more reliable results than the multifactor process [30, 31, 32]. Pairwise comparisons are utilized in analytic hierarchy process (AHP) [30]. We used a scale that ranges from equally preferred to extremely preferred (1—equally preferred, 2—equally to moderately preferred, 3—moderately preferred, 4—moderately to strongly preferred, 5—strongly preferred; 6—strongly to very strongly preferred; 7—very strongly preferred; 8—very to extremely strongly preferred; 9—extremely preferred). Table 5 shows the results of the comparisons for strengths assigned by Expert 1. For example, the expert determines that S3 is moderately preferred to S2. Thus, she assigns 3.
Strengths | S2 | S3 | S6 | S9 | S10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 |
S3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
S6 | 0.5 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 |
S9 | 3 | 1/2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
S10 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 |
Column totals | 9.5 | 2.67 | 8.5 | 4.16 | 8.5 |
Pairwise comparisons by E1 strengths.
In pairwise comparisons method, we should check the consistency vector. Interested readers can refer to [31] for more information. Generally, the consistency ratio should be 0.10 or less. Otherwise, the results are not consistent and the expert should fill the tables again [31]. In this case, the results are consistent.
The process is repeated and the numbers are obtained based on the opinions of 3 experts (E1, E2, and E3) for other factors. The weights and the ranks have been written in Table 6. All consistency ratios are less than 0.10.
Strengths | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | E1 | E2 | E3 | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.117 | 5 | W3 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.190 | 2 |
S3 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.297 | 1 | W5 | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.250 | 1 |
S6 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.137 | 4 | W6 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.177 | 3 |
S9 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.203 | 3 | W9 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.130 | 4 |
S10 | 0.13 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.250 | 2 | W11 | 0.20 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.250 | 1 |
O3 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.113 | 4 | T4 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.150 | 4 |
O5 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.193 | 3 | T5 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.250 | 2 |
O6 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.107 | 5 | T6 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.140 | 5 |
O7 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.380 | 1 | T9 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 1 |
O12 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.210 | 2 | T10 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.180 | 3 |
SWOT ranking based on pairwise comparisons.
There are some differences between the ranks of the factors in Tables 4 and 6. Pairwise comparisons method is preferred to multifactor process method when we do not feel confident or comfortable about determining the factor weights independently. In this paper, we calculate the average of the weights of two methods (normalized multi factor process and pairwise comparisons). The results have been written in Table 7. Most of the ranks are like Table 8. We observe that “Several roads and highways,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,”, and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development” are the main transportation factors in the region.
Strengths | M | P | Average | Rank | Weaknesses | M | P | Average | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S2 | 0.167 | 0.117 | 0.142 | 5 | W3 | 0.225 | 0.190 | 0.207 | 3 |
S3 | 0.219 | 0.297 | 0.258 | 1 | W5 | 0.213 | 0.250 | 0.232 | 2 |
S6 | 0.167 | 0.137 | 0.152 | 4 | W6 | 0.157 | 0.177 | 0.167 | 4 |
S9 | 0.229 | 0.203 | 0.216 | 3 | W9 | 0.169 | 0.130 | 0.149 | 5 |
S10 | 0.219 | 0.250 | 0.234 | 2 | W11 | 0.236 | 0.250 | 0.243 | 1 |
O3 | 0.184 | 0.113 | 0.149 | 4 | T4 | 0.170 | 0.150 | 0.160 | 4 |
O5 | 0.163 | 0.193 | 0.178 | 3 | T5 | 0.192 | 0.250 | 0.221 | 2 |
O6 | 0.184 | 0.107 | 0.145 | 5 | T6 | 0.181 | 0.140 | 0.160 | 4 |
O7 | 0.245 | 0.380 | 0.312 | 1 | T9 | 0.234 | 0.270 | 0.252 | 1 |
O12 | 0.224 | 0.210 | 0.217 | 2 | T10 | 0.223 | 0.180 | 0.202 | 3 |
SWOT ranking based on combination of normalized multifactor process (M) and pairwise comparisons (P) methods.
Modes | Strategies | Related SWOT factors | Rank |
---|---|---|---|
Air | Improve flights schedules and develop air cargo businesses | O3, O12, W3, T5, T6 | 5 |
Rail | Increase the activities that lead to have the rail services | S2, S6, O5, W5, W6, T5 | 4 |
Water | Focus on port of Sydney development plan | S9, S10, O7, W11, T10 | 1 |
Truck | Improve the road conditions and develop new roads | S3, S6, O6, W9, T5, T10 | 3 |
Intermodal | Increase the investment in different modes of transportations | S6, O12, T4, T10 | 2 |
Transportation strategies.
The three experts were invited to think about the transportation strategies related to the identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region. Table 8 shows the five main transportation strategies that are suggested by them. The work of Andrews [33] made the idea popular that a good strategy means ensuring a fit between the external situation a firm faces and its own internal qualities or characteristics. The proposed strategies have some characteristics connecting them to the SWOT factors. The experts have determined the related SWOT factors. We utilize and combine the weights of the SWOT factors (Table 7) to find the overall weight of each strategy and find the ranks in Table 8. Based on the information given in Table 8, “Focus on port of Sydney development plan” is the most important transportation strategy for the area (Rank 1).
In this chapter, we have provided a summary of transportation modes (air, truck, rail, water, and intermodal) in Cape Breton Island. The summary is helpful to provide insight for future applied transportation projects in the area. Furthermore, we have identified SWOT factors including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the region. This chapter is the first investigation that has identified the SWOT factors related to transportation modes in the area. We have selected 20 factors (out of 55) and have ranked them using two methods (multifactor process, and pairwise comparisons). Then, we have compared and combined the results. Three experts contributed in this process. Based on our analysis, the most important transportation elements in Cape Breton Island are “Several roads and highways,” “Port of Sydney development plan,” “Lack of governance on port of Sydney and lack of cooperation between municipality and senior governments,” and “Poor economic conditions impacting transportation development”. Finally, the appropriate transportation strategies have been discussed. This paper provides the steps to analyze transportation characteristics of any area or region.
In this chapter, the SWOT factors have been identified and ranked by the experts. It is valuable to consider uncertainty in this process by using different methods such as fuzzy sets theory and compare the results. In addition, analytic network process (ANP) can be applied in future investigations to rank the factors. ANP is a decision-making technique which structures the problem as a network.
Plant-based beverages are a group of products that are continuously gaining significant interest in the food market every year. These products are becoming popular for many reasons. They are mostly used as a vegan substitute for cow’s milk by consumers who restrict or exclude animal products in their diets. This is due to the increasing awareness of the society about the impact of intensive animal husbandry on the climate, as well as the health benefits of using plant-based diets. In addition, beverages prepared from plants are consumed by people who have food allergies and intolerances to specific milk components. They also add great variety to the daily diet.
One of the plant beverages less appreciated among consumers is the millet beverage. Millet is a cereal that has a similar nutritional value as the most popular crops such as wheat and rye. It is highly resistant to high temperatures, drought, and pest activities. Millet products are gluten-free and hence suitable for consumption by people suffering from gluten allergy or intolerance.
Millet is rich in health-promoting ingredients, such as fiber, polyphenols, minerals (including copper, phosphorus, iron), and B vitamins. Consumption of this product can have a positive effect on human health. Millet beverages are yet to become popular among consumers because of their low sensory acceptability. Constant growth of the assortment of plant-based beverages and their increased availability has led to a need to develop new products and improve the existing ones to meet consumers’ needs and expectations.
Millet (
Owing to its technological and health benefits, millet grains are gaining increasing interest among food technologists and nutritionists every year. Millet-based dishes, beverages, and snacks are known all over the world; however, the grain still dominates only in African countries. Millet has a high nutritional value, which is comparable to the macronutrient content in the seeds of major cereals such as wheat, maize, or rice. Table 1 compares the nutritional values of different types of cereal grains. These values vary depending on the cereal variety. Millet proteins are a good source of essential amino acids, except for lysine and threonine; however, they are relatively rich in methionine [1, 2, 3].
Type of cereal | Carbohydrates [g/100 g] | Protein [g/100 g] | Fat [g/100 g] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Starch and sugars | Roughage | |||
Wheat | 60.0–75.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 10.0–25.0 | 2.0–2.6 |
Rye | 65.0–73.2 | 1.6–2.7 | 7.2–16.0 | 1.5–2.3 |
Barley | 68.0–78.0 | 4.5–7.2 | 10.5–16.3 | 1.9–2.6 |
Oat | 31.1–51.0 | 7.7–19.2 | 9.0–19.0 | 3.1–6.6 |
Maize | 68.0–78.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 9.0–13.0 | 4.0–6.0 |
Millet | 58.0–82.0 | 3.2–11.4 | 9.8–17.2 | 1.9–4.8 |
Rice | 65.0–80.0 | 7.8–12.5 | 7.0–10.8 | 1.2–2.5 |
The distribution of macronutrients in millet is similar to that in major cereals; therefore, millet is recognized as a suitable raw material for use in the industrial production of snacks, dietary foods, or baby food. Millet grains require proper processing before consumption. The most popular methods used for its processing are hulling, grinding, flaking, polishing, fermentation, and soaking. These methods improve the nutritional and sensory properties of millet, which includes an increase in the bioavailability of micronutrients and a decrease in the content of antinutritional substances, such as phytic acid. Table 2 shows a comparison of the average nutritional value of millet and its products. However, industrial processing is not effective, which often negatively affects the properties of this cereal (e.g. reduction in the nutrient content of the product compared to its raw material) [2].
Type of product | Carbohydrates [g/100 g] | Protein [g/100 g] | Fat [g/100 g] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Starch and sugars | Roughage | |||
Millet | 70.0 | 7.3 | 13.5 | 3.3 |
Millet flour | 78.7 | 5.9 | 12.1 | 3.6 |
Millet flakes | 80.5 | 3.8 | 8.1 | 3.2 |
Millet groats | 71.6 | 3.2 | 11.3 | 2.9 |
One of the millet processing methods is hulling. The millet grains are small in size compared to other cereals; therefore, to facilitate hulling, millet is first subjected to a hydrothermal treatment. This treatment contributes to the hardening of its endosperm, the inner tissue of the seed containing nutrient reserves. Shelled millet can be cooked to obtain a soft and edible structure in a short time. However, hulling reduces some of the nutrients in the product, such as dietary fiber, minerals, and polyphenols [1, 2].
In order to obtain millet flour, whole or previously dehulled millet grains are subjected to a milling process. Earlier dehulling removes the bran, which simultaneously reduces the amount of fiber, minerals, and antioxidants in the flour, resulting in an overall reduction in the nutritional value of the product. The use of whole grains to produce flour is therefore more beneficial from a health perspective [2].
Millet flakes are another product obtained by processing. First, millet grains are moistened and directed to the evaporator, where they are subjected to steam under pressure for several minutes. After evaporation, the grains are left to mature and then directed to the roller mill. The crusher reduces the grains to thin flakes with certain moisture content (usually 17–18%). The obtained flakes are dried on a belt dryer at a temperature of approximately 50 degrees Celsius. The dried flakes are then cooled down and sorted properly [5].
To obtain groats from millet, the tegument is removed from the grain and then the hulled grains are polished. Millet groats are known not only for their sensory properties and wide range of use but also for their nutritional value. Groats are an excellent source of energy (starch makes up 65% of the product’s weight), plant proteins, magnesium, zinc, and B vitamins (mainly thiamine and riboflavin) [5, 6].
Fermentation is widely used in parts of Africa, mainly because of the low popularity of the other methods of food preservation. This process not only extends the shelf life of a product but also improves its nutritional value and increases the range of products available. Fermented foods are consumed all over the world for their health benefits, but unfortunately fermented millet products are not popular in Europe. Such foods are obtained by the colonization of plants by specific bacterial microflora, whose enzymes (including amylases, proteases, lipases) hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to nontoxic flavors and fragrances. Fermentation improves the sensory properties of a product and enriches it with beneficial microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract as well as with bioactive substances produced by these microorganisms. In addition, fermentation reduces the antinutritional substances in the product, such as phytates or protease inhibitors. Consequently, the contents of lysine, tryptophan, and vitamin B2 and the digestibility of the protein are increased. The increase in protein digestibility is due to the degradation of tannins and phytic acid by the enzymes produced by microorganisms during fermentation. An example of a fermented millet product is Saudi Arabian fermented bread known as lahoh. Although fermentation is a very effective method of millet processing, its use on a commercial scale is limited as this technology has so far been used only in home and laboratory conditions. Industrial use of this millet processing technology requires adapting the equipment and defining appropriate process conditions [2, 7].
In addition to the previously described millet processing methods, the grains can be prepared for consumption just by soaking it in water and subjecting it to thermal treatment. Soaking leads to a reduction in the content of antinutritive compounds, thereby increasing the bioavailability of the minerals present in the millet grains, such as iron and zinc [2].
Millet is a gluten-free cereal, and thus, millet-based products are ideal for consumers suffering from celiac disease or gluten intolerance. However, it is also a limiting factor from the technological perspective. Gluten is a plant protein that facilitates cereal products to absorb water and exhibit consistency, stickiness, and elasticity. Therefore, the lack of this protein in millet decreases its application in the baking industry, where it is usually combined with other cereals such as wheat as a result. However, millet can be used on a large scale for the production of plant-based beverages or breakfast cereals and groats [2, 8].
Millet beverages are consumed in the largest quantities in traditional forms such as fermented products. The fermentation process increases the nutritional value of the beverage, as well as ensuring its microbiological safety, without the need for additional preservatives. These types of products are a significant part of the diet mainly in India and African countries because they are identified as highly nutritious and safe food. For example, Jandh is one of the fermented millet beverages. It is a type of beer obtained by fermentation using lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and mold [9, 10].
The production of millet beverage without the fermentation process involves the procedures used in the production of most types of plant beverages. It also includes necessary elements based on the characteristics of the raw material. The stages involved in the production of millet beverage are shown in Figure 1. The millet beverage is usually obtained from whole millet grains or groats. When whole grains are used, they are properly prepared by soaking for a minimum period of 12 hours, followed by sprouting and drying. When using groats, the raw material is rinsed thoroughly to eliminate the bitter aftertaste [9, 11, 12].
Stages in the production of millet beverage [author’s own study based on 9–11, 19].
The properly prepared raw material should be boiled until it reaches a thin consistency. After pretreatment, wet grinding is carried out. Soaking and water extraction allow preparing the raw material for further processing stages and facilitate the release of nutrients. Exposure to water leads to the inactivation of some inhibitors and a reduction in the amount of phytic acid, which consequently increases the absorption and bioavailability of nutrients. The obtained fluid is additionally heated to induce starch thermohydrolysis. At this stage, enzymes are also added to induce hydrolysis of starch. An example of an enzyme used is alpha-amylase, which hydrolyzes the α-1,4-glycosidic linkage of amylose and amylopectin in starch, resulting in shorter-chain compounds, mainly in the form of dextrins. The use of proteolytic enzymes increases protein digestibility and extraction efficiency, as well as improving the stability of the suspension [9, 12, 13].
The next step in the production of millet beverage is the separation of the solid fraction from the liquid fraction by filtration or centrifugation of the obtained suspension. As a result of the previous stages, the base of a plant beverage is obtained. The obtained base is subjected to the standardization process to obtain a product with the previously assumed composition. Standardization involves the addition of water, vegetable oils, vitamins, and minerals, as well as sweeteners, flavors, salts, and stabilizers. Vitamins and minerals are added to increase the nutritional value of the beverage and make it more similar to cow’s milk. The fortifying substances selected for the beverage are required to be highly bioavailable and stable, and not cause excessive changes in the quality of the final product [9, 14, 15].
Millet beverages are characterized by low suspension stability due to the presence of solid particles, including protein, starch, fiber, and other residues of plant material. These particles have a higher density compared to water, and hence settle at the bottom of the beverage, making the product unstable. In order to increase the stability of millet beverages, homogenization process is carried out, which involves simultaneous grinding and mixing of the particles of the dispersed phase, while forcing the heterogeneous liquid system under high pressure (15–25 MPa) through the homogenizing gap. This operation is done to reduce the diameter and uniformity of the shape of the fat particles contained in the product. As a result, the obtained product is characterized by increased creaminess and homogeneity compared to nonhomogenized products. Homogenization is usually supported by the use of stabilizers, thickeners, and emulsifiers (e.g. cellulose, tapioca, carrageenan, pectin, locust bean gum, or lecithin), which increases the viscosity of the continuous phase, resulting in a uniform structure of the product [9, 15].
In order to ensure microbiological safety and extend the shelf life of plant beverages, thermal preservation methods are used, which mainly include pasteurization and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treatment. Pasteurization is carried out at a temperature below 100°C, which results in a product with a shelf life of about 1 week at refrigerated temperatures. Such treatment destroys pathogenic microorganisms and inactivates the vegetative forms of other microorganisms. In UHT treatment, the product is heated in flow to 135–150°C for a few seconds to obtain a commercially sterile product. This process destroys the bacterial microflora, while maintaining the taste and aroma of the product. The obtained microbiologically safe product is poured into unit packages, stored, and finally distributed [9, 15].
Consumers’ acceptance of food products is influenced by many factors, including the characteristics of the offered product, consumer characteristics, and social conditions. Features of a food product such as its price, convenience, taste, general appearance, and health-promoting properties play an important role in its acceptance by consumers. Furthermore, consumer characteristics, such as the approach to innovation, preferences in relation to specific food groups, or nutritional neophobia determine the acceptance of food to a large extent. Food preferences vary among consumers of different age groups, in terms of knowledge about food, views on the health benefits of particular food groups, and attitudes toward food. Consumer acceptance is also influenced by social conditions, such as the country’s economy, political conditions, or generally accepted social norms. Cultural factors and the origin of consumers are of great importance in the acceptance of a food product. Another important factor is the general public confidence in the food industry, as well as the existing differences in trust among consumers with regard to traditional and innovative food [16, 17, 18].
The consumer acceptance of millet beverage was assessed through a sensory analysis of the beverages produced in various types. The base of the millet beverage was obtained by combining 100 g of millet with 1000 g of tap water. The dry millet was first rinsed with hot water to eliminate the bitter aftertaste, and then added into boiling water and cooked covered for 40 minutes. After the set time, the obtained groats were combined with water, baled into a smooth slurry, and heated again for 5 minutes. The prepared suspension was sieved to obtain 1000 g of base millet beverage and 20 g of decoction. The base millet beverage was characterized by a high density, which was then subjected to two dilutions to prepare natural millet beverages: 1:2 (1 part base millet beverage was combined with 2 parts water) and 1:3 (1 part base millet beverage was combined with 3 parts water). Then, flavored millet beverages were prepared by combining with fruit purees (apple and banana), apple juice, and banana nectar. Thus, eight versions of millet beverages in three types were used as research material:
millet beverage in a dilution of 1:2,
millet beverage in a dilution of 1:3,
base millet beverage in combination with apple juice,
base millet beverage in combination with banana nectar,
millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution in combination with apple puree,
millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution in combination with apple puree,
millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution in combination with banana puree,
millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution in combination with banana puree.
The sensory analysis of the obtained millet beverages was conducted using an original questionnaire prepared for sensory evaluation. The evaluation was performed by a group of 15 students of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW—WULS), who had previously declared their will to consume plant-based beverages. The beverages were prepared 4 days in advance and were cooled in a refrigerator at 8 degrees Celsius until evaluation. The chilled beverages were served as 30 ml samples in coded disposable cups with a volume of 200 cm3, in a random order for sensory evaluation. The Statistica 13.1 program was used for statistical analysis of the results. The statistical methods used were analysis of variance—simple ANOVA sections and post hoc analysis—LSD test (last significant differences) [19].
During the sensory evaluation of the tested millet beverages of various types, their taste, smell, color, and consistency were tested. Each of the features was assessed on a 5-point scale, where rating 5 meant that the beverage was very favorable whereas 1 meant that the beverage was very unfavorable. The millet beverage in combination with apple juice (average rating 4.33), millet beverage in a dilution of 1:2 in combination with banana puree (average rating 4.53), and millet beverage in a dilution of 1:3 in combination with banana puree (average rating 4.33) were rated the most favorable in terms of taste. The natural millet beverage in a dilution of 1:2 was rated the least favorable in terms of taste. In terms of color, all the tested beverages were rated at a similar level, and the average ratings were between 3 and 4. Millet beverages in both dilutions in combination with banana puree were rated as the most favorable flavored beverages (average rating 4.60). The millet beverages in the natural form in the dilutions of 1:2 (average rating 2.53) and 1:3 (average rating 2.73) were rated as the least favorable in terms of aroma. The millet beverage in combination with apple juice (average rating of 3.80), the millet beverage in a dilution of 1:2 in combination with banana puree (average rating of 3.80), and the millet beverage in a dilution of 1:3 in combination with banana puree (average rating 3.87) were rated as the most favorable in terms of consistency. The results of the analysis of variance for the mean values given for the sensory traits of the assessed millet beverages of different types are presented as a sensory profile graph in Figure 2 [19].
Sensory profiles of the evaluated millet beverages of different types [
The LSD test was used to compare the results obtained from the sensory evaluation of the tested millet beverages in pairs and to evaluate the statistical significance of the calculated differences. The tested pairs were as follows:
natural millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution and natural millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution,
millet beverage in combination with apple juice and millet beverage in combination with banana nectar,
millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution with apple puree and millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution with apple puree, and
millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution with banana puree and millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution with banana puree.
In terms of taste, no significant differences were found between natural millet beverages in both dilutions, millet beverages in combination with apple puree in both dilutions, and millet beverages in combination with banana puree in both dilutions. The millet beverage in combination with apple juice was assessed to be significantly better than the millet beverage in combination with banana nectar. The results of the LSD test for the trait “taste” of the evaluated millet beverages are presented in Figure 3 [19].
Categorized box–whisker chart for trait TASTE of the rated millet beverages [
In terms of color, significant differences were found only in the case of natural millet beverages. The natural millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution was assessed to be significantly better than the natural millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution. No statistically significant differences were found between the remaining pairs of millet beverages. The results of the LSD test for the trait “color” of the assessed millet beverages are presented in Figure 4 [19].
Categorized box–whisker chart for trait COLOR of the rated millet beverages [
In terms of smell, no statistically significant differences were found between the compared pairs of beverages. The results of the LSD test for the trait “smell” of the assessed millet beverages are presented in Figure 5 [19].
Categorized box–whisker chart for trait SMELL of the rated millet beverages [
In terms of consistency, no statistically significant differences were found between the compared pairs of beverages. The results of the LSD test for the trait “consistency” of the evaluated millet beverages are presented in Figure 6 [19].
Categorized box–whisker chart for trait CONSISTENCY of the rated millet beverages [
In the conducted research, taste, smell, color, and consistency were considered as some of the main characteristics that guide consumers in the purchase of food products [20].
According to people who performed the sensory evaluation, the millet beverages with apple and banana flavors were the best in terms of taste. Banana nectars and purees are characterized by a high intensity of taste and sweetness, which could have influenced the sensory assessors to positively evaluate the beverages containing them. The evaluators rated the natural millet beverage in a dilution of 1:2 as the poorest in terms of taste. Such an assessment could have resulted from the plant aftertaste of the beverages in its natural form, which may not be accepted by all consumers, and also from its high turbidity caused by low dilution [19].
The color ratings of all the tested millet beverages remained at a similar level. Each type of beverage had a specific color, which may have prompted the evaluators to give similar ratings. The only significant difference in terms of color ratings was found between the natural millet beverages. The natural millet beverage in a 1:3 dilution was rated better than that in a 1:2 dilution. Higher dilution gave the beverage a less “milky” color, which is more similar to the color of plant-based beverages available on the market and could be the reason for the higher ratings obtained by the high-diluted natural millet beverage [19].
The smell of the natural millet beverage turned out to be the least favorable to the evaluators and was rated the lowest. The banana puree masked the “millet” smell to the greatest extent, which, when combined with the millet beverage, gave it a specific smell. The beverages in combination with banana purees, in both dilutions, therefore turned out to be the most advantageous in terms of aroma for the evaluators and hence were rated the highest [19].
The most favorable results in terms of consistency were observed for the millet beverage in combination with apple juice and the millet beverage in combination with banana purees, in both dilutions. Millet beverage in combination with apple juice and millet beverage in a dilution of 1:3 in combination with banana puree showed a similar consistency, specific to refreshing beverages. High ratings given for these types of beverages indicate the consumers’ interest in such alternatives available on the market. Millet beverage in a 1:2 dilution in combination with a banana puree with a smoothie consistency was also given high ratings [19].
Owing to the increase in the popularity of the plant-based diet and thus increasing interest in plant-based beverages, there is a need to develop new products in this category and improve the existing ones.
Millet and millet products are characterized by high nutritional value and technological suitability and can therefore be included in the daily diet.
The structure of millet beverages is suitable for their use in the form of both refreshing beverages (with more water) and smoothies (with less water).
Natural millet beverages have low consumer acceptance. However, the addition of fruit juices and purees during their production can contribute to increasing their sensory attractiveness.
Authors have declared that they do not have any conflict of interest for publishing this research.
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Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f009b7045eb6221228449100ba23cca0",slug:"empathy-an-evidence-based-interdisciplinary-perspective",bookSignature:"Makiko Kondo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5912.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188019",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",slug:"makiko-kondo",fullName:"Makiko Kondo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55598",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69287",title:"A Less Attractive Feature of Empathy: Intergroup Empathy Bias",slug:"a-less-attractive-feature-of-empathy-intergroup-empathy-bias",totalDownloads:1858,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Empathy with others’ successes and misfortunes is a critical component of group living that promotes social cohesion. Unfortunately, empathy is a malleable phenomenon in that its elicitation is not automatic, but modulated by multiple interlocking factors. This chapter explores the specific phenomenon of intergroup empathy bias—the difference in empathy for members of social ingroups versus outgroups—which poses profound challenges for our modern human world characterized by a multitude of groups, ethnicities, and cultures. The chapter frames the discussion by contextualizing empathy as consisting of three interacting component processes, namely experience sharing, perspective taking, and empathic concern. It then goes on to examine research describing the effects of intergroup bias on each of these component processes. Next, it explores the factors, both at the level of the group and at the level of the individual, which may contribute to empathic breakdown in intergroup contexts. Finally, it considers strategies that may have potential in mitigating intergroup empathy bias. Here, we draw on our own experiences in the South African context, which is characterized by pervasive racial inequality and legacies of apartheid violence, to suggest that intergroup empathy is best stimulated in a context of reciprocal mutual engagement with the other.",book:{id:"5912",slug:"empathy-an-evidence-based-interdisciplinary-perspective",title:"Empathy",fullTitle:"Empathy - An Evidence-based Interdisciplinary Perspective"},signatures:"Melike M. Fourie, Sivenesi Subramoney and Pumla Gobodo‐\nMadikizela",authors:[{id:"201227",title:"Dr.",name:"Melike",middleName:null,surname:"Fourie",slug:"melike-fourie",fullName:"Melike Fourie"},{id:"201250",title:"MSc.",name:"Sivenesi",middleName:null,surname:"Subramoney",slug:"sivenesi-subramoney",fullName:"Sivenesi Subramoney"},{id:"201512",title:"Prof.",name:"Pumla",middleName:null,surname:"Gobodo-Madikizela",slug:"pumla-gobodo-madikizela",fullName:"Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela"}]},{id:"72464",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92755",title:"Inner Navigation and Theta Activity: From Movement to Cognition and Hypnosis According to the Sphere Model of Consciousness",slug:"inner-navigation-and-theta-activity-from-movement-to-cognition-and-hypnosis-according-to-the-sphere-",totalDownloads:681,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"EEG theta (4–7 Hz) activity is closely related to hypnosis and hypnotic analgesia, as well as to meditation and absorption. Research further indicates that theta oscillatory power is involved in different cognitive functions, such as spatial navigation, memory, creativity, and divided attention. The current manuscript will provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the importance of theta’s different roles in relation to hypnosis and their connections to movement. Indeed, several movement paradigms, such as Quadrato Motor Training, have been found to modulate theta activity, significantly improving cognition and emotional well-being. The utility of such movement paradigms as a therapeutic vehicle closely related to hypnosis, and the underlying characteristics allowing these neuromodulations, will be discussed. Finally, the relationships between diagonal movement and other psychological phenomena, especially intentionality, attention, and the Sphere Model of Consciousness, will be highlighted.",book:{id:"9050",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},signatures:"Patrizio Paoletti, Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan and Joseph Glicksohn",authors:null},{id:"56023",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69625",title:"Empathy Levels in Medical Students: Do They Really Change Over Time?",slug:"empathy-levels-in-medical-students-do-they-really-change-over-time-",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"There is conceptual ambiguity in defining empathy, which is further amplified when trying to define clinical empathy. The construct of empathy has been an ongoing debate: sometimes being interpreted as a cognitive attribute, other times as an emotional state of mind. Our preferred definition is moral, emotive, cognitive and behavioural dimensions working in harmony to benefit the patient. Understanding the feelings, attitudes and experiences of a patient is the first step towards a potent and effective interview and, thereby, therapeutic agreement. Thus, clinical empathy may be the most powerful tool for a successful collaboration between the patient and the doctor. This chapter discusses the history of clinical empathy starting with Sir William Osler’s definition of ‘neutral empathy’ where he argues that physicians need to neutralise their emotions so that they can ‘see into’ and, thereby, be able to ‘study’ the patient’s ‘inner life’, to Halpern’s insightful observations about the power of empathy, which ‘lies in its ability to help us cross the divide between clinicians and patients created by their very different circumstances’. This is followed by a summary of the literature deliberating the increasing concern among medical educators and medical professionals regarding the decline in medical students’ empathy during medical school, which brings us to our research question: are there significant changes in empathy levels over time in undergraduate medical education? This body of work reports on a cross-sectional study of all medical students enrolled at an Australian medical school, known for its cultural, social and religious diversity, in 2011. The research instrument used consisted of a survey encompassing questions on demographics in addition to the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, Student version (JSPE-S). Empathy levels were compared while controlling for effects of age, gender, marital status, religious belief, ethnicity/cultural background, year of medical training, previous education and level of completion of programmes promoting altruism in an attempt to identify their effect on the levels of empathy. A total of 404 students participated in the study. The scores of the JSPE-S ranged from 34 to 135 with a mean score of 109.07 ± 14.937. This is considered moderate to high when compared to reported scores in previous studies on medical students. Female medical students had significantly higher empathy scores compared to their male counterparts in total and in individual years. Contrary to the literature, there were no significant differences in empathy scores in relation to the stage of medical training. Findings suggest that there is a gender difference in the levels of empathy, favouring female medical students, and that empathy levels may be preserved in medical school despite prior evidence that a decline is pervasive.",book:{id:"5912",slug:"empathy-an-evidence-based-interdisciplinary-perspective",title:"Empathy",fullTitle:"Empathy - An Evidence-based Interdisciplinary Perspective"},signatures:"Iman Hegazi, Annemarie Hennessy and Ian Wilson",authors:[{id:"199901",title:"Dr.",name:"Iman",middleName:null,surname:"Hegazi",slug:"iman-hegazi",fullName:"Iman Hegazi"},{id:"200210",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"ian-wilson",fullName:"Ian Wilson"},{id:"200211",title:"Prof.",name:"Annemarie",middleName:null,surname:"Hennessy",slug:"annemarie-hennessy",fullName:"Annemarie Hennessy"}]},{id:"56048",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69628",title:"The Building of Empathy: Conceptual “Pillars” and Conversational Practices in Psychotherapy",slug:"the-building-of-empathy-conceptual-pillars-and-conversational-practices-in-psychotherapy",totalDownloads:1452,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Empathy can be considered a special type of cooperation between therapist and patient. This exploratory study compares psychoanalytical, depth-psychological and behavioural therapy, in each case using transcriptions of audio recordings of initial, mid-term and late sessions. For each school of therapy, five treatments are included, creating a database of 45 sessions. We describe the project and the method of conversation analysis using examples of these transcripts and hypothesise that while all three schools of therapy are faced with common fundamental problems concerning the realisation of empathy, one can observe empathy profiles specific to each school. Here, we introduce theoretical groundwork and the terminology of conversation analysis. The topic may be of particular interest to clinicians, since everyday problems are examined through the prism of microanalysis.",book:{id:"5912",slug:"empathy-an-evidence-based-interdisciplinary-perspective",title:"Empathy",fullTitle:"Empathy - An Evidence-based Interdisciplinary Perspective"},signatures:"Michael B. Buchholz, Jörg Bergmann, Marie-Luise Alder, Michael M.\nDittmann, Florian Dreyer and Horst Kächele",authors:[{id:"201361",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael B.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"michael-b.-buchholz",fullName:"Michael B. Buchholz"},{id:"219722",title:"M.A.",name:"Michael M.",middleName:null,surname:"Dittmann",slug:"michael-m.-dittmann",fullName:"Michael M. Dittmann"}]},{id:"71429",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91619",title:"Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy: The Role of Traditional Versus Alternative Approach",slug:"hypnosis-and-hypnotherapy-the-role-of-traditional-versus-alternative-approach",totalDownloads:1136,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Hypnosis is a state of mind that is characterized by focused attention and heightened receptivity for suggestions. It is either established by compliance with instructions or achieved naturally; the critical nature of the mind is bypassed during hypnosis and acceptable suggestions are delivered. Misperceptions about hypnosis by clinical practitioners and their clients have been shaped through years of inaccurate but interesting portrayals of hypnosis in books, plays, and movies. Part of the misperceptions is that individuals with seemingly magical powers to manipulate the unsuspecting innocent with their authoritative voice commands and penetrating eyes are depicted as hypnotists. This chapter will review the traditional and conventional approaches used in hypnosis, their advantages and disadvantages as well as where hypnosis is used as a complementary or alternative therapy to the modern day orthodox medicine. Despite the pejorative image display of hypnosis and misconceptions surrounding it, hypnosis still has numerous applications in contemporary medicine. Hypnotherapy conducted by a trained therapist is considered as a complementary or safe alternative to present day orthodox medication for numerous ailments.",book:{id:"9050",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},signatures:"Mikail Hudu Garba and Mohammed Mamman",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"71429",title:"Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy: The Role of Traditional Versus Alternative Approach",slug:"hypnosis-and-hypnotherapy-the-role-of-traditional-versus-alternative-approach",totalDownloads:1136,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Hypnosis is a state of mind that is characterized by focused attention and heightened receptivity for suggestions. It is either established by compliance with instructions or achieved naturally; the critical nature of the mind is bypassed during hypnosis and acceptable suggestions are delivered. Misperceptions about hypnosis by clinical practitioners and their clients have been shaped through years of inaccurate but interesting portrayals of hypnosis in books, plays, and movies. Part of the misperceptions is that individuals with seemingly magical powers to manipulate the unsuspecting innocent with their authoritative voice commands and penetrating eyes are depicted as hypnotists. This chapter will review the traditional and conventional approaches used in hypnosis, their advantages and disadvantages as well as where hypnosis is used as a complementary or alternative therapy to the modern day orthodox medicine. Despite the pejorative image display of hypnosis and misconceptions surrounding it, hypnosis still has numerous applications in contemporary medicine. Hypnotherapy conducted by a trained therapist is considered as a complementary or safe alternative to present day orthodox medication for numerous ailments.",book:{id:"9050",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},signatures:"Mikail Hudu Garba and Mohammed Mamman",authors:null},{id:"72155",title:"Verbal Communication in Counselling and Therapy",slug:"verbal-communication-in-counselling-and-therapy",totalDownloads:918,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Globalisation has many facets which affect individuals and families alike. One of the areas affected by globalisation is communication, which is no longer regarded as something that happens between two or more individuals in a physical setting, but in the twenty-first century, can take on a different form. Hence, through the use of media and technology, verbal communication has taken a back seat. Social media platforms have become children’s main mode of communication and in the process losing sight of the most important aspects that verbal communication entails, like how the message is communicated and received. It is sometimes forgotten that the message often carries thoughts and emotions proving that it is more than simply the translation of information. Communication is a symbolic process by which people create shared meanings. Thus, the absence of verbal communication in families has resulted in parents not really engaging with their children and being aware of what they are up to, thus leading to an unstable family environment which is not conducive to the positive development of children. This chapter will explore the importance of verbal communication for the creation of attentiveness in children and a stable family environment.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Zoleka Ntshuntshe, Nokuzola Gqeba and Malinge Gqeba",authors:[{id:"313908",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoleka",middleName:null,surname:"Ntshuntshe",slug:"zoleka-ntshuntshe",fullName:"Zoleka Ntshuntshe"},{id:"314487",title:"Dr.",name:"Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Gqeba",slug:"z.-gqeba",fullName:"Z. Gqeba"},{id:"314529",title:"Mr.",name:"Livingstone Malinge",middleName:null,surname:"Gqeba",slug:"livingstone-malinge-gqeba",fullName:"Livingstone Malinge Gqeba"}]},{id:"71426",title:"Cognitive Hypnotherapy",slug:"cognitive-hypnotherapy",totalDownloads:759,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Cognitive hypnotherapy (CH) is an assimilative therapy rooted in cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy, with the addition of hypnosis. It is a psychodynamic therapy that focuses on the unconscious mind (implicit thoughts, actions and emotions) no longer in conscious awareness. This chapter gives a brief synopsis of the hypnotic procedures and protocols that are most pertinent for understanding the case for integration. It gives the background of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and a brief history of how this therapy evolved. It further gives the rationale for the integration of hypnosis with CBT, corroborated with evidence from the literature. CH treatments are documented in some detail in a number of different domains where hypnosis is used as an adjunct to therapy for the treatment of debilitating psychological conditions. The techniques and procedures are designed to desensitise and reprocess dysfunctional cognitions, emotions and memories enabling positive change in cognitive perceptions and visualisation. The author, an academic and experienced clinical practitioner of CH for more than 10 years, recognises that there is much scepticism regarding this therapy. It is hoped that this review will give greater understanding and more credence to this highly effective therapy in both the scientific community and medical profession.",book:{id:"9050",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},signatures:"Elizabeth Brooker",authors:null},{id:"72454",title:"The Integrative Theory of Hypnosis in the Light of Clinical Hypnotherapy",slug:"the-integrative-theory-of-hypnosis-in-the-light-of-clinical-hypnotherapy",totalDownloads:784,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The chapter describes the author’s integrative theory of hypnosis and hypnotherapy (ITHH) and the universal hypnotherapy (UH) method. The ITHH contains neurophysiological, biological, and communicative components. (1) Hypnosis is triggered by symbolical hypnogenic situations of inability of decision-making and/or its behavioral realization. Hypnosis development results in qualitative reorganization of the brain activation system functioning from distribution to generation of activity. Hypnosis deepening is based on the increase of brain activation. Hypnosis development in right-handers is associated with a regressive reorganization of the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere functioning mode, with whole brain functioning on right hemispheric principle. (2) Hypnotization generates hypnogenic stress. Hypnotherapy activates a readaptation process, including neurohormonal, neurotransmitter secretions; activation of the immunological and biochemical responses; and spontaneous change of pain sensation. (3) Hypnotic communication styles (directive, non-directive) are (i) changing due to historical evolution of social communication styles and (ii) indirectly using the representations about hypnosis. The UH utilizes the ITHH, being close to the positive and mindfulness psychotherapeutic approaches. The complex of UH and psycho-education formed positive-dialogue psychotherapy (PDP) for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The randomized clinical trial of PDP efficiency in the therapy of panic and generalized anxiety disorders confirmed high clinical efficiency and the mindfulness effect of UH.",book:{id:"9050",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",fullTitle:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis"},signatures:"Rashit Tukaev",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"240",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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