Histone modification in MSC differentiation and aging.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Blood transfusion medicine has become a sophisticated and specialized field of medicine. Some aspects will be discussed in this book. The book has been divided into three sections. The first section includes chapters describing the immunological and coagulation-assisting functions of red blood cells and methods to measure their life span. The second section discusses the role of platelets in inflammatory processes. The third section reviews functional dose of RBC transfusions and transfusion practice in various clinical settings.",isbn:"978-953-51-3320-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3319-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4759-6",doi:"10.5772/66265",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"transfusion-medicine-and-scientific-developments",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b5a95b51b34becb58f940bdc6cc2c26e",bookSignature:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",publishedDate:"July 5th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5965.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:11230,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 29th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 26th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 25th 2017",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Gabon"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1030",title:"Immunohaematology",slug:"immunohaematology"}],chapters:[{id:"55513",title:"A Double In Vivo Biotinylation Technique to Assess Erythrocyte Turnover in Blood Circulation",slug:"a-double-in-vivo-biotinylation-technique-to-assess-erythrocyte-turnover-in-blood-circulation",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202626",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajiv",surname:"Saxena",slug:"rajiv-saxena",fullName:"Rajiv Saxena"}]},{id:"55207",title:"Immunocamouflaged RBC for Alloimmunized Patients",slug:"immunocamouflaged-rbc-for-alloimmunized-patients",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"202243",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Scott",slug:"mark-scott",fullName:"Mark Scott"},{id:"205640",title:"BSc.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku"},{id:"205641",title:"BSc.",name:"Xining",surname:"Yang",slug:"xining-yang",fullName:"Xining Yang"},{id:"205642",title:"Dr.",name:"Meera",surname:"Raj",slug:"meera-raj",fullName:"Meera Raj"},{id:"205643",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning",surname:"Kang",slug:"ning-kang",fullName:"Ning Kang"}]},{id:"55954",title:"Red Blood Cells and Relation to Thrombosis",slug:"red-blood-cells-and-relation-to-thrombosis",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}]},{id:"55635",title:"Platelet and Immunity in Transfusion Medicine",slug:"platelet-and-immunity-in-transfusion-medicine",totalDownloads:1464,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"200979",title:"Prof.",name:"Xingbin",surname:"Hu",slug:"xingbin-hu",fullName:"Xingbin Hu"},{id:"206182",title:"Ms.",name:"Jinmei",surname:"Xu",slug:"jinmei-xu",fullName:"Jinmei Xu"}]},{id:"55343",title:"Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Functional Dose",slug:"red-blood-cell-transfusion-and-functional-dose",totalDownloads:1289,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202960",title:"Prof.",name:"Deqing",surname:"Wang",slug:"deqing-wang",fullName:"Deqing Wang"},{id:"202995",title:"Dr.",name:"Leiying",surname:"Zhang",slug:"leiying-zhang",fullName:"Leiying Zhang"}]},{id:"55676",title:"Transfusion in Transplantation",slug:"transfusion-in-transplantation",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94230",title:"Prof.",name:"Guray",surname:"Saydam",slug:"guray-saydam",fullName:"Guray Saydam"},{id:"94231",title:"Prof.",name:"Fahri",surname:"Sahin",slug:"fahri-sahin",fullName:"Fahri Sahin"},{id:"202813",title:"M.D.",name:"Eren",surname:"Arslan Davulcu",slug:"eren-arslan-davulcu",fullName:"Eren Arslan Davulcu"}]},{id:"55256",title:"Red Blood Cell Transfusion Strategy for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding",slug:"red-blood-cell-transfusion-strategy-for-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding",totalDownloads:1413,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"},{id:"205228",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Romeiro",slug:"fernando-romeiro",fullName:"Fernando Romeiro"},{id:"207599",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiling",surname:"Li",slug:"yiling-li",fullName:"Yiling Li"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. 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It is based on the idea of eliminating any waste in the industry, i.e., any activity or task that does not add value and requires resources [2]. It is considered in any level of the industry, e.g., design, manufacturing, distribution, and customer service. The main wastes are as follows:
Overproduction against plan
Waiting time of operators and machines
Unnecessary transportation
Waste in the process itself
Excess stock of material and components
Non-value-adding motion
Defects in quality
The wastes eliminated should improve the improvement of the quality and the reduction of the cost and time in the manufacturing. The main tools are [3, 4] the following:
Multiprocess handling. The manufacturing is preformed sequentially for multiple processes, contributing to the flow of materials.
Mixed model processing.
Elimination of time batching.
Single-minute digit exchange of die (SMED). The idea is that the changeovers and startups will be done in a “single-minute digit,” usually 10 minutes. A similar concept is one-touch exchange of die (OTED), where the “single-minute digit” should be less than 100 seconds.
Redesigning working cells.
Single point
The diversity of the issues is covered in this book from algorithms, mathematical models, and software engineering by design methodologies and technical or practical solutions [5, 6]. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art, case studies, hardware and software solutions, analytics, and data science in dependability engineering.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are progenitors of connective tissues, initially characterized as plastic adherent, fibroblastic cells, with the potential to differentiate into many types of cells, including predominantly osteoblasts (cells that secrete the matrix of the bones), chondrocytes (cells embedded in the lacunae of the cartilage matrix), and adipocytes (fat-storing cells), under appropriate conditions. MSC studies have progressed rapidly since the initial report of human MSC isolation from bone marrow. MSCs have been shown to reside within the connective tissues of most organs. Owing to their ease of isolation and unique characteristics, MSCs have been widely regarded as potential candidates for tissue engineering and repair. Further, the fate decision of MSCs has also piqued the interest of scientists. During the last two decades, various signaling molecules important to MSC differentiation have been identified, and the epigenetic regulation of MSC differentiation has recently become a research hotspot.
The transformation process of MSCs from a self-renewing state to a specific lineage is always accompanied by changes in cell morphology and function, which are largely determined by the differential expression of genes. Specifically, genes related to self-renewal are turned off, and transcription of cell type-specific genes is activated. Epigenetic regulation refers to the phenotypic change through gene differential expression without DNA sequence alteration, including four main categories: [1] DNA methylation, [2] histone modifications, and [3] chromatin remodeling (nucleosome positioning); and [4] non-coding RNAs. It has been widely reported that epigenetic and post-translational modifications have a broad and far-reaching influence on MSC differentiation at multiple levels. Here, we provide an overview of the recent findings regarding the roles of epigenetic modification in the fate decision of MSCs.
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification referring to the addition of a methyl (-CH3) group to the fifth carbon atom of a cytosine ring to form 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). The process is catalyzed by enzymes known as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNA methylation was the first epigenetic mark to be discovered, and it plays an important role in normal human growth, development, aging, tumorigenesis, and other genetic and epigenetic diseases. This epigenetic mark has the ability to turn genes on or off and can be inherited through cell division. Recent studies have suggested that methylation and demethylation of specific genes, such as
According to numerous studies, DNA methylation is dynamically involved in the osteogenesis of MSCs. Generally, it may be considered that DNA methylation has a repressor role in the promoter regions with CpG islands, blocking gene expression. During osteogenic differentiation, demethylation was observed at specific CpG regions in the promoters of osteogenic lineage-specific genes, such as
Villagra
Adipogenesis is highly regulated by a sequential cascade of transcriptional events. Key transcriptional factors controlling adipogenesis include several CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family members, including C/EBPα, β, and δ, and the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator γ (PPARγ). On the other hand, a number of negative transcriptional factors have also been identified, including GATA2/3, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), and Wnt family proteins.
Barrand
DNA methylation and demethylation status also influence MSC chondrogenic differentiation. DNA methylation at specific CpGs has been shown to influence genes such as
Histone modification, a common form of epigenetic regulation, refers to post-translational modifications that are added to the N-terminal tail of histones. Histone modification has been shown to play important roles in regulating cell-specific gene expression. So far, more than sixty different residues on core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) with potential to be modified have been reported. These modifications made to histones, including acylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, can impact gene expression by altering the chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers. Histone proteins function to package DNA, which wraps around the eight histones, into chromosomes. In general, it has been well established that histones on the promoter regions of master transcription factors associated with MSC cell fate commitment, such as
Involved epigenetic histone modification | Factor | Mechanism | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Histone deacetylation | HDAC inhibitor | Stimulate the transcription of p21CIP1/WAF1 through enhancing the H3 and H4 acetylation | Arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M check point, inhibit adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic differentiation; promote osteogenesis | [18] |
Histone acetylation | Knockdown of PCAF (histone H3K9 acetyltransferase) | Insufficient to increase H3K9 acetylation at promoters of BMP2, BMP4, BMPR2B, and Runx2 | INHIBIT adipogenic differentiation and promote osteogenic differentiation in MSCs; reduce the bone formation both in vitro and in vivo | [19] |
Histone acetylation | GCN5 knockdown | Insufficient to inhibit NF-κB signaling by mediating the proteasomal degradation of p65 (acetyl K310) | Inhibits osteogenic differentiation of MSCs | [20] |
Histone deacetylation | SIRT1 knockout | Insufficient to deacetylate β-catenin to promote its accumulation in the nucleus | Reduce differentiation towards osteoblasts, and chondrocytes | [21] |
Histone demethylation | Overexpression of KDM5A | Decrease H3K4me3 levels on promoters of Runx2 by demethylating H3K4me3 | Inhibit osteogeninsis; lead to osteoporosis | [22] |
Histone methylation | G9a inhibitor | Unclear (correlate with PPARγ and C/EBPα expression) | Impair the proliferation but the anti-proliferative effect is not sustained; increase adipogenic potential and decrease osteogenic potential of MSCs | [23] |
Histone methylation | Downregulation of BMI1 | Insufficient to recruit and stabilize PRC2 which trimethylate H3K27 | Cellular senescence | [24] |
Histone methylation | Downregulation of EZH2 | Insufficient to trimethylate H3K27 as catalytic subunit of PRC2 and keep a high extent of H3K27me3 to suppress p16INK4A-induced senescence | Cellular senescence | [24] |
Histone modification in MSC differentiation and aging.
Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification characterized by the addition of an acetyl group (COCH3) to histone proteins, specifically to lysine residues within the N-terminal tail. Histone acetylation is one of the most common epigenetic modifications, which leads to the neutralization of the positive charge on the histone proteins, weakening their interaction with DNA, and finally promoting the opening of chromatin structure and activating gene transcription. On the other hand, histone deacetylation is related to chromatin transcription inhibition. The level of histone acetylation is mainly regulated by histone acetylase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC).
The degree of histone acetylation of related regulatory genes can reflect the maintenance of stemness and the differentiation status of MSCs. During the process of osteogenic differentiation, the expression of osteogenic genes (such as
Histone methylation is another common post-translational modification by which methyl groups are transferred to the amino acids of histone proteins that make up the nucleosomes. Histone methylation can occur at various sites in histone proteins, primarily on lysine and arginine residues, and it can be governed by multiple positive and negative regulators, even at a single site, to either activate or repress transcription. Histone methylation is regulated by histone methyltransferase (HMT) and histone demethylase (HDM), which can be monomethylated, dimethylated, or trimethylated.
The increase in methylation usually promotes the affinity of histones to DNA and increases the degree of transcriptional inhibition, such as H3K9 methylation and H3K27 methylation. H3K9 dimethylation and trimethylation are typical repressive histone modifications that mediate the formation of heterochromatic regions. It was reported that the knockdown of ESET, a H3K9 methyltransferase, causes an aberrant expression of Runx2 and finally leads to the impairment of osteogenic differentiation and bone defects in mice. On the other hand, the knockdown of EHMT1, a H3K9 specific methyltransferase, resulted in decreased H3K9me2 levels on the promoters of Runx2, thereby upregulating transcription in mouse tissues. With respect to the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs, it was found that the enrichment of H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 on the promoters of C/EBP and PPARγ was negatively associated with adipogenic differentiation. Lowering the H3K9 methylation levels in these regions by either H3K9 demethylase or HMT inhibitors ultimately promoted adipogenic differentiation. In addition, H3K9me3 levels in the promoter region of Sox9, as well as its target genes
The mechanisms of histones modification.
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture, which is an important mechanism for regulating gene expression. In eukaryotes, DNA is tightly wound into a complex called chromatin. Chromatin remodeling allows the access of tightly condensed DNA to various regulatory factors, such as transcription factors and components of DNA replication, so that specific genes can be expressed. The basic mechanism of chromatin remodeling depends on the three dynamic properties of nucleosomes: reconstruction, enzyme-induced covalent modification, and repositioning. In addition, the aforementioned histone modification is another important aspect of chromatin remodeling. Aberrations in chromatin remodeling proteins are associated with various human disorders and diseases. The major activities involved in nucleosome structure alterations use the energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis to affect nucleosomes. These enzymes are called ATP-dependent chromatin (or nucleosome) remodeling factors. The system involves four subfamilies of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, namely switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF), nucleosome remodeler deacetylase (NuRD), INO80, and imitation switch (ISWI).
Several studies have demonstrated that functional SWI/SNF machinery plays an important role in regulating MSC tri-lineage differentiation by interacting with tissue-specific transcription factors and crosstalk with cell signaling pathways. Brahma-associated factor (BAF) complex subunits have been implicated in MSC osteo-lineage commitment. For example, depletion of BRG1 leads to constitutive osteo-lineage gene expression [37]. BRM negatively regulates osteocalcin expression [38]. Loss of the classical BAF restricted subunit Pbrm1/Arid2/Brd7 leads to reduced osteogenesis without compromising adipogenesis [39]. It has also been reported that SWI/SNF-dependent chromatin remodeling is involved in MSC adipogenic differentiation. BRG1 overexpression was associated with promoted adipogenic differentiation, which was associated with a marked increase in the differentiation markers PPARγ and LPL [40]. BAF45A was identified as an important regulator of adipogenic differentiation in human MSCs [41]. In addition, other ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, such as chromodomain helicase DNA binding (CHD) proteins, are also involved in MSC lineage commitment. CHD4 was reported to be implicated in chondrogenesis. Simon
The RNA world is divided into two classes: 1) RNAs that have coding potential (mRNAs) and 2) RNAs without coding potential, referred to as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Although mRNAs have been extensively studied, ncRNAs span more than 98% of DNA transcripts. In the past, these molecules were considered as “evolutionary junk” but increasing evidence suggests that these molecules spatiotemporally regulate protein-coding gene expression in several molecular mechanisms. With improved RNA-sequencing techniques, in recent years, there have been great advances in identifying and understanding ncRNAs. Epigenetic ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), have been reported to play key roles in the regulation of various diseases and biological processes, including cellular differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, gene regulation, and cancer development.
lncRNA is a novel class of noncoding RNAs longer than 200 nt, which can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. LncRNAs are mainly located in the cell nucleus or cytoplasm, affecting the status and fate of cells through different post-transcriptional mechanisms. Nuclear lncRNAs guide chromatin modifiers, such as DNA methyltransferase, histone methyltransferase, and heteronuclear ribosome protein, to a specific genetic locus and induce chromatin structure remodeling, which in turn regulates gene expression either positively or negatively. Cytoplasmic lncRNAs can either block the functional site or alter the structure and modification of specific proteins, thereby regulating the function and stabilization of these proteins, and ultimately alter the fate and function of cells. During the last decade, multiple studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs are widely involved in growth and development by controlling the fate of cells, including MSCs.
Studies have demonstrated the importance of lncRNAs in bone regeneration and bone formation. Many lncRNAs regulating the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs have been identified, including ANCR, AK141205, AK028326, DANCR, MALAT1, MEG3, MORD, and POIR; these either promote or inhibit osteogenic differentiation through diverse pathways. For example, MALAT1 promotes
MicroRNAs are the most abundant class of small ncRNAs with a length of 21–25 nt, and have been studied extensively. miRNAs are also involved in the epigenetic regulation of genes in both the cytoplasm and nucleus through different mechanisms. Their main action is the negative regulation of gene expression by specifically binding to a target mRNA through base complementary pairing and inducing its degradation or the inhibition of its translation.
Accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in the maintenance of stemness and differentiation of MSCs (Table 2). As mentioned above, lineage differentiation of MSCs is a complex biological process. For example, MSCs differentiate into osteogenic progenitor cells and subsequently osteoblasts, and then gradually become mature bone cells along with a variety of extracellular matrix mineralization. This process involves a large number of secretory and transcription factors. In addition, the differentiation and maturation of MSCs also involves signaling pathways such as WNT, BMP, and PI3K/Akt. The key effector molecules in these pathways can be regulated by miRNAs, which in turn affects MSC fate decisions. Recently, various miRNAs, including miR-20b, -29b, -30a-5p, -142-3p, -196a, -210, -746-5p, -2861, -3960, -335-5p, etc., have been reported to enhance osteogenic differentiation, whereas miR -23a, -26a, -30c, -34b, -34c, -125, -133a, -135a, -137, -141, -148, -200a, -204, -205, -206, -217, and -338 could impede osteogenic differentiation, and miR-143, -24, -31, -30c, and -642a-3p are involved in regulating adipogenesis. Oskowitz
Involved miRNA | Mechanism | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
miR-23a | targets LRP5 and subsequently suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | Inhibit osteogenesis of MSCs | [51] |
miR-26a | in BMSCs: targets GSK3 in ADSCs: targets Smad1 mainly and inhibits BMP signaling pathway | Inhibit osteogenesis of ADSCs and promote osteogenesis of BMSCs | [52] |
miR-30c | reduces Runx2 protein | Inhibit osteogenesis of MSCs | [53] |
miR-34c | |||
miR-133a | |||
miR-135a | |||
miR-137 | |||
miR-204 | |||
miR-205 | |||
miR-217 | |||
miR-338 | |||
miR-20b | Activate the BMPs/Runx2 signaling pathway at four levels, which consists of repressing PPARγ, Bambi and Crim1 | Promote ostegenesis | [54, 55] |
miR-29b | activates the AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting PTEN expression | Promote osteogenesis of hADSCs | [56] |
miR-196a | targets HOXC8 (a negative regulator of SMAD1) | Inhibit proliferation and promote osteogenesis of hDASCs | [57] |
miR-17-5p | Represses the Wnt signaling pathway effector Tcf7l2 | Promote adipogenesis of BM-MSCs | [58, 59] |
miR-21 | Alters SMAD3 phosphorylation without affecting total levels of SMAD3 protein and modulate TGF-β signaling pathway | [59, 60] | |
miR-143 | Directly represses MAP2K5 (a key member of the MAPKK family in the MAPK signaling pathway) | [59, 61] | |
miR-30a | Targets Runx2 | Promote adipogenesis | [62] |
miR-30d | |||
miR-642a-3p | unknown | In a high level in adipogenesis | [62] |
miRNA and MSCs differentiation.
“Epigenetics” was first used to define the complex interactions between the genome and the environment that are involved in the development and differentiation of organisms. Nowadays, the term refers to heritable alterations in gene expression that are not mediated at the DNA sequence level. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the processes of epigenetic modifications are crucial and largely responsible for the variable activation and repression of specific genes at specific time points during the lifespan of stem cells, allowing for the terminally differentiated phenotype. With the advances in biological and experimental technologies, a variety of epigenetic modifications involved in the cell fate determination of MSCs have been discovered in recent years. In addition to the types of epigenetic modifications introduced in the article, some researchers have suggested the role of histone phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other modifications in the differentiation of MSCs. On this basis this information, drugs that effectively regulate these modifications have been developed to provide precise differentiation conditions for MSCs and make them more effective in clinical treatment. The disadvantage of epigenetic therapy using small molecule drugs is the lack of specificity, which needs to be further studied. In summary, epigenetic modifications play an important regulatory role in the cell fate determination of MSCs, but the precise function of these modifications in different MSC types, as well as the associated underlying mechanisms, remain to be thoroughly investigated. In-depth research in this field would provide important reference data for the differentiation mechanism research and clinical application of MSCs.
The authors were supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0113003, 2018YFC1004803) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:1025,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"68357",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-system-analyses-vehicles-and-moon",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human and robotic missions to Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, planetary spacecraft and astronomy, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion is benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high-power nuclear electric and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions are presented. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Saturn moon exploration with chemical propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion options are discussed. Issues with using in situ resource utilization on Saturn’s moons are discussed. At Saturn, the best locations for exploration and the use of the moons as central locations for Saturn moon exploration are assessed. Environmental issues on Titan’s surface may present extreme challenges for some ISRU processes. In-space bases for moon-orbiting propellant processing and ground-based processing will be assessed.",book:{id:"7338",slug:"planetology-future-explorations",title:"Planetology",fullTitle:"Planetology - Future Explorations"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"65534",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: Lunar Base Issues",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-lunar-base-issues",totalDownloads:1131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Creating a presence and an industrial capability on the Moon is essential for the development of humankind. There are many historical study results that have identified and quantified the lunar resources and analyzed the methods of obtaining and employing those resources. The idea of finding, obtaining, and using these materials is called in situ resource utilization (ISRU). The ISRU research and development efforts have led to new ideas in rocket propulsion. Applications in chemical propulsion, nuclear electric propulsion, and many other propulsion systems will be critical in making the initial lunar base and future lunar industries more sustainable and will lead to brilliant futures for humanity.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"32533",title:"Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases",slug:"measuring-the-isotopic-composition-of-solar-wind-noble-gases",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1617",slug:"exploring-the-solar-wind",title:"Exploring the Solar Wind",fullTitle:"Exploring the Solar Wind"},signatures:"Alex Meshik, Charles Hohenberg, Olga Pravdivtseva and Donald Burnett",authors:[{id:"114740",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Meshik",slug:"alexander-meshik",fullName:"Alexander Meshik"},{id:"115300",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",slug:"donald-burnett",fullName:"Donald Burnett"},{id:"115301",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Hohenberg",slug:"charles-hohenberg",fullName:"Charles Hohenberg"},{id:"115302",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Pravdivtseva",slug:"olga-pravdivtseva",fullName:"Olga Pravdivtseva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"98",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82332",title:"Access to Space, Access to the Moon – Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:"The dynamics of human expansion towards space are going through Earth external layers, orbital space and the Moon. With its low gravity, slingshot effect relative to Earth, on-site resources and relative proximity to Earth in the solar system, the renewed space race is effectively returning first to the Moon. A psychological bridge to enlarge our civilization with a permanent bridge to our natural satellite. The development of this Earth-Moon system, requires enormous amount of finances, energy, science, technology, but over all, opportunities. This chapter deals with the efforts and the mental changes that may eventually result from all of these changes.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"81141",title:"Modeling Radiation Damage in Materials Relevant for Exploration and Settlement on the Moon",slug:"modeling-radiation-damage-in-materials-relevant-for-exploration-and-settlement-on-the-moon",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102808",abstract:"Understanding the effect of radiation on materials is fundamental for space exploration. Energetic charged particles impacting materials create electronic excitations, atomic displacements, and nuclear fragmentation. Monte Carlo particle transport simulations are the most common approach for modeling radiation damage in materials. However, radiation damage is a multiscale problem, both in time and in length, an aspect treated by the Monte Carlo simulations only to a limited extent. In this chapter, after introducing the Monte Carlo particle transport method, we present a multiscale approach to study different stages of radiation damage which allows for the synergy between the electronic and nuclear effects induced in materials. We focus on cumulative displacement effects induced by radiation below the regime of hadronic interactions. We then discuss selected studies of radiation damage in materials of importance and potential use for the exploration and settlement on the Moon, ranging from semiconductors to alloys and from polymers to the natural regolith. Additionally, we overview some of the novel materials with outstanding properties, such as low weight, increased radiation resistance, and self-healing capabilities with a potential to reduce mission costs and improve prospects for extended human exploration of extraterrestrial bodies.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Natalia E. Koval, Bin Gu, Daniel Muñoz-Santiburcio and Fabiana Da Pieve"},{id:"80241",title:"The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit Over 100 Million Years and Prospects for the Research in the Moon",slug:"the-evolution-of-the-moon-s-orbit-over-100-million-years-and-prospects-for-the-research-in-the-moon",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102392",abstract:"As a result of solving the problem of interaction of Solar-system bodies, data on the evolution of the Moon’s orbit were obtained. These data were used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model for the Moon representing its motion over an interval of 100 million years. A program of exploration of the Moon with the aim of creating a permanent base on it is outlined. Such a base is intended for exploring the Earth, the Sun, and outer space.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Joseph J. Smulsky"},{id:"80217",title:"Educational and Scientific Analog Space Missions",slug:"educational-and-scientific-analog-space-missions",totalDownloads:87,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101392",abstract:"Analog space missions in Poland include international scientific, technological, and business projects designed and realized by a private research company Analog Astronaut Training Center Ltd. (AATC) devoted to the future Moon and Mars exploration. Growing experience in educational aspect of the training as well as continuous development of the habitat and its professional space science laboratory equipment correspond to increased interest of educational organizations, universities, and individual students. We serve unique practical platform for space engineering, space master, and even space doctoral theses. In addition to a wide range of training courses offered for future astronauts, for example, diving, skydiving, rocket workshops, and stratospheric missions, AATC provides a private laboratory to simulate the space environment. It carries out scientific experiments focused on biology and space medicine, as well as addressing several multidisciplinary issues related to the Moon and Mars exploration, including space mining. The main goal of each our analog simulation is to get publishable results, what means that our analog astronauts obtain not only certification of completion of the training but also ability to continue studies and to perform it individually. This chapter summarizes methodology used by us, didactic tools, and obtained results for both educational and scientific analog simulations.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kołodziejczyk and M. Harasymczuk"},{id:"79544",title:"Regolith and Radiation: The Cosmic Battle",slug:"regolith-and-radiation-the-cosmic-battle",totalDownloads:126,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101437",abstract:"This chapter discusses regolith utilization in habitat construction mainly from the point of view of radiation protection of humans on missions of long duration. It also considers other key properties such as structural robustness, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection that all have to be considered in parallel when proposing regolith-based solutions. The biological hazards of radiation exposure on the Moon are presented and put in the context of lunar exploration-type missions and current astronaut career dose limits. These factors guide the research in radiation protection done with lunar regolith simulants, which are used in research and development activities on Earth due to the reduced accessibility of returned lunar samples. The ways in which regolith can be used in construction influence its protective properties. Areal density, which plays a key role in the radiation shielding capacity of a given material, can be optimized through different regolith processing techniques. At the same time, density will also affect other important properties of the construction, e.g. thermal insulation. 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He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). 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He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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