Components and possible materials of the copper paste for high-temperature annealing.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5442",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Schizophrenia Treatment - The New Facets",title:"Schizophrenia Treatment",subtitle:"The New Facets",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Schizophrenia treatment has many facets. This book begins with the glutamatergic and GABAergic hypofunctioning contribute to the schizophrenic symptoms and their current targeted therapeutics. The genetic, epigenetic, and immune etiologies of schizophrenia and their potential targeted therapeutics as approached in this book are interesting. Understanding cognitive biases and delusional circuits in schizophrenia is important; several behavioral cognitive therapies working on the reduction and avoidance of these cognitive biases are demonstrating their effectiveness. Advances in schizophrenia treatment followed, including transcranial magnetic stimulation and special sport program, are presented at the book's end.",isbn:"978-953-51-2826-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2825-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4134-1",doi:"10.5772/62958",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"schizophrenia-treatment-the-new-facets",numberOfPages:180,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"508d27dd3bfec693aa24dd6149c342a7",bookSignature:"Yu-Chih Shen",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5442.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14803,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"83354",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",slug:"yu-chih-shen",fullName:"Yu-Chih Shen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83354/images/345_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yu-Chih Shen is the director of the Department of Psychiatry at Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan. He is also an associate professor of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology at Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.\nDr. Shen was born in Taiwan in 1976. He graduated from Chung Shan Medical University School of Medicine in 2001. Then he entered the Department of Psychiatry of Tri-Service General Hospital at Taipei, where he completed his 4 years of psychiatric residency training. He moved to Tzu Chi General Hospital in 2005. During the following years, he served as the attending physician (2005–now). He also completed his PhD degree and graduated from Tzu Chi University Institute of Medical Sciences in 2011.\nDr. Shen is actively involved in academic activities. His major research interests are genetic and functional analysis of candidate genes in psychiatric disorder and pharmacogenetic study of psychiatric medication. He has published more than 40 peer-reviewed articles and has worked as a reviewer and an editorial board member for many scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"52718",title:"The Convergence of Glutamate and GABA Dysregulation in Schizophrenia",doi:"10.5772/65870",slug:"the-convergence-of-glutamate-and-gaba-dysregulation-in-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that afflicts about 1% of the world population, imposing a huge financial and social burden on the community. Schizophrenia is characterized by three core features, positive (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (e.g., emotional blunting, reduced motivation), as well as cognitive impairments (i.e., working memory and attention deficits). Current antipsychotic treatments, which primarily target dopamine receptors, are effective at alleviating positive symptoms. However, dopamine‐specific therapies are insufficient to relieve negative symptoms and cognitive impairments, indicating other neuronal systems are involved in SCZ. Evidence for hypofunctioning glutamate and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission in forebrain tissue has continued to culminate as major contributors to the onset of SCZ. Furthermore, recent genetic studies reveal disrupted mutations in neurodevelopmental proteins at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses that are potentially responsible for the synaptic abnormalities seen in the disorder. Therefore, schizophrenia symptomatology is influenced by interactions of several neurotransmitter systems. In this chapter, we focus on how glutamatergic and GABAergic hypofunctioning contribute to the variety of symptoms presented in SCZ and its etiology. We also review the current treatment options with respect to their mechanism of action, side effects, and limitations and provide perspective of where research should be directed to move forward with treating this debilitating disease.",signatures:"Sarah A. Monaco, Austin A. Coley and Wen-Jun Gao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52718",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52718",authors:[{id:"106188",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Jun",surname:"Gao",slug:"wen-jun-gao",fullName:"Wen-Jun Gao"},{id:"196584",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Monaco",slug:"sarah-monaco",fullName:"Sarah Monaco"},{id:"371164",title:"Dr.",name:"Austin A.",surname:"Coley",slug:"austin-a.-coley",fullName:"Austin A. Coley"}],corrections:null},{id:"52966",title:"Changes in DNA Sequence and Methylation Contribute to the Predisposition of Schizophrenia: Toward an Epigenetic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/65905",slug:"changes-in-dna-sequence-and-methylation-contribute-to-the-predisposition-of-schizophrenia-toward-an-",totalDownloads:1637,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Schizophrenia has a heterogeneous and complex etiology that includes multiple candidate genes affected by a variety of mutational mechanisms including epigenetics, functional pathways, and environmental factors. This chapter mainly focuses on reviewing two sets of studies. The first one is whole‐genome next‐generation sequencing datasets involving monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. The findings suggest that de novo sequence variations may underlie the discordance of monozygotic twins for schizophrenia. Second, whole‐genome DNA methylation study suggesting the role of DNA methylation in the mechanisms of actions of antipsychotic drugs in treating the disorder as well as the manifestation of side effects such as metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we are reporting original research results using next‐generation mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia as well as their mother. The chapter sheds light on the interplay between sequence variations and epigenetic signatures, including DNA methylation changes, in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Given the dynamic nature of methylation, it may be possible to develop a new treatment strategy for schizophrenia that is based on reversion of genomic methylation. This may involve environmental, dietary, and/or pharmaceutical approaches.",signatures:"Melkaye G. Melka, Christina A. Castellani and Shiva M. Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52966",authors:[{id:"190619",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiva",surname:"Singh",slug:"shiva-singh",fullName:"Shiva Singh"},{id:"194798",title:"Dr.",name:"Melkaye",surname:"Melka",slug:"melkaye-melka",fullName:"Melkaye Melka"},{id:"194799",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",surname:"Castellani",slug:"christina-castellani",fullName:"Christina Castellani"}],corrections:null},{id:"53346",title:"Transcriptome Analysis of Systems Biology for Schizophrenia",doi:"10.5772/66864",slug:"transcriptome-analysis-of-systems-biology-for-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transcriptome analysis of postmortem brain samples provides more insights to evaluate biological dysfunctions by analysis of differential expression and genetic interactions in schizophrenia. The growing development of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) helps to explore detailed and underlying molecular changes from global perspective of view, not only focus in single SNP variants. It is implicated that schizophrenia genetic and protein interactions may give rise to biological dysfunction not only in dopamine dysfunction but also in immune, energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and hemostasis. Epigenetic investigation of schizophrenia provides important information on how the environmental factors affect the genetic architecture of the disease. DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in etiology for schizophrenia. The schizophrenia differential methylation genes and differential expression genes were analyzed to find the potential protein complexes related to the etiology of schizophrenia from alteration of DNA methylation. The protein complexes and pathways involved in schizophrenia differential methylation network may be responsible for the etiology and potential treatment targets. It is implicated that the interaction between differential expression candidate genes and differential methylation genes may describe the global view of disease mechanisms and it has important roles in the pathogenesis for schizophrenia.",signatures:"Kuo-Chuan Huang, Theresa Tsun-Hui Tsao, Tse-Yi Wang and\nSheng-An Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53346",authors:[{id:"37527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheng-An",surname:"Lee",slug:"sheng-an-lee",fullName:"Sheng-An Lee"},{id:"50871",title:"Dr.",name:"Theresa Tsun-Hui",surname:"Tsao",slug:"theresa-tsun-hui-tsao",fullName:"Theresa Tsun-Hui Tsao"},{id:"189587",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuo-Chuan",surname:"Huang",slug:"kuo-chuan-huang",fullName:"Kuo-Chuan Huang"},{id:"191051",title:"Dr.",name:"Tse-Yi",surname:"Wang",slug:"tse-yi-wang",fullName:"Tse-Yi Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"52756",title:"Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia: A Relationship That Is Not Ruled Out",doi:"10.5772/66018",slug:"toxoplasma-gondii-and-schizophrenia-a-relationship-that-is-not-ruled-out",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over recent years, it has been proposed that some diseases of unknown origin, such as schizophrenia, may be caused by persistent chronic infections coupled with a genetic component and may be perpetuated by the immune system. This hypothesis is supported by epidemiological and biological evidence on the exposure of schizophrenics to infectious diseases during prenatal or postnatal periods, including Toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia, human herpes virus, human endogenous retroviruses, parvovirus B19, mumps, and flu viruses. This growing list of microbes will undoubtedly continue to increase in the future. Linking infection to schizophrenia is a complex challenge that requires further experimental and epidemiological research. T. gondii is the infectious agent that has most frequently been related to neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, and it is considered to represent a highly useful model to analyze the influence of a microorganism on human behavior and the development of psychiatric disease. It may also help to detect patient subpopulations susceptible to treatment with specific antimicrobials by improving definition of the differential phenotype of the disease, and it offers the possibility of a preventive approach.",signatures:"Antonio Sorlozano-Puerto and Jose Gutierrez-Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52756",authors:[{id:"191659",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Gutiérrez-Fernández",slug:"jose-gutierrez-fernandez",fullName:"José Gutiérrez-Fernández"},{id:"191662",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Sorlozano",slug:"antonio-sorlozano",fullName:"Antonio Sorlozano"}],corrections:null},{id:"52627",title:"Cognitive Biases in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders",doi:"10.5772/65726",slug:"cognitive-biases-in-schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the scientific literature, a close relationship between cognitive biases and schizophrenia disorder has been widely demonstrated. Cognitive biases would be a pattern of deviation in judgment, in which the inferences we make about other people and/or situations can be illogical. Throughout this chapter will be analyzed how some cognitive biases are greatly related and are involved in the onset, maintenance, relapse and recovery of this disorder. Specifically, we will discuss five biases [need for closure, overconfidence bias, bias against confirmatory evidence (BACE), bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) and above all jumping to conclusions (JTC)] that have been extensively studied and shown in patients with schizophrenia, especially with delusions. In this chapter the importance of studying in depth these cognitive biases in schizophrenia in order to understand, reduce and avoid them will be seen. The reduction and avoidance of these biases will result in an improvement in symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore, it will lead to a faster, effective recovery. Moreover, the patient with schizophrenia will have an active role in his recovery. As a result, nowadays we can find several behavioral cognitive therapies, which are working on the reduction and avoidance of these cognitive biases and are demonstrating their effectiveness.",signatures:"V. Juárez Ramos and M. L. Montánchez Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52627",authors:[{id:"190604",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Juárez Ramos",slug:"veronica-juarez-ramos",fullName:"Verónica Juárez Ramos"},{id:"371064",title:"Dr.",name:"M. L.",surname:"Montánchez Torres",slug:"m.-l.-montanchez-torres",fullName:"M. L. Montánchez Torres"}],corrections:null},{id:"53113",title:"Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness in Schizophrenia: The Neurobiological Mechanism of Delusions",doi:"10.5772/66412",slug:"circuits-regulating-pleasure-and-happiness-in-schizophrenia-the-neurobiological-mechanism-of-delusio",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A recently developed model describes how evolutionary old neuronal systems allow free-moving animals, including humans, to escape from threats and discomfort and to acquire sufficient necessities to maintain life and to continue as a species. The amygdala has an essential role in regulating these fundamental reward-seeking and misery-fleeing behaviours. This is probably related to the ancient character of the corticoid and ganglionic parts of the amygdaloid complex. During evolution almost the entire ventral and lateral pallium (cortex) of the first vertebrates went up into the superficial and deep amygdalar nuclei, and their entire striatum and pallidum went up into the extended amygdala. An important role of the amygdala is selecting the sensory cues which are relevant for reward-seeking and misery-fleeing behaviour and should be paid attention to in order to increase the animal’s chances. This corresponds to attentive salience. Disturbances of this process in humans may lead to delusions. It has been suggested that in patients with schizophrenia this aberrant salience results from dopaminergic hyperactivity. The authors of this chapter believe that aberrant salience can result from dysfunctions everywhere within the chain: neocortex, corticoid amygdala, hippocampal complex, medial septum, medial habenula, midbrain nuclei and ventral tegmental area.",signatures:"Anton J.M. Loonen and Svetlana A. Ivanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53113",authors:[{id:"183835",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Ivanova",slug:"svetlana-ivanova",fullName:"Svetlana Ivanova"},{id:"189138",title:"Prof.",name:"Anton",surname:"Loonen",slug:"anton-loonen",fullName:"Anton Loonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"52519",title:"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Schizophrenia",doi:"10.5772/65631",slug:"transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-in-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:1986,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method that can be used in neurophysiological research of schizophrenia and in the treatment of some symptoms or syndromes of this mental disorder. The most important indications for TMS (or repetitive TMS—rTMS) are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations. Other less proven indications include cognitive deficit, especially working memory. This text summarizes general knowledge about (r)TMS and its use in schizophrenia. According to recent experiences, TMS is a very promising experimental and therapeutic method, but it needs further research for its optimized use.",signatures:"Libor Ustohal, Tomas Sverak, Lenka Albrechtova, Marie Hojgrova,\nVeronika Hublova and Tomas Kasparek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52519",authors:[{id:"122079",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Kasparek",slug:"tomas-kasparek",fullName:"Tomas Kasparek"},{id:"189878",title:"Dr.",name:"Libor",surname:"Ustohal",slug:"libor-ustohal",fullName:"Libor Ustohal"},{id:"190590",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Sverak",slug:"tomas-sverak",fullName:"Tomas Sverak"},{id:"190591",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",surname:"Albrechtova",slug:"lenka-albrechtova",fullName:"Lenka Albrechtova"},{id:"190592",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",surname:"Hojgrova",slug:"marie-hojgrova",fullName:"Marie Hojgrova"},{id:"190593",title:"MSc.",name:"Veronika",surname:"Hublova",slug:"veronika-hublova",fullName:"Veronika Hublova"}],corrections:null},{id:"52470",title:"Sport: A Possible Road toward Social Inclusion and Quality of Life",doi:"10.5772/65632",slug:"sport-a-possible-road-toward-social-inclusion-and-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sport is a universal language, recognized and shared by all. A psychiatric users Association, in collaboration with public Mental Health Department and UISP, Italian Union Promoting Sport for All, proposes the sport as one of the possible strategies within a wider therapeutic project for schizophrenia. Soft gymnastic, swimming, football, and volley are observed from the point of view of users, main recipients of the intervention, trainers, and referees. The perceived quality of life was measured in the users/athletes, using the WHOQOL-brief schedule. To practice sport enhances the adhesion to treatment and the quality of life and can reduce hospitalizations. It is a useful tool for promoting well-being, personal autonomy and an active lifestyle, preventing isolation, and improving self-esteem and social cognition. It may be an important factor preventing poor functional outcome and promoting recovery. Team sports seem to have a greater therapeutic value, producing fun, cohesion, and social inclusion; they can also play an important educational role, preventing social stigma.",signatures:"Maria Cristina Turola, Davide Barbieri, Angelo Palazzi, Veronica\nPallotta, Luciana Simani, Chiara Tosi and Ombretta Zanardi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52470",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52470",authors:[{id:"189352",title:"Dr.",name:"MariaCristina",surname:"Turola",slug:"mariacristina-turola",fullName:"MariaCristina Turola"},{id:"190467",title:"Mr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Barbieri",slug:"davide-barbieri",fullName:"Davide Barbieri"},{id:"190468",title:"Mr.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Palazzi",slug:"angelo-palazzi",fullName:"Angelo Palazzi"},{id:"190469",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Pallotta",slug:"veronica-pallotta",fullName:"Veronica Pallotta"},{id:"190470",title:"Ms.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Simani",slug:"luciana-simani",fullName:"Luciana Simani"},{id:"190471",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Tosi",slug:"chiara-tosi",fullName:"Chiara Tosi"},{id:"190472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ombretta",surname:"Zanardi",slug:"ombretta-zanardi",fullName:"Ombretta Zanardi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"745",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Processes, Prevention, Protection and Monitoring",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d5795dad33257368f0b7848c22d5dd4",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-processes-prevention-protection-and-monitoring",bookSignature:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/745.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33396",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond Chuen-Chung",surname:"Chang",slug:"raymond-chuen-chung-chang",fullName:"Raymond Chuen-Chung 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",isbn:"978-1-83969-422-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-421-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-423-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"514907388f7a2b291f71f9b93b58b795",bookSignature:"Prof. Ercan Oztemel",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11912.jpg",keywords:"Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Systems, Smart Systems, Computational Intelligence, Knowledge Base, Knowledge Representation, Knowledge Management, Inference Engine, Manufacturing Applications, Finance Applications, Smart Factories, Health Applications",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 15th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Dr. Oztemel graduated from the Istanbul Technical University and received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering of the University of Wales, UK. He worked as a Chief Researcher at the Information Technologies Institute of Turkish Science and Technology Council (TUBITAK). He also served as the vice president of the Turkish Measurement and Placement Center of Turkey and as a member of the Executive Board in the TUBITAK Public Research Group.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"306974",title:"Prof.",name:"Ercan",middleName:null,surname:"Oztemel",slug:"ercan-oztemel",fullName:"Ercan Oztemel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/306974/images/system/306974.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Ercan Oztemel was born in 1962 in Elazig of Turkey. He graduated from the Department of Industrial Engineering, Sakarya Engineering Faculty of Istanbul Technical University in 1984. He completed his postgraduate studies at Boğaziçi University between 1985-1987, and his doctorate study at the Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering of University of Wales between 1988-1992. Between 1993 and 2006, he worked as a lecturer at Sakarya University. In addition to his academic life, he worked as a Chief Researcher at Information Technologies Institute of Turkish Science and Technology Council (TUBITAK), between 1993 and 2011. In this institute, he conducted research on Artificial Intelligence applications, especially in the military domain. He carried out projects that were the first of their kind, such as placing simulation systems on military training aircraft (flying simulator), Artificial combat Pilot, nurse robots, war fare exercises in the virtual world. Between 1997 and 2010, he carried out research in the Western European Union Armament Group, as well as a Member of the Executive Board in the 11th and 15th Groups, and a member of the System Analysis and Simulation (SAS) Panel within NATO between 2001-2006. On the other hand, he supported the creation and execution of many sub-projects as a Member of the Executive Board in the IPROMS (Intelligent Production and Mechanization Systems) Center of Excellence project opened within the scope of the European Union 6th Framework Program. He served as the vice president of Turkish Measurement and Placement Center of Turkey between 2011 and 2015, and as the member of the Executive Board in the TUBITAK Public Research Group between 2012 and 2017. He conducts research in areas such as artificial intelligence, intelligent manufacturing systems, management information systems, simulation and modeling, strategic planning, quality management. He has many articles, papers and books on these subjects. 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As a material of front contact, silver is the favorable metal since it has high conductivity [1] and is chemically inactive. However, screen printing with silver paste is the most expensive portion in cell production after the silicon material cost [2]. Therefore, reducing the amount of silver consumption per cell or replacing silver to other metal materials is a significant research area.
According to the international technology roadmap for photovoltaic (ITRPV) published in 2016, silver consumption per cell will decrease until 40 mg/cell in 2026 with developments of pastes and screens, which is around 40% lower than now (95 mg/cell) [3]. On the other hand, substituting silver for copper has been actively researched since the cost of copper is cheaper than silver (approximately a 50 times) and has a similar conductivity (silver: 1.6 μΩ-cm, copper: 1.7 μΩ-cm) [4, 5]. In order to share new information and go over the technical limitations, workshops for the metallization of crystalline silicon solar cells have been organized since the first workshop in Utrecht, Netherlands, in 2008 [6].
Researches concerning copper contact mainly have been carried out by the plating technique due to its various advantages, such as high aspect ratio and low contact resistance, which result in a high-efficiency solar cell over 21% [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Meanwhile, the application of screen-printable copper paste on solar cells has been studied as it can be easily applied to the established cell production line. In the case of the copper paste, copper particles cannot be deposited directly on the emitter, because the copper atoms have fast diffusion velocity and acts as a deep-level impurity in the crystalline silicon solar cell [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. The copper atoms in the silicon produce generation and recombination centers and degrade the minority carrier lifetime of the crystalline silicon solar cells [11, 19, 20, 21]. Accordingly, most of the copper pastes on the solar cells were printed above the passivation layer as a busbar, which is called “passivated busbars”, while the silver paste fingers contacted the silicon. Figure 1 shows the fingers and a busbar of the solar cell that are printed by silver paste. Similar to the finger, the role of the busbar on the solar cell is a collection of charge carriers generated by incident light in the absorb layer. The busbar is also connected to the soldered ribbon to extract carriers out of the device. To connect a busbar with a ribbon, the busbar should be printed with similar width of the ribbon which is usually 1.5 mm on the commercial type of solar cells. Accordingly, researchers have tried to apply copper paste only for the busbar since most of the silver paste usage is for the busbar, while the fingers were still printed by silver paste or deposited by the plating technique.
Carrier collection by the screen-printed silver (a) busbar and (b) finger [
Nonetheless, it is possible that the copper paste can be in direct contact with the silicon if the copper particles are coated with barrier layers in order to prevent copper from diffusing into the silicon. Another issue of copper in the application to the paste form is that copper tends to oxidize easily during thermal treatment [13, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Since copper oxide shows an electrically nonconductive characteristic, it will increase the series resistance in the solar cells. Due to these reasons, copper paste has been continuously researched by several institutes and companies in order to overcome such issues. Section 2 deals with research trends of the copper paste components and promising coating techniques of copper powder for better reliability. Afterwards, Section 3 discusses appropriate curing conditions of polymer-based copper paste and the results of copper paste application to the silicon solar cells.
In the 1990s, copper paste was researched for the application of integrated circuits, such as print circuit boards, because copper has a high electrical conductivity, a high thermal conductivity, excellent solderability, and a low electron migration [27, 28, 29]. With the increase in circuit density, properties of copper paste needed to be improved. The researched topics were mainly focused on optimizing the size of metal particles to enhance the density and printability of paste [30, 31]. Recently, copper paste has been developed for the application of the crystalline silicon solar cells as the low-cost front contact.
Copper paste is generally compared to silver paste since it is a dominant material for the front metallization of the crystalline silicon solar cell. In order to apply copper paste to the solar cells, the properties of copper paste, such as printability and solderability, need to have similar or better characteristics than silver paste. Electronic pastes are generally composed of conductor metal (Ag, Au, Pd, Cu, etc.), glass frits, and organic vehicle [32, 33]. One of the important components of the conventional silver paste for the front contact of the crystalline silicon solar cell is glass frits. In case of the crystalline silicon solar cells based on the silver paste, the dielectric layer, which is usually silicon nitride (SiNx), is fired-through above 600°C and the silver particles contact the emitter (Figure 2(a)).
(a) Conventional silicon solar cell contact with silver paste, (b) contact with firing-type copper paste, (c) contact with curing-type copper paste, and (d) contact with curing-type copper paste on the SHJ solar cell [
On the other hand, if the copper paste has the same process as the silver paste, the diffused copper can adversely effect on the characteristics of the solar cell as we mentioned earlier. Thus, for applying copper paste to the crystalline silicon solar cell, copper particles in the paste need to be coated by barrier layers. In this case, the copper paste can be fired at a similar temperature range as the silver paste and contact the emitter (Figure 2(b)). Otherwise, the contact should be formed without penetrating the SiNx layer (Figure 2(c)) by applying the curing type copper paste which does not need the glass-frits components for the fired-through contact.
Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells have typically a low process temperature limit (~250°C) because high-temperature annealing processes can degrade the passivation of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) due to the hydrogen effusion during the annealing [34]. For this reason, the curing-type copper paste, where low temperature is generally required, is beneficial to the SHJ solar cells. Also, if copper paste is printed on the indium tin oxide (ITO) layer of the SHJ solar cell (Figure 2(d)), ITO can act as a diffusion barrier for preventing copper diffusion [35]. The next section discusses detail components of the copper pastes for the application of the solar cells by categorizing the annealing temperature of the paste.
In 2011, a copper paste that is chemically and metallurgically similar to conventional silver paste was developed by Applied Materials, Inc. [36]. The copper paste can be fired through a SiNx layer and the metal particles directly contact silicon (Figure 2(b)). The main components and possible materials of the invented copper paste are listed in Table 1. The invented technique involves copper-containing particles being encapsulated by additional layers of metal and alloys to restrict oxidation and diffusion of copper during the firing. For improving the oxidation resistance of copper, alloying copper with other metals (Ti, Mg, Al, Pd, Ag, Ni, Cr, and Zr) has been researched [37, 38, 39, 40]. The Cu-Ag alloy is estimated as the best materials for improving oxidation resistance with only a slight reduction in electrical conductivity [41]. The paste of this group also uses doped copper or copper alloys rather than pure copper particles, because alloying elements in copper reduce the contact with oxygen. Generally, the polymer resin acts as a binder to enable printing of the encapsulated copper-containing particles and is typically removed during the firing by oxidation.
Components | Materials | Purposes |
---|---|---|
Metal powder | Doped copper (aluminum, magnesium, etc.), copper alloys (CuSn, CuAg, CuNi, CuZn, etc.) | To have conductive property |
Polymer resin | Ethylcellulose | To enable printing of copper-containing particles |
Glass frits | Lead oxide (PbOx), silicon oxide (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), boron trioxide (B2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), strontium oxide (SrO), titanium oxide (TiO2), and lanthanum oxide (La2O3) | To pass through a passivation layer and promotes adhesion to the substrate |
Solvents | α-Terpineol, toluene, ethanol | To tune viscosity characteristics |
Components and possible materials of the copper paste for high-temperature annealing.
Figure 3 shows three levels of encapsulation for preventing copper particles from oxidation and diffusion. Simply, the copper-containing particle can be coated by oxidation barrier layers. Also, a metallization barrier layer can be used under the oxidation barrier since the oxidation layer can form an alloy with the inside material. Moreover, a diffusion barrier can directly surround the copper-containing particle for a more perfect encapsulation. The possible materials for the encapsulation layer are listed in Table 2.
Cross-sectional views of encapsulated copper-containing particles with single and multi-barrier layer.
Encapsulation layer | Oxidation barrier | Metallization barrier | Diffusion barrier |
---|---|---|---|
Possible materials | Silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) | Nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tungsten (W), titanium-tungsten (TiW), cobalt (Co), tungsten doped cobalt (Co:W), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), and chromium (Cr) |
The possible materials of each encapsulation layer for copper-containing particles.
In order to create a solderable surface on the ITO of the SHJ solar cells, polymer-based silver pastes were commonly used in the solar cell industry, because silver has a low contact resistivity on ITO and low line resistances. However, reactions between polymer and solder flux during the annealing result in a “solder leaching” problem. If the screen-printed paste is dissolved in the solder material due to the solder leaching, it leads to low adhesion and high contact resistivity between paste and solder material.
Using copper instead of silver, as a metal powder in the polymer-based paste, is a good solution in order to overcome the issue of solderability, because copper produces a comparable solderability and resistance at a much lower price [42]. For these reasons, polymer-based copper paste for low-temperature annealing has been researched as a promising product in the future with the fact that the SHJ solar cells have become common in the PV industry [43, 44, 45, 46]. From now on, the components and properties of the curing-type copper pastes from some groups will be discussed.
Dow Corning reported papers and patents about a curing-type copper paste and the applicable solar cell structures [47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. The curing is referred to as the hardening of polymer materials by cross-linking polymer chains that can be processed by heating at a low temperature under 300°C. The copper paste consists of metal powder, solder powder (lower melting temperature than that of the metal powder), a polymer, a solvent, a cross-linking agent, and additives. The solder powder comprises at least one of a tin-bismuth (SnBi) alloy, a tin-silver (SnAg) alloy, or combinations of them. The polymer and the carboxylated polymer are made of an epoxy resin and an acrylic polymer, respectively. The cross-linking agent (or catalyst) can be chosen from carboxylated polymers, dimer fatty acids, and trimer fatty acids. Among the dimer fatty acid, dicarboxylic acid and monocarboxylic acid are useful for fluxing the metal powder and cross-linking the polymer. Moreover, a solvent and an adhesion promoter can be included as additive components.
This copper paste is used to form a busbar of the conventional crystalline silicon solar cell without a fired-through process. Figure 4 shows that the printed busbar has a brown-red color due to the copper particles. Afterwards, the color of the busbar changes to gray after the curing process because the copper particles are coated by the solder. The cells with the copper busbar have a higher front surface minority carrier lifetime than the cells with the silver fired-through busbar since the covered area under the busbar is fully passivated. The detail characteristics will be mentioned in Section 3.
Dow Corning’s screen-printable copper paste: (a) after printing and (b) after curing [
A research group in the AIST also reported a similar concept of the copper paste as the Dow Corning’s copper paste. Their copper paste, which is called “copper-alloy paste,” is composed of conductive metal particles, low melting point alloy (LMPA), thermosetting polymer, and solvent [52]. During the curing process, the molten LMPA particles form alloy with the copper particles and surround the copper particles to prevent oxidation. In particular, the LMPA allows the curing process to set the temperature below 200°C without any reductive conditions unlike the conventional silver paste. The result of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that the melting point of the LMPA is 143°C. The peak of the DSC graph is very sharp since the LMPA had a nano-level uniformity. Moreover, the copper-alloy paste shows better self-leveling and resolution than the conventional silver paste after the screen-printing process on a textured silicon wafer.
Also, the copper paste from this group shows decent reliability after printing as a busbar on p-type crystalline silicon [53]. The samples were tested by the damp heat test (DHT) and thermal cycling test (TCT) before and after the encapsulation with the “sandwich” structure (glass/EVA/cell/EVA/backsheet) according to the IEC61215 standards. The results of both DHT and TCT show degradation less than 5% of the initial values in all parameters (Voc, Jsc, FF, Pmax, etc.) before and after encapsulation. Although the surface of the copper electrode without encapsulation is oxidized after the DHT test, the copper oxide layer acts as a semi-passivation layer that postpones inner oxidation. Moreover, the copper particles in their paste do not diffuse into the silicon even after an hour of annealing at 400°C due to the polymer barrier layer.
The invented copper paste was focused on the nano-particle size copper powder, especially for substrates (such as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO), a polymer, a glass plate, and a printed circuit board), which have difficulties in applying high-temperature processes [54, 55]. The average particle size of copper is around 150 nm, and the surfaces of the copper particles are coated with a capping material which can be fatty acid or fatty amine. The nano-size copper powder is used either solely as a metal powder or with different sizes of copper particles, such as a flake powder and a spherical powder. The flake powder has a particle size of 1–20 μm and the spherical powder has a 0.1–5-μm particle size. When the nano-powder is mixed with other types of powder, it first dissolves during the annealing and then helps to connect between the larger copper particles. Because of this nano-size effect, this copper paste can enhance conductivity. The detailed candidates for binders and additives are also presented in the patent. Consequently, the copper particle at 150-nm size decreases the annealing temperature of the paste and makes it possible to form electrodes at a low temperature of 200°C.
Recently, the INER reported an antioxidant copper paste [56, 57]. The antioxidant copper nanoparticles are synthesized by a wet chemical reduction process which requires copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and ascorbic acid. Afterwards, the antioxidant copper nanoparticles are transferred to the paste form and printed onto the ITO layer of SHJ solar cells, followed by low-temperature annealing (<300°C). Compared to commercial silver pastes as a reference, this copper paste shows a twofold increase in sheet resistance (~30 mΩ/sq) on the 16 μm of printed films. However, the duration of copper paste annealing is 1/12 of that of silver paste. Also, reserving samples for 180 days without strict oxygen protection shows no peaks of oxide impurities after XRD characterization, which means that the copper film is relatively stable against oxidation at least at an X-ray detection level.
In order to apply copper on conductive paste, it requires high-purity crystalline non-agglomerated copper powder, which is free from surface oxidation [58, 59]. Using silica as a coating material of copper powder can enhance colloidal properties and functions by using rational core-shell shapes [60]. Dong et al. coated nano-copper powder with nano-silica by using a sol–gel process to improve the dispersion of the glass in the paste, the density of films, and the bonding behavior between the film and the substrate [61]. The printed films by using the copper paste after sintering at 910°C show no significant change in the density of the surface morphology and sheet resistance with the contents of silica from 0.5 to 2 wt%. However, the bonding between the film and the substrate improves with 2 wt% of silica contents in copper powder. The reason is that the proper amount of silica contents can induce the capillary effects and surface sorption effects which is beneficial to bond the film closely on the substrate. The properties of silica-coated copper powder will be able to improve the bonding of the high-temperature annealing copper paste on the silicon wafers.
Even though the properties of polymer-based copper paste have been improved by many research, it is still difficult to achieve high conductivity and reliability as silver paste due to the relatively low conductivity of the polymers [62, 63, 64, 65, 66]. In addition, using nanoscale copper particles for decreasing curing temperature also have issues of powder production step, such as controlling the size of particles [67], low oxidation resistance of particles [68, 69], and cost-effectiveness [70]. For this reason, the development of copper particles, which are coated by a carbon-based material, has been interested by many researchers, because carbon shells can act as the shields to protect the copper particles from oxidation [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79]. In addition, there have been studies for the development of copper paste or ink, which do not require inert atmosphere and lower temperature, but they still have challenges to overcome [80, 81, 82, 83].
In order to improve oxidation resistance of copper particles and make curing process possible in air, Ohnishi et al. coated copper-cobalt alloy particles with cobalt-catalyzed carbon nanofibers (CNFs) which is called “hybrid copper particles (HCuP)” [84]. The paste, which is made by the sea urchin-shaped copper particles, shows great reliability of resistivity even after a DHT test. The good electrical properties of this copper paste might come from an antioxidation effect of CNFs. Moreover, the cobalt nano-precipitates on the surface of the particles can be regarded as a conductive path. This approach possibly can improve the reliability of copper pastes by curing without strictly controlled inert atmosphere.
Low-temperature annealing paste generally contains polymer as a component. Accordingly, the properties of these pastes highly depend on the polymerization quality during the curing process. The curing process is carried out at a lower-temperature range than the firing process, which is generally used for the conventional silver paste.
The main reason of the resistance reduction is that the cross-linking reactions of polymer chains are sensitive to the oxygen concentration, because the oxygen disturbs the linking process between the polymer chains. Figure 5 shows the reactions of degradation of the polymer chain which frequently occurs in a high oxygen atmosphere. Oxygen easily reacts with most organic radicals which form “peroxidic radicals” [86]. The peroxidic radicals can suffer the polymerization reactions or the chain processes. As one of the most frequent reactions, an oxidative degradation breaks the polymer chains by initiating the decomposition of the peroxidic radicals. If the polymerization process is carried out in this circumstance, oxygen presence will decrease the cross-linking yield of polymers in the pastes. Therefore, the inert curing atmosphere with low concentration of the oxygen is significant in order to make an intensified polymerization and increase the compression of the metal particles. The restrained oxidation of the metal particles can also be a possible reason.
Reactions of polymer chain decomposition by oxygen.
In case of the heat transfer method, a radiation method is more beneficial for the lower resistance of electrode than a convection method [62]. Moreover, the minimum resistance and decent adhesion can be obtained by increasing the processing time [22]. Consequently, this group confirmed that the polymer-based copper paste, which was annealed by the inert curing, can improve conductivity and mechanical stability of the polymer-based copper paste by achieving 19.96% efficiency with the SHJ solar cell, even though the fill factor (FF) is still lower than that of silver paste-printed cells.
Some research groups have tried to apply their own copper paste to solar cells. The copper pastes were printed as passivated busbars that required forming busbars and fingers separately. As Figure 4 shows, fingers only electrically contact silicon by using either fired-through silver paste (Figure 6(b)) or the plating of Ni/Cu/Ag metal stack after the laser ablation opening of SiNx layer (Figure 6(a)). Afterwards, the busbar is printed on the SiNx layer and partially contacts the fingers followed by a curing process under 250°C. Since the busbars do not directly contact the silicon, recombination region under the busbars is removed. Light I-V performances of the solar cells with copper paste busbar are summarized in Table 3. On the reference cells, either the screen-printed silver paste contact or the Ni/Cu/Ag-plated contact was wholly used for the busbars and fingers. Generally, the reduced recombination on the front side contributes to an increase open circuit voltage (Voc) compared to the cells without passivated busbar.
Front metallization process flows for the passivated copper busbar: (a) plating and printing, and (b) dual printing [
Institute | Year | Cell type | Ref. contact | FF [%] (gain) | Annealing temp. | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dow Corning | 2014 | p-PESC (SE) | SP*-Ag | 18.8 (−0.07) | 640.4 (+0.3) | 37.2 | 78.9 (−0.5) | ~250°C | [47] |
Dow Corning | 2015 | p-PERC | Plated-Ni/Cu/Ag | 20.4 (+0.1) | 667.5 (+6.1) | 38.7 | 79.0 (+0.3) | ~250°C | [48] |
Dow Corning | 2015 | n-PERT | Plated-Ni/Cu/Ag | 20.7 (0) | 663.3 (+4.9) | 39.2 | 79.5 (0) | ~250°C | [48] |
Meiji Univ. | 2015 | n-PERT (bifacial) | SP-Ag | 20.5 (+0.7) | 659.0 (+3.0) | 40.8 | 76.3 (+2.0) | — | [87] |
Tokyo Univ. | 2012 | p-PESC (mc-Si) | SP-Ag | 16.2 (+0.1) | 617.0 (−2.0) | 34.3 | 76.3 (+0.1) | <200°C | [88] |
Performance of various solar cell structures with the passivated copper busbar and gains compared to their reference contact.
SP: screen printed.
Dow Corning and IMEC evaluated characteristics of various cell structures by applying their own low-temperature (~250°C) copper paste for the passivated busbars. The research results show a slight increase of Voc (0.3 mV) with an industrial level passivated emitter solar cell (PESC) by reducing the recombination region under the busbars. Compared to the conventional silver paste solar cell, the passivated copper busbar solar cell has a lower average fill factor (FF) due to the higher lateral resistivity of the copper busbar. However, the busbar resistivity does not have an effect on the FF in the module level performance since most of lateral current flows through the conductive soldered tab.
This group also evaluated combinations of printable conductive copper paste with higher efficiency solar cell structures, such as passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and passivated emitter and rear totally diffused (PERT). By applying a copper paste busbar with the plating and printing process as depicted in Figure 6(a), both structures improved 6.1 mV, 4.9 mV of Voc, respectively, and the PERC structure especially had a 0.1% higher median conversion efficiency than the reference group. Also, the FF of the passivated busbar cells had increased since the laser ablation and the nickel silicide decreased the shunt resistance of entirely plated cells. In the case of the current density, the passivated busbar cell had a slightly lower value even though the series resistance of both the printed busbar and the plated busbar almost had no difference since the plated busbar had a higher aspect ratio (fine line width).
Nakamura et al. at the Meiji University applied copper paste on the n-type bifacial PERT cell and successfully obtained over 20% efficiency by preceding Voc and FF of the silver-printed cell. Also, Yoshiba et al. at the Tokyo University compared the I-V performances on the multi-crystalline silicon solar cell by printing a low melting point alloy (LMPA) copper paste. Although Voc was decreased, copper-printed cell had a 0.1% absolute efficiency gain due to the higher FF. In most of the experiments for confirming applicability of copper paste on solar cell fabrication, the results show the possibility of reduction of metallization cost and cell performance improvement by replacing the standard silver-printed electrode.
In this chapter, a detailed overview of the copper paste developments for the solar cell application has been presented. The main issues of developing copper paste are prohibition of the oxidation of copper during annealing and the diffusion into the silicon substrate. In case of the glass-frit-based copper paste (firing type), the copper particles are coated with metal or alloy layers to prevent the diffusion and the oxidation. However, the firing-type copper paste still has a higher possibility of diffusion than the polymer-based copper paste (curing type) since the copper particle comes in direct contact with the silicon. In case of the curing-type copper paste, the diffusion of copper particles is well blocked since the surrounding polymer acted as a barrier layer. Also, the oxidation of copper can be prevented by the polymer shield or using antioxidant copper particles. Moreover, DHT and TCT of the copper paste confirm the reliability on the solar cells with a small amount of degradation (<5%).
For further improvement of the copper paste properties, recently reported coating materials and techniques for the copper powder have been introduced. In case of the nano-silica coating on copper powder, the bonding strength of paste on the substrate was improved by promoting capillary effects and surface sorption effects. Also, the air-curable hybrid copper particles, which were coated by cobalt-catalyzed-CNFs, lead to a great resistance reliability of the printed copper paste.
With respect to the curing conditions, the experimental results revealed that the inert atmosphere helps to form a denser copper electrode by restricting the contact between the polymers and the oxygen. Thereby, the compressed copper particles due to the intensified polymerization decrease the resistivity of the printed copper film. However, the inert curing condition requires a great deal of nitrogen gas for purging oxygen in the furnace. At the industrial level, the nitrogen consumption can adversely affect the manufacturing cost of the solar cells. Therefore, the optimum curing process for less consumption of nitrogen gas and inexpensive coating technique of copper particles need to be further developed.
To date, polymer-based copper paste showed a high potential with 20.7% conversion efficiency by applying it to the n-PERT structure solar cells. As well as the result of the PERT structure, the copper paste application to SHJ solar cells has a higher potential because the ITO layer acts as a diffusion barrier to prevent copper at a low curing temperature. Also, the use of copper paste, as the passivated busbars, requires an additional printing, and the annealing step after the silver fingers and aluminum rear contact are formed. Accordingly, the SHJ solar cells are more profitable for the application of copper paste from an economic point of view.
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20173010012940) and by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) (No. 10043793).
Mosquito-borne viral diseases have lately integrated worldwide headlines since the emergence of arbovirus outbreaks in big urban areas. According to the World Health Organization, more than 17% of all infectious diseases registered worldwide are represented by vector-borne diseases, and they account for more than 700,000 deaths annually [1]. Due to this scenario of increasing cases number and expansion to new areas, the spread of infectious diseases was listed second in the top 10 risks in term of impact according to the Global Risks 2015 report [2].
\nMosquitos of the genus
Dengue and chikungunya are two arboviral diseases present in the list of neglected tropical diseases from the World Health Organization. Neglected tropical diseases are a group of diseases that have received insufficient public attention, strive in tropical and subtropical areas, and strongly affect populations living in poverty [12]. It is argued that arboviruses can be considered a group of neglected tropical diseases, since they can have a long-lasting impact in the health and economic life of affected populations [16]. Some studies have argued that socioeconomic factors and land-use changes associated with the effects of climate change and global travel, and trade modulate the dynamics of expansion of emerging e re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases [17, 18, 19, 20]. Movement of people between neighboring countries has been considered a good predictor for chikungunya spread in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean [14]. The expansion of the geographic distribution of arbovirus has significant negative impact on public health in many regions of the world. As measures to reduce such impacts, it has been argued about the relevance to public health of the implementation of a surveillance system that monitors virus diffusion and the appearance of new genetic variants [21]. In this sense, the use of genomic sequencing data and bioinformatics has been employed in the study of virus evolution, aiming to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and patterns of virus spread during an epidemic [22].
\nInfectious diseases continue to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide [23] and pathogens such as viruses can evolve and spread rapidly, leading to the emergence of newly-mutated human pathogens, more virulent strains, as well as antibiotic and drug resistant organisms [24, 25]. In this context, genomic surveillance aims are to: (i) to perform global surveillance of pathogens using whole genome sequencing and (ii) to understand drug resistance, emergence and spread of viral pathogens. Several approaches have been developed and are widely used for the quick detection and identification of viral pathogens (i.e., diagnostics). Some of them are based on different serological and molecular strategies including, for example, assays based on real-time polymerase chain reaction [26]. Even though these kinds of approaches present high sensitivity and specificity for their purpose, they are more suitable for diagnostics only and cannot provide detailed genomic information [27].
\nBearing these limitations in mind, the main point of developing new genomic surveillance tools is to answer the following inquiry: what sort of questions is important for genomic surveillance that cannot be addressed by conventional RT-qPCR or serology? (i) RT-qPCR assays do not allow genotype classification, neither does it help identify particular and/or characteristic transmission routes; (ii) RT-qPCR assays also do not allow to determine how fast a viral pathogen is being transmitted and in what direction it is spreading; (iii) serological and molecular assays also cannot help identify epidemiologically linked individuals, neither predict future outbreaks; and (iv) finally, serological and some molecular approaches cannot help to identify novel pathogenic agents and are, therefore, unsuitable for pathogen discovery [27].
\nNext generation sequencing (NGS) technologies produce significantly more raw data than other molecular diagnostic assays, including Sanger sequencing, and are also capable of informing not just pathogen diagnostics but also epidemiology [28]. This is why whole genome sequencing of viral genomes by using new technologies plays an important role in the fight against emerging and re-emerging epidemics [29, 30]. The availability of high-throughput sequencing has also provided immense insights into the ecology of health care-associated pathogens [31]. Therefore, real-time sequencing of entire pathogen genomes has become a standard and indispensable research tool for the critical role of genomic surveillance in the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases [32], which justifies why NGS can be considered a powerful strategy that also allows the discovery of novel potential viral pathogens [33, 34].
\nConsidering pathogen surveillance in mind, bioinformatics tools and the combination of genomic and epidemiological data from viral infections can give essential information for understanding the past and the future of an epidemic, because genomic data generated by real-time sequencing can provide important information on how and when viruses were introduced in a particular site, their pattern and determinants of dissemination in neighboring locations and the extent of genetic diversity, i.e., its dynamics, making it possible to establish an effective surveillance framework on tracking the spread of infections to other geographic regions [21, 22, 34]. In this context, recently established international networks for real-time, portable genomic sequencing, genomic surveillance and data analysis made it possible to monitor the evolution of viral genomes, to understand the origins of outbreaks and epidemics, to predict future outbreaks and to assist in the maintenance of updated diagnostic methods [33, 34, 35]. Additionally, genomic surveillance framework allows to determine, through genome sequencing, the real-time molecular epidemiology of viruses circulating and co-circulating in different regions in a specific area, and also to detect and characterize the early emergence of new pathogens in large urban centers, generating data that can inform outbreak control responses [27, 34]. Generated data regarding the molecular, epidemiological, phylogenetic and geographical aspects of circulating viral pathogens in a specific setting contribute to a better understanding of those viral infections in a national and international context, assuming an important role in solving issues relevance to Public Health [35]. As a result, studies involving more in-depth molecular and dispersion analysis of circulating pathogens may help the World Health Organization appropriately adopt measures to control epidemics and to monitor the dynamics and spreading of new viral strains. However, even though NGS has advantages over diagnostics routine, all of the different strategies and technologies, developed by Illumina, Thermo Scientific, Oxford Nanopore and others, are not yet considered a panacea. Remaining challenges include dealing with high data throughput, which requires sophisticated computational processing as well as the annotation of large amounts of sequencing data, high DNA or RNA input sample requirements (in some cases hundreds of nanograms), which often raises the need for previous PCR-based amplification approaches. On top of all this, there are relatively few researchers in the area with sufficient bioinformatics expertise and who are able to engage in near-patient or disease surveillance activities [35].
\nThe advent of next generation sequence (NGS) and advancements in bioinformatics present an opportunity to tap into new insights that are crucial to the establishment of an open, global digital surveillance system. NGS technologies have enabled the production and deposit of vast amounts of whole genomes into public repositories [36, 37, 38] ushering the field of genomics into era of big data. This has in turn increased the scale of genomic studies from the analysis of single or few genomes to an ever-increasing large number of genomes [39, 40].
\nToward the development of global surveillance system, bioinformatics provides the tools to answer pertinent questions including the identification of organisms responsible for an outbreak, the source of an outbreak and evolutionary information of pathogens crucial for understanding the unique phenotypes such as drug resistance, virulence and disease outcome.
\nSeveral bioinformatics tools and pipelines have been developed to facilitate the processing, analysis and visualization of these data in order to derive useful information from it [41]. The major fields of interest addressed by these tools include comparative genomics which involves comparing the genetic content of one organism against that of another; prediction of the function of genes and sequences of the coding regions; identification of evolutionary events and inference of phylogenetic relationships. These fields of study play a critical role in elucidating pathogen evolution, niche adaptation, population structure and host-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, these findings inform vaccine and drug design, as well as the identification of virulence genes.
\nBioinformatics pipelines and workflows comprise of a series of third-party executable command line software assembled to perform a specific task or analysis. A complete pipeline will, therefore, be able to support the end of analysis of a given field of study such as phylogenetics or variant detection. Pipelines can thus be broken down into two major components i.e. the data processing component and the analytical component that performs the core analysis of the pipeline. Below, we review some of the prominent bioinformatics pipelines and workflows that support the processing and analysis of NGS data to provide insights on relevant global surveillance of arboviral outbreaks.
\nViral discovery and identification from isolates and metagenomic samples present major challenges to bioinformatics in general. This is because viral genomes are prone to very high variability and deviation from reference genomes [42], continuous emergence of new viruses with no available references, high intrapopulation diversity, and the relative rareness of viral DNA fragments in metagenomic samples [43]. These challenges have largely been addressed through the following pipelines.
\nGenome detective (http://www.genomedetective.com/app/) is an easy to use web-based software application that assembles the genomes of viruses quickly and accurately, designed to generate and analyze whole or partial viral genomes directly from NGS reads within minutes [44]. The application gains accuracy by using a novel alignment method that uses a combination of both amino acids and nucleotide scores to construct genomes by reference-based linking of de novo contigs. Speed and accuracy are also gained by using DIAMOND [45] with a UniProt90 reference dataset to sort viral taxonomy units. The use of DIAMOND and UniRef90 allowed genome detective to identify viral short reads at least 1000 times faster than when Blastn and the viral nucleotide database of NCBI were used. The software was optimized using synthetic datasets to represent the great diversity of virus genomes. The application was then validated with next-generation sequencing data of hundreds of viruses.
\nOne of the major difficulties in this process is the correct de novo assembly of viral genomes from crude metagenomic deep sequencing reads, including large amounts of bacteria and human related sequencing reads. Such read contaminations often force the server to overload during de novo assembly and might cause misassembly of the resultant contigs. Pre-filtering by host-mapping subtraction could lead to efficient de novo assembly, allowing the rapid and accurate procurement of a complete viral genome sequence. In addition to the accuracy of de novo assembly, the exclusion of human-related sequences can circumvent conflicting ethical issues by avoiding analyzing the personal genetic information of patients [46, 47].
\nVirusTAP is web-based, integrated NGS analysis tool designed to facilitate rapid and accurate viral genome assembly from raw reads by just clicking on several selections. Like genome detective, it ensures that non-viral reads are eliminated prior to de novo assembly in order to ensure performance is not compromised.
\nVIP (https://github.com/keylabivdc/VIP) is a web-based virus discovery and identification tool [46]. With a single click, it will filter out background-related reads, classify reads on basis of nucleotide and remote amino acid homology, and perform phylogenetic analysis to provide evolutionary insights.
\nTAR-VIR is a non-reference based NGS analysis tool for the reconstruction of viral strains from metagenomic samples [46, 47]. It was developed to classify RNA viral reads from viral metagenomic data and also to produce the assembled viral strains (i.e. haplotypes) from classified reads. It mainly has two components: (1) viral read classification using partial or remotely related reference genomes and (2) de novo assembly of viral haplotypes from recruited reads with PEHaplo [47, 48], which is a haplotype reconstruction tool. As TAR-VIR has a modular structure, the users have options to use other assembly tools after read classification in step (1).
\nWhile variant discovery and identification tools play a critical role in determining the pathogen responsible for the infection, they are unable to determine the subtype or quasispecies that is responsible for the outbreak. Arboviruses exist as a mixed population of genomic variants due to rapid replication and the error prone nature of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) [47]. Monitoring virus genotype diversity is therefore crucial to understand the emergence and spread of outbreaks. Genotyping tools provide an efficient workflow to enable researchers and public health practitioners to determine the strain that is responsible for the outbreak.
\nMost free-access bioinformatics programs used to classify the genetic profile of subtypes, genotypes, subgroups or groups of viruses are based on the use of similarity search tools to determine the genotype of a new sequence. These genotyping tools use a set of reference sequence genomes, carefully selected for the purpose of representing each individual genotype. The use of a number of reference sequences representing the genotype of a given group increases the consistency and reproducibility of the data, thus ensuring a higher speed in the search for the data and offering greater and more complete information while ensuring that the results are not limited to an inadequate set of reference sequences that do not represent the information needed to identify the virus.
\nThe similarity-based methods are useful for identifying recombination patterns in viral sequences, but they need further confirmation of their own phylogenetic methods and have no statistical support for their results.
\nRecently [49], four viral genotyping tools for yellow fever (YFV) (https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/yellowfevervirus/), dengue (DENV) (https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/dengue/), Chikungunya (CHIKV) (https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/chikungunya/) and Zika (ZIKV) (https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/zika/) were developed and linked to genome detective to enable phylogenetic classification below species level [50, 51].
\nThe classification and annotation of virus genomes constitute important assets in the discovery of genomic variability, taxonomic characteristics and disease mechanisms. Existing classification methods are often designed for specific well-studied families of viruses [43]. Thus, the viral comparative genomic studies could benefit from more generic, fast and accurate tools for classifying and typing newly sequenced strains of diverse virus families.
\nCASTOR is a virus classification platform based on machine learning methods, inspired by a well-known technique in molecular biology: restriction fragment length polymorphism [52]. It simulates, in silico, the restriction digestion of genomic material by different enzymes into fragments. It uses two metrics to construct feature vectors for machine learning algorithms in the classification step. The performance of CASTOR, its genericity and robustness could permit the conduct of novel and accurate large-scale virus studies. The CASTOR web platform provides an open access, collaborative and reproducible machine learning classifiers. CASTOR can be accessed at (http://castor.bioinfo.uqam.ca).
\nPhylogenetic tools are an extremely important resource used in the field of virology to study viral evolution, trace the origin of epidemics, establish the mode of transmission, investigate the occurrence of drug resistance or determine the origin of the virus in different body compartments. Thus, the tools developed by bioinformatics are fundamental to monitor the evolution of viral diversity, supporting studies of genomic sequence analysis, crucial for the surveillance of viral polymorphism, the development of new therapeutic strategies, the development of vaccine products or the appropriate choice products. Toward the development of a global surveillance outbreak surveillance system, the advances below have been made.
\nNextstrain is a real-time pathogen evolution tracking platform that implements cutting-edge analysis and visualization of pathogen genome data [53]. It provides evolutionary information in the form of interactive visualizations to virologists, epidemiologists, public health officials and citizen scientists. It has been used to track various arboviral epidemics globally including West Nile Virus (WNV) in the Americas, Zika virus in 33 countries and Dengue virus outbreaks in 64 countries. The platform is continually updated with publicly available datasets to provide new insights into viral epidemic outbreaks globally in an intuitive and visually esthetic manner.
\nIn disease surveillance, understanding the effect of mutations detected in the viral genomes through the methods identified above is invaluable in the development of relevant controls and interventions [47]. Many of these mutations serve as drug targets as well as provide insights into the response mechanism of the pathogens to existing interventions. A global surveillance system would therefore be incomplete without the capability to provide insights to the function of discovered mutations. Below we explore some of the tools that have been applied to understand the functional relevance of mutations found in arboviruses.
\nThe SIFT algorithm predicts the effect of coding variants on protein function [54, 55]. Since its introduction in 2001, SIFT has become one of the standard tools for characterizing missense variation. It has a corresponding website that provides users with predictions on their variants.
\nAugmenting epidemiological data with insights from genomic data provides a powerful tool for surveillance and control of disease outbreaks. Advances in bioinformatics particularly leverage large genomic datasets to determine pathogenic organisms responsible for the outbreak, the origin of the infection and mutations responsible unique phenotypic traits. This information is crucial for effective planning interventions and combating outbreaks. An area of research interest that remains to be explored is the development of online platforms to perform functional analyses of statistically significant mutations in arboviruses. This information is invaluable in the development of vaccines and identification of drug targets.
\nThis work was supported by the ZiBRA2 project supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (SVS-MS) and the Pan American Organization (OPAS) and founded by Decit/SCTIE/MoH and CNPq (440685/2016-8 and 440856/2016-7); by CAPES (88887.130716/2016-2100, 88881.130825/2016-2100 and 88887.130823/2016-2100). MG is supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro—FAPERJ.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
RT-qPCRreal time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
\nNGSnext generation sequencing
\nDNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
\nRNAribonucleic acid
\nVIPvirus identification pipeline
\n\n
RdRpRNA-dependent RNA polymerase
\nYFVyellow fever virus
\nDENVdengue virus
\nCHIKVChikungunya virus
\nZIKVZika virus
\nWNVWest Nile virus
\nSIFTsorting intolerant from tolerant
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Lemamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60895",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76558",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:3069,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81517",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"61662",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78271",title:"The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker: Molecular Insights into HER2 Activation and Diagnostic Implications",slug:"the-human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-her2-as-a-prognostic-and-predictive-biomarker-molecular",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein. HER2 gene amplification and receptor overexpression, which occur in 15–20% of breast cancer patients, are important markers for poor prognosis. Moreover, HER2-positive status is considered a predictive marker of response to HER2 inhibitors including trastuzumab and lapatinib. Therefore, reliable HER2 determination is essential to determine the eligibility of breast cancer patients to targeted anti-HER2 therapies. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate important aspects of the HER2 receptor as well as the molecular consequences of its aberrant constitutive activation in breast cancer. In addition, we will present the methods that can be used for the evaluation of HER2 status at different levels (protein, RNA, and DNA level) in clinical practice.",book:{id:"6813",slug:"cancer-prognosis",title:"Cancer Prognosis",fullTitle:"Cancer Prognosis"},signatures:"Daniela Furrer, Claudie Paquet, Simon Jacob and Caroline Diorio",authors:null},{id:"67964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87963",title:"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Tumor Progression and Metastasis: Promoter or Protection?",slug:"protein-tyrosine-phosphatases-in-tumor-progression-and-metastasis-promoter-or-protection-",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, executed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major posttranslational protein modification in eukaryotic cells, causing them to become activated or deactivated. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a broad number of diseases, including cancer. Few decades ago, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were considered as tumor suppressors. However, nowadays, accumulating evidence demonstrates that a misregulation of PTP activities plays a crucial and decisive role in cancer progression and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the molecular aspects that support the crucial role of PTPs in cancer and in turn make them promising for prediction, monitoring, and rational appropriate therapy selection of individual patients.",book:{id:"8002",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis"},signatures:"Carmen V. Ferreira-Halder, Stefano Piatto Clerici, Alessandra V. Sousa Faria, Patrícia Fernandes de Souza Oliveira, Helon Guimarães Cordeiro and Erica Akagi",authors:[{id:"61709",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"carmen-ferreira",fullName:"Carmen Ferreira"},{id:"307647",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Piatto Clerici",slug:"stefano-piatto-clerici",fullName:"Stefano Piatto Clerici"},{id:"307648",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Alessandra",middleName:"V. S.",surname:"Faria",slug:"alessandra-faria",fullName:"Alessandra Faria"},{id:"307649",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"patricia-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Oliveira"},{id:"307650",title:"MSc.",name:"Helon",middleName:null,surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"helon-cordeiro",fullName:"Helon Cordeiro"},{id:"307651",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",slug:"erica-akagi",fullName:"Erica Akagi"}]},{id:"55760",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69397",title:"Exosomes and Their Role in Viral Infections",slug:"exosomes-and-their-role-in-viral-infections",totalDownloads:2396,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Exosomes are excretory nano-vesicles that are formed by the cell’s endocytic system and shed from the surface of almost all types of cells. These tiny extracellular vesicles, once thought to be “garbage bags for cells,” carry a wide variety of molecules of cellular origin, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs, that are selectively incorporated during the formation of exosomes. Exosomes are now known to play a central role in several important biological processes such as cellular communication, intercellular transfer of bioactive molecules, and immune modulation. Recent advances in the field have shown that a number of animal viruses can exploit the exosomal pathway by incorporating specific cellular or viral factors within exosomes, in order to modulate the cellular microenvironment and influence downstream processes such as host immunity and virus spread. In this chapter, we provide an overview of our current understanding of exosome biogenesis and how this normal physiological process is hijacked by some pathogenic viruses. Viral components that appear to be selectively incorporated into exosomes and the potential role of these exosomes in viral pathogenesis are discussed. Identifying viral signatures in exosomes and their mode of action is fundamental for any future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for viral infections.",book:{id:"5793",slug:"novel-implications-of-exosomes-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cancer-and-infectious-diseases",title:"Novel Implications of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases",fullTitle:"Novel Implications of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases"},signatures:"Gulfaraz Khan, Waqar Ahmed and Pretty S. Philip",authors:[{id:"199889",title:"Prof.",name:"Gulfaraz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"gulfaraz-khan",fullName:"Gulfaraz Khan"},{id:"201764",title:"Mr.",name:"Waqar",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"waqar-ahmed",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed"},{id:"201766",title:"Ms.",name:"Pretty",middleName:null,surname:"Philip",slug:"pretty-philip",fullName:"Pretty Philip"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60895",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2805,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"70898",title:"MicroRNA: A Signature for Cancer Diagnostics",slug:"microrna-a-signature-for-cancer-diagnostics",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Various tools and techniques are being used for the diagnosis of cancer, but not a sole technique provides powerful result at the very early stages of cancer. This provides the need for type of tools which could detect cancer at early stages so that survival rate could be augmented. There are various diagnostic ways to identify cancer, but in each case, there are always circumstances to compromise on the sensitivity. In this framework, a new and more advanced approach of diagnosis for cancer is microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are conserved regions among humans and animals, and their synthesis takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm. There are several types of microRNAs that could be upregulated and downregulated in various cancers. A cancer cell could be identified by measurement of the expression pattern of miRNA. By examining the expression level for different types of cancers, miRNA can be used as biomarker for early detection of cancer in human beings.",book:{id:"9172",slug:"current-cancer-treatment",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment"},signatures:"Ayesha Siddiqua, Sumaira Kousar, Amer Jamil, Riaz Tabassum, Tariq Mehmood and Nusrat Shafiq",authors:null},{id:"63685",title:"A Molecular Link between the Circadian Clock, DNA Damage Responses, and Oncogene Activation",slug:"a-molecular-link-between-the-circadian-clock-dna-damage-responses-and-oncogene-activation",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circadian clocks enhance the efficiency and survival of living things by organizing their behavior and body functions. There has been a long history of research seeking a link between circadian clock and tumorigenesis. Studies of animal models and human tumor samples have revealed that the dysregulation of circadian clocks is an important endogenous factor causing mammalian cancer development. The core circadian clock regulators have been implicated in the control of both the cell cycle and DNA damage responses (DDR). Conversely, several intracellular signaling cascades that play important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and the DDR also contribute to circadian clock regulation. This review describes selected regulatory aspects of circadian clocks, providing evidence of a molecular link of the circadian clocks with cellular DDR.",book:{id:"7281",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",fullTitle:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis"},signatures:"Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida, Junko Izawa and Jun Hirayama",authors:[{id:"246364",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Hirayama",slug:"jun-hirayama",fullName:"Jun Hirayama"}]},{id:"67447",title:"Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma",slug:"molecular-pathogenesis-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma",totalDownloads:3830,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Oral carcinogenesis is a molecular and histological multistage process featuring genetic and phenotypic molecular markers which involves enhanced function of several protooncogenes, oncogenes and/or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in the over activity of growth factors and its cell surface receptors, which could enhance messenger signaling intracellularly, and/or leads to the increased production of transcription factors. Alone oncogenes are not responsible for carcinogenesis, genes having tumor suppressor activity, leads to a phenotypic change in cell which is responsible for increased cell proliferation, loss of cellular cohesion, and the ability to infiltrate local tissue and spread to distant sites. Understanding the molecular interplay of both onco and tumor genes will allow more accurate diagnosis and assessment of prognosis, which might lead the way for novel approaches to treatment.",book:{id:"8211",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma-hallmark-and-treatment-modalities",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",fullTitle:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Hallmark and Treatment Modalities"},signatures:"Anshi Jain",authors:[{id:"280692",title:"Dr.",name:"Anshi",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"anshi-jain",fullName:"Anshi Jain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"428",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82682",title:"Soft Tissue Tumors: Molecular Pathology and Diagnosis",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-molecular-pathology-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104096",abstract:"Tumors of mesenchymal origin, also called soft tissue tumors, include tumor from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, vessels and nerves, which are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms, and accounts for about 1% of all malignant tumors. They are uncommon tumors in routine practice, with complex tumorigenesis. Due to the recent advance in molecular pathology, we got a major achievement in the understanding of these tumors at the gene level, which makes the diagnosis and prognosis of this type of tumor more accurate and comfortable. This chapter will cover some molecular pathology and diagnosis of soft tissue and bone tumors.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Frank Y. Shan, Huanwen Wu, Dingrong Zhong, Di Ai, Riyam Zreik and Jason H. Huang"},{id:"82354",title:"Introductory Chapter: Soft Tissue Tumors of the Eye",slug:"introductory-chapter-soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-eye",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105735",abstract:null,book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Gloria Yum and Hilal Arnouk"},{id:"82233",title:"Effect of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Prostate Cancer (Review)",slug:"effect-of-metabolic-syndrome-in-patients-with-prostate-cancer-review",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105357",abstract:'The human prostate gland is an endocrine organ in which dysregulation of various hormonal factors plays a key role in the development of non-tissue transformation and leads to the formation of prostate cancer. Existing epidemiological data confirm the role of the components of the metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia, in the development and/or progression of prostate cancer. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer remain largely unknown, it has been shown that various \\"in vitro\\" and animal experiments with models of the metabolic syndrome contribute to survival, mitogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance pathways through various adaptive reactions, such as intracellular steroidogenesis and lipogenesis. Although the exact biopathophysiological mechanisms between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer have yet to be studied, drugs that target specific components of the metabolic syndrome have also provided evidence for the relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and prostate cancer. The appearance of “in vitro” results and molecular genetic research data will bring us closer to using this knowledge to determine specific ways of cancer-specific survival and improve treatment outcomes in patients with this disease.',book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Maxim N. Peshkov, Galina P. Peshkova and Igor V. Reshetov"},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",abstract:"Worldwide, prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of morbidity and cancer-related mortality in men. The pathogenesis of PCa is complex and involves abnormal genetic changes, abrogation of cell growth with heterogeneous progression and predictive subgroups. In the last two decades there have been the exploration and development of molecular and genetic biomarkers for PCa due to limitations of traditional serum biomarkers such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) in screening and diagnosis. These biomarkers could possibly differentiate between PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and healthy controls as well as assist with prognosis, risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Such molecular biomarkers include serum (PHI and 4K score), urine (PCA3 and SelectMDx), and tumor tissue (Oncoytype DX, Decipher and Prolarix). microRNAs (miRNAs) deregulation where there is increased or decreased expression levels, constitute prospective non-invasive molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. There are also other emerging molecular biomarkers such as exosomal miRNAs and proteins that are in various stages of development and clinical research. This review is intended to provide a wide-ranging appraisal of the literature on current and emerging PCa biomarkers with robust evidence to afford their application in clinical research and by extension routine clinical practice.",book:{id:"10661",title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg"},signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane"},{id:"81809",title:"Imaging of Benign Soft-Tissue Tumors",slug:"imaging-of-benign-soft-tissue-tumors",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104320",abstract:"Soft-tissue tumors account for less than 4% of all tumors in adult patients and 7–10% of all tumors in pediatric age group. The majority of these tumors are benign in nature (more than 99%). Different imaging modalities play a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these tumors. In this chapter, we will try to cover the imaging appearances of different benign soft-tissue tumors and to demonstrate the differentiation features. In addition, we will demonstrate a systematic approach for the characterization of soft-tissue masses based on different imaging appearances.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed D. Abdulwahab"},{id:"80160",title:"Soft-Tissue Tumors of the Head and Neck Region",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-head-and-neck-region",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102026",abstract:"Fibroblastic and myofibroblastic neoplasms in the head and neck region are a rare group of tumors ranging from benign lesions to malignant lesions. Due to the difficult anatomy of the head and neck region, even neoplasms without metastatic potential can pose significant therapeutic challenges in this region. In this section, the most common soft-tissue neoplasms in the head and neck region will be discussed.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmet Baki"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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