\r\n\tFrequently, bullous diseases are misdiagnosed, and the precise diagnosis requires a skilled dermatologist. Nowadays, histopathology is the standard method which requires supplemented methods including direct immunofluorescence (DIF) confirming the origin and location of autoantibody. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) is filled up with ELISA allowing the precise type of autoantibody playing the mainstay role in the pathogenesis of a disease. Follow up of serum titer of autoantibody is important in the management of disease, especially in pemphigus group. Established time of free clinical appearance and negative detection of autoantibody using ELISA or IIF allow confirming a loss of production of autoantibody using DIF. Negative results in these examinations allow discontinuing the immunosuppressive therapy in patients with pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid groups. In dermatitis herpetiformis, the pathogenesis differs, and the immunosuppressive therapy and/or gluten-free diet should be used for the whole lifetime. The book will provide a comprehensive overview of the current diagnostic skills and methods, management of immunosuppressive therapy and topical therapy, which may allow decreasing the systemic administration of immunosuppressive medications.
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1. Introduction
Health psychology explores different ways in the pursuit of getting people to embrace health promotion, illness prevention and health maintenance. As a speciality, health psychology examines how biological, psychological and social factors influence people’s behaviour about their health status. The aim of this chapter is to examine possible contributory connections between bio-psychosocial factors and health at the population level. The book explores bio-psychosocial model which can help individuals to develop and maintain healthy lifestyles so as to promote good health and prevent illness. Friedman and Adler [1] noted that the original bio-psychosocial model shaped not only research and theory on health but also the development of health psychology.
2. Definitions
2.1 Health
Kazarian and Evans [2] suggest that people commonly think about health in terms of an absence of (1) objective signs that the body is not functioning properly and (2) subjective symptoms of disease or injury, such as pain or nausea. World Health Organization defined health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1946 cited in [3]:4). Some health psychologists defined health as a positive state of physical, mental and social well-being not simply the absence of injury or disease that varies over time along a continuum [4]. At the wellness end of the continuum, health is the dominant state. At the other end of the continuum, the dominant state is illness or injury, in which destructive processes produce characteristic signs, symptoms or disabilities [4]. For further detail, see Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Health (source: adopted from Sarafino [4]).
2.2 Health psychology
Health psychology is a speciality within the discipline of psychology concerned with individual behaviours and lifestyles affecting physical health. The discipline strives to enhance health, prevent and treat disease, identify risk factors and improve the healthcare system public opinion regarding health issues [5]. Matarazzo in 1980 (as cited in [3]:4) offered a definition of health psychology which has become widely accepted:
Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and the analysis and improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.
2.3 The goals of health psychology
Sarafino ([4]:11) mentioned the following goals of health psychology as to:
Promote and maintain health
Prevent and treat illness
Identify the causes and diagnosis correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction
Analyse and improve healthcare systems and health policy
2.4 Background of health psychology to public health
The recognition of health psychology as a designated field is widely acknowledged. The relationship between mind and body and the effect of one upon the other has always been a controversial topic amongst philosophers, psychologists and physiologists. Within psychology, the development of the study of psychosomatic disorders owes much to Freud [3]. It has been observed in the recent studies that more deaths are caused now by heart disease, cancer and strokes which are by-product of changes in lifestyles in the twentieth century. Psychologists can be instrumental in investigating and influencing lifestyles and behaviours which are conducive or detrimental to good health [3].
2.5 Health behaviours
Health behaviour is part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding ill health. These are known as protective health behaviours. Health protective behaviours include the following categories:
Environmental hazard avoidance—avoiding areas of pollution or crime.
Harmful substance avoidance—not smoking or drinking alcohol.
Health practices—sleeping enough, eating sensibly and so forth.
Preventive health care—dental check-ups and smear tests.
Safety practices—repairing things, keeping first aid kits and emergency telephone numbers handy.
Although most of us are familiar with the need to engage in these health behaviours, only a few of us actually do so, and that is what we need to work on to remind people of adopting a better health lifestyles. Many other researchers such as Berg (1976 as cited in Pitts, 1998) asserted that most people are aware of which health behaviours should be engaged in; however, they frequently do not do so, and they instead do engage in activities which they know to be harmful to their health. It is this cantankerousness which psychologists have spent a great deal of time examining. The dilemma for health psychologists is to explain why some or many people do not do what they know is in their own best interest to do and why some people are more amenable to the adoption of healthy habits than others.
This chapter is therefore in support of a consistent focus on the role of knowledge in informing people of the risks to themselves that certain behaviours can engender. Pitts [3] reported studies that examining a range of issues relevant to health such as smoking, drug-taking, medical checks and adopting safer sex have fairly consistently shown that knowledge, by itself, does not lead to behaviour change. The only question left to ask is: So what is required, other than knowledge, to persuade people to look after their health? This question is the guiding principle to understand the role of health psychology in persuading people to look after their health informed by bio-psychosocial model.
2.6 Models of health
It is generally recognized that there are two models of health, namely, biomedical and bio-psychosocial models. Biomedical model focuses on treatment and elimination of symptoms, while bio-psychosocial model focuses on individual’s perception of their symptoms and how they and their families respond to symptoms they are experiencing [6]. Also Deacon [7] asserts that under the biomedical model, illnesses were understood as having physiological aetiologies that were diagnosed through distinct biochemical markers and were to be treated through physical interventions. This chapter however is primarily focusing only on the bio-psychosocial models of health. Its founder, Engel [8], discovered that bio-psychosocial model represents the contribution of biological, psychological and social factors in determining health. Table 1 shows the differences between the two models.
Focal area
Biomedical model
Bio-psychosocial model
What causes illness?
Biological factors (chemical imbalances, bacteria, viruses and genetic predisposition)
Biological (virus), psychological (beliefs, behaviour) and social (unemployment)
Who is responsible for illness?
Individuals are regarded as victims of some external force causing internal changes. Because illness is seen as a result of biological changes beyond their control, individuals are not seen as responsible for their illness
Individuals should be held responsible for his/her health and illness
How should illness be treated?
Through vaccination, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, all of which aim to change the physical state of the body
The whole person should be treated, e.g. behaviour change, change in beliefs and coping strategies and compliance with medical recommendations
Who is responsible for treatment?
The responsibility for treatment rests with the medical profession
The focus is the whole person to be treated not just their physical illness; the patient is therefore responsible for their treatment (e.g. taking the medication or changing their behaviour)
What is the relationship between health and illness?
Health and illness are seen as qualitatively different—you are either healthy or ill—there is no continuum between the two
Health and illness exist on a continuum. Individuals progress along this continuum from health to illness and back again
What is the relationship between the mind and the body?
The mind and body function independently of each other. In other words, the mind and body are separate entities
The focus is on an interaction between the mind and the body. The mind and body interact
What is the role of psychology in health and illness?
Illness may have psychological consequences, but not psychological causes (e.g. cancer may cause unhappiness, but mood is not seen as related to either the onset or progression of the cancer)
Psychological factors not only as possible consequences of illness but as contributing to it at all stages along the continuum from healthy to being ill
Table 1.
Comparing biomedical and bio-psychosocial models of health.
Within health psychology one model that has enjoyed considerable popularity is the ‘stress-diathesis’ model (Steptoe cited in [3]) which is currently called bio-psychosocial model. This model was first described by G.L. Engel in 1977. It emphasizes the interactive effect of environment and individual vulnerability (genetic and psychological characteristics) factors upon health [3]. According to bio-psychosocial model, psychological, physical and social threats present demands upon an individual’s resources and capacity for coping which give rise to physiological reactions involving the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and endocrine and immune system of the body.
The effects include both short-term and long-term components, and these may have consequences on health depending upon the individual’s predisposition or vulnerability to adverse effects. Vulnerable individuals develop chronic allostatic reactions such as reduced immunocompetence or exaggerated sympathetic activation of the ANS or increased secretion of adrenal hormones. Physiological reactions of these types have been implicated in the development of many disease states, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases susceptibility to infections [3]. The following section presents the strengths and critical views of bio-psychosocial model.
2.7 Strengths of bio-psychosocial model
Bio-psychosocial model benefits the patients and healthcare system as revealed by research [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]:
Guiding application of medical knowledge to the needs of each patient.
Improved patient satisfaction, better adherence to prescriptions, more maintained behaviour change, better physical and psychological health and less of a tendency to initiate malpractice litigations.
Development and application of techniques to reduce health risk behaviour.
Reduce multiple visits and admission into hospitals.
Individuals with health challenges are acknowledged to be active participants in the recovery process and good health, rather than mere passive victims.
Increase efficiency of care by reducing unnecessary prescription of drugs (i.e. diabetes and other chronic conditions).
Development of psychological techniques in the strengthening of immune reaction to illness.
Bio-psychosocial model can be used as a predictor of pain and other psychosocial problems resulting into development appropriate prevention and intervention strategies.
Improvement of communication between health staff and the patients.
Development and introduction of programmes of life quality improvement for chronic patients, physically disabled individuals and the elderly patients.
A significant influence on contemporary understanding of mental health difficulties.
Development and application of psychosocial support for the terminally ill patients and their families.
2.8 Critical views of bio-psychosocial model
A list of critical views of bio-psychosocial model has been noted in literature [9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18] as follows:
Time-consuming and expensive apply.
It requires more information be gathered during the assessment about an individual’s socioeconomic status, culture, religion, as well as psychological factors that might affect the individual’s condition.
There is a lack of theoretical basis of bio-psychosocial model and scientific evidence to support the model.
The complex relations between causes and effects of biological, psychological and social factors to influence the state of health and or occurrence of diseases.
The holistic nature of the bio-psychosocial model makes it a luxury many healthcare systems in resource-poor settings cannot afford.
Insufficient training opportunities or financial resources available to support the existence of multidisciplinary teams consisting of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, mental health nurses and social welfare workers to allow for a full understanding of the biological, psychological and social factors involved in individual’s condition.
The model’s failure to provide straightforward guidelines for clinical treatment or rules for prioritization in clinical practice.
Medical students receive very limited amount of content in psychosocial subjects compared to biomedical-oriented courses.
3. Conclusion
The focus of this chapter was mainly on integrating bio-psychosocial model in public health discipline. Authors like Nadir et al. [12] found that bio-psychosocial model has been a mainstay in the ideal practice of modern medicine. It is attributed to improve patient care, compliance and satisfaction and to reduce physician-patient conflict. Both strengths and critical views of bio-psychosocial model were presented in the chapter. Even though it appears that patients and healthcare system are likely to benefit from the utilization of bio-psychosocial model, further research is still needed to determine whether or not bio-psychosocial model is a workable model in healthcare system to benefit all patients. In particular, more knowledge about how psychosocial factors can influence health and disease remain unclear to most public health professionals.
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University of Namibia, Namibia
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Gqeba",slug:"z.-gqeba"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68653",title:"Implementation of Elliptic Curve25519 in Cryptography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88614",slug:"implementation-of-elliptic-curve25519-in-cryptography",body:'
1. Introduction
Curve25519 is an elliptic curve in Montgomery form with base field Fp and p = 2255–19. In [1], Bernstein explains its design implementation, which is claimed to be highly secure and efficient. It is, for example, used in the key exchange scheme of TextSecure for Instant Messaging [2]. The advantage of using this curve is that for some point operations, we can use only the x-coordinate, which simplifies the computations and also saves storage.
In previous papers we have presented implementations of elliptic curves in Weierstrass form in a binary field: the implementation of a binary field arithmetic operation algorithm [3, 4] and the implementation of the simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (S-ECIES) in a binary field [5]. In the current paper, we present the implementation of Curve25519 in S-ECIES, thus showing that Curve25519 can also serve other purposes than key exchange.
2. Elliptic curve Montgomery form
Before defining Curve25519, we will give some basic theory on elliptic curves. This paper is only concerned with elliptic curves in Montgomery form, not Weierstrass form. An elliptic curve over Fp in Montgomery form is defined by the equation.
By2=x3+Ax2+x,E1
where A(B2 − 4) ≠ 0.
On the points of the elliptic curve, we may define point addition, negation, and doubling. We define point negation as follows: let E be an elliptic curve over Fp and point P(x,y) be a point on E. We define point negation of P as –P(x, −y). Let P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) be two distinct points on E. Then the point addition is P+Q(x3,y3), where
x3=λ2−A−x1−x2,y3=λx1−x3−y1andλ=y2−y1/x2−x1. If P = Q, then the doubling point P + P is 2P(x4,y4), where
x4=λ2−A−2x1,y4=λx1−x4−y1E2
and λ=3x12+2Ax1+1/2By1.
The points on the elliptic curve along with point at infinity O form a commutative group with point addition as its operation.
We define scalar point multiplication as follows: given a positive integer m, scalar point mP is defined by mP = P+P+...+P (m times addition of P).
The advantage of using Montgomery form rather than Weierstrass form is that in Montgomery form, it is possible to operate without y-coordinates.
Elliptic curve operation in Montgomery form without y-coordinates can be done as follows [6]: let (X:Y:Z) be the projective representation of point P(x,y) in E, define nP = (Xn:Yn:Zn), and write (x,y) as (X/Z,Y/Z). It is clear that (m+n)P = mP+nP. If Pm(x1,y1) = mP and Pn(x2,y2) = nP, x1 = Xm/Zm and x2 = Xn/Zn, then point addition is Pm+Pn (x3,y3) = (m+n)P, where x3 = Xm+n/Zm+n and
Xm+n=Xm−ZmXn+Zn+Xm+ZmXn−Zn2E3
Zm+n=Xm−ZmXn+Zn−Xm+ZmXn−Zn2E4
Point doubling is 2Pn(x4,y4) = 2nP = P2n, where x4 = X2n/Z2n and
X2n=Xn+Zn2Xn−Zn2E5
Z2n=4XnZnXn+Zn2+A−2/4∗4XnZn,4XnZn=Xn+Zn2−Xn−Zn2E6
Based on the work by Okeya and Sakurai reported in [7], we can recover the y-coordinate in projective coordinates. Let P(x,y), P1(x1,y1), P2(x2,y2) be points on a Montgomery-form elliptic curve. Express P1 = (X1/Z1,Y1/Z1), P2 = (X2/Z2, Y2/Z2), and define X1rec, X2rec, X3rec as follows:
X1rec=2ByZ1Z2X1E7
Y1rec=Z2X1+xZ1+2AZ1X1x+Z1−2AZ12−X1−xZ12X2E8
Z1rec=2ByZ1Z2Z1E9
Assuming P2 = P1+P, then in projective coordinates the relation X1rec:Y1rec:Z1rec=X1:Y1:Z1 holds.
3. Curve25519 and simplified ECIES
Curve25519 is the elliptic curve of Montgomery form
y2=x2+486662x2+xE10
on Fp2, where p is the prime number 2255-19. Based on Bernstein’s paper [1], there are two subgroups of Curve25519 with large-size order, i.e., {O} ∪ {E(Fp2) ∩ (Fp×Fp)} with size order 8 × (2252 + 277423177773723535358 51937790883648493) and {O} ∪ {E(Fp2) ∩ (Fp × √2Fp)} with size order 4 × (2253–5548463555474470 7071703875581767296995).
S-ECIES is based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem described as follows [8]: let p be a prime number larger than 3. Let E be an elliptic curve over Fp such that E contains a cyclic subgroup H, generated by P, of prime order m. The plaintext space is Fp* and the ciphertext space is (Fp × F2) × Fp*. The key space is L = {(E, P, Q, n, m): Q = nP}. Curve E and points P, Q, and m become public keys, and n becomes the private key.
For every a ∈ Fp* and a secret number k ∈ [1, n − 1], the encryption function is
eak=Point−CompresskPa.a0modp∈Fp×F2×Fp*,E11
where a0 ≠ 0 is the absis of kQ.
For every (V, c) ∈ (Fp × F2) × Fp*, the decryption function is
dVc=cx0−1,E12
where (x0, y0) is the coordinate of Point-Decompress(V).
We know that the groups {O} ∪ {E(Fp2) ∩ (Fp × Fp)} and {O} ∪ {E(Fp2) ∩ (Fp × √2Fp)} are finite with group size at 8 × p1 and 4 × p2, respectively, for some primes p1 and p2. Hence, E contains a subgroup with prime order; therefore, Curve25519 can be implemented in ECIES.
4. Implementation
In this section, we will give several algorithms in Curve25519 for implementation in S-ECIES, i.e., Montgomery ladder, point compression, point decompression, and others.
An advantage of using an elliptic curve in Montgomery form is that Montgomery ladder can be used for scalar point multiplication.
Algorithm 1 Montgomery Ladder.
INPUT: scalar n, point P
OUTPUT: nP
R0 ←O
R1 ← P
for i ←m down to 0
if di = 0
R1←R0+R1(Point Addition)
R0←2R0 (Point Doubling)
else
R0←R0+R1 (Point Addition)
R1←2R1 (Point Doubling)
end if
end for
return(R0)
Now, we can talk about point compression and point decompression in Curve25519. The algorithm for point compression is straightforward from the existence of two points with the same x-coordinate on an elliptic curve, but with a different y-coordinate, i.e., point (x,y) and point (x,-y), which is equal to point (x,p-y). Because p is odd prime, if y is an odd number, then p-y is an even number and vice versa. Hence, we can compress point (x,y) by (x, y mod 2), of which the possible result is (x,0) or (x,1).
Remember that in Curve25519 the y-coordinate is defined when y is not a quadratic residue or (x,y√2). By the same argument, if (x,y√2) is on E, then (x-(p-y) √2) is also on E. However, before we can compress a point with form (x,y√2), we have to divide the y-coordinate with √2 to avoid problems in real computation. Then, the possible result when we compress the point with form (x,y√2) is also (x,0) or (x, 1).
Algorithm 2. Point Compression
INPUT: Point(x,y).
OUTPUT: Point(x,i)
if y quadratic residue modulo p then
i←y mod 2
return (x,i)
else
y←y/√2.
i←y mod 2
return (x,i)
end if
The inverse algorithm for point compression is point decompression, i.e., recalling the “real” y-coordinate from point compression.
Algorithm 3. Point Decompression.
INPUT Point (x,i).
OUTPUT Point (x,y)
z← x3+486662x2+x
if z quadratic residue modulo p then
y←√z mod p
if y = i mod 2 then
return (x,y)
else
return(x,p-y)
end
else
z←z/2 mod p
y←√z mod p
if y = i mod 2 then
return (x,y√2)
else
return(x,(p-y)√2)
end
end
The next algorithms are used to recover the y-coordinate in elliptic curve Montgomery form, because we need it in ECIES.
Now we can give the algorithms for encryption and decryption. For a point generator P in Curve25519 that has a prime order n, if Alice sends message x to Bob with private key m so Q = mP, then Alice encrypts the message with the following algorithm:
Algorithm 4. Encryption in Simplified ECIES
INPUT: Plaintext a
OUPUT: Ciphertext (V(x1,y1),c)
k←random([1,n-1])
R(x1,z1)←(k-1)P
Q(x2,z2)←R(x1,y1)+P
R(y1) ←Recovery-Y(P,R(x1,z1),Q(x2,z2))
U(x3,y3) ←R+P
V(x3,y3)←Point-Compression(U(x3,y3))
V(x4,y4) ←kQ
y←x0.a
return(V(x3,y3),y)
Note that in the above algorithm in line 4, there is the command “Recovery-Y.” This command is based on Okeya and Sakurai [7].
If Bob wants to read the actual message from Alice, then Bob decrypts Alice’s message using the following algorithm:
Algorithm 5. Decryption in Simplified ECIES.
INPUT: Ciphertext(y1,y2)
OUTPUT: Plaintext a
(x0,y0) ←mPoint-Decompress(y1)
a←x0−1
b←y2a
return b
Since this elliptic curve contains a cyclic subgroup of prime order, it is possible to apply S-ECIES. For example, fix base point P(X:Y:Z) with X = 9, Z = 1 (because in Curve25519, z1 always has a value of 1), and the y-coordinate can be chosen randomly between odd and even integers that satisfy y2 = x3 + 486662x2 + x. The chosen base point P has prime point order, with point order m = 2252 + 2774231777737235353585 937790883648493. Hence, the curve can be implemented in S-ECIES.
Then, we choose a random integer, k, between 1 and m-1. Then, scalar multiplication of k with point x = 9 by using the Montgomery ladder algorithm produces kP(Xk::Zk), and by using a y-coordinate recovery algorithm we can get kP(Xk:Yk:Zk). After that, we convert the projective coordinates to affine coordinates to get kP(Xk/Zk,Yk/Zk), and we use Point-Compress(kP). Then the y-coordinate of ciphertext is the multiplication of plaintext x with x3, where we get x3 from kQ = (x3,y3). Since we only use the x-coordinate of kQ, we can use Montgomery ladder with scalar k and point Q = nP.
For decryption, we first decompress V(x1,y1) and then use private key n to get scalar multiplication nV, using only the Montgomery ladder algorithm. The last step is multiplying the y-coordinate of ciphertext with the inverse of the x-coordinate of nV to get the plaintext x. This inverse exists, because we are working in a prime field and the x-coordinate of V is not zero.
Now, we discuss arithmetic in Fp with p = 2255–19. There are two operations in Fp, addition and multiplication. However, in Fp with p = 2255–19, it is not that easy. Bernstein [1] used radix 225.5, which is a polynomial with form ∑αixi with i is a number between 0 and 9 and αi is a multiple of 2[25.5i] (where [x] is the smallest integer that is larger than x) and αi/2[25.5i] is an integer between −225 and 225. With the restriction that if i is an odd number then αi/2[25.5i] is between −224 and 224, while if i is an even number then αi/2[25.5i] is between −225 and 225, therefore, every element in Fp with p = 2255–19 can be converted in radix polynomial form. The following algorithm converts integers to radix as follows:
Algorithm 6. Integers to radix 225.5
INPUT: n
OUTPUT: R(x)
d←BINARY(n)
p←LENGTH(d)
a←0
while p > 26 do
if a = 0 mod 2 then
p←p-26
ka←26
else
p←p-25
ka←25
end
a ←a+1
end
sum←ZEROS(1,a)
ka←p-1
for i←1 to p do
if d(i)=1 then
sum(a) ←sum(a)+2ka
end
end
for i←a-1 downto 0 do
l←ki-1
for j←p+1 to p+ki do
if d(j)=1 then
sum(i) ←sum(i)+2l
end
l←l-1
end
p←p+ki
end
g(x) ←(sum(0)+...+sum(a)xa)
Return g(x)
From the above algorithm, first convert the integer to binary representation, and then from the right partition every 26,25,26,25,...,k, with 0 ≤ k ≤ 25, as an example of an integer with length of binary representation is 231, then partition from the right 26,25,26,25,26,25,26,25,26,1. Every partition states the value sum of d(i)2i−1, with d(i) is the value of the order of the binary representation that is either 0 or 1. Also, the j-th partition is the coefficient of xj−1.
Example: Suppose we have a 15-digit number, 325606250916557, which has binary representation “1001010000010001100 01110 01110 11000 01010 10110 01101.” For integers, 325606250916557 has two partitions, i.e., 00111011000010101011001101 and 10010100000100011000111. Therefore, the coefficient of x0 is 0.225 + 0.224 + 1.223 + ... + 0.21 + 1.20, which if we calculated would be the value 15477453. In the same way, coefficient x1 would be the value 4851911. Thus, the number 325606250916557 represented by radix 225.5 would be 4851911x + 15477453. Also, we can use.
addition and multiplication in radix 225.5.
After we have converted any integer, there is an additional problem when the coefficient of radix 225.5 exceeds our definition. For this problem, Bernstein [1] has already provided a solution.
5. Applications
Communication systems in the future are expected to interact between diverse types of devices. This allows the user to construct a personal distributed environment using a combination of different communication technologies. The security of transmitted data between these devices is a very important aspect.
Nowadays instant messaging is popular for personal and business communications instead of short messages (SMS) on mobile devices. However, most mobile messaging applications do not protect confidentiality or message integrity. Supervision over private communications conducted by the NSA motivates many people to use alternative messaging solutions for security and privacy of communication on the Internet. A messaging app that claims to be secure instant messaging and has attracted a lot of attention is TextSecure.
Elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) is a public-key cryptography suitable for use in environments with limited resources such as mobile devices and smart cards. In cryptography, Curve25519 is an elliptic curve that offers 128 security bits and is designed for use in the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement key design scheme. This curve is one of the fastest ECC curves and more resistant to the weak number random generator.
In the TextSecure application, Curve25519 is used for key exchanges and authentication. However, in this paper we show that Curve25519 can also be implemented in simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (S-ECIES). Therefore Curve25519 serves for key exchange, authentication, encryption, and decryption. As Curve25519 is built in such a way as to avoid potential attacks on implementation and avoid side channel attacks and random number generator issues, one may expect more secure communication systems.
6. Conclusion
The curve being used in this paper is y2 = x3 + 48666x2 + x, a Montgomery curve, over the prime field 2255–19. This protocol uses elliptic point compression (only the X-abscissa), allowing for efficient use of Montgomery ladder for ECDH, which uses only XZ coordinates.
In this research we develop efficient algorithms for elliptic curve cryptography using Curve25519 which is implemented in security of instant messaging.
Several algorithms have been established for the implementation of Curve25519 in simplified ECIES: Montgomery ladder for scalar point multiplication, point compression and point decompression, encryption and decryption in simplified ECIES, and the algorithm integer to radix for the arithmetic in Fp with p = 2255–19.
In a future research, implementation of Curve25519 in Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm may be attempted.
Acknowledgments
This research is funded by Hibah Riset KK ITB 2017.
\n',keywords:"elliptic curve, cryptography, Montgomery ladder, integrated encryption scheme",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68653.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/68653.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68653",totalDownloads:282,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 24th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"August 20th 2019",datePublished:"February 26th 2020",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Bernstein’s design implementation of elliptic Curve25519 in key exchange is claimed to be highly secure and efficient. This curve is, for example, used in the key exchange scheme of TextSecure for Instant Messaging. In this paper, we present an implementation of elliptic Curve25519 in the simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme, thus showing that elliptic Curve25519 can also serve other purposes than key exchange. The curve is in Montgomery form, which makes it possible to use Montgomery ladder. Point compression, point decompression, encryption, and decryption algorithms are presented for the simplified Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68653",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68653",signatures:"Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah and Yanuar Bhakti Wira Tama",book:{id:"8039",title:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",slug:"theorizing-stem-education-in-the-21st-century",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",bookSignature:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8039.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"267912",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehdinga George",middleName:null,surname:"Fomunyam",slug:"kehdinga-george-fomunyam",fullName:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"299438",title:"Dr.",name:"Intan",middleName:null,surname:"Muchtadi-Alamsyah",fullName:"Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah",slug:"intan-muchtadi-alamsyah",email:"ntan@math.itb.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"306265",title:"Mr.",name:"Yanuar Bhakti Wira",middleName:null,surname:"Tama",fullName:"Yanuar Bhakti Wira Tama",slug:"yanuar-bhakti-wira-tama",email:"bhaktiyanuar32@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Elliptic curve Montgomery form",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Curve25519 and simplified ECIES",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Implementation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bernstein DJ. Curve25519: New Diffie-Hellman speed records in Public Key Cryptography—PKC, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3958. New York, USA: Springer; 2006. pp. 207-228'},{id:"B2",body:'Frosch T, Mainka C, Bader C, Bergsma F, Schwenk J, Holz T. How Secure is TextSecure? Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2014/904. 2014. Available from: https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/904'},{id:"B3",body:'Maulana M, Senjaya WF, Rahardjo B, Muchtadi-Alamsyah I, Paryasto MW. Implementation of finite field arithmetic operations for polynomial and normal basis representations. In: Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Computation for Science and Technology. 2015. pp. 129-134'},{id:"B4",body:'Paryasto MW, Rahardjo B, Yuliawan F, Muchtadi-Alamsyah I, Kuspriyanto. Composite field multiplier based on look-up table for elliptic curve cryptography implementation. ITB Journal of Information and Communication Technology. 2012;6(1):63-81'},{id:"B5",body:'Susantio DR, Muchtadi-Alamsyah I. Implementation of elliptic curve cryptography in binary field. Journal of Physics Conference Series. 2016;710:012022'},{id:"B6",body:'Montgomery PL. Speeding the Pollard and elliptic curve methods of factorization. Mathematics of Computation. 1987;48:243-264'},{id:"B7",body:'Okeya JK, Sakurai K. Efficient elliptic curve cryptosystems from a scalar multiplication algorithm with recovery of the y-coordinate on a Montgomery form elliptic curve. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2001;2162:126-141'},{id:"B8",body:'Stinson D. Cryptography: Theory and Practice. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2006'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Intan Muchtadi-Alamsyah",address:"ntan@math.itb.ac.id",affiliation:'
Algebra Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
Algebra Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8039",title:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Theorizing STEM Education in the 21st Century",slug:"theorizing-stem-education-in-the-21st-century",publishedDate:"February 26th 2020",bookSignature:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8039.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"267912",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehdinga George",middleName:null,surname:"Fomunyam",slug:"kehdinga-george-fomunyam",fullName:"Kehdinga George Fomunyam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"310785",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Russell",email:"Cecilia.Russell@newcastle.edu.au",fullName:"Cecilia Russell",slug:"cecilia-russell",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Chalcones: Potential Anticancer Agents",slug:"chalcones-potential-anticancer-agents",abstract:"Chalcones in their various guises have been considered either valid and critically important lead compounds in the development of novel anticancer agents or as pan assay interference compounds, PAINS. Medicinal chemistry is replete with exemplars from both “camps” progressing to clinical utility. Chalcones offer a simple starting point for the development of specific compounds with high levels of activity toward key biological targets. Chalcones have been shown to display a wide array of anticancer compounds. This chapter seeks to offer an overview of key examples in an effort to encourage further reading and research in development in this intriguing space.",signatures:"Adam McCluskey and Cecilia Russell",authors:[{id:"44482",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",surname:"McCluskey",fullName:"Adam McCluskey",slug:"adam-mccluskey",email:"adam.mccluskey@newcastle.edu.au"},{id:"310785",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Russell",fullName:"Cecilia Russell",slug:"cecilia-russell",email:"Cecilia.Russell@newcastle.edu.au"}],book:{title:"Translational Research in Cancer",slug:"translational-research-in-cancer",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"239510",title:"Dr.",name:"Petru Teodor",surname:"Dragos Iancu",slug:"petru-teodor-dragos-iancu",fullName:"Petru Teodor Dragos Iancu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239510/images/6573_n.png",biography:"Dr. Dragos Iancu is UMF \\Gr.T.Popa\\ Iasi licensed MD since 1995, teacher assistant since 1996 and senior Radiation Oncologist since 2001. He received his PhD in Medicine in 2008 related to the pathology of base of skull. He published The Radiotherapy in Advanced Parotid Tumor in \\Management of Extended Parotid Tumors\\ Springer 2006 and \\Dosimetric Guidelines for Practitioners\\ Iasi. Together with his colleagues he introduced modern radiotherapy techniques in radiotherapy departments in Iasi and Bacau. As part of multidisciplinary team he founded \\Romanian Society of Oncological Pathology of Head and Neck\\. Dr Iancu presented at different conferences, provides trainings, designing curriculum for students in medical education and skills.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"241806",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas J.",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"thomas-j.-fitzgerald",fullName:"Thomas J. Fitzgerald",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241806/images/system/241806.png",biography:"Thomas J. FitzGerald, M.D.\r\nDepartment of Radiation Oncology\r\nUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School\r\n55 Lake Avenue North\r\nWorcester, MA 01655\r\n(774) 442-2062\r\nTJ.FitzGerald@umassmemorial.org\r\n\r\nEducation\r\nM.D., University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1980\r\nB.S., Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA\t1975\r\nPostdoctoral Training\r\nResidency, Harvard Medical School/Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA\t1981-1984\r\nAcademic Appointments\t\r\nProfessor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t2004 - Present\r\nProfessor, Radiology, Pediatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1993 - Present\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1988-1993\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1985 - 1988\r\nInstructor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1984 - 1985\r\nLeadership Positions\t\r\nDirector, Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Group- Rhode Island, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Lincoln, RI\t2014- Present\r\nDirector, Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Sites, MA\t2011- Present\r\nChair, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t2004- Present\r\nDirector, Quality Assurance Review Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1998 - Present\r\nDeputy Director, Quality Assurance Review Center \r\nDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Brown University, Providence, RI\t1996 - 1998\r\nAssociate Director, Cancer Center, UMass Memorial Health Care Systems, Worcester, MA\t1994 - Present\r\nDirector, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA\t1993 - 2003\r\nDirector, Department of Radiation Oncology, UMass Memorial Health Care Systems, Worcester, MA\t1993 - Present\r\nClinical Director, Department of Radiation Oncology UMass Memorial Health Care Systems, Worcester, MA\t1989 - 1993\r\nHonors and Awards\r\nMolseed Graduation Award (University of San Francisco)\t1975\r\nCum Laude, Humanities Program (University of San Francisco)\t1975\r\nClinical Honors in Medicine, Pediatrics, Radiology, Pulmonary Medicine (University of San Francisco – Community Medicine, Cardiology, Nephrology and Rheumatology)\t1980\r\nOutstanding Intern (George Washington University Hospital)\t1984\r\nAnnual Essay Award for paper in radiation biology (American Society of Therapeutic Radiologists and Oncologists)\t1984\r\nAlumni Distinguished Service Award (University of Massachusetts Medical School)\t2019\r\nEditorial Responsibilities\r\nCancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist, Editor\t2019-\r\nAsian Journal of Andrology, Reviewer\t2009\r\nFrontiers in Oncology, Associate Editor\t2011 -\r\nJAMA Oncology, Reviewer\t2017\r\nEducational Activities\r\nEducational Administration and Leadership\r\nDirector, Department of Radiation Oncology, IMRT School\t2006\r\nDirector, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Therapy School\t1989-\r\nDirector, Medical Student Rotations and Student Oncology Fellowships\t1985-\r\nGrants\r\nCurrent\t\r\nNIH/NCI CA180803 Followill (PI)\r\nImaging and Radiation Oncology Core Group\r\nRole: PI\t2014-\r\nNIH/NCI/MGH NCT01696721 Yock (PI) \r\nPediatric Proton Consortium Registry\r\nRole: Co-Investigator\t2012 - 2014\r\nSelected Completed\t\r\nNIH/NCI CA029511 FitzGerald (PI)\r\nQuality Assurance Review Center (QARC) \r\nRole: PI \t2007 - 2014\r\nNIH/NCI/NWU CA159547 Kalapurakal (PI) \r\nCardiac Sparing Whole Lung IMRT in Children and Young Adults with Lung Metastases: A Feasibility Study\r\nRole: Co-Investigator\t2011 - 2013\r\nNIH/NCI/BAH/EmoryU caBIG-IMG-109-02-06282008 Saltz (PI) \r\nClinical Trials Tools Integration\r\nRole: Co-Investigator\t2008 - 2009\r\nDAMD/UMMS PC040221 Languino (PI)\r\nIn Vitro Modulation of Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation by Intergrins and Type 1 Insulin – Like Growth Factor Receptor\r\nRole: Co-Investigator\t2005 - 2008\r\nClinical Practice\r\nCertification and Licensure\r\nDiplomate, AB Radiology\t1984\r\nMassachusetts Medical License\t1980\r\n \r\nPublications\r\nSelected peer-reviewed publications\r\nLujan-Hernandez J, Chin MS, Perry DJ, Chappell A, Lancerotto L, Yu N, Slamin RP, Bannon E, Fitzgerald TJ, Lalikos JF. Increasing fat graft retention in irradiated tissue after preconditioning with external volume expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 145(1):103-112. (2020).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Lukez A, O'Loughlin L, Sacher A. Treatment toxicity: Radiation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 33(6):1027-1039. (2019).\r\nElaimy AL, Amante JJ, Zhu LJ, Wang M, Walmsley CS, FitzGerald TJ, Goel HL, Mercurio AM. The VEGF receptor neuropilin 2 promotes homologous recombination by stimulating YAP/TAZ-mediated Rad51 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 116(28):14174-14180. (2019).\r\nPrior F, Almeida J, Kathiravelu P, Kurc T, Smith K, Fitzgerald TJ, Saltz J. Open access image repositories: high-quality data to enable machine learning research. Clin Radiol. (19)30169-2. (2019).\r\nElhalawani H, Elgohari B, Lin TA, Mohamed ASR, Fitzgerald TJ, et al. An in-silico QA study of contouring target volumes in thoracic tumors within a cooperative group setting. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 15:83-92. (2019).\r\nFitzgerald TJ. Optimisation of adaptive therapy for advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. (2):167-168. (2019).\r\nRao A, Chen Q, Million L, Spunt S, FitzGerald TJ, et al. Preoperative IMRT compared to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for high-grade extremity sarcomas in children: Analysis of COG ARST0332. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 103(1):38-44. (2019).\r\nKalapurakal JA, Gopalakrishnan M, Walterhouse DO, Rigsby CK, Rademaker A, Helenowski I, Kessel S, Morano K, Laurie F, Ulin K, Esiashvili N, Katzenstein H, Marcus K, Followill D, Wolden SL, Mahajan A, Fitzgerald TJ. Cardiac-sparing whole lung IMRT in patients with pediatric tumors and lung metastasis: Final report of a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 103(1):28-37. (2019).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, O’Meara E, Davis C, et al. Importance of imaging in radiation oncology clinical trials for the NCTN. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 102(4):775-782. (2018).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Rosen MA, Bishop-Jodoin M. The influence of imaging in the modern practice of radiation oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 102(4):680-682. (2018).\r\nKalapurakal JA, Gopalakrishnan M, Mille M, Helenowski I, Peterson S, Rigsby C, Laurie F, Jung JW, Fitzgerald TJ, Lee C. Feasibility and accuracy of UF/NCI phantoms and Monte Carlo retrospective dosimetry in children treated on National Wilms Tumor Study protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 65(12).e27395. (2018).\r\nHaas-Kogan D, Indelicato D, Paganetti H, Esiashviti N, Mahajan A, Yock T, Flampouri S, MacDonald S, Fouladi M, Stephen K, Kalapurakal J, Terezakis S, Kooy H, Grosshans D, Makrigiorgos, Mishra K, Young Poussaint T, Cohen K, FitzGerald T, et al. NCI workshop on proton therapy for children: Considerations regarding brainstem injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 101(1):152-168. (2018).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M. Hodgkin lymphoma: Differences in treatment between Europe and the United States/North America: Evolving trends in protocol therapy. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 12:1179554918754885. (2018).\r\nZhang S, Gupta S, Fitzgerald TJ, Bogdanov AA Jr. Dual radiosensitization and anti-STAT3 anti-proliferative strategy based on delivery of gold nanoparticle - oligonucleotide nanoconstructs to head and neck cancer cells. Nanotheranostics. 2(1):1-11. (2018). \r\nMendenhall NP, Fitzgerald TJ. Conventional RT compared with stereotactic conformal therapy-A rare and laudable randomized trial. JAMA Oncol. 3(10):1376-1377. (2017).\r\nVarlotto JM, DiMaio C, Grassberger C, Tangel M, Mackley H, Pavelic M, Specht C, Sogge S, Nguyen D, Glantz M, Saw C, Upadhyay U, Moser R, Yunus S, Rava P, Fitzgerald TJ, et al. Multi-modality management of craniopharyngioma: Review of various treatments and outcomes. Neuro Oncol. 3(3):173-187. (2016).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Followill DS, Galvin J, Knopp MV, et al. Imaging and data acquisition in clinical trials for RT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 94(2):404-11. (2016).\r\nChin MS, Freniere BB, Lancerotto L, Lujan-Hernandez J, Saleeby JH, Lo YC, Orgill DP, Lalikos JF, Fitzgerald TJ. Hyperspectral Imaging as an early biomarker for radiation exposure and microcirculatory damage. Front Oncol. 5:232. (2015).\r\nDharmarajan KV, Friedman DL, FitzGerald TJ, McCarten KM, Constine LS, et al. RT QA report from COG AHOD0031. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.11.034 (2015).\r\nMoni J, Saleeby J, Bannon E, Lo YC, Fitzgerald TJ. Dosimetric impact of the AeroForm tissue expander in postmastectomy RT: An ex vivo analysis. Prac Rad Onc. 5(1):e1-8. (2015).\r\nSioshansi S, Rava PS, Karam AR, Lithgow M, Ding L, Xing W, FitzGerald TJ. Diaphragm injury after liver stereotactic body RT. Pract Radiat Oncol. 4(6):e227-30. (2014).\r\nFitzGerald TJ. A new model for imaging and RT QA in the NCTN of the NCI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 88(2):272-3. (2014).\r\nChin MS, Freniere BB, Bonney CF, Lancerotto L, Saleeby JH, Lo YC, Orgill DP, Fitzgerald TJ, Lalikos JF. Skin perfusion and oxygenation changes in radiation fibrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 131(4):707-16. (2013).\r\nFitzgerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Bosch WR, Curran WJ, Followill DS, et al. Future vision for the QA of oncology clinical trials. Front Oncol. 3:31. (2013).\r\nDing L, Lo YC, Kadish S, Goff D, Pieters RS, Graeber G, Uy K, Quadri S, Moser R, Martin K, Day J, Fitzgerald TJ. VMAT for pulmonary SBRT in patients with lesions in close approximation to the chest wall. Front Oncol. 3:12 (2013).\r\nFollowill DS, Urie M, Galvin JM, Ulin K, Xiao Y, Fitzgerald TJ. Credentialing for participation in clinical trials. Front Oncol. 2:198. (2012).\r\nDonahue B, Marymont MA, Kessel S, Iandoli MK, Fitzgerald T, et al. RT quality in CCG/POG intergroup 9961: implications for craniospinal RT and posterior fossa boost in future medulloblastoma trials. Front Oncol. 2:185. (2012).\r\nTebbi CK, Mendenhall NP, London WB, Williams JL, Hutchison RE, Fitzgerald TJ, et al. Response-dependent and reduced treatment in lower risk Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents, results of P9426: Report from COG. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 59(7):1259-65. (2012).\r\nChin MS, Freniere BB, Lo YC, Saleeby JH, Baker SP, Strom HM, Ignotz RA, Lalikos JF, FitzGerald TJ. Hyperspectral imaging for early detection of oxygenation and perfusion changes in irradiated skin. Journal of Biomedical Optics 17(2):026010 (2012).\r\nFitzgerald TJ. What we have learned: impact of quality from a clinical trials perspective. Semin Radiat Oncol. 22(1):18-28 (2012).\r\nMayo CS, Ding, L Addesa A, Kadish S, Fitzgerald TJ, Moser R. Initial experience with volumetric IMRT (RapidArc) for intracranial SRS. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 78(5):1457-66. (2010).\r\nPeters L, O’Sullivan B, Giralt J, Fitzgerald TJ, Trotti A, et al. Critical impact of radiotherapy protocol compliance and quality in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer- results from TROG 02.02. J Clin Oncol. 28(18):2996-3001. (2010).\r\nFitzgerald TJ, Wang T, Goel HL, Huang J, Stein G, et al. Prostate carcinoma and RT: therapeutic treatment resistance and strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 8(6):967-74. (2008).\r\nFitzgerald TJ, Jodoin MB, Tillman G, Aronowitz J, Pieters R, et al. RT toxicity to the skin. Dermatol Clin. 26(1):161-72. (2008).\r\nBogart JA, Watson D, McClay EF, Evans L, Herndon JE, Laurie F, Seagren SL, Fitzgerald TJ, Vokes E, Green MR. Interruptions of once-daily thoracic radiotherapy do not correlate with outcomes in limited stage SCLC: analysis of CALGB phase III trial 9235. Lung Cancer. 62(1):92-98. (2008).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Urie M, Ulin K, Laurie F, Yorty J, et al. Processes for quality improvements in radiation oncology clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 71(1Suppl):S76-9. (2008).\r\nMayo CS, Urie MM, Fitzgerald TJ, Ding L, Lo YC, Bogdanov M. Hybrid IMRT for treatment of cancers of the lung and esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 71(5): 1408-18. (2008).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Aronowitz J, Cicchetti MG, Fisher G, Kadish S, et al. Effect of RT on normal tissue function. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 20(1):141-63. (2006).\r\nMayo CS, Urie M, FitzGerald TJ. Hybrid IMRT plans- concurrently treating conventional and IMRT beams– for improved breast irradiation and reduced planning time. Int J Rad Oncol Bio Phys. 61(3):922-32. (2005).\r\nReznik J, Cicchetti MG, Degaspe B, FitzGerald TJ. Analysis of axillary coverage during tangential RT to the breast. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 61(1):163-68. (2005).\r\nMayo C, Lo YC, FitzGerald TJ, Urie M. Forward-planned, multiple-segment, tangential fields with concomitant boost in breast cancer treatment. Med Dosim. 29(4):265-70. (2004).\r\nUrie M, FitzGerald TJ, Followill D, Laurie F, Marcus R, Michalski J. Current calibration, treatment, and treatment planning techniques among institutions participating in COG. Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Bio. Phys. 55(1):245-60. (2003).\r\nUrie M, Lo YC, Litofsky S, FitzGerald TJ. Miniature multileaf collimator as an alternative to traditional circular collimators for SRS and stereotactic radiotherapy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 76(1):47-62. (2001).\r\nLo YC, Yasuda G, FitzGerald TJ, Urie M. Intensity modulation for breast treatment using static multi-leaf collimators. Int J Rad Onc Bio Phys. 46(1):187-94. (2000).\r\nGreenberger J, Leif J, Crawford D, Anklesaria P, English D, Sakakeeny M, Rubin J, Pierce J, Shadduck R, FitzGerald TJ. Humoral and cell surface interactions during gamma-irradiation leukemogenesis in vitro. Exp Hematol. 20(1):92-102 (1992).\r\nDas IJ, Kase KR, Copeland JF, Fitzgerald TJ. Electron beam modifications for treatment of superficial malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 21(6):1627-34. (1991).\r\nGreenberger JS, Wright E, Henault S, Anklesaria P, Leif J, Sakakeeny MA, FitzGerald TJ, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell- and marrow stromal cell-specific requirements for gamma irradiation leukemogenesis in vitro. Exp Hematol. 18(5):408-15. (1990).\r\nSantucci MA, FitzGerald TJ, Harigaya K, Woda B, Sakakeeny MA, et al. Gamma-irradiation response of cocultivated bone marrow stromal cell lines of differing intrinsic radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 18(5):1083-92. (1990).\r\nSelected Books & Chapters\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Urie M, Ulin K, Ibbott G, et al. Quality Assurance of Clinical Trials in the Management of Cancer in the Head and Neck. In Head and Neck Cancer: Multimodality Management. Jacques Bernier, Ed. New York, NY. Springer. 687-94 (2011).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Followill DS, Galvin JM, Knopp MV, et al. Head and Neck Quality Assurance In: Bernier J, ed. Head and Neck Cancer. 845-59. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. (2016).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Sacher A, Aghababian RV, Dickson E. Treatment Toxicity: Radiation. In: Todd K., Thomas, Jr. C. (eds) Oncologic Emergency Medicine. 407-419. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. (2016).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Riberdy C, Aronowitz JN, et al. Radiation Therapy. In Cancer. Stein G. (2018).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Iandoli M, Elaimy M, et al. Treatment Toxicity: Radiation [Online First]. In: Emergency Medicine and Trauma. IntechOpen (2019).\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Hanusik R, Iandoli M, et al. Acquisition and Management of Data for Translational Science in Oncology. In: Translational Research in Cancer. IntechOpen (2019).\r\n \r\nInvited Presentations\r\nInternational\t\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Ulin K, Urie M, Kessel S, et al. Establishing an integrated database for distributed review of imaging, RT, and pathology objects. Fourth International Conference on Translational Research and Pre-Clinical Strategies in Radiation Oncology, Geneva, Switzerland.\t2009\r\nFitzGerald TJ. Setting endpoints and biomarkers in imaging testing. Fundamentals & Practical Aspects of Imaging in Clinical Trials. Institute for International Research. San Francisco, CA.\t2007\r\nFitzgerald TJ, Mayo C, Lo YC, Urie M. Forward planning IMRT using concomitant boost for the treatment of breast cancer. Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. Med Dosim. 29(4):265-70.\t2002\r\nOther Selected Presentations, Posters & Abstracts\r\nInternational\t\r\nHua CH, Vern-Gross TZ, Hess CB, Olch AJ, Sathiaseelan V, Alaei P, Deng J, Ulin K, Gopalakrishnan M, Donaldson SS, FitzGerald TJ, et al. Practice patterns of pediatric image-guided radiotherapy: COG Group report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105(1S):S187. #1154.\t2019\r\nKalapurakal JA, Gopalakrishnan M, Jung JW, Peterson S, Leisenring W, Laurie F, Rigsby C, Lee C, Fitzgerald T, Lee C. Accuracy of a computational human phantom model for retrospective 3-dimensional target-organ dosimetry for late effects study of patients on National Wilms tumor study protocols. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 96(2S):S229.\t2016\r\nKalapurakal JA, Gopalakrishnan M, Walterhouse DO, Helenowski I, Rigsby C, Kessel S, Laurie F, Katzenstein H, Ulin K, Rademaker A, Followill D, Morano K, Marcus KJ, Esiashvili N, Wolden SL, Mahajan A, Fitzgerald T. Final report of a prospective clinical trial of cardiac sparing whole-lung IMRT in patients with metastatic pediatric tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 96(2S):S118-S119.\t2016\r\nSioshansi S, Rava P, Yu E, Fitzgerald TJ. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparing clinical and pathologic response. Annual Meeting, American Society of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology. Boston, MA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 96(2):E201.\t2016\r\nMichalski J, Vezina G, Burger P, Gajjar A, Pollack I, Merchant T, Fitzgerald TJ, et al. Preliminary results of COG ACNS0331: Phase III trial of involved field radiotherapy and low dose craniospinal irradiation with chemotherapy in average risk medulloblastoma: Report from COG. Neuro Oncol. 18(S3):122. MB-109. \t2016\r\nPieters RS, Kuo i-L, Bornstein BA, FitzGerald TJ. Impact of radiotherapy technique on normal tissue dose in treatment of spinal vertebral metastases. J Clin Oncol 32(suppl 31);abstr 179).\t2014\r\nWu K, Rava P, Sioshansi S, Fitzgerald TJ, DiPetrillo T, et al. Major criteria to select patients for SRS following resection of brain metastases. Neuro Oncol. 16(5):RT-38.\t2014\r\nChin MS, Harris LE, Connor NM, Saleeby JH, Wyman A, FitzGerald GA, Lo YC, FitzGerald TJ, Laliko JF. Hyperspectral imaging for prospective clinical evaluation of skin perfusion after RT. Wound Repair Regen. 22(2): A35.\t2014\r\nJanko M, Sioshansi S, Bonavitacola PJ, Rava P, FitzGerald TJ. Breast axillary lymph node dose with whole breast radiation using 3D conformal and IMRT. Annual Meeting, Radiological Society of North America. Chicago, IL. http://archive.rsna.org/2013/13021099.html.\t2013\r\nDharmarajan KV, Friedman DL, FitzGerald T, McCarten KM, Constine LS, et al. RT QA on AHOD0031: Report from QARC and COG. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 84(3): S162.\t2012\r\nDing L, Lo YC, Kadish S, Goff D, Pieters R, FitzGerald TJ. Evaluation of the use of VMAT technology for pulmonary SBRT in patients with lesions on close approximation to the chest wall. SRS/SBRT Scientific Meeting, Carlsbad, CA.\t2012\r\nChin MS, Freniere BB, Bonney CF, Lancerotto L, Saleeby JH, Lo Y, Ignotz RA, Orgill DP, Fitzgerald TJ, Lalikos JF. Characterization of chronic perfusion and oxygenation changes in irradiated skin. Wound Repair Regen. 20(2):A18.\t2012\r\nMulhern JP, Fitzgerald T, Bosch W, Chen J, Siegel E, et al. Bioinformatics support of cross correlation of images with RT objects and clinical meta-data. American Society for Radiation Oncology 53rd Annual Meeting, Miami Beach, FL. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 81(2):S160.\t2011\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Hanusik R, Urie MM, et al. Integrating diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy objects into a single case management system for clinical research. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Cancer Imaging and RT Symposium, Atlanta, GA.\t2011\r\nUrie M, FitzGerald TJ, Hanusik R, Jodoin M, Kessel S, et al. QARC QA of imaging and RT improves protocol compliance in advanced technology cancer clinical trials. Imaging for Treatment Assessment in Radiation Therapy Meeting, National Harbor, Maryland. AbstractID: 14288.\t2010\r\nFitzgerald TJ, Bishop-Jodoin M, Laurie F, Hanusik R, Cicchetti M, et al. Acquiring and reviewing imaging, RT, and pathology microarray objects in an integrated database. 4th ASCO-NCI-EORTC Annual Meeting on Molecular Markers in Cancer, Hollywood, FL.\t2010\r\nSaleeby J, Ebert R, FitzGerald TJ, Mayo CS, Pieters RS. Whole-ventricular irradiation of pediatric patients using opposed laterals, 3D conformal and IMRT techniques: a dose volume histogram comparison. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.\t2009\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Hanusik R, Laurie F, McCarten K, Bishop-Jodoin ML, Cicchetti MG. An integrated informatics system for acquiring, managing and reviewing imaging and RT. Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.\t2009\r\nUrie MM, Ulin K, FitzGerald TJ, Yorty J, Bertsch K, et al. Dosimetric comparison of RT planning techniques by multiple international institutions for a benchmark head and neck case. American Society for Radiation Oncology 50th Annual Meeting, Boston, MA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 72(1): S590-91.\t2008\r\nUlin K, Yorty J, Hanusik R, Urie M, Bosch WR, Apte A, Khullar D, Deasy JO, Fitzgerald TJ. Use of CERR at QARC to assess protocol compliance of RT treatment plans submitted in digital format. American Society for Radiation Oncology 50th Annual Meeting, Boston, MA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 72(1): S673.\t2008\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Urie M, Ulin K, Laurie F, Yorty J, et al. Processes for quality improvements in radiation oncology clinical trials. Quality Assurance of RT: Challenges of Advanced Technologies Symposium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 71(1): S76-79.\t2008\r\nFitzGerald TJ. Current limitations & identification of key clinical needs: quality control for National Trials. SBRT. Rochester, NY.\t2008\r\nFitzGerald TJ. Data management for late effects of cancer treatment. Cancer Survivor Research and Education (CURED) Adverse Late Effects in Radiation Treatment . Rochester, NY.\t2008\r\nFitzGerald TJ. QA in clinical trials. EORTC-NCI Bethesda, MD.\t2008\r\nMayo CS, Urie MM, Fitzgerald TJ, Ding L, Lo YC, Hybrid (static plus IMRT beams) treatment of cancers of the lung and esophagus. American Society for Radiation Oncology 49th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 69 (3): S485-86.\t2007\r\nSullivan DC, Schwartz LH, FitzGerald TJ, Heverhagen JT. Therapy assessment: Integrating MR response information within trials: a QA perspective. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Scientific Meeting Seattle, WA.\t2006\r\nBlackstock A, Socinski MA, Fitzgerald TJ, Gu L, Rosenman J, et al. Initial pulmonary toxicity evaluation of chemoradiotherapy CRT utilizing 74 Gy 3-Dimensional thoracic radiation in Stage III NSCLC: a CALGB randomized phase II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 63:S43.\t2005\r\nReznik J, Cicchetti MG, Degaspe B, Fitzgerald TJ. Analysis of axillary coverage during tangential RT to the breast. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 61 (1):163-168.\t2005\r\nMendenhall NP, Meyer J, Williams J, Tebbe C, Kessel S, Laurie F, Fitzgerald TJ. Impact of central QA review prior to RT on protocol compliance: COG 9426. 47th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, Atlanta, GA. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 106(11):753.\t2005\r\nUrie M, FitzGerald TJ, Followill D, Laurie F, Marcus R, Michalski J. Current calibration, treatment, and treatment planning techniques among institutions participating in COG. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 55 (1):245-260.\t2003\r\nLo Y, Mardirossian G, Cicchetti MG, McCauley S, Fisher G, FitzGerald TJ. Dose coverage evaluation and comparison between 2D and 3D planning for patients with breast cancer. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 44th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 54 (2) S:237.\t2002\r\nReznik J, Cicchetti MG, DeGaspe B, FitzGerald TJ. Analysis of axillary coverage during tangential RT to the breast. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 43rd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 51(3) S1-6-7.\t2001\r\nCicchetti MG, Bogart J, Lyss A, Turrisi A, Green M, Herndon M, Bushe S, Briggs K, Koehler I, Bertsch K, Laurie F, FitzGerald TJ. Spinal cord dose in limited stage SCLC: Preliminary QA review committee (QARC) report on CALGB 39808, using target thoracic radiotherapy doses of 60 – 70 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 51(3)S1:356.\t2001\r\nFitzGerald, TJ, Mendenhall NP, Williams J, Constine LS, Laurie F, et al. RT QA in Hodgkin’s disease: intervention rate with pre-therapy central review. Fifth International Symposium on Hodgkins Lymphoma, Cologne, Germany. P-234\t2001\r\nLo YC, Yasuda G, Fitzgerald TJ, Urie MM. Intensity modulation for breast treatment using static multi-leaf collimators. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 46(1):187-194.\t2000\r\nUrtasun R, Mackie R, Fitzgerald TJ. Past, Present and Future of External Beam RT. Canadian Association of Radiation Oncologists (CARO), Edmonton Canada.\t2000\r\nFitzGerald TJ, Williams J, Laurie F, Kessel S, Ferree S, Mendenhall N. Problems in RT protocol compliance in Hodgkin's disease: Preliminary analysis of POG study 9426. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 45(3S):391-392.\t1999\r\nUrie M, FitzGerald TJ. QA for 3D protocols: physics aspects. Pediatric Oncology Group Meeting, St. Petersburg, FL.\t1997\r\nGreenberger JS, Anklesaria P, Leif J, Sakakeeny M, English D, Kase K, Das I, Buckley C, Fitzgerald TJ. Indirect gamma irradiation leukemogenesis through bone marrow stromal cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 21(S1):187-88.\t1991\r\nRecht L, FitzGerald TJ, Silver D, Straus G, Fram R, Egan G, Wilson J, Liepman M, Tak W. Pre-irradiation chemotherapy of malignant brain tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 12(S1):178.\t1986\r\nCommittee Assignments\r\nNational\t\r\nQuantitative Imaging for the Evaluation of Responses to Cancer Therapies (Chair), NBIB, Center for Scientific Review(CSR)/NIH\t2013- Present\r\nClinical and Translational Imaging Applications (Reviewer), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2013- Present\r\nNCI Special Emphasis Panel/Scientific Review Group (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2012- Present\r\nNCI Special Emphasis Panels (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2011- Present\r\nQuantitative Imaging Network Review Meeting (Chair), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2010- Present\r\nQuantitative Imaging for Evaluation of Responses to Cancer Therapies (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2009- 2012\r\nClinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) Imaging Committee (Invited Expert), National Center for Research Resources/NIH\t2008- Present\r\nNational Cancer Institute Special Emphasis Panel (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2008\r\nEmerging Oncology Technologies Study Section (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2006- Present\r\nImaging Technologies Study Section (Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH\t2005- Present\r\nGenomes/ Proteomics Study Section(Invited Expert), NBIB, CSR/NIH \t2004- Present",institutionString:"UMass Memorial Medical Center",institution:{name:"UMass Memorial Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"308418",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Lastraioli",slug:"elena-lastraioli",fullName:"Elena Lastraioli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Florence",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"308419",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",surname:"Iorio",slug:"jessica-iorio",fullName:"Jessica Iorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Florence",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"308420",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Duranti",slug:"claudia-duranti",fullName:"Claudia Duranti",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Florence",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"313447",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",surname:"Bey",slug:"erik-bey",fullName:"Erik Bey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"313448",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",surname:"Motea",slug:"edward-motea",fullName:"Edward Motea",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"313449",title:"Dr.",name:"Naveen",surname:"Singh",slug:"naveen-singh",fullName:"Naveen Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"313451",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiumei",surname:"Huang",slug:"xiumei-huang",fullName:"Xiumei Huang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"316469",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",surname:"Gonzalez Garza",slug:"maria-teresa-gonzalez-garza",fullName:"Maria Teresa Gonzalez Garza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
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2006
\\n\\n
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IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
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2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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