Most important characteristics for different types of fuel cells
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"121",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms - Theory and Applications",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) algorithms have become standard tools for discrete-time signal and image processing in several areas in research and industry. As DWT provides both frequency and location information of the analyzed signal, it is constantly used to solve and treat more and more advanced problems. The present book: Discrete Wavelet Transforms: Theory and Applications describes the latest progress in DWT analysis in non-stationary signal processing, multi-scale image enhancement as well as in biomedical and industrial applications. \nEach book chapter is a separate entity providing examples both the theory and applications. The book comprises of tutorial and advanced material. It is intended to be a reference text for graduate students and researchers to obtain in-depth knowledge in specific applications.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-185-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5527-0",doi:"10.5772/649",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"discrete-wavelet-transforms-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:270,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"571054c4d7f3a83b77e5bb017c190638",bookSignature:"Juuso T. Olkkonen",publishedDate:"April 4th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/121.jpg",numberOfDownloads:41645,numberOfWosCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:16,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:107,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 29th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 3rd 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 1st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"53933",title:"PhD.",name:"Juuso T.",middleName:null,surname:"Olkkonen",slug:"juuso-t.-olkkonen",fullName:"Juuso T. Olkkonen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53933/images/3612_n.jpg",biography:"Juuso T. Olkkonen received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Oulu, Finland, in 2002 and 2010, respectively. During the years 2002-2004 he was a visiting researcher in Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. He is currently working in multidisciplinary projects at VTT Technical research centre of Finland. His current research interests in digital signal processing include discrete wavelet transform algorithms, B-spline filters, fractional time-shift and Hilbert transform operators, novel sampling and reconstruction techniques for ultra wideband and optical pulse waveforms. He is also very active in other research fields related to micro- and nanophotonics, paper-based microfluidics, electrical biosensors and electromagnetic modeling. He has authored and co-authored more than 30 reviewed journal articles, two book chapters and 13 international reviewed conference papers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"602",title:"Discrete Mathematics",slug:"discrete-mathematics"}],chapters:[{id:"14783",title:"Discrete Wavelet Analyses for Time Series",doi:"10.5772/16016",slug:"discrete-wavelet-analyses-for-time-series",totalDownloads:3165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"José S. Murguía and Haret C. Rosu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14783",authors:[{id:"22893",title:"Dr.",name:"Haret C.",surname:"Rosu",slug:"haret-c.-rosu",fullName:"Haret C. Rosu"},{id:"23212",title:"PhD.",name:"José Salome",surname:"Murguia-Ibarra",slug:"jose-salome-murguia-ibarra",fullName:"José Salome Murguia-Ibarra"}],corrections:null},{id:"14784",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transfom for Nonstationary Signal Processing",doi:"10.5772/14939",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transfom-for-nonstationary-signal-processing",totalDownloads:4217,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yansong Wang, Weiwei Wu, Qiang Zhu and Gongqi Shen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14784",authors:[{id:"19190",title:"Prof.",name:"Yansong",surname:"Wang",slug:"yansong-wang",fullName:"Yansong Wang"},{id:"24896",title:"PhD.",name:"Weiwei",surname:"Wu",slug:"weiwei-wu",fullName:"Weiwei Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"14785",title:"Transient Analysis and Motor Fault Detection using the Wavelet Transform",doi:"10.5772/15377",slug:"transient-analysis-and-motor-fault-detection-using-the-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jordi Cusidó i Roura and Jose Luis Romeral Martínez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14785",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14785",authors:[{id:"20583",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",surname:"Cusidó I Roura",slug:"jordi-cusido-i-roura",fullName:"Jordi Cusidó I Roura"},{id:"20585",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Romeral Martínez",slug:"jose-luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Jose Luis Romeral Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"14786",title:"A MAP-MRF Approach for Wavelet-Based Image Denoising",doi:"10.5772/15133",slug:"a-map-mrf-approach-for-wavelet-based-image-denoising",totalDownloads:2235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexandre L. M. Levada, Nelson D. A. Mascarenhas and Alberto Tannús",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14786",authors:[{id:"3718",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre L.M.",surname:"Levada",slug:"alexandre-l.m.-levada",fullName:"Alexandre L.M. Levada"},{id:"19351",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson D.A.",surname:"Mascarenhas",slug:"nelson-d.a.-mascarenhas",fullName:"Nelson D.A. Mascarenhas"},{id:"19352",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Tannús",slug:"alberto-tannus",fullName:"Alberto Tannús"}],corrections:null},{id:"14787",title:"Image Equalization Using Singular Value Decomposition and Discrete Wavelet Transform",doi:"10.5772/15448",slug:"image-equalization-using-singular-value-decomposition-and-discrete-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:3684,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cagri Ozcinar, Hasan Demirel and Gholamreza Anbarjafari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14787",authors:[{id:"6994",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Demirel",slug:"hasan-demirel",fullName:"Hasan Demirel"},{id:"20860",title:"PhD.",name:"Cagri",surname:"Ozcinar",slug:"cagri-ozcinar",fullName:"Cagri Ozcinar"},{id:"23056",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",surname:"Anbarjafari",slug:"gholamreza-anbarjafari",fullName:"Gholamreza Anbarjafari"}],corrections:null},{id:"14788",title:"Probability Distribution Functions Based Face Recognition System Using Discrete Wavelet Subbands",doi:"10.5772/16075",slug:"probability-distribution-functions-based-face-recognition-system-using-discrete-wavelet-subbands",totalDownloads:3328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hasan Demirel and Gholamreza Anbarjafari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14788",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14788",authors:[{id:"6994",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Demirel",slug:"hasan-demirel",fullName:"Hasan Demirel"},{id:"23056",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",surname:"Anbarjafari",slug:"gholamreza-anbarjafari",fullName:"Gholamreza Anbarjafari"}],corrections:null},{id:"14789",title:"An Improved Low Complexity Algorithm for 2-D Integer Lifting-Based Discrete Wavelet Transform Using Symmetric Mask-Based Scheme",doi:"10.5772/15772",slug:"an-improved-low-complexity-algorithm-for-2-d-integer-lifting-based-discrete-wavelet-transform-using-",totalDownloads:1649,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chih-Hsien Hsia, Jing-Ming Guo and Jen-Shiun Chiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14789",authors:[{id:"3157",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Hsien",surname:"Hsia",slug:"chih-hsien-hsia",fullName:"Chih-Hsien Hsia"},{id:"21952",title:"PhD.",name:"Jing-Ming",surname:"Guo",slug:"jing-ming-guo",fullName:"Jing-Ming Guo"},{id:"22980",title:"Dr.",name:"Jen-Shiun",surname:"Chiang",slug:"jen-shiun-chiang",fullName:"Jen-Shiun Chiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"14790",title:"ECG Signal Compression Using Discrete Wavelet Transform",doi:"10.5772/16019",slug:"ecg-signal-compression-using-discrete-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:7918,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohammed Abo-Zahhad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14790",authors:[{id:"22898",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Abo-Zahhad",slug:"mohammed-abo-zahhad",fullName:"Mohammed Abo-Zahhad"}],corrections:null},{id:"14791",title:"Shift Invariant Biorthogonal Discrete Wavelet Transform for EEG Signal Analysis",doi:"10.5772/30087",slug:"shift-invariant-biorthogonal-discrete-wavelet-transform-for-eeg-signal-analysis",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Juuso T. Olkkonen and Hannu Olkkonen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14791",authors:[{id:"53933",title:"PhD.",name:"Juuso T.",surname:"Olkkonen",slug:"juuso-t.-olkkonen",fullName:"Juuso T. Olkkonen"},{id:"53926",title:"Prof.",name:"Hannu",surname:"Olkkonen",slug:"hannu-olkkonen",fullName:"Hannu Olkkonen"}],corrections:null},{id:"14792",title:"Shift-Invariant DWT for Medical Image Classification",doi:"10.5772/15958",slug:"shift-invariant-dwt-for-medical-image-classification",totalDownloads:2540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"April Khademi, Sridhar Krishnan and Anastasios Venetsanopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14792",authors:[{id:"22667",title:"PhD.",name:"April",surname:"Khademi",slug:"april-khademi",fullName:"April Khademi"},{id:"22674",title:"Dr.",name:"Sridhar",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"sridhar-krishnan",fullName:"Sridhar Krishnan"},{id:"22675",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasios",surname:"Venetsanopoulos",slug:"anastasios-venetsanopoulos",fullName:"Anastasios Venetsanopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"14793",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms for Synchronization of Power Converters Connected to Electrical Grids",doi:"10.5772/15479",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transforms-for-synchronization-of-power-converters-connected-to-electrical-grids",totalDownloads:3121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto Pigazo and Víctor M. Moreno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14793",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14793",authors:[{id:"20972",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Pigazo",slug:"alberto-pigazo",fullName:"Alberto Pigazo"},{id:"20974",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor M.",surname:"Moreno",slug:"victor-m.-moreno",fullName:"Víctor M. Moreno"}],corrections:null},{id:"14794",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transform Based Wireless Digital Communication Systems",doi:"10.5772/16050",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transform-based-wireless-digital-communication-systems",totalDownloads:4258,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali A. A.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14794",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14794",authors:[{id:"22993",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Abbas",surname:"Ali",slug:"ali-abbas-ali",fullName:"Ali Abbas Ali"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4457",title:"Finite Element Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"285298bf100533ffcdc1a1a969b29177",slug:"finite-element-analysis",bookSignature:"David Moratal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4457.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9850",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Moratal",slug:"david-moratal",fullName:"David Moratal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1497",title:"New Frontiers in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d28f6a3fae6f2a405db2d7a0a15b4ead",slug:"new-frontiers-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115545",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1352",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms",subtitle:"Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc0d49723faa1118797018bec0e70fa6",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transforms-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Hannu Olkkonen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53926",title:"Prof.",name:"Hannu",surname:"Olkkonen",slug:"hannu-olkkonen",fullName:"Hannu Olkkonen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"68",title:"Discrete Time Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5627d1f83a2abae174da1a0c5b5e4813",slug:"discrete-time-systems",bookSignature:"Mario Alberto Jordán",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/68.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152460",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alberto",surname:"Jordán",slug:"mario-alberto-jordan",fullName:"Mario Alberto Jordán"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"292",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms",subtitle:"Algorithms and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b91ed4fa50886672ea4da5d0e673419d",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transforms-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"Hannu Olkkonen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53926",title:"Prof.",name:"Hannu",surname:"Olkkonen",slug:"hannu-olkkonen",fullName:"Hannu Olkkonen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2156",title:"Finite Element Analysis",subtitle:"From Biomedical Applications to Industrial Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39d4abb714c4452d1788a85219e81177",slug:"finite-element-analysis-from-biomedical-applications-to-industrial-developments",bookSignature:"David Moratal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9850",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Moratal",slug:"david-moratal",fullName:"David Moratal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3769",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f1003a6f95b4d038d629696d088cc2e",slug:"traveling_salesman_problem",bookSignature:"Federico Greco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132140",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",surname:"Greco",slug:"federico-greco",fullName:"Federico Greco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3133",title:"Advances in Discrete Time Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc99c510014a7c53dacbd116f9b6217",slug:"advances-in-discrete-time-systems",bookSignature:"Magdi S. Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145065",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"magdi-mahmoud",fullName:"Magdi Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3124",title:"Discrete Wavelet Transforms",subtitle:"A Compendium of New Approaches and Recent Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"133430da8d186da73e6736b9db456ab8",slug:"discrete-wavelet-transforms-a-compendium-of-new-approaches-and-recent-applications",bookSignature:"Awad Kh. Al - Asmari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52973",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Awad",surname:"Al-Asmari",slug:"dr.-awad-al-asmari",fullName:"Dr. Awad Al-Asmari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2192",title:"Discrete Event Simulations",subtitle:"Development and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c255f5bf21f87b7870198e33f5199e0",slug:"discrete-event-simulations-development-and-applications",bookSignature:"Eldin Wee Chuan Lim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107277",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldin Wee Chuan",surname:"Lim",slug:"eldin-wee-chuan-lim",fullName:"Eldin Wee Chuan Lim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"68990",slug:"erratum-application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodies",title:"Erratum - Application of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly: Development of a Multifeedstock Biodiesel Processor",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68990.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68990",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68990",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68990",chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12013",leadTitle:null,title:"Plasma Science - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPlasma is the most widespread form of the fourth state of matter, comprising more than 99% of the universe. Plasma is used to disinfect clothing and sterilize surgical equipment due to its antibacterial properties. This book is proposed to provide an advanced understanding of plasma physics and its importance in science and engineering. The book aims to be useful for everyone interested in the current development of plasma theory. The book will contain invited chapters from the experts, who are working on plasma waves, terahertz waves, solitons, higher-order harmonic generation, and dusty plasmas. The microplasma technology can be applied to generate and detect THz sources. The laser-induced microplasma is used to produce terahertz radiation with a wide frequency spectrum. The electric propulsion system is also based on the discharge of plasma which is used to produce high exhaust velocity. This book will serve as a reference source for plasma physics researchers. The reader is expected to have had experience with basic electrodynamics, including Maxwell’s equations and the propagation of plane waves in space.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-024-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-023-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-025-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0261ac62d10563bf93735982748e3a2e",bookSignature:"Dr. Sukhmander Singh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12013.jpg",keywords:"Plasma, Density, Temperature, Plasma Oscillations and Waves, Hydromagnetic Waves, Plasma Dielectric Tensor, Plasma Instabilities, Hydromagnetic Equilibrium, Nonlinear Effects in Plasma, Plasma Diffusions, Plasma Sheath, Applications of Plasma Physics",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Assistant professor in the Department of Physics at the Central University of Rajasthan, India, who has published numerous research papers and conference proceedings in journals of international repute and contributed many book chapters. Dr. Singh is currently working on plasma waves and instabilities in Hall thrusters.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282807/images/system/282807.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sukhmander Singh is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Physics at Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India. He obtained his MSc (Physics) from Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi and PhD (Plasma Physics) from IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India. Previously, he was assistant professor at Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi. \nHe has published numerous research papers and conference proceedings in journals of international repute as well as contributed many book chapters. He is an active reviewer for many international journals. His areas of interest include theory and simulation of plasma waves and instabilities.",institutionString:"Central University of Rajasthan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central University of Rajasthan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444316",firstName:"Blanka",lastName:"Gugic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444316/images/20016_n.jpg",email:"blanka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"49510",title:"Designing Perovskite Oxides for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/61304",slug:"designing-perovskite-oxides-for-solid-oxide-fuel-cells",body:'The development of new energy technologies has become important with the present situation of increasing energy demand, rising energy prices, and reinforcement of countermeasures for global warming and its detrimental climatological, ecological, and sociological effects [1]. The supplies of fossil fuels are constantly decreasing and some believe that we have reached the peak for oil production. A reappearing problem in the energy field is the conversion from available to usable form. This concerns the conversion of chemical energy in the form of fossil resources and derivatives, such as hydrogen and alcohols, into electrical energy. It has become increasingly important to reduce the losses associated with the applied conversion techniques partly due to industrialization and technological progress. Traditional conversion to electrical energy is by gas turbine, steam turbine, or reciprocating engine driving a generator, where the Carnot cycle sets a limit to the efficiency [2]. A fuel cell provides an alternative, whereby electrical energy can be made available with small losses, and no Carnot limit [3]. The effluents are in principle water, heat and CO2 if the fuel is clean.
The energy situation has caused a push for sustainable energy technologies. Here, fuel cells play an important role in the renewable energy sector because of their highly efficient energy conversion and their especially high reliability. During the last decades, fuel cells have attracted much attention because of their potential for producing electricity more efficiently than conventional power generation like heat engines, which normally are limited by the Carnot cycle. The discovery of the fuel cell is ascribed to Sir William Grove (1839), demonstrating the reversibility of electrolytic water separation [4]. In 1899, Nernst contributed by demonstrating that certain oxides attained remarkably high electrical conductivity by doping with other oxides [5]. In the late twentieth century, the development accelerated and the interest in fuel cell technology increased. Today, there are five different types of fuel cells, all named after their electrolyte materials:
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC)
Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Depending on the electrolyte, each fuel cell has certain characteristics such as operation temperature, electric efficiency, and demands for fuel composition (Table 1).
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Electrolyte | \n\t\t\tKOH | \n\t\t\tPolymer | \n\t\t\tH3PO4\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tLi2CO3+K2 CO3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tZrO2+Y2O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Charge carrier | \n\t\t\tOH–\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tH+\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tH+\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCO3\n\t\t\t\t2–\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tO2–\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Fuel | \n\t\t\tPure H2\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tPure H2\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCo-free H2\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tH2, CO, CH4\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tH2, CO, CH4, NH3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t65%–220 | \n\t\t\t60%–130 | \n\t\t\t150%–220 | \n\t\t\t650 | \n\t\t\t700%–1000 | \n\t\t
Electrical efficiency | \n\t\t\t45%–60% | \n\t\t\t40%–60% | \n\t\t\t35%–40% | \n\t\t\t45%–60% | \n\t\t\t45%–60% | \n\t\t
Most important characteristics for different types of fuel cells
Low-temperature fuel cells (AFC, SPFC, and PAFC) have potential for the propulsion of cars, where a short heating time is needed and the efficiency has to be compared with about 20% for a combustion engine, whereas high-temperature fuel cells (MCFC and SOFC) are suitable for continuous power and heat production, where the cell temperature can be maintained. The high-temperature fuel cells have higher efficiency and are more tolerant to the choice of fuel compared to the low-temperature fuel cells [3].
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are electrochemical devices which convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with high efficiency and low environmental impact and are expected to become the emerging technology for stationary power production [6].
SOFCs are considered by many researchers to be the most suitable for generating electricity from hydrocarbons because of their simplicity, efficiency, and ability to tolerate some degree of impurities. There are many advantages of SOFC with respect to other fuel cells. Some of the main advantages are [7]:
The highest efficiencies of all fuel cells (50–60%)
A potential long-life expectancy of more than 40,000–80,000 h
Constructed from readily obtainable ceramic materials
Few problems with electrolyte management
High-grade waste heat is produced, for combined heat and power (CHP) applications increasing overall efficiencies to over 80%, and
Internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels is possible
However, there are some drawbacks related to the choice of materials in relation to costs. There are roughly two design types, tubular and flat plate. For the tubular cell, the material problems are less, but fabrication costs are high, whereas for the flat plate design, fabrication costs are less but more materials problems arise [8].
The operating principle of the solid oxide fuel cells is illustrated in Figure 1.
Sketch of solid oxide fuel cell operated on hydrogen and air.
SOFCs consist of three layers of functional materials: the anode, the electrolyte and the cathode. The anode is where the oxidation reaction takes place, and the cathode is where the reduction takes place. The cathode is fed with air or oxygen while the anode is fed with fuel gas. At the cathode, oxygen molecules are reduced to oxygen ions (½ O2 (g) + 2 e–\n\t\t\t\t
To limit cathode overpotential, the traditional SOFC with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) cathodes operate at relatively high temperatures (800°C–1000°C). These high temperatures encourage cell degradation—increasing cell, stack, and system maintenance. In addition, even higher temperatures are required for fabrication, encouraging electrode–electrolyte reactions, often forming undesirable, insulating secondary phases and consequently increasing cell resistance. Lowering the operating and fabrication temperature to 400°C–800°C could reduce both cell degradation and manufacturing costs. Cells which operate in this temperature range are known as intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFC). The advancement of this technology, limited by the high temperatures required, can be overcome by reducing operating temperatures, thus increasing theoretical efficiency. In order to operate efficiently at these reduced temperatures and to develop the next generation of hydrogen-related energy devices, new materials are required and the utilized processing routes must be optimized [6,9].
Among the new generation of materials, those with ABO3-type perovskite structures stand out due to their great versatility. Through the correct choice of A and B site cations and the introduction of dopants, it is possible to obtain a large variety of materials with a wide range of properties and applications. This chapter will cover a selection of key materials developed for use in SOFC devices, their advantages and disadvantages and the optimization strategies published so far.
The general formula unit of the perovskite is ABO3, where A is a larger cation with a coordination number of 12 and B is a smaller cation with a coordination number of 6 (Figure 2). The large A cations can be rare earth, alkaline earth, alkali, and others [10] whereas the smaller B site accommodates many transition metals. These elements are typically the source of electronic conductivity. Cations of a rather wide range of ionic radii and valence are able to enter one or another site in the perovskite structure, exhibiting versatile physical and chemical properties and, thus, high concentrations of oxide vacancies and high ionic conductivity may be achieved [11]. This ability to hold a large content of oxygen vacancies makes them good candidates as electrodes in SOFC applications.
Atomic structure and oxygen transport in mixed conducting perovskites. On the left, the positions of the ions in a cubic structure. On the right, corner-sharing BO6 octahedra and oxygen vacancy migration path.
The B cations are located in the corners of the cube and the A cation occupies the center. The oxygen is placed at the centers of the twelve cube edges, giving corner-shared strings of BO6 octahedra. The A cation has the same size as the oxide ion, while the B cation is smaller. Depending on the type of cations, it is possible to create oxygen vacancies in the structure. These oxygen vacancies move along the structure giving rise to ionic conduction (Figure 2).
The composition and the microstructure of electrode materials greatly influence the performance of SOFCs. The high temperature and the reducing or oxidizing atmospheres limit the choice of these materials.
One of the major research efforts in SOFC technology is directed towards decreasing the cell operating temperature. The best performance of the electrolyte, anode, and cathode materials typically is seen at an operating temperature above 800°C. This makes the use of expensive alloys as interconnectors and current collectors necessary. Decreasing the operating temperature would make it possible to use soft steel alloys with a remarkable decrease of the initial cost of the device. It is necessary, however, to develop new materials which exhibit good performance at lower temperatures in terms of conductivity, and chemical and mechanical compatibility. The widely used materials also need to be optimized in order to minimize technical problems at elevated temperatures. These problems are often associated with a mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the electrolyte and cathode or as a consequence of oxygen loss from the cathode material.
The role of the cathode as the active site for the electrochemical reduction of oxygen is an important parameter to take into account in the material’s design. SOFCs operate at high temperatures for long periods of time and, therefore, some requirements must be fulfilled [12]: (i) high electronic conductivity (σ > 100 S cm–1); (ii) a thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) match with other SOFC components; (iii) chemical compatibility with the electrolyte and interconnect materials; (iv) adequate porosity to allow mass transport of oxygen; (v) high thermal stability; (vi) high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); and (vii) low cost.
The cathodic reaction is quite complex and compromises a number of single steps such as diffusion, adsorption, dissociation, ionization, and finally, incorporation of oxygen into the electrolyte [13]. Oxygen molecules adsorb on the surface where they form partially reduced ionic/atomic species. These electroactive species must be transported along surfaces, interfaces, or inside the bulk of the electrode material to the electrolyte, where they are fully incorporated as O2–.
The cathode materials can be classified into two groups: mainly, electronic conductors (with poor ionic conduction) and mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs). Depending on the type of material, the conduction mechanism in the cathode will be different (Figure 3). In a poor ionic conductor, adsorption, dissociation, and diffusion of oxygen between the gas phase, electrode, and electrolyte [14] occurs through the triple phase boundary (TPB). In the MIECs, the conduction mechanism also occurs through the double phase boundary (DPB) [15,16]. The mixed conducting nature of the oxide ensures that electrochemical reactions occur at the MIEC/gas double phase boundary (DPB).
Schematic representation of conduction mechanisms (DPB: double phase boundary; TPB: triple phase boundary).
The deposition technique is also an important parameter which influences the electrochemical behaviour. Conduction in porous electrodes occurs through the three-phase boundary (TPB), whereas in MIECs, this also occurs through the DPB. In the case of dense electrodes, there is no direct contact between the cathode, electrolyte, and gas (hence, no TPB conduction exists). In this case, the oxygen reduction reaction occurs anywhere on the cathode surface, forming oxide anions which diffuse into the bulk of the electrode material towards the electrolyte. The material must present mixed ionic and electronic conduction [17].
La1-
Several authors have investigated other rare earths in the lanthanide position such as Pr, Sm, or Nd in order to improve the performance of manganites and avoid problems associated with the formation of the pyrochlore-insulating phases at the LSM/YSZ interface [23]. By substituting La with Sm, new materials with lower energetic barriers for adsorption and diffusion of oxygen species have been obtained [24]. In addition, they present excellent compatibility with YSZ and electronic conductivity well above that required in a SOFC (100 S/cm) [25]. The most promising electrode materials are Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3-
While looking for alternative materials to manganites, lanthanum cobaltites doped with bivalent metals such as Ca or Sr emerged [30]. These materials exhibit high conductivity values when 30% or 40% of Ca or Sr are added, respectively. In addition, the substitution of La by other lanthanides such as Pr and Sm has also lead to promising results. Despite the good results that these cobaltites exhibit, other drawbacks such as their high TECs and the appearance of secondary phases, limit their application.
In order to use the beneficial properties of these cobaltites, these materials are doped with Fe. Although, the addition of Fe promotes the decrease of the conductivity of the orthoferrites, lower TEC values are also achieved. Among these cobalto-ferrites, the Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 material stands out for SOFC cathode application. Shao et al. reported excellent performance at intermediate temperatures, proving that the orthoferrites are an interesting alternative for IT-SOFCs [30]. At the same time, the use of La1-
Rare earth orthoferrites with perovskite-type structure are interesting materials for many electronic applications because of their mixed conductivity [36,37]. A site–doped rare earth orthoferrite compounds have been studied as candidates to replace manganites and cobaltite cathodes due to its high catalytic activity and mixed ionic and electronic conductivities at reduced temperature (
While a large number of studies concerning cathode materials report the presence of secondary phases, they are often left unidentified [46] and are typically considered undesirable and associated with insulating phases that give rise to low conductivity values and poor performance [47]. Conversely, actual research in SOFC cathodes is focused on the development of composite materials, as the inherent requirements are so wide-ranging that no single material is capable of fulfilling every aspect [48]. The creation of composite cathodes is a good way to enhance the cathodic performance. They are composed of a solid electrolyte and an electronic conducting electrocatalytic material as in the La0.6Ca0.4Fe0.8Ni0.2O3-
The development of double perovskite materials such as GdBaCo2O5+
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||
\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | ||
La1-xSr | \n\t\t\t11.6××10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.18 | \n\t\t\t750 | \n\t\t\t180 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t3 × 10–9\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t[57,58] | \n\t\t
La1-xSr | \n\t\t\t12.1 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.1 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t125 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t1 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t6 × 10–7\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1000 | \n\t\t\t[59–61] | \n\t\t
La1-xSr | \n\t\t\t15.4 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.34 | \n\t\t\t750 | \n\t\t\t404 | \n\t\t\t550 | \n\t\t\t6 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t626 | \n\t\t\t[62-65] | \n\t\t
La1-xSr | \n\t\t\t15.6 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.16 | \n\t\t\t700 | \n\t\t\t435 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t[66,67] | \n\t\t
La0.6Ca0.4Fe0.8Ni0.2O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t11 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.10 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t260 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t— | \n\t\t\t[6] | \n\t\t
La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Cu0.2O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t14.6 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.138 | \n\t\t\t750 | \n\t\t\t135 | \n\t\t\t275 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[68] | \n\t\t
Pr0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t19.6 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.046 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t1040 | \n\t\t\t300 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t9.4 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t[69] | \n\t\t
LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t11.4 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.018 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t2 × 10–7\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t950 | \n\t\t\t[70,71] | \n\t\t
Pr1-xSr | \n\t\t\t14 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.454 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t2190 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[72,73] | \n\t\t
Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t22.8 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.20 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t1000 | \n\t\t\t850 | \n\t\t\t6 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t8.6 × 10–7\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t890 | \n\t\t\t[74,75] | \n\t\t
Ba0.5Sr0.5Zn0.2Fe0.8O3−δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t16.5 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.48 | \n\t\t\t650 | \n\t\t\t9.4 | \n\t\t\t590 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[76] | \n\t\t
Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t19.9 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.15 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t30 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t7.3 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[77,78] | \n\t\t
PrBaCo2O5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t20 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t600 | \n\t\t\t2000 | \n\t\t\t150 | \n\t\t\t1 × 10–3\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 × 10–5\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t350 | \n\t\t\t[56,79,80] | \n\t\t
PrBaCoFeO5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t21 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.049 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t321 | \n\t\t\t350 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[81] | \n\t\t
NdBaCoFeO5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t19.5 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.062 | \n\t\t\t800 | \n\t\t\t172 | \n\t\t\t350 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[81] | \n\t\t
GdBaCo2O5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t20.1 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.15 | \n\t\t\t750 | \n\t\t\t512 | \n\t\t\t500 | \n\t\t\t2 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3 × 10–7\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t350 | \n\t\t\t[82,83] | \n\t\t
SmBaCo2O5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t16 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.098 | \n\t\t\t750 | \n\t\t\t815 | \n\t\t\t500 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[84] | \n\t\t
SmBa0.5Sr0.5Cu2O5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t14.1 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.25 | \n\t\t\t650 | \n\t\t\t277.7 | \n\t\t\t485 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[85] | \n\t\t
YBaCo2O5+δ\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t16.3 × 10–6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t700 | \n\t\t\t315 | \n\t\t\t325 | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t--- | \n\t\t\t[86] | \n\t\t
The main properties of SOFC cathodes with both single and double perovskite structures
In recent years, advancements in cathode material properties have been made where a variety of perovskite oxides with a wide range of properties have been investigated. There are still, however, many chemistries to investigate which may yield superior performance in the future.
The requirements for a SOFC anode are quite similar to those for cathodes (changing the oxidizing atmosphere by a reducing environment), including: (i) proper electronic conductivity; (ii) thermomechanical and chemical compatibility with the electrolyte and interconnect materials; (iii) adequate porosity to allow gas transport to the reaction sites; and (iv) low cost. High ionic and electronic conductivity over a wide pO2 range and high surface oxygen exchange kinetics and good catalytic properties for the anode reactions are also desirable properties for a good anode material. Nickel-YSZ cermet has been widely used in the SOFC anode. This material fulfills most requirements: Ni exhibits good catalytic activity for the dissociation of hydrogen while remaining stable at operating conditions and YSZ provides structural support for the Ni particles and inhibits their coarsening while matching the thermal expansion properties of the rest of the cell components [87]. Areas where this anode composition is lacking, however, include poor redox stability, low sulphur and carbon deposition tolerance when hydrocarbon fuels are used, and the tendency for nickel to agglomerate after prolonged operation [88]. In the search for alternative anode materials that are capable of withstanding sulphur contamination and carbon deposition, oxides with perovskite structure have drawn considerable attention [87]. Several authors have studied anode materials based on the perovskite structure as very promising alternatives [89,90]. Among the numerous materials with perovskite structure, SrTiO3-type titanates have received a great deal of attention due to their high stability under reducing atmospheres and high temperatures [91]. This material, however, suffers from poor electronic conductivity, but this can be overcome through the introduction of appropriate dopants in the structure [92]. Marina et al. studied the effect of La doping in SrTiO3 with a clear effect seen from the substitution of the Sr and the oxygen partial pressure on the total electrical conductivity with values as high as 500 S/cm at 500°C for the La0.3Sr0.7TiO3 phase [93]. Furthermore, doping with Sr in the A site and Nb in the B site, it was possible to increase the conductivity to 10 S/cm; however, these materials exhibited a poor ionic conductivity [94]. Ti has also been substituted by other cations such as Al, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, or Sc, affecting significant changes on the redox properties of the material and conductivities [95]. By adding multivalent cations such as Mn or Fe, reduction or oxidation occurs in these cations in preference to or together with Ti, leading to a general decrease in the presence of Ti (III), resulting in a decrease in conductivity [96]. The effect of Co has also been analyzed, observing that after reduction with H2, the segregation of Co nanoparticles occurs on the anode surface, which favors the oxidation of the fuel, thus reducing the resistance under anodic polarization [97]. To improve the behaviour of titanates, various dopants have been introduced on the A site (Y, La, Ce) [98,99]. The introduction of Ce3+ leads to decomposition into a variety of phases due to its ready oxidation in air. Some Ce-rich phases migrate to the grain boundaries, which result in an increase in the catalytic properties of up to an order of magnitude [100]. It is particularly interesting to note the results obtained by Morales-Ruiz et al., where (La,Sr)(Ti,M)O3 (M = Ga, Mn) anodes exhibited comparable performance to those of conventional Ni-YSZ anodes [101]. Recently, AMoO3 perovskite types (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba), containing Mo4+ ions have received interest for their potential use as anodes [102]. While these materials have high electrical conductivities (104 S/cm) they also present problems associated with the diffusion of oxide ions [102]. This limitation can be overcome by doping with other metals such as Fe or Cr on the Mo site [103,104]. Co is another suitable dopant which also creates oxygen vacancies, supplying sufficient ionic transport making a material with excellent catalytic properties for the oxidation of hydrogen [105]. Another alternative is to create composites with materials which have high ionic conductivity [106]. In this regard, the most commonly used materials are Y0.08Zr0.92O2 (YSZ), La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 (LSGM), and Gd0.1Ce0.9O2 (GDC), which have been traditionally used as electrolytes, facilitating greater thermal, mechanical, and chemical compatibility with the anode composite. From these systems, a new material with the general formula Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6 (SFMO) and perovskite-type structure has been developed, which features suitable mixed ionic-electronic conductivity and interesting catalytic activity [107]. It exhibits great stability when H2, fuel or natural gas is used and high tolerance to sulfides [108]. Recently, Sutirakun et al. developed a theoretical model for analyzing the electrochemical oxidation of H2 on the surface of this material [109]. One strategy for optimizing the material is to increase either the Mo content or add a small amount of active transition metal such as Ni in order to reduce the energy required for the formation of vacancies on the surface of SFMO. The other family of materials which has been widely studied are the chromites (LaCrO3). These materials initially developed as interconnectors for SOFCs, which will be discussed later, because of their high stability in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and low tendency to accumulate carbon [110]. Their low catalytic activity, however, makes their use with some fuels such as methane impossible. To solve this problem, the effect of different dopants on the properties of this material (Ca and Sr on the A site and Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in the B site) has been studied [111]. (La, Sr) (Cr, Fe)O3 is the best candidate due to its high redox stability, high conductivity, and electrochemical activity [111]. In addition, this material works well as a catalyst for methane [112] and has a thermal expansion coefficient very similar to YSZ and LSGM [113]. Fowler et al. have also studied these materials, finding that the La0.6Sr0.4Cr0.4Fe0.6O3-
Electrolyte ceramic materials must meet the following requirements: high ionic conductivity and low electronic conductivity; the charge carrier must either be from the oxidizer (O2) or fuel (H2), i.e. O2– or protons [119]. To date, SOFC electrolytes are, in most commercial cases, 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (8-YSZ) [120]. This material belongs to the group of fluorite-type solid solutions and up to now is the O2– ion conductor most used as electrolyte material for SOFC due to its high ionic conductivity and thermomechanical stability. Doping ZrO2 with Y2O3 has two main functions. First, to stabilize the cubic, fluorite phase, otherwise only stable at elevated temperatures, and second, to compensate the insertion of the trivalent Y3+ ions by oxygen vacancies in the zirconia lattice, giving rise to an enhancement of the oxygen ion conductivity. Generally, yttria-doped zirconia with 8 mol% Y2O3 exhibit an ionic conductivity higher than 0.1 S/cm at 1000°C and an electrical conductivity lower than 10–4 S/cm [121].
An important aspect to be considered is the chemical stability of the candidate materials at cell operation conditions, presenting high ionic conductivity (>0.1 S/cm) at intermediate temperatures and thermal expansion coefficients similar to the components of the cell [119]. The decrease in operating temperature can lead to an increase in chemical stability and cell lifetime, as well as a reduction in manufacturing costs; however, in the case of YSZ, cell performance decreases at lower temperatures due to the thermally activated ionic conductivity [122].
In order to obtain materials with improved properties at temperatures below 800°C, two families with perovskite type structure: gallates and cerates have been developed [123]. Most studies focus on Sr-doped LaGaO3, but other dopants such as Ba have also been investigated [124]. Phase segregation occurs when Ba is used due to its large size compared to Sr which forms a mixture of LaBaGa3O7 and LaGaO3 resulting in poor conductivities [125]. The ionic conductivity of this material can be increased by introducing Mg in the perovskite B site due to the introduction of compensating defects in the structure [126,127]. It has also been shown that the presence of a stoichiometry deficient in Ga may result in an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies [128]. In fact, this material is stable in CO-rich atmospheres, which allows its use as an electrolyte in direct coal solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFCs) [129]. Another strategy to increase the ionic conductivity of the material is through the production of composites with doped ceria electrolytes [130]. Through this method, it has been possible to optimize conduction through the grain boundaries, resulting in up to 10 times higher conductivity than ceria electrolytes at 500°C. In summary, the cells employing (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3-
The other family of materials with perovskite structures is based on BaZrO3 and BaCeO3, which traditionally have been developed as proton-conducting oxides, especially the cerates [133]. The production method, the temperatures employed in the process and the type and concentration of the dopant will affect proton conduction in the material. The cerates allow the introduction of precious metals such as Pd, which facilitates oxygen mobility, although the best results were obtained by using metal nanoparticles and by decorating the surface of the perovskite which acts as active catalysts [134]. Other dopants, both divalent and trivalent (Y, Yb, Gd, Sm, Nd, and La) have been employed [135–137]. This makes it possible to design materials resistant to reducing atmospheres with high conductivity and thermal and chemical stability in IT-SOFC operating conditions, even at temperatures as low as 500°C.
SOFC interconnect material requirements are as follows: (i) electronic conductivity > 100 S/cm; (ii) ionic transport number < 0.01 to avoid chemical shortcut permeation; (iii) gas tight; (iv) tolerate both reducing (H2) and oxidizing (air/O2) atmospheres; (v) be compatible with anode and cathode electrode materials (TEC and chemistry); and (vi) mechanical strength. LaCrO3 chromites are the most widely used SOFC interconnects and, doped with other elements, their properties are shown to be improved [138]. The dopants most widely employed in the A site of the perovskite are Sr, Mg, and Ca, with dissolution limits of 50% [139], 15% [140], and 50% [141], respectively. Furthermore, the B site is also doped with Co or Fe, in order to limit the Cr content as much as possible due to its volatility [142]. Doped lanthanum chromites seem ideal materials for use as interconnects as they are highly stable in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres and, at SOFC operating temperatures, do not react with the other cell components. Regarding thermal compatibility, through appropriate doping, it is possible to tailor the thermal expansion coefficient to that of the other components of the cell. LaCrO3 is a p-type conductor that, upon divalent cation substitution on the La site, is seen to charge compensate by a valence change in the Cr (Cr3+–Cr4+), accompanied by an increase in the electronic conductivity of the material. The main problem associated with these compounds is their sinterability, as at high temperatures and under high oxygen pressure, volatilization of chromium oxide can occur. To avoid this, various strategies such as more reactive synthesis methods at lower temperatures, the introduction of cationic vacancies, and new fabrication techniques (including microwave sintering, freeze drying with EDTA, and more) have been analyzed [143].
Nowadays, the research in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is focused on lowering the operating temperature below 800°C in order to overcome problems such as the ageing of the materials. Concurrently, lowering the operating temperature has the detrimental consequences of decreasing the rate of surface reactions and bulk diffusion in the cathode, giving rise to a worsening of the cell performance. Surface exchange and ionic conduction must therefore be improved to maximize the yield of the cathode reaction. This improvement can be carried out not only by new material selection but also by the detailed control of the microstructure [144]. As stated before, a common strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of the electrodes is the fabrication of composite materials, combining ionic and mixed ionic electronic conducting materials, where the ionic conductor is homogeneously distributed [49]. Using composites, the ionic conductivity across the electrode will be enhanced and, simultaneously, a higher thermomechanical compatibility with the electrolyte can be achieved. The catalytic activity of the material is associated with its microstructure, so if the latter is improved, the active surface area will be increased, and a higher electrochemical durability will be obtained [145]. A significant number of studies have also been conducted to increase active surface area via microstructural control: the use of organic materials as pore formers, template materials such as colloidal crystals, meshes, foams or microfibers, glassy carbon microspheres, or membrane-based templates [146]. These methods look for higher catalytic activities for electrode reactions and lower annealing temperatures due to the numerous active sites and large surface areas. The same goal can be achieved using a new tool that has been developed during the last two decades: nanotechnology [147].
Recently, nanotechnology has been shown to overturn many established theories in a wide range of scientific fields, often with highly desirable properties [148]. This has naturally resulted in a great deal of interest from both scientific and industrial communities in the properties of nanostructured materials. This interest arises from new and unexpected behaviour when compared with bulk materials. Enhancements have been reported in electrical and ionic conductivity, chemical reactivity, and other properties. The shift from bulk to nanomaterials is therefore a promising approach in the development of new advanced technologies capable of achieving higher performance and low environmental impact.
Nanomaterials have typically been considered for low-temperature devices, as high temperatures could promote coarsening and therefore loss of the desired properties. This has generally kept nanomaterials from application in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), but constant material advances have led to the decrease in their operational temperature. These so-called intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs), operating at 500°C–850°C, allow new possibilities for the use of nanomaterials.
The high surface area to volume ratio inherent in nanomaterials provides a large active area for SOFC electrodes. Nanomaterials are defined as a range of materials where at least one dimension is below 100 nm, resulting in nanostructures in zero- to three-dimensions. Nanoparticles, 0-D in nature, are well suited for use in composite electrodes, 1-D nanostructures, including nanotubes and nanowires, are thought to operate as promising electrodes, and thin films, 2-D in nature are of interest for application in micro-SOFCs (μ-SOFCs) and interlayers. Although the electrical properties of these nanostructures have been analyzed as independent 0- or 1-dimensional structures, the 2- or 3-dimesional behavior is more frequently reported, as it provides reliable results.
When working with SOFCs, there are two main approaches to develop nanomaterials with improved properties: optimizing existing composites by transforming them to nanocomposites and exploring novel nanostructured materials with high mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. In order to fabricate nanocomposites, wet impregnation/infiltration has been gaining increasing attention in recent years [149]. The infiltration process consists of placing a drop of a metal salt solution, with the chemistry required to give rise to the MIEC electrode material after decomposition, on top of a porous material (typically the ionic conductor) [150].
In parallel, MIEC nanostructured materials have also been developed in order to find further optimization of current state-of-the-art electrode materials. This kind of material features one dimension below 100 nm, giving rise to different structures such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofibers, etc. There are several techniques for obtaining these unique phase nanomaterials with enhanced active areas and lower particle sizes with one of the most commonly used being via templating. Only some examples utilizing this procedure will be shown, although a large number of articles have been published on this topic. However, the excellent review by Ruiz-Morales et al. is recommended for those interested in a more detailed description of this method [146]. There are just a few materials able to act as templates because they must fulfill requirements such as removability, compatibility with the process conditions, wettability with the network forming precursor solution and a narrow particle size distribution to achieve optimal packing. Some of the most interesting templates are the organic polymer spheres of polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [151]. It has been demonstrated that templated porosity is maintained and highly influences electrochemical behavior, presenting an effective means of enhancing the triple phase boundary (TPB), and thus improving cell performance [152]. Another interesting method to obtain economical nanostructures is based on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as particle growth controller templates [153,154]. The growth controller material must fulfill the following two characteristics for the desired application: thermal stability and either an ease of removal or sufficient electrical properties to form a composite material. This facile and economical route allows to synthesize perovskite nanoparticles with grain sizes as small as 16 nm and surface areas of 151 m2/g, improving electrochemical performance of the electrode by approximately one order of magnitude [153].
Of all possible nanostructures, nanotube-shaped materials seem to exhibit the most interesting improvements to electrode performance [155]. Although inorganic nanowires have been synthesized by several methods such as hydrothermal reaction [156], vapor transport [157], and electrospinning [158], the complexity of perovskite nanotube synthesis has resulted in the template-assisted synthesises becoming the most employed method. There are currently several membranes with different properties which can be used as templates, with anodized alumina (AAO) membranes being the most common [159]. The most important advantage of these membranes is their thermal stability, which allows the control of the morphology at high temperatures. Their high cost and the problems associated with their anodization do, however, limit their use. These membranes are classified in the literature as hard membranes while there is another group of templates known as soft membranes, which are primarily polymeric in nature. While not costly, they decompose between 200°C and 300°C, which means that the morphology cannot be completely controlled at higher synthesis temperatures. There are several types of polymeric membranes, with polycarbonates being the most commonly used [160]. The use of the pore wetting technique with polycarbonate membranes as templates and subsequent freeze-drying allows the fabrication of highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructures [161]. The electrospinning technique has also been used for the production of MIEC lanthanum strontium cobalt orthoferrite nanofibers [162]. This nanofiber-based cathode architecture is highly stable at intermediate temperatures (600°C–800°C) and provides continuous pathways for charge transport throughout the cathode.
Finally, there is a third generation of materials consisting of nanostructured nanocomposites. An improvement in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity was reported when LSM nanoparticles were loaded on a porous YSZ framework [163–166]. Also, electrocatalytic nanoparticles could be produced in oxide anodes for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) by an ex-solution method, i.e., by incorporating metals into a perovskite oxide phase in air followed by the reduction of the perovskite oxide [167]. The improvement in the performance of the cell by using these nanocomposites lies in the extension of the TPB to the newly generated surfaces [168]. Templates such as polycarbonate membranes have also been used for the production of composite nanotubes with 20 nm wall thicknesses [169]. With this strategy, a clear decrease in polarization resistance of the electrode is observed, giving rise to higher efficiencies at temperatures as low as 700°C. Recently, an electrolyte-supported SOFC was fabricated with all-nanocomposite components and operated below 600°C [170]. The highly active nanocomposite electrodes and easily sintered nanocomposite electrolyte allow an in situ low-temperature sintering while preserving the microstructure and electrochemical performance stability upon thermal cycling.
The performance of intermediate temperature SOFCs can be improved by engineering the electrode architecture on the nanoscale. Lowering the temperature facilitates the use of nanotechnology in synthesizing new nanostructured materials in which parameters such as porosity, the distribution of generated pores, and surface area can be closely controlled. These parameters have a significant influence on the performance of the materials used for energy conversion and storage, which means that these methods are an important starting point for the design and optimization of these types of energy devices.
The great versatility of the perovskite structure allows for different doping to obtain a variety of properties, which is a key feature in the development of materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This chapter not only briefly introduces the foundation and operation of SOFCs but also shows the evolution of perovskite materials for device components. Among the electrolytes, BaCeO3-based cerates exhibit the highest ionic conduction at intermediate temperatures while chromites doped with Sr find potential as interconnector materials. By introducing Fe in the Cr site, these chromites become interesting alternatives to the traditional NiO anode, in addition to the new trend of double perovskite-type materials such as Sr2MgMoO6, which present very promising results for anode application. It is in the area of SOFC cathodes in which the most progress has been made. Initially, in the 1960s, doped manganese perovskites (La1-
Finally, it is worth mentioning the importance of not only the material composition but also its structure, morphology and porosity. It has been found that a higher catalytic electrode area results in a significant improvement in the electrochemical system efficiency. Reducing operating temperatures of the SOFC has allowed nanotechnology to become a useful tool for the development of future generations of materials for IT-SOFCs.
This work has been partially financed by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia under project MAT2013-41128-R and by the Eusko Jaurlaritza/Gobierno Vasco under project IT-570-13. N. Ortiz-Vitoriano acknowledges a Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the EU Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (2007–2013).
Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) is a term used to portray a wide group of a few hundred substance exacerbates that initially originate from raw crude oil. In this sense, PH is extremely a mixture of chemicals. They are called hydrocarbons in light of the fact that practically every one of them is made totally from hydrogen and carbon. Crude oils can move in the measure of each compound they contain the oil based products that are delivered utilizing crude oils. PHs are clear or light-hued fluids that vanish effectively and others are thick, dull fluids, or semi-solids that do not dissipate. Huge numbers of these items have trademark gasoline, kerosene, or oily scents. Since present day society utilizes such a significant number of oil-based items such as, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, mineral oil, and asphalt, pollution of nature by them is conceivably across the board. Pollution brought about by petroleum-based goods will contain an assortment of these hydrocarbons [1, 2].
Petroleum hydrocarbons spills are among the most broad and naturally harming contamination that are potentially dangerous to human and ecosystem health. Chronic exposure results from constant presentation to little proportions of oil over broad stretches of time [3, 4] and typically occurs in closeness to trademark spills, yet anthropogenic sources are also typical point sources, such as spilling pipelines, age discharges, or overflow from land-based sources can result in a solid inclination of high to low oil focus. Non-point sources, for example, atmospheric fallout and earthly spillover, additionally result in chronic exposure, yet may not contain an unmistakable inclination of focus. Hydrocarbons, as saturates, olefins, and aromatics, make up 97% of most petroleum [3]. Of these compounds, aromatics are among the most stable and may persist in the environment for long periods of time. Ceaseless exposures can result in subcellular impacts including altered metabolism, cell structure and function, or enhancement of chromosome mutation; this cascade of biological consequences associated with chronic pollution from frequent smaller spills are frequently viewed as a bigger risk than that related with acute exposure from tanker mishaps. Oil contamination in the ocean, regardless of whether from anthropogenic or common sources, endless or intense, is a noteworthy natural concern [2]. This chapter outlines the outdoor, occupational, and natural sources of PH exposure and considers the evidence relating to harmfully effect in living things.
Petroleum (crude oil) principally consist of carbon (83–87%) and hydrogen (12–14%) having complex hydrocarbon blend like paraffins, naphthenes, fragrant hydrocarbons, vaporous hydrocarbons (from CH4 to C4H10). Other than these, crude oil likewise contains little measure of non-hydrocarbons (sulfur mixes, nitrogen mixes, and oxygen mixes) and minerals, heavier crudes contain higher sulfur [3]. Contingent upon power of hydrocarbons, petroleum is delegated paraffin base, middle of the road base or naphthenic base (Table 1). The unfavorable impacts of petroleum contamination on such necessary part of oceanic biological systems might be of extraordinary noteworthiness. Since the lethality of oil to biota is brought about by unsaturated hydrocarbons, naphthenic acids and another compound containing fragrant gatherings and nitrogen, the genuine harmful impacts portion is firmly identified with the measure of broke down non-unstable material [5]. The crude oil spills influence human well-being through their exposure to the intrinsic risky synthetics, for example, paraphenols and unpredictable benzene. The anticipated courses of introduction to synthetic compounds from the oil spill are inward breath, dermal contact, sustenance and water ingestion, and contact with the shoreline sand. This chronic exposure leads to affects physiological function such as hematologic, hepatic, respiratory, renal, and neurological functions.
Hydrocarbons | |||
---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen family | Distinguishing characteristics | Major hydrocarbons | Explanations |
Paraffins (Alkanes) | Straight carbon chain | Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane | General formula CnH2n+2, boiling point increases as the number of carbon atom increases. With number of carbon 25–40, paraffin becomes waxy |
Isoparaffins (Iso alkanes) | Branched carbon chain | Isobutane, isopentane, neopentane, isooctane | The number of possible isomers increases in geometric progression as the number of carbon atoms increases |
Olefins (Alkenes) | One pair of carbon atoms | Ethylene, propylene | General formula CnH2n. Olefins are not present in crude oil, but are formed during process. Undesirable in the finished product because of their high reactivity. Low molecular weight olefins have good antiknock properties |
Naphthenes | 5 or 6 carbon atoms in ring | Cyclopentane, methyl cyclopentane, dimethyl cyclopentane, cyclohexane, 1,2 dimethyl cyclohexane | General formula CnH2n+2-2RN. RN is number of naphthenic ring The average crude oil contains about 50% by weight naphthenes. Naphthenes are modestly good components of gasoline |
Aromatics | 6 carbon atom in ring with three a round linkage | Benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, cumene, naphthaline | Aromatics are not desirable in kerosene and lubricating oil. Benzene is carcinogenic and hence undesirable part of gasoline |
Composition of petroleum.
Oil energizes and oils are capricious mixes of hydrocarbons that move, among the fuel types, yet moreover inside each fuel type dependent upon maker, geographic zone, and customary use. The manifestations of these things are included a hardly any hundred hydrocarbon blends. Of these blends, toxicological information is available on only a not a lot of. This makes choosing the prosperity danger exposed by oil hydrocarbons troublesome.
Customarily, petroleum fuel or oil defiled destinations have been portrayed by two measures: explicit marker mixes called the synthetic compounds of concern (COCs) and by the aggregate of all the petroleum hydrocarbons called absolute petroleum hydrocarbons. The Petroleum Hydrocarbons Criteria Work Group (PHCWG) and the conditions of Washington and Massachusetts have created approaches that empower the improvement of human well-being hazard-based conclusion levels for PH. IDEM essentially concurs with these methodologies and has created comparable techniques. The PH conclusion levels depend on the non-malignancy end purposes of exposure. IDEM addresses the cancer-causing exposure by investigating certain cancer-causing COCs (benzene and certain cancer-causing polycyclic sweet-smelling hydrocarbons, cPAHs). Also, IDEM still requires source zone estimation of certain non-cancer-causing COCs (n-hexane, naphthalene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, in addition to non-cancer-causing polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for waste oil). This new methodology separates the piece of explicit petroleum items into substance gatherings called portions, in view of carbon chain length and comparable physical/compound properties. Since the arrangement of each division is variable, and toxicological data is not accessible for each compound in each portion, the physical/concoction and toxicological properties of at least one surrogate mixes are chosen to represent each fraction [6].
Despite the fact that social and financial improvement generally relies upon petroleum hydrocarbon as it is an overwhelming wellspring of vitality, it has caused an enormous zone of defilement and significant unfriendly impacts. The defilement of petroleum hydrocarbon scatters from soil, water to human well-being. Petroleum hydrocarbon tainting of soil is a far reaching worldwide natural concern. Oil and fuel spills in soil are among the most broad and ecologically harming contamination issues as it is a threatening to human well-being and biological systems, particularly in cold area. Biochemical and physicochemical properties of soil is disintegrated by refinery items and it likewise restricts the development and improvement of plants. Water and oxygen shortfalls, just as to deficiency of accessible types of nitrogen and phosphorus, are the fundamental changes of soil properties because of tainting with petroleum-inferred substances [7]. Petroleum hydrocarbon sullied soil causing natural contamination of underground water which confines its use and causes financial misfortune, ecological issues, and diminishes the rural efficiency of the soil. Microorganisms, plants, creatures, and people are confronting helpless circumstance on account of the lethality of petroleum hydrocarbons. Soil compounds are one of the essential biotic segments which are in charge of soil biochemical responses. Petroleum hydrocarbon has unfriendly impacts of on soil enzymes activities (Table 2
Product | Residential soils | Industrial soils | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct contact (mg/kg) | Migration to ground water (mg/kg) | Direct contact (mg/kg) | Migration to ground water (mg/kg) | |
Gasoline range organics | 3100 | 120 | 4300 | 1500 |
Diesel range organics | 3100 | 230 | 5800 | 2300 |
High end hydrocarbon oils | 3100 | 230 | 5800 | 2300 |
PH closure levels.
For more information, see the December 7, 2009, House Enrolled Act 1162 Interim Implementation Document at http://www.in.gov/idem/4202.htm.
Oil spills influence plants by making conditions which make fundamental supplements like nitrogen and oxygen required for the plant development inaccessible to them [8]. Crude oil sullying at various dimensions caused critical decrease in the development of the plant utilizing plant tallness, crisp weight and leaf territory and the impact is relative to the dimensions of pollution [9]. Crude oil contamination has likewise unfriendly consequences for soil fruitfulness and plant generation. It could decrease or stop plant development prompting demise because of shaping a physical obstruction and covering the roots [10]. Table 3 indicates antagonistic impacts of crude oil sullied soil in various plant species [7].
Toxic effects | Plant species |
---|---|
Root development is reduced | Red beans ( |
A significant reduction in heights of seedlings, leaf length, and number of leaves | Soybean ( |
Significant reductions in plant height, leaf area and stem diameter was observed | Maize ( |
Hindered germination, reduced heights, and girths were observed | |
The plant growth was reduced significantly in low levels | Horsetail tree ( |
Crude oil pollution has an adverse effect on growth, yield, and leaf chlorophyll content | Air Potato ( |
Reduction in the length of the radicle for the four crop plants |
PH toxicity in plants.
Petroleum hydrocarbon discharged in to the ocean, regularly amid transportation, prompting the contamination of a few destinations, and can in the long run achieve the coasts. Oil spills extending from low level releases to calamitous mishaps undermined beach front conditions; expansive spills generally are trailed by tidy up endeavors, yet total regulation is uncommon [7]. As dissolvability of petroleum hydrocarbon in water is commonly low, certain divisions of it drift in water and structure slim surface movies, which will encourage agglomeration of particles and regular natural issue, and effect on oxygen exchange. Other heavier portions will gather with the residue at the base of the water, which may influence base sustaining fish and living beings [7].
Animals are exposed to petroleum in many ways directly or indirectly. Some byproducts are formed during petroleum refining and processing which are used for the manufacturing of other products that are highly toxic. Constantly, these toxic compounds are inadvertently released into the environment and if this effect is connected to the effect of accidental crude oil spills worldwide, then these combined sources of unrestricted hydrocarbons constitute the major cause of environmental pollution. Despite the large number of hydrocarbons found in petroleum products, only a relatively small number of the compounds are well characterized for toxicity. Petroleum hydrocarbon molecules which have a wide distribution of molecular weights and boiling points cause diverse levels of toxicity to the environment
PH effect on humans.
All together for oil metabolites have a direct organic impact on earthbound vertebrates, they should enter the individual, normally by means of ingestion, inward breath, or retention [11]. For most life forms, the essential course of PAH exposure in oil-influenced living spaces is through the ingestion of tainted soils, residue, and diet things. Thusly, species that feed vigorously on sediment-related invertebrates will generally be at more serious danger of PAH exposure in respect to higher order consumers [12]. Be that as it may, PAHs only occasionally display sustenance web bioaccumulation and biomagnification; in this way, their potential for exchange up the natural pecking order is constrained. This is essentially connected with the expanded limit of vertebrates, including winged animals and warm-blooded creatures, to utilize and thusly dispense with PAH deposits.
PAHs can be perceived not long after presentation over a wide extent of vertebrate living creatures and tissues. For instance, field considers have recognized PAHs in the blood of feathered creatures and in turtle eggs and lab work has distinguished PAHs in snake skins [13]. Following their take-up, PAHs are processed by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) oxygenase or blended capacity oxygenase proteins. Digestion can likewise happen in vivo. Because of this biotransformation, direct estimation of oil portions, for instance, hard and fast PAH in tissues isn’t commonly a definite impression of exposure. Or maybe, the different isoforms of CYP (e.g., CYP1A) or CYP-related chemicals (e.g., ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase [EROD]) that are upregulated within the sight of PAH are frequently utilized as roundabout biomarkers of crude oil or PAH exposure. For instance, hostage rodents presented to crude oil demonstrated a portion subordinate increment in a few hepatic CYP-connected chemicals. Field investigations of ocean ducks conceivably exposed to crude oil from the Exxon Valdez spill showed raised dimensions of these biomarkers in oiled regions even decades later (Figure 2) [14].
Oil exposure in the environment. (a) Ear-tagged marsh rice rat, (b) tortoise, (c) seaside sparrow, (d) human, (e) oiled marsh (photographs: Philip C Stouffer). Adapted from [
Albeit molecular biomarkers, for example, CYP1A can be demonstrative of relative PAH exposure, only they may not suggest hurt or natural centrality. Unfriendly well-being impacts related with PAH exposure frequently result from the development of PAH metabolites, which have been exhibited to be genotoxic. In particular, these metabolites can tie to and harm DNA, framing DNA adducts (i.e., the official of DNA to a synthetic contaminant). For instance, hostage rodents presented to normally defiled soils with a wide scope of PAHs were found to have a subset of these PAHs in the liver and huge upregulation of EROD, and acceptance of DNA adducts came about. On the off chance that the DNA adduct is not fixed, generally typical cells can malfunction, prompting mutations and cancer. Other perceived lethal impacts of PAH on vertebrates incorporate conceptive brokenness, immunosuppression, and edema. Be that as it may, a large portion of what is thought about PAH digestion originates from hostage ponders, in which dosing may not reflect characteristic dimensions. There are moderately few field investigations of harmfulness that connect physiological results with vertebrate exposure to PAHs. This is especially valid for earthbound species and the vast majority of this work has been led on feathered creatures. For example, an investigation of yellow-legged gulls (
Synthetic concoctions and dispersants in crude oil can cause a wide scope of well-being impacts in individuals and natural life, contingent upon the dimension of presentation and helplessness. The Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are known parts of petroleum and petroleum-determined items. The PAHs are vital ecological toxins due to their cancer-causing nature. This mixes are routinely decided in modern waste water, drinking water, and groundwater. Guidelines on these lethal synthetic concoctions are as of now essentially in North America and Europe. The PAHs to a class of mixes with a high dangerous potential and thusly have a place with the gathering need contaminations. This dangerous synthetic substances can harm any organ system in the human body like the sensory system, respiratory system, circulatory system, immune system, regenerative system, tactile system, endocrine system, liver, kidney, and so on and subsequently can cause a wide scope of ailments and disarranges (Figure 3) [17, 18].
Ways petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) from oil enter aquatic animals.
Long-term exposure to low levels of petroleum hydrocarbons may impair behaviour and memory. This claim has led to an appraisal of the effect of these products on the nervous system.
A single exposure to a moderately high concentration of virtually any hydrocarbon solvent vapour will cause a general depression of CNS which, at high doses, will lead to unconsciousness. This property has been recognised for many years and some hydrocarbons (e.g. ethane) have been used as anaesthetics. Controlled short-term exposure of healthy subjects (up to 1-2 weeks), by repeated inhalation, to xylene, toluene, white spirit and jet fuel has shown that at levels of exposure above 250, 150, 300 and 200 ppm respectively an impairment of concentration, and of coordination occurs. These effects are readily and completely reversible on cessation of exposure [19].
PH to delivering CNS melancholy n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone cause harm to the fringe nerves, especially of the feet and hands and this outcomes in unsettling influences of sensation and muscle shortcoming. In the event that the harm is serious, loss of motion may result; this loss of motion is infrequently lasting yet recuperation is moderate. Nerve harm of this sort has been found to happen in laborers with a background marked by genuinely overwhelming and delayed presentation to the dissolvable vapor and fluid. A common precedent is that of the shoemakers who worked for extended periods in restricted spaces and utilized a paste broke up in n-hexane. This kind of nerve harm has been appeared because of the arrangement of hexane 2,s-dione from the digestion of n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone and does not have all the earmarks of being brought about by different hydrocarbons or ketones; there is, in any case, proof that substances with structures identified with hexane or methyl n-butyl ketone can potentiate the nerve harm brought about by these two hydrocarbons [20].
Over the most recent 10 years or something like that, various distributions have showed up, especially from Scandinavia which recommend that laborers utilized in occupations including presentation to natural solvents endure a disintegration in their enthusiastic parity, memory, knowledge, and forces of focus. They likewise portray a higher than normal occurrence of cerebral pains, wooziness, and other abstract grievances. Those examined were mainly painters and lacquerers. The condition has been given different names such as, painters’ disorder, natural solvents illness, psycho-natural disorder, ceaseless Danish disorder, and incessant natural dissolvable inebriation. Specific examinations have given no proof of nerve or cerebrum harm in laborers influenced by this disorder. A basic assessment of these productions uncovered that the solvents primarily included are toluene, white soul, and fly fuel; xylene and styrene do not seem to have been involved. Toluene and white soul are imperative parts of numerous paints; what is more toluene is utilized widely as a deluding and cleaning specialist [21].
Examination utilizing a battery of mental tests in specialists who had been uncovered for quite a while to toluene vapor at air dimensions of around 100 mg L−1 neglected to build up any distinctions from controls. At high focuses, for example, it may happen in paste sniffing, toluene has been accounted to harm the cerebellum (a piece of the mind that controls balance). No investigations are, at present, accessible on the impacts of long haul introduction to white spirits, however two such examinations are accessible on stream fuel. Mental and mental tests uncovered no significant distinction between gatherings of laborers who had been presented to fly fuel for quite a long while and a coordinated control aggregate that had not been uncovered. Since painters and lacquerers are presented to an assortment of solvents, it is difficult to determine which of the solvents (or of the numerous blends accessible) is embroiled in the painters’ syndrome.
All the more significantly, regardless of whether or to what degree introduction to solvents adds to the reason for this ailment is dubious. In most of the papers explored, lack of consideration has been given to the likelihood that different components could prompt the advancement of the discoveries in those uncovered. The most imperative of these variables are liquor addiction, utilization of psychoactive medications, introduction to lead or mercury, and propelling age. Lead and mercury are particularly relevant in this respect since they have, until recently, been important components of many paints; hence most of the painters who had been in this occupation for ten or more years must have had substantial exposure to these chemicals [22].
Most of lung cancer patients examined had non-small cell lung cancer. A few investigations showed that a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOC) (benzene, xylene, toluene, and styrene), distinguished by GC-MS, could separate lung cancer patients from controls. By and large, the quantity of VOCs per demonstrate went from 7 to 33, with an affectability of 50–100% and a particularity of 80–100%. These examinations, together with studies exploring single VOCs, uncovered that the discriminative VOCs were prevalently alkanes (e.g., pentane, butane, and propane), alkane derivatives (e.g., propanol and various aldehydes), and benzene derivatives (e.g., ethyl-, propylbenzene). Albeit most VOCs levels were raised, certain dimensions (e.g., isoprene) were diminished in patients compared with controls. The indicative capability of VOCs profiles in lung cancer was additionally shown by gatherings the utilized eNose and other refined strategies. Additionally, breath profiles were diverse in patients with divergent histology (adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma). Moreover, Peng et al. have shown unmistakable VOCs profiles in patients with lung, colon, bosom, and prostate cancer. The vital discoveries of VOC marks of various cancer types should be affirmed in more extensive clinical examinations. Multiple studies investigated the potential of VOCs to discriminate between lung cancer and other pulmonary diseases [23]. No single compounds (such as ethane), but a combination of multiple VOCs were able to distinguish lung cancer patients from patients with non-cancer pulmonary diseases (such as COPD, pleurisy, and idiopathic fibrosis) with a reasonable accuracy. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon tumor for the most part brought about by asbestos presentation. VOCs profiles had the capacity to analyze MPM in a group of subjects with long haul proficient asbestos presentation. In addition, Altomare et al. refined cyclohexane as conceivable marker of MPM [24].
Kanoh et al. exhibited that breathed out ethane was raised in patients with an interstitial lung malady (including sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) compared with controls, with largest amounts in those with a functioning and dynamic infection. A small VOC, 2-pentylfuran, was ordinarily present in the breath of patients with a ceaseless pneumonic illness (including asthma and CF) with
Diesel fumes particulates (DEPs) have additionally been accounted to cause the disturbance of male conceptive capacity. Earlier examinations have demonstrated that DEP exposure aggravated spermatogenesis, bringing about decrease of every day sperm creation and motility, expanded morphological sperm variations from the norm, and ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells in mice. In male rodents, the guideline of testicular capacity was adjusted bringing about height of serum testosterone and decrease of luteinizing hormone (LH) and sperm generation after DEP exposure. Scarcely, any epidemiological investigations have detailed regenerative harmfulness of xylene. In China, an examination was led on specialists who were presented to blended natural solvents in the petroleum business. The aftereffect of this examination demonstrated that such a blend of natural solvents caused an expansion in the commonness of oligomenorrhea. There is another report on ladies uncovered solvents containing natural aliphatic and fragrant hydrocarbons. What’s more, exposure to these solvents caused antagonistic result on regenerative hormones like decrease of pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (pd3G) in corpus luteum stage, pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH), and estrone 3-glucuronide, and higher follicle stage pd3G. In addition, the commitment of xylene in the rate of such impact was more than 50%. Concerning barrenness, there are a few reports of abatement spermatozoa reasonability, and decline motility alongside lower acrosin activity discharge from spermatozoa which help in infiltration of the zona pellucida, diminished γ-glutamyl transferase activity, lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4), and hoist the fructose level because of xylene exposure. One investigation showed that 4-nitrophenol (PNP) had estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities in vivo, prompting sterility. The amassing of PNP in air, water, and soil might be one factor in expanding frequency of sterility in people and creatures, yet epidemiologic examinations are pending [27].
Different examinations have discovered an expanded sharpness of kidney tubules, declined creatinine in the pee and hematuria because of xylene exposure. Kidney impacts because of xylene were relied upon focus and portion which led to conglomeration of m-xylene in the fats of kidney in the fringe. Other enzymatic exercises and expanded relative load of the kidney were additionally distinguished in rodents with various centralization of xylene. Histopathological assessment uncovered insignificant ceaseless renal ailment. However, pee result was common, the essential unfavorable impacts identified was ascending in an adjustment in hyaline bead in male rodents and harm of kidney in the female rodents led to cell toxicity [28, 29].
To begin with, oil spill mishaps could influence marine meteorological condition through scattering, disintegration, emulsification, and vanishing of the crude oil. When oil is spilled into the ocean, it could spread over the outside of the seawater. Some exploration revealed that a huge amount of spilled oil can frame 5 × 106 m2 of smooth on the outside of the ocean water. The smooth could hinder the O2/CO2 trade straightforwardly and lead to an oxygen consumption and pH change in the ocean water. In this manner, a few reports demonstrated that marine desertification was brought about by oil spill mishaps. Moreover, oil spill mishaps seriously affect the marine/earthbound biological communities and human well-being. For instance, oil smooth structures an anaerobic condition in the ocean water and prompts the demise of widely varied vegetation. Oil spills can cause hypothermia of marine fowls and well evolved creatures by decreasing/decimating the protecting capacity of the plumage of feathered creatures and the hide of vertebrates. In the short-term, the poisonous establishes in petroleum could toxic substance or slaughter winged animals, well evolved creatures, angles and other marine living beings and harm the delicate submerged biological systems which lead to a horrible impact on the worldwide natural way of life, and in the long run mischief human well-being by harming inner organs, for example, kidneys, lungs, and liver. In addition, oil spill mishaps could influence marine plants and farming creation by blocking light and vaporous trade. It is evaluated that half of the all-out seaside wetland misfortune was brought about by oil spill mishaps. Finally, the oil contamination in marine condition can cause noteworthy financial misfortunes in the travel industry and marine asset businesses, for example, beach front salt industry, marine aquaculture, and fishery industry [30].
Oil spill mishaps could influence marine meteorological condition by means of scattering, disintegration, emulsification, and vanishing of the unrefined petroleum. When oil is spilled into the ocean, it could spread over the outside of the seawater. Some examination revealed that a huge amount of spilled oil can frame 59 × 106 m2 of smooth on the surface of the ocean water [31, 32]. The smooth could obstruct the O2/CO2 trade straightforwardly and lead to an oxygen exhaustion and pH change in the ocean water. Furthermore, smooth could likewise impact water vanishing and precipitation in marine condition. Accordingly, a few reports showed that marine desertification was brought about by oil spill mishaps. Examines have exhibited expanded mortality of fish because of oil spills. Fish eggs and larvae are regularly powerless against poisonous oil mixes because of their little size, ineffectively created films and detoxification frameworks just as their situation in the water segment [33, 34, 35]. A research investigations have demonstrated that oil or oil mixes (for the most part polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) at low fixations can execute or cause sub-deadly harm to angle eggs and larvae. Sub-deadly impacts incorporate, for example, morphological disfigurements, decreased sustaining, and development rates, and are probably going to build helplessness to predators and starvation. The few existing in situ investigations of fish mortality at spill locales demonstrate sub-deadly impacts or raised mortality of eggs and larvae [35].
Marine warm-blooded creatures having an all-around created pelage would be relied upon to have oil stick promptly to them. This is upheld by research center examinations including ringed seals [36], ocean otters [37], and polar bears [38]. Extra proof incorporates the finding, in zones of spilled oil, of oil-fouled creatures, for example, harp seals (
Exploratory introduction ponders in ringed seals and polar bears recognized that these species in any event had an incredible ability to discharge hydrocarbons collected from its exposure. The flood of ringed seals in an oil smooth brought about a take-up of hydrocarbons into tissues as examined beforehand, and likewise abnormal states in bile and pee. Renal and biliary discharge instruments gave off an impression of being successful to clear blood and most tissues of the gathered buildups by 7 days. Further, incredibly high buildup levels were found in pee following ingestion of a (14)C-naphthalene named oil [41]. A functioning digestion of the oil hydrocarbons, in any event of the aromatic parts, is demonstrated by the way that practically the majority of the (14)C-naphthalene movement was available as polar water-dissolvable buildups in both plasma and pee. Freedom of retained oil in polar bears appeared to happen by method for pee and bile [41]. Renal release officially huge in perspective on the high fixations and delayed nearness of oil hydrocarbons in pee, was presumably thought little of since the example readiness technique separated just dissolvable extractable hydrocarbons which were estimated by fluorometry, like the ringed seal oil inundation ponder. This strategy could not represent increasingly polar processed hydrocarbons. Albeit one may theorize that the biochemical instrument for hydrocarbon digestion in marine warm-blooded animals is like that of earthly vertebrates and depends on a blended capacity oxygenase framework, few subtleties of such a framework exist. Engelhardt [41] demonstrated that the chemical aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, one of the blended capacity oxygenases, exists in both liver and kidney tissues of ringed seals. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was observed to be inducible by in vivo exposure to unrefined petroleum, especially in kidney tissue where the movement of the compound multiplied.
Petroleum hydrocarbons may be high-profile events that can result in environmental impacts and affect the lives of living organisms. It is understandable that interest will be expressed by both individuals and organizations in knowing what damage was done and how long it will take to recover. However, while government agencies may have environmental quality monitoring programs in place for routine assessment, these will not be designed for large-scale pollution incidents. Government agencies that create guidelines for PH substances incorporate the EPA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Proposals give profitable rules to ensure general well-being, however cannot be authorized by law. Government associations that create proposals for PH substances incorporate the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Guidelines and proposals can be communicated in not-to-surpass levels in air, water, soil, or nourishment that are generally found on levels that influence creatures. At that point, they are acclimated to help ensure individuals. Now and then, these not-to-surpass levels contrast among government associations in view of various introduction times, the utilization of various creature contemplates, or different variables. Despite the fact that there are no bureaucratic guidelines or rules for PH by and large, the administration has created guidelines and rules for a portion of the PH parts and mixes. These are intended to shield people in general from the conceivable hurtful well-being impacts of these PH.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"R-SLS"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elisa Pieragostini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11641",title:"Updates on Fermentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a40ca422d610cac17d09b0df36469351",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Raúl Ferrer-Gallego",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11641.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"353129",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11524",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84908e027f884ec3fcbaea42eb69b698",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hayri Baytan Ozmen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11524.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11703",title:"Fluorescence Imaging - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"728ff3bfc75ad2c9a39c338b52ae1893",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Raffaello Papadakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11703.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251885",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaello",surname:"Papadakis",slug:"raffaello-papadakis",fullName:"Raffaello Papadakis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11729",title:"Circumcision - Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d4761c03b5694edec9f7fc48092549ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmad Zaghal and Dr. Ali El Safadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11729.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11833",title:"Ozone Research - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e789b57319be85ed0a32e569967d822",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Taner Yonar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11833.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190012",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Yonar",slug:"taner-yonar",fullName:"Taner Yonar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:424},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"276",title:"Social Philosophy",slug:"social-philosophy",parent:{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:70,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:73,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"276",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5924",title:"Epistemology and Transformation of Knowledge in Global Age",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"382d6a083d347e3753d199fa79c15fde",slug:"epistemology-and-transformation-of-knowledge-in-global-age",bookSignature:"Zlatan Delić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5924.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31746",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatan",middleName:null,surname:"Delic",slug:"zlatan-delic",fullName:"Zlatan Delic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3440",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5f349487df1a7fb9f6ea4fd0be63d54",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",bookSignature:"Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108479",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Seidl-De-Moura",slug:"maria-lucia-seidl-de-moura",fullName:"Maria Lucia Seidl-De-Moura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1017",title:"Metaphysics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b19f3c83b6a16d4f9261c7036172796f",slug:"metaphysics",bookSignature:"Mark Pestana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1017.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122472",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Pestana",slug:"mark-pestana",fullName:"Mark Pestana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9583,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"72249",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92579",title:"Digital Parenting: Raising and Protecting Children in Media World",slug:"digital-parenting-raising-and-protecting-children-in-media-world",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Digital media have quickly changed ways in which parents and children communicate, enjoy themselves, acquire information, and solve problems daily (both in ordinary and exceptional circumstances such as COVID-19 home confinement). Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"45773",doi:"10.5772/57003",title:"Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles in the Majority World Evidences from Nigeria and Cameroon",slug:"cultural-variations-in-parenting-styles-in-the-majority-world-evidences-from-nigeria-and-cameroon",totalDownloads:5078,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Esther F. Akinsola",authors:[{id:"160225",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:"Foluke",surname:"Akinsola",slug:"esther-akinsola",fullName:"Esther Akinsola"}]},{id:"45934",doi:"10.5772/57083",title:"Brazilian Mothers’ Cultural Models: Socialization for Autonomy and Relatedness",slug:"brazilian-mothers-cultural-models-socialization-for-autonomy-and-relatedness",totalDownloads:1687,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura, Rafael Vera Cruz de Carvalho and\nMauro Luís Vieira",authors:[{id:"108479",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Seidl-De-Moura",slug:"maria-lucia-seidl-de-moura",fullName:"Maria Lucia Seidl-De-Moura"}]},{id:"45939",doi:"10.5772/57242",title:"Child-Rearing Practices of Brazilian Mothers and Fathers: Predictors and Impact on Child Development",slug:"child-rearing-practices-of-brazilian-mothers-and-fathers-predictors-and-impact-on-child-development",totalDownloads:2977,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Cesar Augusto Piccinini, Patricia Alvarenga and Angela Helena\nMarin",authors:[{id:"161058",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Piccinini",slug:"cesar-piccinini",fullName:"Cesar Piccinini"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72249",title:"Digital Parenting: Raising and Protecting Children in Media World",slug:"digital-parenting-raising-and-protecting-children-in-media-world",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Digital media have quickly changed ways in which parents and children communicate, enjoy themselves, acquire information, and solve problems daily (both in ordinary and exceptional circumstances such as COVID-19 home confinement). Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"72823",title:"Helicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health",slug:"helicopter-parenting-and-adolescent-development-from-the-perspective-of-mental-health",totalDownloads:951,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Deepika Srivastav and M.N. Lal Mathur",authors:[{id:"320545",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Deepika",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastav",slug:"deepika-srivastav",fullName:"Deepika Srivastav"},{id:"322605",title:"Dr.",name:"M.N.Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mathur",slug:"m.n.lal-mathur",fullName:"M.N.Lal Mathur"}]},{id:"45760",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9583,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"72914",title:"Parent-Adolescent Relationship and the Impact of Substance Dependency within the Trajectory of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder",slug:"parent-adolescent-relationship-and-the-impact-of-substance-dependency-within-the-trajectory-of-adole",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Adolescents strive for freedom and autonomy; thus, communication with their parents needs to be enhanced. Building solid healthy relationships at this stage of their lives is of utmost importance to help them cope with the changes and challenges they are experiencing. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the parent-adolescent relationship in the substance dependency field. The focus is on the relationship between parents and their adolescents who have a substance use disorder. Parenting adolescents poses its own set of challenges, making it difficult to build and maintain healthy parent-adolescent relationships. We argue that although adolescent substance use disorder has been extensively researched, the relationship between parents and adolescents with substance use disorder has surprisingly not received the same attention. It is this gap that this chapter seeks to address. With this in mind, the ecological systems theory was employed here to shed light on the importance and significance of developing healthy parent-adolescent relationships. The findings show that the parent-adolescent relationship primarily informs the daily living of both the parents and the adolescents. The parent-adolescent relationship is therefore very important as it represents whole-family functioning.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Faith Mathibela and Rebecca Mmamoagi Skhosana",authors:[{id:"317920",title:"Mrs.",name:"Faith",middleName:null,surname:"Mathibela",slug:"faith-mathibela",fullName:"Faith Mathibela"}]},{id:"56390",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sociology of Knowledge and Epistemological Paradox of Globalization",slug:"introductory-chapter-sociology-of-knowledge-and-epistemological-paradox-of-globalization",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"5924",slug:"epistemology-and-transformation-of-knowledge-in-global-age",title:"Epistemology and Transformation of Knowledge in Global Age",fullTitle:"Epistemology and Transformation of Knowledge in Global Age"},signatures:"Zlatan Delić",authors:[{id:"31746",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatan",middleName:null,surname:"Delic",slug:"zlatan-delic",fullName:"Zlatan Delic"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"276",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:12,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:14,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:228,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",middleName:null,surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhRjQAK/Profile_Picture_1636637493542",biography:"Toonika Rinken is an associate professor in environmental chemistry and is leading a biosensor development lab at the Institute of Chemistry in the University of Tartu, Estonia. She received her PhD degree in chemistry in 2000 in the same university for the modeling and calibration studies of biosensors and has passed professional self-improvement in Uppsala (Sweden) and Gröningen (the Netherlands). Dr. Rinken's research activities are focused on the studies and development of biosensing systems for automatic monitoring along with testing and application of biosensor based analytical systems.",institutionString:"University of Tartu",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Tartu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Estonia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75563/images/system/75563.jpg",biography:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold Medalist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc in Entomology from the University of Karachi, Pakistan, and MAS (Monbusho Scholarship) in Agronomy from Nagoya University, Japan, and a Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Karachi. She is the founder of the Department of Zoology and former controller of examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Hazara University, and Kohat University of Science and Technology. She is the author of 150 high-impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 40 authored books, 9 chapters, and 9 edited books. She is also a student supervisor. Her fields of interest are entomology, toxicology, forensic entomology.",institutionString:"Classes et Events in Sciences (C.E.S.)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Nazip Suratman and Dr. Engku Azlin Rahayu Engku Ariff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",middleName:null,surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144417/images/system/144417.jpg",biography:"Mohd Nazip Suratman is a Professor of Forestry at the Faculty of Applied Sciences, and a Principal Fellow at the Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia, He earned a B. Sc in Forestry from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and an M. S from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), USA. He was then honored with a prestigious fellowship from the Canadian Commonwealth to pursue a Ph.D. degree at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, where he worked on the application of remote sensing for forest resources management. He has been involved in numerous collaborative international research projects that led to publications in reputable journals. Altogether, he has published a total of 14 books and more than 200 research publications. His research interests cover several aspects of forestry, mainly forest modeling, forest ecology, and biodiversity. He received the UiTM’s Best Researcher and Top Talent Awards in 2015 and 2021, respectively. He served as the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) from 2018 to 2021.",institutionString:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/308831",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"308831"},fullPath:"/profiles/308831",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()