\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6893",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Endemic Species",title:"Endemic Species",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book consists of several thematic groups, including botany, zoology and topics related to human health. In regards to botany, chapters discuss endemic plants of Bolivia, Mexico, Italy and the Caribbean. They show the diversity, distribution and conservation of many species. In regards to zoology, the book highlights endemic primates and reptiles. Additionally, the book presents other environmental issues relevant to conservation. This volume also presents topics related to health, some of which are relevant for their implications on health and the economy, is the case of the presence of toxins in the Pacific plankton.All chapters present relevant content for future research or because they are fundamental for territorial management.",isbn:"978-1-83962-353-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-252-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-354-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73421",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"endemic-species",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3290be83fff5bc015f5bd3d78ae9c6c7",bookSignature:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Carmelo Maria Musarella and Ana Cano Ortiz",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6893.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8033,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 20th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 7th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRsK0QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-06-29T05:32:24.PNG",biography:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Ph.D. in Science from the University of Granada, Spain; A Professor of Botany at the University of Jaén, Spain. His fundamental line of research is Flora and Vegetation. We have focused our research on Spain, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico; As a result of these investigations, we have directed 13 doctoral theses, and some 250 publications including articles, books, and book chapters. He participates in national and international congresses with about 200 papers/communications. We have held different academic positions. Director of the Dean of the Faculty of Experimental Sciences. Founder and Director of the International Seminar on Management and Conservation of Biodiversity for 14 years. Member of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Geobotany societies. Counselor of the I.E.G His academic and teaching career focuses on Geobotany, teaching classes in the Biological Sciences degree and in the master's degree in olive groves and olive oil, his research has focused mainly on flora and vegetation, carrying out cartographic projects for the habitats of Europe.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276295/images/system/276295.png",biography:"Carmelo Maria Musarella, Ph.D. (Reggio Calabria, Italy – 23/01/1975) is a biologist, specializing in Plant Biology. He studied and worked in several European Universities: Messina, Catania, Reggio Calabria, Rome (Italy), Valencia, Jaén, Almeria (Spain), and Evora (Portugal). Adjunct Professor of Plant Biology at the “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria (Italy). Research topics are floristic, vegetation, habitat, biogeography, taxonomy, ethnobotany, endemisms, and biodiversity conservation. Author of many research articles published in indexed journals and books. Guest editor for Plant Biosystems and referee for this same journal and others. Member of the permanent scientific committee of International Seminar on “Biodiversity Conservation and Management” guested by several European universities. Participated in several international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops and presented oral communications and posters.",institutionString:'"Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Reggio Calabria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203697/images/system/203697.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"841",title:"Biodiversity",slug:"environmental-sciences-ecology-biodiversity"}],chapters:[{id:"65963",title:"Introductory Chapter: Endemism as a Basic Element for the Conservation of Species and Habitats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84950",slug:"introductory-chapter-endemism-as-a-basic-element-for-the-conservation-of-species-and-habitats",totalDownloads:820,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Ana Cano Ortiz and Carmelo Maria Musarella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65963",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65963",authors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"},{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella"},{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"67410",title:"Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. (Lamiaceae): A Rare Endemic Species of Calabria (Southern Italy)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84905",slug:"-em-salvia-ceratophylloides-em-ard-lamiaceae-a-rare-endemic-species-of-calabria-southern-italy-",totalDownloads:822,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. is a very precious narrow endemism of Southern Italy. It grows in the suburban surroundings of Reggio Calabria, on coastal strip hilly ridges between 250 and 450 m a.s.l. At the beginning of 1900, it was present in several localities, as evidenced by literature, where it was already very rare. Afterward, despite the research carried out by various botanists, the species was no longer found, due to its disappearing in the places mentioned in literature resulting from the intense environmental transformations suffered by the territory. Therefore, the species since 1997 was included in the “Red Book of the flora of Italy” among the extinct species. The successive research carried out in 2008 made it possible to ascertain new localities at about 10 km of distance from those reported in the literature. The actual population consists of about 1000 individuals, and according to IUNC criteria, the conservation status is critically endangered (CR). The threats to survival and spread of the species are different, but above all, it is the habitat destruction due to urbanization to threaten this species.",signatures:"Giovanni Spampinato, Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface, Ana Cano Ortiz, Ricardo Quinto Canas and Carmelo Maria Musarella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67410",authors:[{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella"},{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz"},{id:"216982",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo Quinto",surname:"Canas",slug:"ricardo-quinto-canas",fullName:"Ricardo Quinto Canas"},{id:"276299",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina Lucia Astrid",surname:"Laface",slug:"valentina-lucia-astrid-laface",fullName:"Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface"},{id:"276300",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Spampinato",slug:"giovanni-spampinato",fullName:"Giovanni Spampinato"}],corrections:null},{id:"65135",title:"Endemic Plant Species of Bolivia and Their Relationships with Vegetation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82776",slug:"endemic-plant-species-of-bolivia-and-their-relationships-with-vegetation",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The inventory of Bolivia’s vascular plants lists 2402 endemic species (ca. 20% of 12,339 of native flora). Among angiosperms, there are 2263 species from 124 families and 641 genera, whereas among pteridophytes, there are 139 species from 16 families and 29 genera. Seven families with the greatest number of endemic species are Orchidaceae (418), Asteraceae (246), Bromeliaceae (147), Cactaceae (127), Poaceae (92), and Piperaceae (81). Cleistocactus and Puya have 14 and 55 endemic species, respectively, so representing 82.3 and 84.6% of the species in these genera. Bolivia’s endemic species show distribution patterns associated with past geological events, orographic dynamics (of the Andes and in the Cerrado), as well as areas of diversification. Dry xeric and humid regions host local and regional endemics in specific families and biogeographic regions of high conservation importance. Humid montane forests in the Yungas and dry inter-Andean valleys are rich in endemic species with 51 and 22% of the total recorded in the respective regions. Nevertheless, there are still many lesser known geographical areas that may generate new information in the short and medium term. Only 165 endemic species (6.9%) have been evaluated for their conservation status following IUCN categories with 49% assessed as endangered (EN).",signatures:"Mónica Moraes R., Carla Maldonado and Freddy S. Zenteno-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65135",authors:[{id:"272175",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Moraes R.",slug:"monica-moraes-r.",fullName:"Mónica Moraes R."},{id:"284258",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",surname:"Maldonado",slug:"carla-maldonado",fullName:"Carla Maldonado"},{id:"284259",title:"Mr.",name:"Freddy S.",surname:"Zenteno-Ruiz",slug:"freddy-s.-zenteno-ruiz",fullName:"Freddy S. Zenteno-Ruiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"64940",title:"The Endemism of the Vascular Flora of Mexico Present in Comarca Lagunera, an Agricultural Region in the Chihuahuan Desert",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82709",slug:"the-endemism-of-the-vascular-flora-of-mexico-present-in-comarca-lagunera-an-agricultural-region-in-t",totalDownloads:777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A study of the distribution of 321 taxa of endemic vascular plants of Mexico distributed in Comarca Lagunera, a region of northern central Mexico within the Chihuahuan Desert, was conducted. The analysis consisted in detecting the areas of high richness and with this information propose areas for the conservation of plant biodiversity in this region. The study includes an analysis of species richness at the level of political units (municipalities), vegetation types, and grid cells of 10 × 10 km. Additionally, the corrected weighted endemism index was calculated using the grid cells. The sites with the richest taxa are located in the mountain areas; however, these do not coincide with the sites with the highest index of endemism since a high percentage of taxa have a restricted distribution to one of the proposed units. Thirty-six taxa are recognized with restricted distribution to the boundaries of Comarca Lagunera, most of them considered as microendemics, which have been described in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to establish biodiversity conservation programs in the region since much of Comarca Lagunera territory is dedicated to agricultural and industrial activities.",signatures:"Alberto González-Zamora and Rebeca Pérez-Morales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64940",authors:[{id:"273690",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"González-Zamora",slug:"alberto-gonzalez-zamora",fullName:"Alberto González-Zamora"},{id:"273692",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",surname:"Pérez-Morales",slug:"rebeca-perez-morales",fullName:"Rebeca Pérez-Morales"}],corrections:null},{id:"65148",title:"Mexican Indigenous Species with Agroecological Uses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83400",slug:"mexican-indigenous-species-with-agroecological-uses",totalDownloads:842,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mexico is considered one of the twelve megadiverse countries, and they together harbor 60–70% of the biodiversity from the planet. Mexico with Brazil, Colombia, and Indonesia occupied the principal positions. In Mexico, there are almost 50,000 plant species recognized now. Several of these plants are used since the pre-Hispanic age in religious ceremonies and medicinal treatments, but their potential in agroecology has not been exploited. There is not much information related to these alternative crops and their possible uses in agriculture. In this chapter, we will describe the main characteristics of the plant and its possible uses in agroecology.",signatures:"Arellano-Perusquía Abraham, Bañuelos-Hernández Bernardo, Urquieta-Ramírez Luz, Albarrán-Tamayo Froylán, Aguilar-Ruiz Carlos Agustín, González-Márquez Marco Antonio, Junquera-Martínez Sergio and Cruz-Hernández Andrés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65148",authors:[{id:"276310",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"Cruz-Hernández",slug:"andres-cruz-hernandez",fullName:"Andrés Cruz-Hernández"},{id:"286722",title:"BSc.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Arellano-Perusquía",slug:"abraham-arellano-perusquia",fullName:"Abraham Arellano-Perusquía"},{id:"286724",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz",surname:"Urquieta-Ramírez",slug:"luz-urquieta-ramirez",fullName:"Luz Urquieta-Ramírez"},{id:"286725",title:"Dr.",name:"Froylan",surname:"Albarrán-Tamayo",slug:"froylan-albarran-tamayo",fullName:"Froylan Albarrán-Tamayo"},{id:"286726",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos Agustín",surname:"Aguilar-Ruiz",slug:"carlos-agustin-aguilar-ruiz",fullName:"Carlos Agustín Aguilar-Ruiz"},{id:"286727",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"González-Márquez",slug:"marco-antonio-gonzalez-marquez",fullName:"Marco Antonio González-Márquez"},{id:"286729",title:"Mr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Junquera-Martínez",slug:"sergio-junquera-martinez",fullName:"Sergio Junquera-Martínez"},{id:"302920",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Bernardo",surname:"Bañuelos-Hernández",slug:"bernardo-banuelos-hernandez",fullName:"Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"64589",title:"Instrumental Methods for Detection of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Endemic Species from Pacific Austral Fjords",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82438",slug:"instrumental-methods-for-detection-of-lipophilic-marine-toxins-in-endemic-species-from-pacific-austr",totalDownloads:1111,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) are a group of marine toxins which in recent years have been consistently identified in the vast majority of shellfish worldwide. One of their main characteristics is having a latitudinal variability and an assimilation/retention specific for each species. LMTs consist of four important groups: okadaic acid group (OA-group), pectenotoxin group (PTX-group), azaspiracid group (AZA-group) and yessotoxin group (YTX-group). These groups have different chemical structures, which has generated an important challenge to establish analytical techniques to identify all toxic analogues from the same toxic matrix. Likewise, in the aquatic environment, shellfish represent the best bio-indicator model that allows for the establishment of levels of toxicities related to LMTs. In this chapter, the evolution for detection of LMTs from mouse bioassay (MBA), enzymatic assays (PP2a), and analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), are described. These analytical advances have allowed us to determine and identify the characteristic profiles of LMTs produced by marine microalgae, including the prevalence and biotransformation of LMTs in the different endemic species. It is worth mentioning that these techniques have favoured the updating of numerous sanitary standards and the definition of the most appropriate technique for the detection of LMTs in shellfish and endemic species.",signatures:"Carlos García, Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas and Héctor R. Contreras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64589",authors:[{id:"218388",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"García",slug:"carlos-garcia",fullName:"Carlos García"},{id:"274320",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor R.",surname:"Contreras",slug:"hector-r.-contreras",fullName:"Héctor R. Contreras"},{id:"274322",title:"Ms.",name:"Javiera",surname:"Oyaneder-Terrazas",slug:"javiera-oyaneder-terrazas",fullName:"Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas"}],corrections:null},{id:"70070",title:"The Genotyping of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD-d) in Malaria Endemic South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Eastern Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88954",slug:"the-genotyping-of-glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency-g6pd-d-in-malaria-endemic-south-centr",totalDownloads:791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Approximately 18 million people live in malaria-endemic areas with 218,450 reported confirmed cases and 161 reported deaths in Indonesia. Currently, primaquine (PQ), the 8-aminoquinolines, is still the only drug for radical cure and preventing relapse of malaria. However, the individuals with G6PD deficiency (G6PD-d) have risk of hemolysis. Currently, few data of the prevalence of G6PD-d and genotyping are available. This study will provide the prevalence of G6PD-d and the genotyping in malaria cases in South Central Timor (TTS) district. G6PD status was analyzed with quantitative (Randox G6PD test, UK) follow with PCR-RFLP and sequencing to identify the variant of G6PD-d genotyping. Malaria was confirmed by n-PCR (Promega, Madison, USA). A total 64 of 181 individuals with G6PD-d from South Central Timor (TTS) district were analyzed. About 25 of 64 cases of G6PD-d were tested positive for malaria with P. vivax as the dominant species 56% (14/25) and most of the cases were female 73.3% (11/15). Among the 64 G6PD-d the genotyping Vanua Lava (10,883 T>C) WHO classifies G6PD-d genetic variants class II with severe deficiency <10% the enzyme activity were dominant. The variant of Vanua Lava is dominant and the high G6PD-d indicated that screening for G6PD deficiency is necessary.",signatures:"Jontari Hutagalung, M. Soleha, Nikson Sitorus and Linawati Hananta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70070",authors:[{id:"221829",title:"Dr.",name:"Jontari",surname:"Hutagalung",slug:"jontari-hutagalung",fullName:"Jontari Hutagalung"},{id:"293322",title:"Dr.",name:"Linawati",surname:"Hananta",slug:"linawati-hananta",fullName:"Linawati Hananta"},{id:"312232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikson",surname:"Sitorus",slug:"nikson-sitorus",fullName:"Nikson Sitorus"},{id:"312233",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"Soleha",slug:"m.-soleha",fullName:"M. Soleha"}],corrections:null},{id:"66965",title:"Two Endemic Primates’ Species in China: Hainan Gibbon and Guizhou Snub-Nosed Monkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85933",slug:"two-endemic-primates-species-in-china-hainan-gibbon-and-guizhou-snub-nosed-monkey",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is the most threatened species of gibbon, the endemic primates of China. Currently, there were only 4 groups no more than 30 individuals left, which is only distributed in a 16 km2 area (H: 800–1280 m) of Bawangling National Nature Reserve of Hainan island in China. The social structure of the Hainan gibbon is polygynous, with one adult male pairing with two adult females. Hainan gibbon research has always been one of the hot spots of primate research, mainly concentrated in ecology, behavior, and genetic research. Here, we mainly reported the classification, historical population changes, community structure, dietary, reproductive and song behavior of Hainan gibbon. We also reported the other unique primate of China: Guizhou snub-nosed monkey.",signatures:"Jiang Zhou and Huaiqing Deng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66965",authors:[{id:"275310",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiang",surname:"Zhou",slug:"jiang-zhou",fullName:"Jiang Zhou"},{id:"293273",title:"Dr.",name:"Huaiqing",surname:"Deng",slug:"huaiqing-deng",fullName:"Huaiqing Deng"}],corrections:null},{id:"66987",title:"Modern State Law: Regulating Tradition or Protecting the Environment in the Mankon Kingdom of Northwest Cameroon?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85125",slug:"modern-state-law-regulating-tradition-or-protecting-the-environment-in-the-mankon-kingdom-of-northwe",totalDownloads:1015,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most African countries including Cameroon find themselves in a situation of legal pluralism and at crossroads with implications for the sustainable management of natural resources. Traditional institutions and knowledge systems have been hailed as invaluable mechanisms for the conservation of flora and fauna. This chapter examines the conflict between traditional institutions and State law in the hierarchically stratified Mankon Kingdom of the Grassfield region of Northwest Cameroon where the latter prohibits the harvesting of culturally valuable plant and animal species for myriad ritual ceremonies and for therapeutic purposes. It demonstrates that the lack of cultural sensitivity can be antithetical to conservation initiatives. In other words, there is the need to align current legislative regulations for the management of natural species with the traditional use of territory and gender roles as well as to raise the cultural and educational level of the population through sensitization on the need to conserve the natural environment on which their culture depends for its survival.",signatures:"Ngambouk Vitalis Pemunta and Ngwa Donald Anye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66987",authors:[{id:"287343",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ngambouk Vitalis",surname:"Pemunta",slug:"ngambouk-vitalis-pemunta",fullName:"Ngambouk Vitalis Pemunta"},{id:"295368",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngwa Donald",surname:"Anye",slug:"ngwa-donald-anye",fullName:"Ngwa Donald Anye"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and 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\r\n\tThis book on "Soldering - New Techniques and Approaches" will intend to provide a comprehensive discussion into the diverse topics in soldering and modern interconnection technology. One of the goals of the book will be to bridge this gap while moving from conventional to advanced lead-free soldering technology. Recent developments in high-density interconnection require the development of cost-effective and lightweight miniaturized devices such as flip-chip packages and through Si via technology. The micro joining of these miniaturized appliances needs low-cost interconnect materials and approaches in a practical scenario. The evolution of microelectronic devices and circuits towards drastic miniaturization and high density-high speed platforms for rapid data processing necessitates the development of new advanced and reliable solder materials. The usage of conventional Sn-Pb solders has been now regulated worldwide due to the various toxicity issues and directives, i.e., the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV). This book will aim to cover a broad overview of modern soldering and micro joining materials and new technologies developed over the years in this discipline.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-747-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-746-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-748-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a4b9a00a0b9b0718ef37413d53a5c146",bookSignature:"Dr. Ashutosh Sharma",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11940.jpg",keywords:"Materials, Conventional Soldering, Modern Soldering, Shear Strength, Wetting, Intermetallic Growth Kinetics, Fracture Toughness, Solder Pastes, Solder-Joints, Wire Bonding, Flip Chip Packages, Metallization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 1st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 31st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 19th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering scientist in the field of advanced microelectronic packaging and fabrication technologies, holder of Extraction and Processing Division (2016) Award, TMS USA, and 17 registered patents and several publications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/145236/images/system/145236.jpeg",biography:"Ashutosh Sharma is currently working in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea. He earned his Ph.D. degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India. His research interests include electrochemical deposition, lead-free soldering and brazing, additive manufacturing, high entropy alloys, gas sensors, and composites. Dr. Sharma is a life member of various scientific and professional bodies. In a very short time, he has contributed more than 100 international journals, 17 patents, 8 book chapters, and 1 authored book, and 1 edited book so far. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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It is important to monitor aerosols emitted during waste treatment and management to understand their impact on human health and the environment. Carbonaceous aerosols are major components in air pollution as a result of energy consumption, thus measurement of them is important to waste management. Increasing interest has been drawn to the identification, measurement, analysis, and modeling of carbon aerosols in the past decade. This book chapter will provide a review of the widely used semi-continuous thermal-optical method to determine carbonaceous aerosols in relation to air pollution and waste management.
Quantification of carbonaceous species provides important observations in understanding aerosol life cycle. Carbonaceous aerosols play important roles in air quality, human health, and global climate change. However, accurate measurement of carbonaceous particles still presents challenges. Carbonaceous particles are divided into three categories: organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and inorganic carbonate carbon (CC) [Chow et al., 2005; Schauer et al., 2003]. The terms “elemental carbon (EC)“, “soot”, “black carbon”, “graphic carbon”, and “light absorbing carbon” are often used loosely and interchangeably in different research areas. Atmospheric EC particles are produced almost exclusively under incomplete combustion conditions. They are from both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. Ambient elemental carbon particles rarely appear as diamond crystalline structure. EC aerosols absorb light effectively and they can be characterized by light scattering, absorption, or transmittance, as well as other methods. Absorption spectroscopy is deemed to provide quantitative information of EC. Difference in the definition of EC is a result of measurement methods [Jeong et al., 2004; Watson et al., 2008].
Increasingly OC has drawn more attention because of its effect on regional air pollution and global climate change. OC aerosol formation is attributed to both biogenic and anthropogenic sources [Bond & Bergstrom, 2006]. OC may be released directly into the atmosphere (primary organic aerosol) or formed when gaseous volatile organic compounds are released to the atmosphere followed by photolysis induced oxidation to form secondary organic aerosols [Bae et al., 2004; Schauer et al., 2003]. Past findings indicate that a large percentage of OC observed around the world is secondary [Zhang et al., 2007]. This chapter, however, focuses on the widely used semi-continuous thermal analysis method. Comparisons among relevant methods are also provided.
Thermal desorption has been used to analyze volatile organic compounds. The physical principle lies in the fact that different components of a sample volatize, oxidize, or react with other reagents as the temperature profile changes [Mac, Kenzle, 1970]. Many methods employ a two-step temperature profile. Generally speaking, sample is heated in the first step to a temperature ranging from 350 °C to 850 °C. Carbon evolved in this step is defined as OC. In the second step, sample is heated to a temperature ranging from 650 °C to 1100 °C. Carbon evolved in this step is defined as EC. At the first temperature regime, the volatilization rate of EC is assumed to be low, and OC evolution occurs in an atmosphere without an oxidizing agent. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas forms as a result of OC evolving from the sample. In step 2, an oxidizer is introduced. Oxygen (O2) is often used. EC reacts with this oxidizing agent, sometimes under catalysis conditions, to form CO2. CO2 is detected directly. A methane (CH4) – helium (He) mixture is used to calibrate the system; the CH4 is oxidized in the same manner to achieve quantification. The original compounds are transformed due to thermally-induced reactions (dissociation or oxidation). The detection is not chemically specific using the thermal analysis method. Results are often reported as empirically and operationally defined categories including OC, EC, and TC. TC is the sum of OC and EC (TC=OC+EC).
An important factor in thermal evolution methods is the OC/EC split point. Many methods use Optical Reflectance and/or Optical Transmission to monitor the conversion of OC to EC and the oxidation of EC to CO2. The rationale is that since EC is not volatile until very high temperatures (well above the ~840 °C used by the NIOSH method, for example), its release is only dependent on oxidation when oxygen is present. High temperatures in the non-oxidizing environment often cause some OC components to form EC by charring. This complicates the determination of EC as additional EC is formed due to this charring. When oxygen is added to the sample oven, the black EC char will combust and the filter becomes white. When the light intensity from reflection or transmission of the samples on the filter reaches its original intensity, the charred OC is assumed to be removed. The OC/EC split point is usually defined in this manner. It is assumed what comes off after the split point is quantitatively nearly equal to the EC that was on the filter originally as EC.
Thermal-Optical methods assume that: (1) The EC caused by charring of OC’s during the first O2-free step is more easily oxidized; or (2) that the absorption coefficient of the EC formed by charring is similar to the absorption coefficient of the original EC within the filter. If either of these assumptions is correct, then the method will be an effective quantitative method of OC and EC. Although the operational principle is similar, subtle differences exist among the different methods. These factors may include analysis atmosphere, temperature profiles, optical monitoring approaches, sample size, and other differences in physical configurations of the analytical instrument [Watson et al., 2005; Chow et al., 2005]. Some examples of more detailed studies of the effect of using TOT and TOR on the OCEC split point are discussed elsewhere [Chow et al., 2004; Cheng et al., 2009].
Particulate samples are usually collected using filters ranging from several hrs to days, then samples are prepared for off-line analysis in the laboratory. For OC and EC laboratory analysis, the Sunset instrument (Sunset Laboratories Inc.) and the DRI (Desert Research Institute) instrument are among the most commonly used. Near real-time or real-time on-line techniques are advantageous compared with off-line ones, because they provide faster sampling resolution and reduce labor in analysis. More importantly, the faster time resolution makes it possible to capture fast changing fluctuations of particle emisisons, where the off-line methods would have missed due to the longer sampling time.
An example of the modified NIOSH thermo-optical analysis thermal desorption diagram of a field sample. The x-axis is time in seconds, and y-axis is intensity of different traces. The blue color is oven temperature; red NDIR laser intensity; gray pressure; and green carbon dioxide.
Several techniques are established for in situ determination of black carbon (BC), such as the aethalometer and the particle soot absorption photometer. The relationship between BC and EC, however, is not fully resolved. These on-line EC methods do not provide OC measurements simultaneously. The Sunset Semi-Continuous Organic Carbon/Elemental Carbon (OCEC) Aerosol Analyzer has been a successful development for on-line OC and EC measurement. It can provide measurements of OC and EC on hourly time scales, and it allows for semi-continuous sampling with analysis immediately after sample collection. The instrument provides quantification of both OC and EC aerosols and requires no off-line sample treatment and laboratory analysis. This reduction in complexity, along with the ability to measure OC and EC on an hourly basis, provides advantages over conventional off-line integrated techniques.
Aerosol light absorption can be used to determine EC (or BC) either on filter media or in situ. There are several commerically avaialble instruments based on aerosol light absorption including the aethalometer, particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP), micro soot sensor, multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP), photo-acoustic soot spectrometer (PASS), and single particle soot photometer (SP2). Moosmüller et al. [2009] provides a detailed review of these techniques. Due to the commericial avaiability of these fast in situ instruments, more comparisons have been made to the EC measurements among them. Instrument uncertainty and minimum detection limits were determined for these techniques. Some recent examples of these quantities and comparisons are seen in Chow et al. [2009], Cross et al. [2010], Slowick et al. [2007].
Other newer developments often involve mass spectrometery. One such successful example is the aerosol mass spectrometer [Jayne et al., 2000]. However, it does not provide simultaneous EC measurements, although it can provide faster resolution of total organic aerosol. The latter is often deduced to primary and secondary components using positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. As a result, it is more labor intensive to operate and conduct data reduction. In addition, MS based instruments are often more expensive to purchase. They take more power and space, therefore, not immediately accessible for long-term regulatory monitoring purpose in waste management.
The semi-continuous Sunset OCEC analyzers (Model 3F, Sunset Laboratory Inc., Portland, OR) is widely used to measure OC and EC mass loadings at different locations. Ambient samples were collected continuously by drawing a sample flow of ~8 lpm. A cyclone was used upstream of the instruments to pass particles smaller than 2.5 µm. The airstream also passed through a denuder to remove any volatile organic compounds in the air. Sample flow rate was adjusted for the pressure difference between sea level and each of the sites to ensure accurate conversion of sample volume. During automated semi-continuous sampling, particulate matter was deposited on a quartz filter. The quartz filter was normally installed with a second backup filter, mostly to serve as support for the front filter. The portion of the sample tube containing the quartz filter was positioned within the central part of an oven, whose temperature was controlled by an instrument control and data logging program installed on a laptop computer and interfaced with the OCEC instrument.
After a sample was collected, in situ analysis was conducted by using the modified NIOSH method 5040, i.e., thermal optical transmittance analysis, to quantify OC and EC. The oven was first purged with helium after a sample was collected. The temperature inside the oven was ramped up in a step fashion to ~ 870 °C to thermally desorb the organic compounds. The pyrolysis products were converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) by a redox reaction with manganese dioxide. The CO2 was quantified using a self-contained non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) laser detection system. In order to quantify EC using the thermal method, a second temperature ramp was applied while purging the oven with a mixture containing oxygen and helium. During this stage, the elemental carbon was oxidized and the resulting CO2 was detected by the NDIR detection system. At the end of each analysis, a fixed volume of external standard containing methane (CH4) was injected and thus a known carbon mass could be derived. The external calibration was used in each analysis to insure repeatable quantification. The modified NIOSH thermal-optical transmittance protocol used during a field study in Mexico City is summarized in Table 1.
Errors induced by pyrolysis of OC are corrected by continuously monitoring the absorbance of a tunable diode laser beam (λ = 660 nm) passing through the sample filter. When the laser absorbance reaches the background level before the initial temperature ramping, the split point between OC and EC can be determined. OC and EC determined in this manner are defined as Thermal OC and Thermal EC. Total carbon (TC) is the sum of Thermal OC and Thermal EC, TC = Thermal OC + Thermal EC, or TC=OC+EC. The Sunset OCEC analyzer also provides an optical measurement of EC by laser transmission, i.e. Optical EC. Optical OC can be derived by subtracting Optical EC from total carbon, Optical OC = TC - Optical EC, where TC is determined in the thermal analysis.
Modifications can be made to the temperature steps in the thermal-optical method. Conny et al. [2003] conducted a study to optimize the thermal-optical method for measuring atmospheric black carbon employing surface response modeling of EC/TC, maximum laser attenuation in He, and laser attenuation at the end of the He phase. They tried to minimize the positive bias from the detection of residual OC on the filter as native EC by maximizing the production OC char by the Sunset (TOT) instrument. In addition, they sought to minimize the negative bias from the loss of native EC at high temperatures. This first study concluded that for particle samples around 30 to 50 µg, the optimal condition for steps 1- 4 in the He environment are 190 ºC for 60 s, 365 ºC for 60 s, 610 °C for 60 s, and 835 °C for 72 s, respectively.
An example of the modified NIOSH 5040 thermal-optical protocol used during the MILAGRO campaign [
Recently, Conny et al. [2009] reported an update using the same empirical factorial-based response-surface modeling approach to optimize the thermal-optical transmission analysis of atmospheric black carbon. They showed that the temperature protocol in the TOT analysis of a Sunset Instrument can be modified to distinguish pyrolyzed OC from BC based on the Beer-Lambert Law. The optimal TOT step-4 condition in the helium environment was established to be around 830° - 850 °C using urban samples via response surface modeling in their newer findings, although temperature as low as 750 °C or as high as 890 °C is not excluded. This optimization is based on two criteria. First, sufficient pyrolysis of OC must occur in the high temperature helium environment (i.e., He step 4 or the high temperature step in He), so that insufficiently pyrolyzed OC is not measured as native BC after the split point. Second, the apparent specific absorption cross sections of OC char and the apparent specific absorption cross sections of native BC determined by the instrument are assumed to be equivalent to determine the optimal operation conditions.
In order to eliminate interference from near ground activities, an aerosol sampling stack can be used adjacent to the dwelling hosting the instrument at a surface site. An example is given below based on our field deployment experience. The sampling stack is made of PVC pipe ~ 20 cm in diameter and extending ~ 8 m above ground. The stack inlet is protected by a rain cap. A heated stainless steel sampling intake tube (~ 5 cm in diameter) is coaxially positioned in the center of stack ~ 4 m below the top of the stack and extending through the lower end cap. The airflow through the aerosol sampling stack is ~ 1000 lpm, of which approximately 120 lpm is drawn into the heated tube. The tube is wrapped with heating tape and insulation and further encased in a PVC pipe. Electric power is applied to heat the sample line such that the relative humidity (RH) of the sample air is maintained at or below 40%. Much simpler design can be used to obtain equally good sampling results.
Filters are recommended to be changed every few days before the laser correction factor reached below ~ 90%. Sampling interval shall be determined based upon local mass loadings. At locations with low mass loadings that are close to the instrument detection limits, it makes sense to sample for longer time. Otherwise, for semi-real time sampling, the sample time is usually chosen to be one hour, i.e., 45-minute ambient sampling followed by 15 minutes thermal-optical analysis. Daily, at midnight, a 0-min sampling blank is taken. Instruments should be calibrated using an external filter with known OC and EC mass concentrations. Values reported are corrected to ambient temperature and pressure, this is especially important if the sampling location is elevated. Externally produced standard filters are recommended to check the precision of instrument as additional quality assurance. The relative standard deviations deduced from collocated in situ measurements between the two analyzers are determined to be 5.3%, 5.6%, 9.6%, and 4.9% for Thermal OC, Optical OC, Optical EC, and TC, respectively [Bauer et al., 2009]. The limits of detection for OC and EC determined using the thermal-optical method by the Sunset instrument were estimated to be approximately 0.2 µgC/m3 [Schauer et al., 2003]. Readers are referred to previous reviews to find more details about differences among major instruments for determination of particulate carbonaceous compositions [Chow et al., 2007].
Linear least-squares fit parameters between quantities determined using optical and thermal-optical approaches
The thermally determined quantities are considered reliable and are used for data reporting. Some recent studies have looked into the correlation between the thermal-optically determined quantities thermal OC and thermal EC, and shown that these quantities may be strongly correlated (Table 2). Strong linear relationships have been seen at multiple locations with reasonable R2. However, the values of the fitting slope vary from ~ 0.6 to ~ 1.4. This indicates that no single simple numerical relationship can be applied everywhere. One also needs to take into consideration that some of these studies were conducted at locations of low EC mass loadings, which contributes to higher uncertainty in the analysis results. In the future, similar studies should be done at locations of higher carbonaceous mass loadings, which would make such comparisons more conclusive. More studies have compared the EC quantities determined by different in situ techniques. It is still an on-going effort to determine the differences among these methods [Chow et al., 2009; Cross et al., 2010; Slowick et al., 2007].
Carbonaceous aerosols have been monitored by established networks in the U.S. such as the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) and the Speciated Trends Network (STN). Many intensive field studies have been conducted to study carbonaceous aerosols in U.S. in addition to the monitoring by the long-term network. No strong correlations have been seen among OC and other major particulate matter components such as sulfate, nitrate, or ammonium ions based on a recent study compiling available ground-based carbon data worldwide [Bahadur et al., 2009]. As more attention has been directed to the importance of carbonaceous aerosols, more field data would become available.
Time series of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measured at an urban site in Houston, TX in 2009. The yellow highlighted area indicates local ozone observation was over 75 ppb.
Table 3 shows a comparison of PM2.5 OC and EC with other metropolitan areas in the world, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, and Houston. Most of these OC and EC measurements were obtained by thermal optical reflectance methods [Birch, 1998; Cachier et al., 1989; Chow et al., 2001]. Since the definitions of OC and EC are operationally defined, uncertainties exist among different methods. The OC:EC values for T1 and T2 reported in Table 3 are obtained by Deming regression analysis. The OC:EC value obtained at T1 is
Comparison of PM2.5 OC:EC, OC, EC, and TC observed in different cities
comparable to the average reported for urban US cities [Schichtel et al., 2008]. In contrast, the average OC:EC value at T2 is comparable to places such as Houston [Russell and Allen, 2004] and Milan [Lonati et al., 2007]. It is close to the average reported for US rural areas [Schichtel et al., 2008].
We also need to take into account the season when measurements were taken when comparing results from different locations. For example, winter observations usually result in higher mass loadings than those in summer, most likely affected by boundary layer height and mixing. For example, when looking into recent results from Mexico city, a more sensible comparison is with that in a study in Mexico in 1997 [Chow et al., 2002]. Six core sites were used in this study, La Merced, Pedregal, Xalostoc, Tlalnepantla, Netzahualcoyotl, and Cerro de la Estrella, mostly representing urban, suburban, residential, industrial, and commercial areas in or near downtown Mexico City. Results reported were averages of all six sites. The T1 and T2 comparisons with these results are in reasonable agreement. However, direct comparison with results from the regional sites may be more useful in illustrating changes or trends over the past decade. Unfortunately, the latter were not available. Querol et al. recently reported the OC and EC results during MILAGRO [Querol et al., 2008], but only results from T1 were available for comparison. Since Querol et al., [2008] selected only a few 6 hr samples to determine OC and EC, their results do not have the same time resolution or as many samples as reported here. We expect, therefore, that the results with higher time resolution may provide more complete statistics because of the continuous hourly measurements.
Although the values of OC:EC and EC:TC could be used to get some idea of the extent of primary and secondary organic carbon, quantification of POC and SOC is important to assess the performance of organic aerosol predictions made by models. Identification of POC and SOC is quite important in further analysis. Due to the lack of an analytical technique for directly quantifying the atmospheric concentrations of primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC), indirect methods have been developed to estimate their concentrations. Here we will provide detailed description of the widely used semi-empirical EC tracer method, because it is simple to use.
The semi-empirical EC tracer method is used to derive POC and SOC empirically. The assumptions and methodology of EC tracer method are described in detail elsewhere [Castro et al., 1999; Turpin and Huntzicker, 1991; 1995; Yu et al., 2007]. Briefly, total OC (OCtotal) is defined as the sum of POC and SOC, Eq. (1).
POC is defined in Eq. (2),
where (OC:EC)pri is the estimated primary carbon ratio. The OC emitted from non-combustion sources, such as emission directly from vegetation, is assumed to be negligible in the approach used here. Using the minimum OC to EC ratio, (OC:EC)min, to substitute for (OC:EC)pri, the SOC and POC can therefore be estimated [Cabada et al., 2004; Castro et al., 1999]:
Several assumptions must be made to deduce SOC and POC in this manner. For instance, samples used to calculate (OC:EC)min have negligible amounts of SOC. Composition and emission sources of POC and SOC are assumed to be relatively constant spatially and temporally. Contribution from non-combustion POC is assumed low. Contribution from semi-volatile organic compounds is also assumed to be low compared with non-volatile organic species. The determination of (OC:EC)min is crucial in this approach.
The EC tracer method is mainly dependent on ambient measurements of OC and EC and therefore is easy to use. The key is to estimate (OC:EC)pri from ambient conditions. The challenge lies determining (OC:EC)pri, because it could be influenced by meteorological conditions and emission fluctuations [Turpin and Huntzicker, 1995; Yu, S. et al., 2004].
Previous authors often used the lowest 5% or 10% measured OC/EC values in a given season to estimate (OC:EC)min [Lim and Turpin, 2002; Yuan et al., 2006]. It is worth mentioning that Yuan
In addition, other approach can be used to obtain (OC:EC)pri, since sometimes the R2 values from the lowest 5% OC:EC approach may not be as satisfactory. For example, the linear least-squares fit results of OC vs. EC were grouped by binning OC:EC values in different ranges at the study site in Mexico City [Yu et al., 2009]. The (OC:EC)min=0.61 at T1 falls in the range of OC:EC values typical of fossil fuel sources. The R2 value obtained is 0.95. On the other hand, (OC:EC)min is 2.26 with the R2= 0.86 at T2, a rural site in Mexico City. The (OC:EC)min value at T2 falls in the range of OC:EC values typical of biomass emissions [Gelencser et al., 2007]. The results from this approach are in reasonable agreement with those using the lowest 2.5% or 5% of OC:EC data. Since the results obtained by binning the OC and EC values to different ranges prior to applying linear least-squares analysis yields improved R2, the slopes from this regression analysis may be used as (OC:EC)min=(OC:EC)pri to derive SOC and POC.
The intercepts from the regression analysis usually are used to estimate non-combustion POC [Cabada et al., 2004]. The uncertainty in estimating SOC and POC usually arises from random measurement errors and the statistical techniques used to derive the primary OC to EC ratios.
Recently several groups evaluated linear regression techniques, such as linear least-squares, Deming regression, and York regression, which are often used in the EC tracer method to derive secondary and primary organic carbon [Chu, 2005; Saylor et al., 2006]. Chu [2005] concluded that Deming fit is better when the biomass burning contribution is high. Similarly, Saylor et al. [2006] found that when limited information is available on the relative uncertainties of OC and EC, then Deming regression is better. Our past experience indicates that the results by using Deming fit are similar to linear regression analysis when the mass loadings are high, which results in good linear correlations independent of the regression analysis methods. When the results by linear least-squares regression and Deming regression are very comparable, results by the linear least-squares analysis can be used. Most papers report results from linear least-squares. The caveat is that the linear correlation may fall apart when the particle mass loadings are low, especially approaching the instrument detection limits. This inevitably results in more scattered data and difficulty to derive more precise conclusions.
Several methods are commonly used to derive SOC and POC, including the organic tracer-based receptor model [Schauer et al., 1996; Schauer et al., 2002], the reactive chemical transport model [Pandis et al., 1992; Strader et al., 1999], the non-reactive transport model [Hildemann et al., 1996] and the semi-empirical EC tracer method [Castro et al., 1999; Turpin and Huntzicker, 1995] detailed above. Yu et al. [2004] developed a hybid approach that combines the empirical primary OC:EC ratio method with a transport/emission model of OCpri and EC, to estimate the concentrations of SOC and POC, which is termed the emission/transport of primary OC:EC ratio method.
In this section, we will focus on a comparison between SOC and POC results from the AMS positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) method and EC tracer method, both of which are being used widely. Results from newer measurement techniques, such as the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) [Canagaratna et al., 2007] and the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler coupled with Total Organic Carbon analyzer (PILS-TOC), were analyzed to derive secondary organic aerosols [Sullivan et al., 2006]. The approach used by Takegawa et al. [2006], to analyze the AMS data is conceptually similar to the semi-empirical EC tracer method; whereas secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was inferred from direct measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) by PILS-TOC.
A two component PMF of the AMS data results in deconvoluted OOA (oxygenated organic aerosol), HOA (hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol [Lanz et al., 2007; Ulbrich et al., 2009]. Comparisons with other gas and aerosol phase measurements at an urban site in Mexico City during the MILAGRO campaign, namely T1, indicate that the HOA component reflects primary organic aerosols generated by combustion processes (i.e., vehicle emissions and some trash/biomass burning); while the OOA component reflects secondary organic aerosol species [de Gouw et al., 2009]. In order to make a meaningful comparison between the POC, SOC, and OC determined by the Sunset OCEC field analyzer and the AMS component mass concentrations, we calculate POA and SOA concentrations taking into account of the estimated OM/OC ratios of the two components, where OM refers to organic matter. Aiken et al. [2008] used the High Resolution ToF AMS measurements to obtain OM/OC ratios of 1.38, 1.95, and 1.55 for the HOA, OOA, and BBOA (biomass burning organic aerosol) components measured at the T0 site during the MILAGRO study. Since the HOA component at T1 is influenced by vehicle emissions as well as biomass burning, we estimate its OM/OC ratio to be 1.4, the average of the HOA and BBOA values determined at T0 (the other urban site closer to the downtown area in Mexico City); the OM/OC ratio for the T1 OOA component is estimated to be identical to the T0 value of 1.95.
Figure 3 depicts the comparison of AMS HOA, OOA, and OM vs. Sunset determined POA (POC*1.4), SOA (SOC*1.95), and OM (OM=POA+SOA), respectively. The Sunset POA, SOA, OM are in red, and the quantities determined by AMS in blue for HOA, OOA, and OM, respectively. Scatter plots of corresponding quantities by AMS and Sunset are also presented.
Comparison of the AMS HOA, OOA, and OM vs. the Sunset POA, SOA, and OM at an urban site in Mexico City.
As to the OM comparison, several factors could contribute to these results. The first is the conversion factor used to convert OC to OM by the Sunset measurements. The Deming linear regression analysis of AMS total OM vs. Sunset OC results in a slope of 1.2±0.2. If 1.2 were used to convert the Sunset OC to OM, the difference of the total OM determined by the AMS and those by Sunset instruments is reduced. However, recent studies by the high resolution AMS indicate that the conversion factors for POA and SOA may not be the same [Aiken et al., 2008]. Therefore, we use the sum of POA and SOA to arrive at OM. Second the size cut of AMS and the Sunset OCEC differs. The former is approximately 1 µm and the latter 2.5 µm, which could contribute to the difference in total organic matter mass loadings.
As to POA, a comparison was made between the AMS HOA vs. POA (Sunset). The general trend between the HOA and POA is in agreement over the entire field study period. As to SOA, two sets of comparison were made: AMS OOA vs. SOA (SOA=SOC*1.95) and AMS OOA vs. SOA (SOA=SOC*1.4). One factor contributing to the difference is the conversion factor used to convert SOC to SOA. The factor determined by Aiken et al. [2008], i.e. 1.95, results in higher SOA compared with the factor 1.4 determined by an earlier review [Turpin et al., 2000]. Similarly, another factor contributing to the difference is size cut as discussed in the OM comparison. Since the OC emitted from non-combustion sources (vegetation etc.), as well as emissions directly from biomass burning, are assumed to be negligible in the EC-tracer method, it cannot be used to derive BBOA. In future studies we should investigate the differences among different methods used to arrive at SOA and POA in more detail.
The Deming linear least-squares fit results in a slope of 0.8±0.1 for AMS OM vs. Sunset OM, 1.2±0.2 for AMS HOA vs. Sunset POA, 0.5±0.2 for AMS OOA vs. Sunset SOA (SOA=SOC*1.4), and 0.4±0.1 for AMS OOA vs. Sunset SOA (SOA=SOC*1.95).
Thermal desorption analysis method has been widely used for the determination of carbonaceous aerosols including TC, OC, and EC for decades. It is a proven technique. Compared to the newer single particle mass spectrometery or ensemble particle mass spectrometry, it is simple to operate. Data reduction is less complicated and labor intensive unlike the mass spectrometer data deconvolution, for example. It is useful for the community to compare different thermal optical protocols to clearly define the differences among them. This will undoubtedly improve the comparability among data sets utilizing different thermal optical methods.
It is equally useful to reach consensus about the measurement difference of EC using different techniques. More research has been conducted recently, it is time more conclusive solutions be reached to make data sets more useful for experimental intercomparisons and model input. For the purpose of waste management and monitoring, it is most needed to use inexpensive, easy to operate, fast on-line analytical methods. The established semi-continous Sunset OCEC field analyzer is a good option at present. However, a smaller, more portable version may make the application and measurement of carbon aerosols more accessible to the community. As we have shown more development has been made to the in situ measurement of EC or BC in the past decades. One success is the micro Aethalometer® (Magee, model AE51). The real challenge lies in the determination of OC. Newer techniques are needed to make this happen in addition to continued effort to improve existing ones.
Support partially from the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy, under the auspices of the Atmospheric System Research Program is gratefully acknowledged. This work was performed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operated for DOE by Battelle.
Urban areas are composed of natural and constructed systems where the human population is more concentrated, and there are complex interactions between socioeconomic factors and biophysical processes [1, 2]. In a city, an ecological process often occurs in habitat patches, which are connected by corridors in a matrix of streets and buildings. The major ecological processes between/among habitat patches include immigration and dispersal agents, also, ecological corridors that can act as links or barriers for dispersal ability [2].
Due to transport networks cities are often the entry points of many alien species [3]. Moreover, in contrast with non-urban areas, urban ecosystems have different physical and chemical properties, which highly influence species distribution and ecosystems functioning [4, 5]. As a whole, urban areas have been usually considered novel in relation to their non-urban counterparts, which are comprised of a variety of fragmented habitats [4]. Overall, in this novel ecosystems the restoration ecology, conservation, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and climate change have been the most discussed topics in literature [6].
A bibliographic analysis of urban sustainability indicates that the topic of green infrastructure started to be in the attention of scientists in 2010, when, the awareness of issues associated with climate change was raised and the assessment of urban ecosystem services was more considered. During a period of five years (2010-2015), topics related to health and well-being were more interesting, and the motor theme of conversation became the priority of the scientists studying the importance of green infrastructures. This demonstrates the significant importance of green infrastructure and its association with sustainability [7, 8].
The term “Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI)” refers to engineered and non-engineered habitat structures in connection with natural and semi-natural areas and other environmental features, which are designed to deliver a wide range of services from nature to humans. Green infrastructure comprises different kinds of components (for example, parks, green roofs, urban forests, road verges) which according to several number of parameters (e.g., spatial scale, dimension, location) are categorized [9, 10].
The “Green Infrastructure” can perform several functions in the same spatial area. In contrast to gray (or conventional) infrastructure which usually has one single objective, GI is multifunctional which means it can promote win-win solutions or “small loss-big gain”, delivering benefits to a wide range of stakeholders and the public at large [10].
In line with Europe’s 2020 strategy, it can act as a catalyst for economic growth by inward investment and generating employment, reducing environmental costs, and providing health benefits among others. This can contribute to the recovery of Europe’s economy by creating green businesses and innovative approaches, representing around 5% of the job market. For instance, the Hoge Kempen National Park (6,000 ha) which is located in the eastern part of Belgium, the investment to carry out improvement projects is raised up to €90 million and generating €24.5 million per year in revenues from sustainable tourism alone. In Sweden, 10,000 m2 of green roofs were installed and an open storm-water system was built to improve the environment both for people and nature, the entire project cost around €22 million but the benefits that have been derived from this investment are already tracking up; for example, decreasing in rainwater runoff rates by half, significant saving energy by residents, increasing the biodiversity by half, unemployment has fallen from 30–6%, and turnover in tenancies is decreased substantially [10]. More example is Canada where the economic value of 13 ES in Canada’s Capital Region (Ottawa-Gatineau region) amounts to an average of 332 million dollars, and to a total economic value of over 5 billion dollars, annualized over 20 years [11].
Improving the knowledge about the importance of urban ecosystem services (ESs), and their value especially in the current trend of world urbanization is necessary. Thus, the role of city planners and other disciplines and their collaboration to integrate new findings associated with ESs is necessary [12]. ESs, directly and indirectly, influence human life and thus the economic activities. For examples, the maintenance of soil fertility can secure food production, and/or providing clean air and water through the absorption of pollutants by plants, and our mental and physical health may depend on the accessibility to green spaces [13].
We only consider the ecosystem services classified by the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (or MAES), Urban ecosystem, 4th report (May 2016). This classification takes into account merely the ecosystem services which are more important and happen in urban areas. These ecosystem services (ESs) are including (i) provisioning services in which the food and water are the most valuable ones, (ii) regulating services including the regulation of air quality, flood and water flow regulation, also, noise and temperature reduction plus pollination, (iii) the cultural ecosystem services such as recreation, education and cultural heritage [14].
There is criticism this classification in which the supporting services is not taken into account. Those supporting services are so-called intermediate ecosystem services and comprise the habitats for species and maintenance of genetic diversity [15].
Apart from the above-mentioned classification system, the three other classifications are also available but they consider the assessment of ecosystem services on much big scale than cities. These three classifications are as follows; (1) CICES (the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services), (2) The MA (the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), and (3) TEEB (the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) [16, 17, 18].
The urban area often contain threatened species. The spatial structure of the urban landscape, especially patches features (e.g., patch size and their connectivity) are correlated with species richness and biodiversity [19].
More than three-quarters of Earth species are characterized to be extinct at short time intervals which is unprecedented. Mammalia, birds, and amphibians are the groups of animals that have become more popular for the assessment by scientists [20], while insects species have been poorly studied, despite their vital role in ecosystems and in turn well-being. Biodiversity loss of insects is reported as a worldwide phenomenon, (typically in Great Britain and other European countries), where four main drivers of this condition have been presented [21, 22]. Habit lost and fragmentation which is made by the human is considered as the main factor of global biodiversity loss, and then pollution, biological factors, and climate change. In the case of mammals and birds, habit change plays the same role in the reduction of their species [23, 24, 25].
Human settlement and infrastructure development is a threat to protected species and negatively impact on the many of the at-risk species [26]. Among those species, beneficial insects like honeybee colonies, birds, and mammals are more endangered. For example, beehives are at risk of collapse by mite parasites and viral infection. Thus the necessity of conservation strategies is a need in urban wildlife, where the species encounter anthropized environments that differ from the natural landscape. With this in mind that many species characteristics such as dispersal ability, sex, even body mass influence the species movement to urban areas. Passerine birds are a good example; where the urban colonization rate of these birds is associated with the color dichromatism [27, 28].
If we consider two groups of specialized and generalist species, the first group (specialized) tend to be more susceptible and poor in adaptation to the habitat changes in novel conditions as they have a special host, and their ability to recover quickly is less; thus, these species are more at risk of extinction. The second group (generalized species) are more adaptable to climate change and can successfully colonize the new environment/urban setting in a short time, showing plasticity, adaptability, and having access to a wide range of food and shelter requirements. Other factors such as invasive species has been reported to show cascading effects on the ecosystem and influence the species communities, and the diversity of many organisms, especially insects. For example, cattle grazing and recreational activities negatively impacted the distribution of a dragonfly (
Human activities like industrialization, and agricultural intensification, have changed the habitat structure of natural landscape, causing the reduction in food resources and shelter sites for many specialist species. Moreover, urbanization, causing the disappearance of many habitat specialists and their replacement with a few generalists adapted to the artificial human environment. Providing habitat quality and management contribute to biodiversity maintenance. A good example of habitat management is presented by Britain government where the area of flower grasslands was increased for the target populations of bumble species [25, 29].
There are several factors causing environmental pollution, declining biodiversity loss. Fertilization and pesticide application mostly occur in agricultural settings. In the case of urban settings, industrial sites, transportation, and sewage increase soil contamination by the heavy metals in green infrastructures, which can reduce not only belowground biodiversity but also influences the vegetation structure of lawns and grasslands patches [25].
Several studies reported the existence of neonicotinoid residues that contaminated the honey samples from
In Germany, over the 27 years of study, about 80% of the flying insect biomass losses were caused by increases in pesticide application [36]. In a study in Paris, urbanization made a significant reduction in the population of the bird species called “House Sparrows” [37].
Urban areas are under the pressures of population growth, urbanization and suburbanization processes, which interact with the climate, leading to the establishment of the urban climate. Urban climate is generally characterized by some particular features such as heat islands effects, dryness, urban flooding, cold, humidity and pollution, which can significantly affect human health [38]. Abiotic stress such as heat waves, drought, and flooding are the three most important factors, having not only socio-economic impacts but also constrains on global food security [39].
The urban heat and its extreme impacts on social and environmental aspects on urban residents together with climatic change arising from global warming, alleviating agricultural crops, influencing the resiliency of the urban greenery and therefore a risk for human health. The heat-related phenomena are related to heatwaves and drought which produce negative effects as heat-related illness and heat-related mortality [40, 41, 42]. Triggering certain types of diseases have been reported due to hydro climatic treat and long-term exposure to heat-related stresses, for example; respiratory, gastrointestinal, caused by low humidity, high temperatures and lack of water for personal hygiene, and household cleaning [43].
Water flooding is a serious problem in many cities of China. The concept of sponge city was developed for the first time in China in 2014 in order to deal with urban flooding and to attenuate urban runoff, and improve the purification in the concept of urban sustainability. The concept is being developed to make use of ‘blue’ and ‘green’ spaces in the urban environment to encourage stormwater management and control [44].
“
Global warming stimulates the decline of many beneficial insects, for example, wild bees and butterflies. However, global warming shows contrasting trends on the population density of butterflies in Finland. Despite this, the general trend of the world’s insect population exhibiting around 50 percent reduction. Likewise, the insect populations which are adapted to the cold climate have declined (e.g. dragonflies, stoneflies, and bumblebees), showing a general reduction in population density of pollinators such as wasps, ants, and beetles in Mediterranean regions [25, 46].
Connectivity is demonstrated to be a proxy for biodiversity, where species and other ecological flows are able to move through a landscape and gain diversity in their genetic structure, stabilizing the ecosystem. As a result of urbanization, habitat fragmentation leading to the extinction of the threatened species, making the network between urban green infrastructure more important. Therefore, modeling the connectivity between different urban patches in an urban area through designing green corridors is stated to be a realistic direction. Connectivity has two elements; structural and functional connectivity in which the structural connectivity is a useful indicator of functional connectivity, providing information on how to create a better connectedness of urban green spaces [47]. Different methods have been used to analyze the connectivity in an urban landscape. The graph theory method is the most useful tool by which the two concepts of inter and intra-patch connectivity is taken into account. This method is a robust metric, enabling to prioritization of the importance of each patch in the entire system [48].
Connectivity has three indices; (i) Number of links (L) between/among habitat patches (node) which provide information about the geographical distance between/among patches, showing the physical structure between patches, (ii) number of components (NC), where a component is a set of patches/nodes which are connected by links; a patch itself is also considered as a component, and (iii) the integral index of connectivity (IIC), which was proposed by Pascual-Hortal and Saura [48, 49]. The connectivity raises when the NL is higher and the NC is lower. Considering IIC, the degree of connectivity within a landscape can be estimated, and also the contribution of each patch into entire landscape connectivity which is the most useful tool, providing significant conceptual improvements in the decision process for planning [50, 51, 52]. The IIC shows the importance of every single patch in the overall connectivity which is based on graph structure and binary connection model, which means two patches are connected or not. Assessing this index is based on delta/d (dIIC) or the differences in the IIC value and ranges from 0 to 1 for each patch, indicating the importance of each patch with a higher value in the overall connectivity of the analyzed landscape. The dIIC value has three fractions and each fraction additively leads to the overall value. The three fractions are including dIICintra or intra-patch connectivity, dIICflux or inter-patch connectivity when a patch is directly connected to the other one; dIICconnector or stepping stone, which means if a patch/node contribute to the connection of other patches [53].
Microorganisms are a vital component of nature and can be found everywhere or so-called ubiquitous, from the human gut to natural ecosystems like oceans. They belong to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes [54, 55]. In terms of environment, soil microbial communities are a key factor in the biochemical processes that support plant growth and other ecosystem services of GI features [56, 57]. At the urban level, the first assessment of subsurface microbial communities in a truly urban site was investigated in 1992 [58].
Edaphic variables are the factors related to the soil properties (e.g., soil pH) that affect the diversity and geographical distribution of microorganisms like soil bacterial communities; soil with lower pH (>4.5) has lower bacterial diversity [59]. As, in urban areas, the soil physical (moisture and texture) and chemical properties (pH, solid minerals, and organic matter) can influence microorganism communities [60, 61]. Notably, bacterial diversity is significantly correlated with human population density (as a proxy of anthropogenic activity) [62], indicating co-occurrence of human settlements and species-rich regions [63]; the reason for this relationship is unknown.
The results of human activities including heavy metals and other pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers, salt, exposure to petroleum products impact the soil ecosystem, as these activities and products can alter the structure of soil bacteria communities and have a strong effect on their abundance and diversity [64, 65, 66].
Different urban soil types and their locations show that the Phyla Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, are the most dominant soil bacteria [67]. On the other side, the most abundant fungi are related to the genera Glomus and Rhizophagus. The identified taxa are able to survive in distributed habitats and are associated with key ecosystem services (for example, decomposition and N cycling) [68].
Knowing microbial communities in GI features is important because it can help to guide urban planning for the purposes of improving urban biodiversity or bioremediation as a guide for future GI management. Identifying and understanding the dynamics of microbial communities in urban environments is thus essential for managing microbes beneficially in the context of urban sustainability [69]. Recently and in 2016 the project of Metagenomics and Meta-design of the Subways and Urban Biomes (MetaSUB) have started to characterize the composition of the microbial inhabitants of urban environments across the world. The aim of this international project is to support city planners, public health officials, and architectural designers and to quantify cities more responsive, safer places for people [70].
Growing the world’s population accelerates the increase of pollutants and consequently can jeopardize the people’s life by being exposure to pollutants. This can also proliferate the spread of pandemic and pathogenic microbiome. Therefore, it is imperative to adopt sustainable practices and enhance the health of the urban environment, considering the implementation of surveillance programs, discovering the genetic characterization and functional diversity of microbes in the cities [71, 72].
This chapter attempts to address the important concepts related to urban ecosystem. Urban areas are composed of natural and constructed systems. In a city, an ecological process including immigration and dispersal agents often occur in habitat patches, which are connected by corridors. Urban ecosystems have different physical and chemical properties, which highly influence species distribution, ecosystems functioning, and provide ample ecosystem services, representing sustainable tourism, saving energy, increasing the biodiversity, reducing environmental costs and providing health benefits for residents. Nowadays, however, urban development threatens human health and some elements of biodiversity, which is mainly caused by climate change especially urban heat island, environmental pollution, and habitat fragmentation. Green corridor is proposed to be pragmatic approach in connectedness of different groups of habitat structures and in turn genetic diversity. Subsurface microbial communities are also associated with major biochemical process which support plant growth and ensure key ecosystem services involving nitrogen cycling, biodegradation, and decomposition.
In an increasing urbanized world, adopting sustainable practices for communities are crucial for improving and maintaining urban environmental health. This could be helpful to guide urban planning for the purposes of improving urban biodiversity or bioremediation as a guide for future GI management. To do this, researchers from different disciplines, both in national and international collaborations can address many environmental issues and consequently human well-being in cities. To explore next, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary projects are required to untangle the current challenges associated with biodiversity, ecosystem services, and climate change in urban areas.
This chapter financed by the project “UPWR 2.0: international and interdisciplinary programme of development of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences”, co-financed by the European Social Fund under the Operational Program Knowledge Education Development, under contract No. POWR.03.05.00-00-Z062/18.
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It has played a vital role in human evolution and is an imperative constituent of a well-balanced diet. It is a good source of proteins, zinc, iron, selenium, and phosphorus followed by vitamin A and B-complex vitamins. Average value of meat protein is about 23% that varies from higher to lower value according to the type of meat source. Meat fat and its fatty acid profile is point to worry, with respect to its consumption, but its moderate usage is always advised by doctors and nutritionists, in order to lead a healthy life. Fat content of animal carcasses ranges between 8 and 20%. Quality traits of meat along with its nutritional composition become dependent upon animal breed type, feeding source (grains, pasture and grass), genetics of animal and post mortem techniques. 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Merrifield, Rolf Erik Olsen, Reidar Myklebust and Einar Ringø",authors:[{id:"37424",title:"Prof.",name:"Einar",middleName:null,surname:"Ringø",slug:"einar-ringo",fullName:"Einar Ringø"},{id:"37436",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Merrifield",slug:"daniel-merrifield",fullName:"Daniel Merrifield"},{id:"91338",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolf Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Olsen",slug:"rolf-erik-olsen",fullName:"Rolf Erik Olsen"},{id:"91341",title:"Prof.",name:"Reidar",middleName:null,surname:"Myklebust",slug:"reidar-myklebust",fullName:"Reidar Myklebust"}]},{id:"60270",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75961",title:"Antioxidants from Natural Sources",slug:"antioxidants-from-natural-sources",totalDownloads:4483,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"Antioxidants are the defense system of the body against the damage of reactive oxygen species, which is normally produced during the various physiological processes in the body. There are various sources of these antioxidants like endogenous antioxidant present in the body and exogenous food source. In recent decades, alternate of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered interest on vegetable sources and the screening of inexpensive raw materials particularly from the agriculture for identifying new antioxidants. Polyphenols are the significant plant compounds with antioxidant activity, though not the only ones. Some but not only restricted to biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity, and antiaging activity have been reported for natural and synthetic antioxidants. Among the sources of natural antioxidants, the most important are those coming from routinely consuming vegetables and fruits; however, antioxidant from other plant and agriculture waste should not be ignored.",book:{id:"6678",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications"},signatures:"Haseeb Anwar, Ghulam Hussain and Imtiaz Mustafa",authors:[{id:"240684",title:"Dr.",name:"Haseeb",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",slug:"haseeb-anwar",fullName:"Haseeb Anwar"},{id:"244522",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"ghulam-hussain",fullName:"Ghulam Hussain"},{id:"244523",title:"Ms.",name:"Jaweria",middleName:null,surname:"Nisar",slug:"jaweria-nisar",fullName:"Jaweria Nisar"},{id:"244524",title:"Mr.",name:"Imtiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"imtiaz-mustafa",fullName:"Imtiaz Mustafa"}]},{id:"19751",doi:"10.5772/18808",title:"From Soybean Phytosterols to Steroid Hormones",slug:"from-soybean-phytosterols-to-steroid-hormones",totalDownloads:11648,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"496",slug:"soybean-and-health",title:"Soybean and Health",fullTitle:"Soybean and Health"},signatures:"Feng-Qing Wang, Kang Yao and Dong-Zhi Wei",authors:[{id:"32646",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng-Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"feng-qing-wang",fullName:"Feng-Qing Wang"},{id:"32662",title:"MSc.",name:"Kang",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",slug:"kang-yao",fullName:"Kang Yao"},{id:"32663",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"dong-zhi-wei",fullName:"Dong-Zhi Wei"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64570",title:"Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications",slug:"banana-pseudo-stem-fiber-preparation-characteristics-and-applications",totalDownloads:9567,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Banana is one of the most well-known and useful plants in the world. Almost all the parts of this plant, that are, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. It discusses the production of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which includes plantation and harvesting; extraction of banana pseudo-stem fiber; retting; and degumming of the fiber. It also deals with the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem fiber, such as morphological, physical and mechanical, durability, degradability, thermal, chemical, and antibacterial properties. Several potential applications of this fiber are also mentioned, such as the use of this fiber to fabricate rope, place mats, paper cardboard, string thread, tea bags, high-quality textile materials, absorbent, polymer/fiber composites, etc.",book:{id:"7544",slug:"banana-nutrition-function-and-processing-kinetics",title:"Banana Nutrition",fullTitle:"Banana Nutrition - Function and Processing Kinetics"},signatures:"Asmanto Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz",authors:[{id:"257742",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Achmad",middleName:null,surname:"Chafidz",slug:"achmad-chafidz",fullName:"Achmad Chafidz"},{id:"268400",title:"Mr.",name:"Asmanto",middleName:null,surname:"Subagyo",slug:"asmanto-subagyo",fullName:"Asmanto Subagyo"}]},{id:"61245",title:"Nutritional Composition of Meat",slug:"nutritional-composition-of-meat",totalDownloads:4540,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Meat ranks among one of the most significant, nutritious and favored food item available to masses, which aids in fulfilling most of their body requirements. It has played a vital role in human evolution and is an imperative constituent of a well-balanced diet. It is a good source of proteins, zinc, iron, selenium, and phosphorus followed by vitamin A and B-complex vitamins. Average value of meat protein is about 23% that varies from higher to lower value according to the type of meat source. Meat fat and its fatty acid profile is point to worry, with respect to its consumption, but its moderate usage is always advised by doctors and nutritionists, in order to lead a healthy life. Fat content of animal carcasses ranges between 8 and 20%. Quality traits of meat along with its nutritional composition become dependent upon animal breed type, feeding source (grains, pasture and grass), genetics of animal and post mortem techniques. This chapter will mainly focus on the variant aspects of nutritional constituents of meat including proteins and essential amino acids, fats and fatty acid profile, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals along with their health benefits to human health.",book:{id:"6669",slug:"meat-science-and-nutrition",title:"Meat Science and Nutrition",fullTitle:"Meat Science and Nutrition"},signatures:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad, Ali Imran and Muhammad Bilal Hussain",authors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"},{id:"239057",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia Shabir",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rabia-shabir-ahmad",fullName:"Rabia Shabir Ahmad"},{id:"243634",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"muhammad-bilal-hussain",fullName:"Muhammad Bilal Hussain"}]},{id:"67214",title:"Microbial Contamination in Milk Quality and Health Risk of the Consumers of Raw Milk and Dairy Products",slug:"microbial-contamination-in-milk-quality-and-health-risk-of-the-consumers-of-raw-milk-and-dairy-produ",totalDownloads:3614,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The dairy products industry is going toward safe milk and its products in the food market. Milk quality and food safety concern in the consumers’ health and nutrition in public health surveillance prevent food-borne diseases, food poisoning, and zoonosis risk by raw milk and fresh dairy products. The aim of this work is focused on milk microbial contamination and its impacts on milk production and dairy industry with their implications in milk product quality, food-borne diseases from raw milk, and unpasteurized milk by food-borne pathogen microbial contamination and milk and dairy product spoilage. The microbial milk contamination source comes from herd hygiene and health status, mastitis prevalence, production environment, and milking parlor and milk conserving practices in dairy farm. Moreover, these facts are implicated in milk quality and milk spoilage and unsafe dairy products. The milk production system and the dairy plant operations keep track in pasteurized milk and fresh dairy products reviewing the traceability in field situational diagnosis report.",book:{id:"7943",slug:"nutrition-in-health-and-disease-our-challenges-now-and-forthcoming-time",title:"Nutrition in Health and Disease",fullTitle:"Nutrition in Health and Disease - Our Challenges Now and Forthcoming Time"},signatures:"Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto, Martín Talavera-Rojas, Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero, Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat, Florencia Puigvert, Lucia Grille, Álvaro González Revello and Lucia Pareja",authors:[{id:"15423",title:"Qco.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Pareja",slug:"lucia-pareja",fullName:"Lucia Pareja"},{id:"199849",title:"Dr.",name:"Velazquez",middleName:"Ordoñez",surname:"Valente",slug:"velazquez-valente",fullName:"Velazquez Valente"},{id:"280178",title:"Dr.",name:"Esvieta",middleName:null,surname:"Tenorio-Borroto",slug:"esvieta-tenorio-borroto",fullName:"Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto"},{id:"280179",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Valladares-Carranza",slug:"benjamin-valladares-carranza",fullName:"Benjamín Valladares-Carranza"},{id:"280184",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta-Dibarrat",slug:"jorge-acosta-dibarrat",fullName:"Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat"},{id:"285302",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera Rojas",slug:"martin-talavera-rojas",fullName:"Martín Talavera Rojas"},{id:"285303",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Grille",slug:"lucia-grille",fullName:"Lucia Grille"},{id:"291633",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"González Revello",slug:"alvaro-gonzalez-revello",fullName:"Alvaro González Revello"},{id:"301478",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jorge Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Varela-Guerrero",slug:"jorge-antonio-varela-guerrero",fullName:"Jorge Antonio Varela-Guerrero"},{id:"301479",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Florencia",middleName:null,surname:"Puigvert",slug:"florencia-puigvert",fullName:"Florencia Puigvert"}]},{id:"60461",title:"Biological Activities of the Doum Palm (Hyphaene thebaica L.) Extract and Its Bioactive Components",slug:"biological-activities-of-the-doum-palm-hyphaene-thebaica-l-extract-and-its-bioactive-components",totalDownloads:4291,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica) is a type palm tree which has a wood texture and has edible oval fruits and the origin native to upper Egypt. The trunk of this small palm is dichotomous. It is one of the most important useful plants in the world. All parts of doum palm have a useful role such as fiber and leaflets which used to weave baskets and doum nuts which have antioxidants and secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols, saponin, steroids, glycosides, flavonoid, terpenes and terpinoids. Also, roots, stems and leaves are used in medicine, ropes and baskets. Studies on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and pharmacological potential of Hyphaene thebaica extracts and its major phytoconstituents like the phenolic, essential oil and flavonoid compounds are extensively discussed in this review.",book:{id:"6678",slug:"antioxidants-in-foods-and-its-applications",title:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Antioxidants in Foods and Its Applications"},signatures:"Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Heba I. Mohamed, Hany N. Yousef and Eman\nM. Fawzi",authors:[{id:"138817",title:"Dr.",name:"Heba",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"heba-mohamed",fullName:"Heba Mohamed"},{id:"240003",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",middleName:"Saad",surname:"El-Beltagi",slug:"hossam-el-beltagi",fullName:"Hossam El-Beltagi"},{id:"251695",title:"Prof.",name:"Eman",middleName:null,surname:"Fawzi",slug:"eman-fawzi",fullName:"Eman Fawzi"},{id:"251950",title:"Dr.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"Yousef",slug:"hany-yousef",fullName:"Hany Yousef"}]},{id:"71665",title:"Global Prevalence of Malnutrition: Evidence from Literature",slug:"global-prevalence-of-malnutrition-evidence-from-literature",totalDownloads:2141,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Malnutrition is a widespread problem, affecting the global population at some life stage. This public health epidemic targets everyone, but the most vulnerable groups are poverty-stricken people, young children, adolescents, older people, those who are with illness and have a compromised immune system, as well as lactating and pregnant women. Malnutrition includes both undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight, and mineral- and vitamin-related malnutrition) and overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases). In combating malnutrition, healthcare costs increase, productivity is reduced, and economic growth is staggered, thus perpetuating the cycle of ill health and poverty. The best-targeted age for addressing malnutrition is the first 1000 days of life as this window period is ideal for intervention implementation and tracking for the improvement of child growth and development. There is an unprecedented opportunity to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially the 2016–2025 Decade of Action on Nutrition set by the United Nation. This aims to achieve the relevant targets of the Sustainable Development Goals that aim to end hunger and improve nutrition, as well as promote well-being and ensure healthy lives.",book:{id:"8030",slug:"malnutrition",title:"Malnutrition",fullTitle:"Malnutrition"},signatures:"Natisha Dukhi",authors:[{id:"311182",title:"Dr.",name:"Natisha",middleName:null,surname:"Dukhi",slug:"natisha-dukhi",fullName:"Natisha Dukhi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"323",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. 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