\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9767",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Acidophiles - Fundamentals and Applications",title:"Acidophiles",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Acidophiles are an important category of microorganisms defined by their ability to withstand and even grow in acidic environments. They are present in terrestrial and marine environments as well as the human body. The diversity, adaptation, and functions of these microorganisms can contribute to the development and application of new biotechnologies for resolving problems of resource exploitation, pollution, and human disease. This book presents breakthroughs and insights into the research on acidophiles. Chapters cover such topics as the two-component system (TCS) in the regulation of the sulfur metabolic process, adaptation mechanisms of acidophiles to low pH, regulation mechanisms and application strategy of quorum sensing in bioleaching bacteria, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and its potential role as a therapeutic for human bone disorders.",isbn:"978-1-83969-280-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-279-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-281-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87574",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"acidophiles-fundamentals-and-applications",numberOfPages:100,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"083648f001eb64682f9ddb527f0e849e",bookSignature:"Jianqiang Lin, Linxu Chen and Jianqun Lin",publishedDate:"November 24th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9767.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1378,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 7th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 5th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 26th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 25th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqiang-lin",fullName:"Jianqiang Lin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16859/images/system/16859.png",biography:"Dr. Jianqiang Lin has been a professor at the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology (SKLMT), Shandong University, China, since 2003. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1998 under a China-Japan government cooperation program on Ph.D. education and completed his thesis research at Osaka University, Japan. In 2000, he was a visiting researcher at Inha University, Korea. His research interests include molecular biology of acidophiles, microbial technology, and bioprocess bioengineering.",institutionString:"Shandong University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Shandong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"16729",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqun",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqun-lin",fullName:"Jianqun Lin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16729/images/system/16729.png",biography:"Dr. Jianqun Lin is Director of the Shandong Society for Microbiology, China. He obtained a Ph.D. from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1997. He was a visiting researcher at Osaka University, Japan, in 1997–1998, and completed his postdoctoral research at the Uniformed Services University of Health Science, USA. His research interests include biological resources development of acidophiles in acid mine environments, bacteria–mineral interaction and the sulfide ore bioleaching process, and the development of high-efficiency bioleaching techniques.",institutionString:"Shandong University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Shandong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"336061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin-Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"lin-xu-chen",fullName:"Lin-Xu Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336061/images/system/336061.png",biography:"Dr. Linxu Chen has a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology (SKLMT), Shandong University, China. He completed his postdoctoral research at Louisiana State University, USA. His research interests include gene transfer systems and gene-editing technology of chemoautotrophic acidophilic bacteria, metabolic and adaptive mechanisms of bioleaching bacteria, and genetic engineering and synthetic biology of bioleaching bacteria.",institutionString:"Shandong University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Shandong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"408",title:"Applied Microbiology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-applied-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"79190",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Important Physiological Characteristics and Industrial Applications of Acidophiles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101027",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-important-physiological-characteristics-and-industrial-applications-of-acid",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Linxu Chen, Jianqun Lin and Jianqiang Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79190",authors:[{id:"16859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqiang",surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqiang-lin",fullName:"Jianqiang Lin"},{id:"336061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin-Xu",surname:"Chen",slug:"lin-xu-chen",fullName:"Lin-Xu Chen"},{id:"440606",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqun",surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqun-lin",fullName:"Jianqun Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"75442",title:"Two-Component Systems in the Regulation of Sulfur and Ferrous Iron Oxidation in Acidophilic Bacteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96553",slug:"two-component-systems-in-the-regulation-of-sulfur-and-ferrous-iron-oxidation-in-acidophilic-bacteria",totalDownloads:189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The two-component system (TCS) is a regulatory system composed of a sensor histidine kinase (HK) and a cytoplasmic response regulator (RR), which participates in the bacterial adaptation to external stimuli. Sulfur oxidation and ferrous iron oxidation are basic energy metabolism systems for chemoautotrophic acidophilic bacteria in acid mine environments. Understanding how these bacteria perceive and respond to complex environmental stimuli offers insights into oxidization mechanisms and the potential for improved applications. In this chapter, we summarized the TCSs involved in the regulation of sulfur and ferrous iron metabolic pathways in these acidophilic bacteria. In particular, we examined the role and molecular mechanism of these TCSs in the regulation of iron and sulfur oxidation in Acidithiobacillus spp.. Moreover, research perspectives on TCSs in acidophilic bacteria are discussed in this section.",signatures:"Lifeng Li and Zhaobao Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75442",authors:[{id:"342422",title:"Dr.",name:"Lifeng",surname:"Li",slug:"lifeng-li",fullName:"Lifeng Li"},{id:"342794",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhaobao",surname:"Wang",slug:"zhaobao-wang",fullName:"Zhaobao Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"75730",title:"Thriving at Low pH: Adaptation Mechanisms of Acidophiles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96620",slug:"thriving-at-low-ph-adaptation-mechanisms-of-acidophiles",totalDownloads:330,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acid resistance of acidophiles is the result of long-term co-evolution and natural selection of acidophiles and their natural habitats, and formed a relatively optimal acid-resistance network in acidophiles. The acid tolerance network of acidophiles could be classified into active and passive mechanisms. The active mechanisms mainly include the proton efflux and consumption systems, generation of reversed transmembrane electrical potential, and adjustment of cell membrane composition; the passive mechanisms mainly include the DNA and protein repair systems, chemotaxis and cell motility, and quorum sensing system. The maintenance of pH homeostasis is a cell-wide physiological process that adopt differently adjustment strategies, deployment modules, and integration network depending on the cell’s own potential and its habitat environments. However, acidophiles exhibit obvious strategies and modules similarities on acid resistance because of the long-term evolution. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of acid tolerance network of acidophiles would be helpful for the intelligent manufacturing and industrial application of acidophiles.",signatures:"Xianke Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75730",authors:[{id:"339185",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"xianke",surname:"chen",slug:"xianke-chen",fullName:"xianke chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"79066",title:"Quorum Sensing of Acidophiles: A Communication System in Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100572",slug:"quorum-sensing-of-acidophiles-a-communication-system-in-microorganisms",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Communication is important for organisms living in nature. Quorum sensing system (QS) are intercellular communication systems that promote the sociality of microbes. Microorganisms could promote cell-to-cell cooperation and population density to adapt to the changing environment through QS-mediated regulation that is dependent on the secretion and the detection of signal molecules (or called autoinducers). QS system is also discovered in acidophiles, a microorganism that is widely used in the bioleaching industry and can live in an acidic environment. An example is the LuxI/R-like QS system (AfeI/R) that has been reported in the chemoautotrophic species of the genus Acidithiobacillus. In this chapter, we will introduce the types and distribution of the QS system, and the biological function and regulatory mechanism of QS in acidophiles. We will also discuss the potential ecological function of QS system and the application value of the QS system in the control and regulation of the bioleaching process in the related industries and acid mine damage.",signatures:"Xueyan Gao, Jianqiang Lin, Linxu Chen, Jianqun Lin and Xin Pang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79066",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79066",authors:[{id:"16729",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqun",surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqun-lin",fullName:"Jianqun Lin"},{id:"336061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin-Xu",surname:"Chen",slug:"lin-xu-chen",fullName:"Lin-Xu Chen"},{id:"344691",title:"Dr.",name:"Xueyan",surname:"Gao",slug:"xueyan-gao",fullName:"Xueyan Gao"},{id:"347149",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Pang",slug:"xin-pang",fullName:"Xin Pang"},{id:"439461",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqiang",surname:"Lin",slug:"jianqiang-lin",fullName:"Jianqiang Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"77339",title:"Acidithiobacillus Its Application in Biomining Using a Quorum Sensing Modulation Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98774",slug:"-em-acidithiobacillus-em-its-application-in-biomining-using-a-quorum-sensing-modulation-approach",totalDownloads:221,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A group of particular acidophiles microorganisms (bacteria and archaea) known as chemolithoautotrophs are capable of using minerals as fuel. Its oxidation generates electrons to obtain energy and carbon that is obtained by fixing CO2 from the air. During this aerobic mineral oxidation, metals are solubilized or biodegraded. Metal bioleaching usually is used in biomining and urban biomining approaches to recovery metals such as copper, gold and zinc. Several species of bacterial genus Acidithiobacillus display a great bioleaching activity. Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are the initial requirements to begin a successful bioleaching process. Biofilm formation in Acidithiobacillus bacteria is strongly regulated by cell to cell communication system called Quorum Sensing. The goal of this chapter is to review the Quorum Sensing system mediated by the autoinducer N-acyl- homoserine-lactones in the Bacterium Acidiothiobacillus ferroxidans, in order to enhance and to boost the bioleaching technologies based in the use of this bacterium. The main applications of the cell-to-cell communication system concepts in A. ferrooxidans are reviewed in this chapter. It is that the addition of synthetic autoinducers molecules, which act as agonist of quorum sensing system, especially those with long acyl chains, both as single molecules (C12-AHL, 3-hydroxy-C12-AHL, C14-AHL, and 3-hydroxy-C14-AHL) or as a mixture (C14-AHL/3- hydroxy-C14-AHL/3-oxo-C14-AHL) increased the adhesion to sulfur and pyrite and enhance the metal bioleaching in urban biomining approaches.",signatures:"Juan Carlos Caicedo and Sonia Villamizar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77339",authors:[{id:"192846",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Caicedo",slug:"juan-carlos-caicedo",fullName:"Juan Carlos Caicedo"},{id:"195946",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Villamizar",slug:"sonia-villamizar",fullName:"Sonia Villamizar"}],corrections:null},{id:"76230",title:"Immunomodulatory Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus: Implications in Bone Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97063",slug:"immunomodulatory-potential-of-em-lactobacillus-acidophilus-em-implications-in-bone-health",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lactobacillus acidophilus is homofermentative anaerobic rod-shaped gram-positive bacteria. L. acidophilous is one of the most common probiotics and is used for the treatment of various gastrointestinal, metabolic and inflammatory disorders. L. acidophilous produces antimicrobial compounds, maintains gut permeability and prevents dysbiosis. L. acidophilus also shows various other properties such as: it is anticarcinogenic, lowers serum cholesterol level and improves lactase metabolism of host. One of the most significant property of L. acidophilous is that it modulates the immune system and can prevent various inflammatory disorders. L. acidophilous influences several immune cells such as Th17 cells and Tregs. Various studies reported that inflammation induces bone loss and leads to several bone pathologies such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Recent studies have shown the potential of probiotics in preventing inflammation mediated bone loss. L. acidophilous is one of these probiotics and is found capable in inhibition of various bone disorders. L. acidophilous restores the dysregulated immune homeostasis and prevents inflammatory bone loss. Thus, L. acidophilous can be a potential therapeutic for the management of various bone pathologies. In this book chapter we reviewed various immunomodulatory properties of L. acidophilous along with its efficacy in preventing dysbiosis and maintaining gut permeability. We also discussed the potential role of L. acidophilous as a therapeutic for the management of inflammation induced bone disorders.",signatures:"Asha Bhardwaj, Leena Sapra, Bhupendra Verma and Rupesh K. Srivastava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76230",authors:[{id:"259188",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupesh K.",surname:"Srivastava",slug:"rupesh-k.-srivastava",fullName:"Rupesh K. 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After two millennia of recorded civilization, consideration of ethics and social values in all that we strive for is a long-overdue phenomenon. Therefore this is a journey that we’ve just embarked on thanks to the emergence of ADM/ALS and should not be treated as a destination in line with many other facets and emergent properties of products, services, and systems. This book informs policymakers and practitioners about best practices in technology ethics pertinent to many disciplines and sectors.",isbn:"978-1-83969-161-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-160-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-162-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92952",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"factoring-ethics-in-technology-policy-making-regulation-and-ai",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"eff20787f4c5417ea12367e8a6d72e92",bookSignature:"Ali G. 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He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), and a senior member of IEEE.',coeditorOneBiosketch:"Patricia Shaw is a non-practicing solicitor, public speaker, and writer in the area of AI and data ethics, and CEO and founder of Beyond Reach Consulting Limited, UK, a tech ethics (policy, governance, and legal) consultancy.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108303/images/system/108303.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ali G. Hessami is Director of R&D and Innovation at Vega Systems with extensive experience in the design and development of control systems for business and safety-critical industrial applications. \r\nUK representative on CENELEC & IEC safety and security systems standards committees and chairing IEEE Systems Council Chapter and SIGHT group in the UK and Ireland Section.\r\nTechnical Editor and Chair of the landmark IEEE 7000 standard on “Addressing Ethical Concerns in System Design”. \r\nThe VC and Process Architect of the IEEE‘s global Ethics Certification Programme for Autonomous & Intelligent Systems (ECPAIS). \r\nVisiting Professor at London City University and at Beijing Jiaotong University, also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), Fellow of the UK Institution of Engineering & Technology (IET), and a Life Senior Member of IEEE.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"City, University of London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"330450",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",slug:"patricia-shaw",fullName:"Patricia Shaw",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/330450/images/system/330450.jpg",biography:"With twenty years of experience as a solicitor in technology, regulatory/government affairs, and risk management, Patricia Shaw advises on artificial intelligence (AI) and data ethics, policy, and governance, including ethics advisory boards. 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Effective governance, resource endowments, and demography are complementary factors that need to be properly coordinated based on sound economic principles to underpin the process of sustainable development. The division of economics into microeconomics and macroeconomics has gained prominence in economic theory, but the distinction is mainly about whether analysis and economic decision-making focus on individual economic agents such as households and firms (microeconomics) or activities of the overall economy relating to such indicators as national income, employment, and government policies (macroeconomics). In practice, the microeconomics and macroeconomics intertwine such that the conditions of the overall economy influence the decisions of individual economic agents and in turn, the performance of the economy depends on the activities of individual economic agents. Essentially, all economic agents, at both micro and macro level of economic analysis, act in accordance with rational economic principles to optimize outcomes that collectively provide the basis for attaining economic growth and sustainable development.
As a demonstration of the essence of economics, in terms of both micro and macro, empirical analysis of various economic activities relating to emerging sustainable development issues, undertaken by different authors, is compiled and presented in the chapters of this book. This introductory chapter, however, provide overview of the essence of economics in the context of theory, philosophy, and principles that guide decision-making of economic agents with the coordination function of government to foster sustainable development. The remainder of this introductory chapter is classified into three sections. The section that follows focus on the nexus of economics and sustainable development, followed by the analysis of natural resource use for economic growth and implications for sustainable development. The concluding section articulates the imperativeness of effective governance in achieving sustainable development despite the existence of sound economic principles to guide economic agents.
The essence of economics is the well-being of the people, which is formulated as the maximization of social welfare function (SWF). Economic activities lead to transformation of natural resources into consumable/usable goods and services, in other words, production of goods and services, create income earning job opportunities for achieving best outcomes of SWF. However, as more intense economic activities push up the SWF, it generates environmental drawbacks such as pollution that tends to affect social welfare negatively. Besides, the exhaustibility of natural resources imposes limits on the extent to which economic activities could be intensively undertaken.
Thus, economics recognizes that apart from direct welfare benefits (income, consumption, etc.), there are positive and negative externalities-unintended consequences arising from economic activities. For instance, economic activities could give rise to positive externalities such as backward and forward linkages, learning-by-doing, and technological progress. It could also give rise to environmental challenges such as pollution and associated adverse health and social adversities in form of negative externalities. Rational economic principles require that policy formulation and implementation leads to chain of economic activities to generate growth while minimizing adverse effects arising from natural resource utilization. Hence, the most critical factor in achieving sustainable development lies in the proper management of the complex interactions among various forces within the economic, political, and social environment.
Natural resource utilization, pollution, and other environmental considerations have become critical to the possibilities of long-run economic growth and by extension sustainable development. The effect of natural resources on society is as old as human activities as the environment inserts itself between nature and society. Economic activities (production, exchange, and consumption) generate environmental problems while the depletion of scarce renewable and nonrenewable natural resources raise concerns about the sustainability of economic rents from the exploitation of natural resources. Sustainable development, a steady state long-term economic and social well-being, hinges on economic growth “a long term rise in capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population; this growing capacity is based on advancing technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands” [1].
Natural resources have a double-edge effect on economic growth, in that the intensity of its use raises output, but increases its depletion rate. Natural resource is a key input in the production process that stimulates economic growth. However, the depleting character of natural resources coupled with diminishing returns of factor input implies that dependence on natural resource utilization is not an optimal strategy for sustainable growth. By extension, intensive utilization of natural resources undermines sustainable development. Natural resources have limited direct economic use in satisfying human needs but transforming them into goods and services enhances their economic value to the society. Through the mix of productive activities by different sectors of the economy, transformation of natural resources into usable goods and services occurs to propel the overall economy to achieve sustainable growth that forms the basis for sustainable development.
The productivity of factors of production has positive relationship with absorptive capacity. Technological inter-connections among various sectors of the economy could evolve from structural and spatial interdependence of the production processes of the sectors. The rational response to incentives leads to increase in the level of activities of sectors of the economy in a self-reinforcing manner. The expansion of activities in the various sectors of the economy is mutually self-stimulating to provide opportunities for economies of scale that translate into lower per unit cost of production.
The temptation for rent-seeking behavior could undermine the efficient use of the natural resources to stifle economic growth and weaken the possibility of positive externalities. The use of rents derived from natural resource extraction to facilitate complacent consumption1 at the detriment of real production leads to the expansion of nontradable sector activities while tradable sector activities such as manufacturing shrink. This give rise to the “Dutch Disease”2, which is a chronic source of slow growth due to the absence of “backward and forward” linkages among sectors of the economy [2]. The manufacturing sector, with a sound service sector for support, is a vital source for economic growth through learning-by-doing, as such should have a pivotal link with natural resource sector to stimulate real productive activities that propels the economy toward sustainable growth and development. Ideas that emanate from production processes is the driving force for generating high levels of growth [3] to form the bedrock for sustainable development.
As the essence of sustainability is to maintain a given level of social welfare at a constant level [4], six key conditions are prerequisites. These are nondeclining consumption (utility), maintaining (constant) production opportunities over time, nondeclining natural capital stock, maintaining a steady yield of resource services, stability and resilience of the ecosystem through time, and the development of capacity for consensus building. These sustainability conditions require efficient management of resources as well as ethical and moral standards, which makes the crucial role of government in coordinating economic, social, and political activities imperative for achieving sustainable development.
Economic activities thrive with the existence of basic infrastructures and the rule of law that guarantees property rights (patents and copyright laws). In addition, human capital formation, which is the bedrock upon which all aspects of economic growth processes are hinged, requires to be nurtured by services that are provided by nonprofit making principles. Furthermore, natural resource sectors, around which many economic activities revolve, require legal and institutional framework based on robust institutional principles [5].
These essential services (provision of infrastructure, the rule of law, and human capital formation) are nonexcludable public goods; and therefore, not the function of economic agents that aim to maximize profit. It is imperative for government to undertake the crucial function of providing essential services as well as coordinating the activities of economic agents to ensure alignment with strategies for achieving sustainable development. A responsible government will ensure the formulation and implementation of policies for equity inter-generational balance in economic and social welfare for the benefit of both current and future generations, a sine qua non, for sustainable development. In conclusion therefore, even though economics is the fountain of human activities, effective governance, through the proper functioning of institutions and the implementation of robust policies, is crucial for achieving sustainable development.
The need for the joint prosthesis comes up with the severity of the joint pathology. Failure of conservative therapies and non-surgical management, and surgical procedures with limited success rates leading to recurrence of the disease form the background for the development of the total alloplastic device for Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).
The main goal of the reconstruction is to restore the form and function [1] of the jaw. In the yesteryears, Autogenous bones were used in most cases of Temporpmandibular Joint Reconstruction (TMJR). Revision surgeries in cases of TMJR with costochondral grafts need to be considered keeping in mind its excessive growth potential. The autogenous bone in growing individuals pose significant risks that may impair the jaw anatomy and function on a long run frequently leading to readdressing the joint problem. Innumerable evidence now exists in favour of the total joint replacement procedure where the joint anatomy and function being restored focussing more on the Biomechanical aspects [2].
Emerging studies support TMJR in terms of improved quality of life, improved masticatory function, improved jaw movement, speech and anatomy [3, 4, 5].
The device is made up of Cobalt-Chrome-Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) or Titanium (Ti) condylar components with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) owing to their inert and bio friendly nature. These implants are available as stock fit and custom made that are patient specific.
On reviewing the literature, in the field of alloplastic TMJR, is interesting in that in 1974, Kiehn et al. attempted to construct an alloplastic TMJR prosthesis which was based on the principle used for total hip replacement with vitallium fossa and condyle unit.
In 1982, the vitek- Kent proplast—Teflon (PT) containing process was created (Vitek, Inc., Houston, Texas). What was initially successful was found to be a failure in a long run. In 1989 custom fit total TMJR system based on CAD CAM data was introduced by Techmedia that continues to be successful as of now [6].
In any TMJR, to be successful, some of the biological and mechanical characteristics are to be considered [7, 8, 9].
It should simulate the movements of TMJ
It should have close adaptability
Vivo longevity with regards to simulation of TMJ movements offering perfect imitation of translational movement of condyle without restricting the movements of uninvolved non replaced contralateral joint
Choosing a material with appropriate mechanical properties, tensile strength, hardness, elasticity and fatigue coefficience that will prevent stress from being transferred to adjacent bones, which may cause bone resorption and implant loosening.
The TMJ of mammals is different from other vertebrates, interestingly for functional modifications in that the articulating disc arose as a tendon which became pinched by the joint that is originated by intramembranous bones. Hence the growth depends on cartilaginous structures [10, 11, 12].
The TMJ anatomy size, shape, type of movements, and the load that it can take are species specific such as loss of synovial cavities in whales, loss of primary absence of disc in marsupials (sloths), variation in orientation of joint cavity in rodents, reversal of usual convex concave relationship to turn the mandibular condyle into a female element in sheeps and cattle, size variation and higher loading or lower loading depending on its pre requirement. Eg: crocodiles [13].
Sliding or side to side movement is also a variant. Considering all the animals, the human being’s TMJ anatomy has the most evolved anatomical structures for efficient masticatory function for present day.
The TMJ is a synovial joint of condylar variety [14]. It is also known as ginglimo arthrodial joint. It has two compartments namely the upper joint space and lower joint space lined by cartilaginous cells and divided by a fibrocartilaginous disc.
The upper bony component is formed by the temporal bone and the lower articulating joint is formed by the head of the condylar process of the mandible. The joint cavity is encapsulated by a fibrous capsule that is filled with the synovial fluid. The disc is held in position by the discal ligaments and the lateral pterygoid insertion.
This attachment leads to certain disorders like clicking joint and so on and so surgical anatomy of TMJ should be studied at length before analysing the pathology.
The ligaments supporting the TMJ can be classified into intracapsular and extracapsular.
The intracapsular ligaments are the capsule, the interdiscal ligaments.
The extracapsular ligaments are the ligament of TMJ, stylomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament.
Anatomical considerations of freakishness of TMJ [15] pertaining to healing of alloplastic reconstruction are interesting in that these qualities are not met with in other joints of humankind.
Non weight bearing aspect of TMJ is peculiar. The function of TMJ on one side depends considerably on the health of other side TMJ and occlusal apparatus. This tripartiate relationship is very useful at times and also troublesome while treating TMJ pathologies with alloplastic TMJR.
Abundant vascular supply for the TMJ is any another unique feature. What triggers excellent tendency to heal in comparison with other joint procedures is yet not clearly understood so the whole focus in alloplastic grafting is to limit excessive post-surgical ankyloses to make it success.
The decision to take up TMJR [16, 17] has been suggested by various organisations such as national institute of health and care excellence (NICE) in May 2014(8) and the British association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in 2008(9). A few situations where alloplastic joint reconstruction is preferred are
Failed previous alloplastic and/ or autogenous joint reconstruction
post traumatic condylar injury
Avascular necrosis
Reconstruction after tumour ablative surgery
Developmental abnormalities
Functional deformities
Severe inflammatory condition that fail to respond to conservative treatment.
It is likely that the use of alloplastic TMJR will be on the increase in paediatric field since such surgery may significantly improve the quality of life and reduce many of the functional limitations.
Absolute contraindications for alloplastic TMJR are many in which primary consideration is active infection [18, 19, 20, 21]. In acute infection if prosthesis is placed it can lead to micromotion and difficulty to stabilise the process and ultimately leading to failure. Next important contraindication is in those with documented allergy to implant components which may be present before or may manifest after the placement of prosthesis and are generally type IV delayed hypersensitivities.
Placement of fat grafts around the head of condylar components to decrease the tissue exposure to alloy components has been previously proposed by some authors and although this approach is reasonable there is no objective scientific evidence to support this hypothesis. Titanium prosthesis eliminate the possible allergy caused by Chromium cobalt Nickel Molebednum.
Uncontrolled systemic disease is considered yet another contraindication. A proper psychological preparation of preoperative evaluation must be considered essential particularly in elderly patients.
In a growing individual, alloplastic TMJR device necessitates reoperation.
A 20 years old male presented with Bilateral recurrent TMJ ankyloses (Figure 1). Initial TMJ injury was manged conservatively (2 years before) and hence no secondary deformities present. After some days he developed progressive Bilateral TMJ ankyloses. On clinical examination the mouth opening was 2 mm. Radiographic features showed development of radiopaque masses of Bilateral TMJ spaces with shortening of ramal height, signifying TMJ ankyloses. Bilateral TMJR with alloplastic device was planned.
Preoperative limited mouth opening.
Over a period of time, TMJ implants were facing menace due to excessive healing or ankyloses and hence fascia interposed osteoarthroplasty, muscle interposed osseoarthroplasty were carried out but were unsuccessfully (Figure 2).
Custom made TMJ alloplastic device.
Gap arthroplasty was reasonably successful but the anatomical disfigurement was experienced and hence metal implants were successfully (CO, Ti, Mb) used if allergic reactions were not a problem. At later stages titanium came into rescue to eliminate allergic reactions.
Using such devices had some teething troubles.
The implants can be heavy causing discomfort to the patients. The Young’s modulus of titanium is almost 5 times that of cortical bone and results in stress shielding effects [22, 23].
It is not cost effective and time consuming
The general difficulty all the surgeons experience were that the readymade implants did not have the ideal requisites of an implant as they do not snuggly fit.
Hence with the development of 3 D reconstruction digitally, the TMJR has come to near perfection.
The process involves making a CT for the patient and subsequent construction of Rapid prototyping (RP).
The resultant model involves the pathology of the TMJ (if any) which requires a trimming of the pathology in the model and 3D reconstruction of the implant digitally.
In this case, the prosthesis was patient specific. It consisted of the fossa and condylar components with the height of the device fabricated so as to compensate for the vertical height lost due to ramal shortening and gap arthroplasty.
The fossa eminence component articular surface was made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene over the stainless steel frame with 2 mm screw holes.
The stainless steel condylar unit has anteroposterior dimension of 5 mm and mediolateral dimension of 8 mm, with screw holes for fixation. (Figure 2).
Intraoperative pictures show the snug fit of the prosthesis (Figure 3a and b).
(a) TMJ alloplastic device in situ—Right side; and (b) TMJ alloplastic device in situ—Left side.
Thus the main goal of the procedure was achieved viz., mouth opening and jaw function (Figure 4).
Postoperative mouth opening.
Postoperative check x ray was done to check for the proper positioning of the device (Figure 5).
Postoperative radiograph confirming the TMJ alloplastic device in situ.
Considering the possible disadvantages of autogenous reconstruction of TMJ like unpredictable growth potential and graft fracture the Alloplastic implants constitute a superior option by way of producing predictable healing and functional duplication. The previously mentioned defects of heaviness of the metal and cost effectiveness are the future challenges in the field of TMJR.
Dr. Neelakandan RS, Vice chancellor, MAHER University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. Gauthami Sundar and Dr. Rajaram for the timely support.
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Lopez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146976",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:"I.",surname:"López",slug:"gloria-lopez",fullName:"Gloria López"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67923",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87843",title:"Structure and Dynamics of Plumes Generated by Small Rivers",slug:"structure-and-dynamics-of-plumes-generated-by-small-rivers",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The total share of small rivers in the influxes of fluvial water and suspended matter to the world ocean is estimated at between 25 and 40%. On a regional scale, this contribution can be even more significant for many coastal regions. In this chapter, we show that dynamics of small river plumes is significantly different from that of plumes generated by large rivers. Spatial structure of small plumes is generally characterized by sharper horizontal and vertical gradients. As a result, small plumes exhibit more energetic temporal variability in response to external forcing. In this chapter, we address several dynamical features typical for small plumes. We describe and discuss the response of small plumes to wind forcing and river discharge variability, the interaction between neighboring small plumes, and the generation of high-frequency internal waves in coastal ocean by small rivers. We also substantiate the Lagrangian approach to numerical modeling of small river plumes.",book:{id:"8007",slug:"estuaries-and-coastal-zones-dynamics-and-response-to-environmental-changes",title:"Estuaries and Coastal Zones",fullTitle:"Estuaries and Coastal Zones - Dynamics and Response to Environmental Changes"},signatures:"Alexander Osadchiev and Peter Zavialov",authors:[{id:"296909",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Zavialov",slug:"peter-zavialov",fullName:"Peter Zavialov"},{id:"296910",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Osadchiev",slug:"alexander-osadchiev",fullName:"Alexander Osadchiev"}]},{id:"64510",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82320",title:"Introductory Chapter: Morphodynamic Model for Predicting Beach Changes Based on Bagnold’s Concept and Its Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-morphodynamic-model-for-predicting-beach-changes-based-on-bagnold-s-concept-and",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"6012",slug:"morphodynamic-model-for-predicting-beach-changes-based-on-bagnold-s-concept-and-its-applications",title:"Morphodynamic Model for Predicting Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Morphodynamic Model for Predicting Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Its Applications"},signatures:"Takaaki Uda, Masumi Serizawa and Shiho Miyahara",authors:[{id:"13491",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uda",slug:"takaaki-uda",fullName:"Takaaki Uda"}]},{id:"41072",doi:"10.5772/51864",title:"The November, 1st, 1755 Tsunami in Morocco: Can Numerical Modeling Clarify the Uncertainties of Historical Reports?",slug:"the-november-1st-1755-tsunami-in-morocco-can-numerical-modeling-clarify-the-uncertainties-of-histori",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2221",slug:"tsunami-analysis-of-a-hazard-from-physical-interpretation-to-human-impact",title:"Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard",fullTitle:"Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard - From Physical Interpretation to Human Impact"},signatures:"R. Omira, M.A. Baptista, S. Mellas, F. Leone, N. Meschinet de Richemond, B. Zourarah and J-P. Cherel",authors:[{id:"16693",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",slug:"maria-ana-baptista",fullName:"Maria Ana Baptista"},{id:"16695",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Omira",slug:"rachid-omira",fullName:"Rachid Omira"},{id:"92702",title:"Prof.",name:"Frederic",middleName:null,surname:"Leone",slug:"frederic-leone",fullName:"Frederic Leone"},{id:"148352",title:"MSc.",name:"Samira",middleName:null,surname:"Mellas",slug:"samira-mellas",fullName:"Samira Mellas"},{id:"148353",title:"Prof.",name:"Bendahou",middleName:null,surname:"Zourarah",slug:"bendahou-zourarah",fullName:"Bendahou Zourarah"},{id:"148356",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Cherel",slug:"jean-philippe-cherel",fullName:"Jean-Philippe Cherel"},{id:"157593",title:"Prof.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Meschinet De Richemond",slug:"nancy-meschinet-de-richemond",fullName:"Nancy Meschinet De Richemond"}]},{id:"58729",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73217",title:"Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sea Surface Temperature in the East China Sea Using TERRA/MODIS Products Data",slug:"spatio-temporal-analysis-of-sea-surface-temperature-in-the-east-china-sea-using-terra-modis-products",totalDownloads:1071,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important parameter in determining the atmospheric and oceanic circulations, and satellite thermal infrared remote sensing can obtain the SST with very high spatio-temporal resolutions. The study first validated the accuracy of TERRA MODIS SST daytime and nighttime products with the timing SST measurements from the ships in the East China Sea (ECS) in February, May, August and November, 2001, and then the daily variation of daytime and nighttime SST difference was analyzed. Using 16-year MODIS SST monthly products data from February 2000 to January 2016, when all SST monthly products in February, May, August and November were averaged respectively, the seasonal spatial distribution pattern of SST in the ECS was discovered. After monthly sea surface temperature anomaly was finally processed by the empirical orthogonal function (EOF), the interannual variability of SST in the ECS was discussed. The results show that the MODIS SST daily products have a good accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 5%. The SST difference between day and night is the largest in winter, followed by spring, then for autumn and the smallest in summer, while the diurnal SST difference is very low for the same season in the different seas. The SST in the ECS displays the obvious seasonal spatial distribution pattern, in which the SST of winter is gradually increasing from north to south, while local temperature difference is the largest for 26.5°C in a year. In comparison, the SST in summer tends uniform and the difference is not more than 5°C in the whole sea. From the EOF analysis of SST anomaly, the interannual variability of SST in the ECS is affected by the East Asian monsoon, the latitudinal difference of solar radiation, the offshore circulation and the submarine terrain.",book:{id:"6195",slug:"sea-level-rise-and-coastal-infrastructure",title:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure",fullTitle:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure"},signatures:"Shaoqi Gong and Kapo Wong",authors:[{id:"219135",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaoqi",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"shaoqi-gong",fullName:"Shaoqi Gong"},{id:"219138",title:"Mr.",name:"Wong",middleName:null,surname:"Kapo",slug:"wong-kapo",fullName:"Wong Kapo"}]},{id:"66266",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85521",title:"Numerical Modeling Tools Applied to Estuarine and Coastal Hydrodynamics: A User Perspective",slug:"numerical-modeling-tools-applied-to-estuarine-and-coastal-hydrodynamics-a-user-perspective",totalDownloads:907,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Estuarine and coastal areas have been intensively studied given their complexity, ecological, and societal value and the importance of their ecosystem services. Estuarine and coastal management must be based on a sound characterization of these areas, which is achievable complementing the comprehensive field measurements with numerical models solutions. Based on a detailed comparison between two close-by, but extremely different, Portuguese estuaries (the Douro and Minho estuaries), this chapter intends to discuss how accurately numerical modeling tools can provide relevant information for a variety of coastal zones. They can be very useful for various applications in the planning and management fields, such as coastal and infrastructures protection, harbor activities, fisheries, tourism, and coastal population safety, thus supporting an effective and integrated estuarine and coastal management, which must consider both the safety of the populations and the sustainability of the marine ecosystems and services. In particular, the capacity of the numerical models to give a detailed characterization of morpho-hydrodynamic processes, as well as assess and predict the effects of anthropogenic interventions, extreme events and climate change effects, are presented.",book:{id:"7606",slug:"coastal-and-marine-environments-physical-processes-and-numerical-modelling",title:"Coastal and Marine Environments",fullTitle:"Coastal and Marine Environments - Physical Processes and Numerical Modelling"},signatures:"Isabel Iglesias, Paulo Avilez-Valente, José Luís Pinho, Ana Bio, José Manuel Vieira, Luísa Bastos and Fernando Veloso-Gomes",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70994",title:"Circulations in the Pearl River Estuary: Observation and Modeling",slug:"circulations-in-the-pearl-river-estuary-observation-and-modeling",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter reports a cruise survey on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and adjacent costal water in the period between May 3, 2014 and May 11, 2014. The circulation and salinity structure were sampled for different tidal phases. With the cruise data, a “sandwich” structure of the lateral salinity distribution and a two-layer structure of longitudinal circulation were identified, together with high variations influenced by wind and tide. Furthermore, longitudinally orientated convergence or divergence of the lateral velocity close to the channel location for certain tidal conditions was observed. The finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM) is configured and run with high spatial resolution of 100 m in the PRE. An atmospheric model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, is also run to provide high spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric forcing for the FVCOM. The FVCOM modeling skill assessment is conducted using the cruise salinity and velocity data, as well as water levels, showing that the model can well simulate the velocity and salinity structures. The numerical model reveals that there is a strong neap-spring cycle for the PRE de-tided circulation with 0.37 m s−1 during the neap tide about 42% stronger than that (0.26 m s−1) during the spring tide in the surface layer.",book:{id:"8007",slug:"estuaries-and-coastal-zones-dynamics-and-response-to-environmental-changes",title:"Estuaries and Coastal Zones",fullTitle:"Estuaries and Coastal Zones - Dynamics and Response to Environmental Changes"},signatures:"Jiayi Pan, Wenfeng Lai and Adam Thomas Devlin",authors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"},{id:"302219",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jiayi",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"jiayi-pan",fullName:"Jiayi Pan"},{id:"309888",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"wenfeng-lai",fullName:"Wenfeng Lai"}]},{id:"41072",title:"The November, 1st, 1755 Tsunami in Morocco: Can Numerical Modeling Clarify the Uncertainties of Historical Reports?",slug:"the-november-1st-1755-tsunami-in-morocco-can-numerical-modeling-clarify-the-uncertainties-of-histori",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2221",slug:"tsunami-analysis-of-a-hazard-from-physical-interpretation-to-human-impact",title:"Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard",fullTitle:"Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard - From Physical Interpretation to Human Impact"},signatures:"R. Omira, M.A. Baptista, S. Mellas, F. Leone, N. Meschinet de Richemond, B. Zourarah and J-P. Cherel",authors:[{id:"16693",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",slug:"maria-ana-baptista",fullName:"Maria Ana Baptista"},{id:"16695",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Omira",slug:"rachid-omira",fullName:"Rachid Omira"},{id:"92702",title:"Prof.",name:"Frederic",middleName:null,surname:"Leone",slug:"frederic-leone",fullName:"Frederic Leone"},{id:"148352",title:"MSc.",name:"Samira",middleName:null,surname:"Mellas",slug:"samira-mellas",fullName:"Samira Mellas"},{id:"148353",title:"Prof.",name:"Bendahou",middleName:null,surname:"Zourarah",slug:"bendahou-zourarah",fullName:"Bendahou Zourarah"},{id:"148356",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Cherel",slug:"jean-philippe-cherel",fullName:"Jean-Philippe Cherel"},{id:"157593",title:"Prof.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Meschinet De Richemond",slug:"nancy-meschinet-de-richemond",fullName:"Nancy Meschinet De Richemond"}]},{id:"63921",title:"Eight Types of BG Models and Discretization",slug:"eight-types-of-bg-models-and-discretization",totalDownloads:987,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Eight types of the BG models are introduced in this chapter. The Type 1 is a model using wave parameters at the breaking point. In the Type 2, the effect of longshore sand transport due to the effect of the longshore gradient of breaker height is included with an additional term given by Ozasa and Brampton. In the Type 3, the intensity of sand transport P is assumed to be proportional to the third power of the amplitude of the bottom oscillatory velocity um due to waves, and in the Type 4, P is given by the wave energy dissipation rate due to wave breaking at a local point. In the Type 5, wave power is calculated using the coordinate system different from that for the calculation of beach changes to predict the topographic changes of an island or a cuspate foreland in a shallow water body under the action of waves randomly incident from every direction. In the Type 6, the height of wind waves is predicted using Wilson’s formula using the wind fetch distance and wind velocity, and then sand transport fluxes are calculated. The Type 7 is a model for predicting the formation of the ebb-tidal delta under the combined effect of waves and ebb-tidal currents with an analogy of the velocity distribution of ebb-tidal currents to the wave diffraction coefficient, which can be calculated by the angular spreading method for irregular waves. In the Type 8, the effect of the nearshore currents induced by forced wave breaking is incorporated into the model by calculating the nearshore currents, taking both the wave field and the current velocity at a local point into account.",book:{id:"6012",slug:"morphodynamic-model-for-predicting-beach-changes-based-on-bagnold-s-concept-and-its-applications",title:"Morphodynamic Model for Predicting Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Morphodynamic Model for Predicting Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Its Applications"},signatures:"Takaaki Uda, Masumi Serizawa and Shiho Miyahara",authors:[{id:"13491",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uda",slug:"takaaki-uda",fullName:"Takaaki Uda"}]},{id:"57606",title:"Analysis of Dynamic Effects on the Brazilian Vertical Datum",slug:"analysis-of-dynamic-effects-on-the-brazilian-vertical-datum",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter presents a methodology of analyzing the dynamic effect from mean sea level variations, based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, velocity models, tide gauge observations, and satellite altimetry data. GNSS observations were processed in order to obtain the variation of up coordinate required to identify the possible crust movements. Velocity model served as a comparative basis to verify the obtained results from the GNSS data processing and served as a basis for analyzing the time periods without GNSS information. Tide gauge data were used to evaluate the sea level temporal evolution in the Imbituba Brazilian Vertical Datum (I-BVD). Satellite altimetry data were used for checking the results from the GNSS and the tide gauge time series. The analyses were based on time series of observations by GNSS from 2007 until 2016, tide gauge from 1948 until 1968 and 2001 until 2016, and satellite altimetry data from 1991 until 2015 from different missions. As basis for the analysis, it used GNSS SIRGAS-CON stations, the SIRGAS velocity model (VEMOS), and NUVEL velocity model. Considering the discrimination of the crust vertical movement (GNSS processing) from the results obtained with the tide gauge observations, it was observed that there is an evidence of mean sea level (MSL) rising approximately +2.24 ± 0.4 mm/year.",book:{id:"6195",slug:"sea-level-rise-and-coastal-infrastructure",title:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure",fullTitle:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure"},signatures:"Luciana M. Da Silva, Sílvio R.C. De Freitas and Regiane Dalazoana",authors:[{id:"208387",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"luciana-da-silva",fullName:"Luciana Da Silva"},{id:"209224",title:"Dr.",name:"Sílvio",middleName:null,surname:"De Freitas",slug:"silvio-de-freitas",fullName:"Sílvio De Freitas"},{id:"209225",title:"Dr.",name:"Regiane",middleName:null,surname:"Dalazoana",slug:"regiane-dalazoana",fullName:"Regiane Dalazoana"}]},{id:"58909",title:"Coastal Disasters and Remote Sensing Monitoring Methods",slug:"coastal-disasters-and-remote-sensing-monitoring-methods",totalDownloads:1162,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Coastal disaster is abnormal changes caused by climate change, human activities, geological movement or natural environment changes. According to formation cause, marine disasters as storm surges, waves, Tsunami coastal erosion, sea-level rise, red tide, seawater intrusion, marine oil spill and soil salinization. Remote sensing technology has real-time and large-area advantages in promoting the monitoring and forecast ability of coastal disaster. Relative to natural disasters, ones caused by human factors are more likely to be monitored and prevented. In this paper, we use several remote sensing methods to monitor or forecast three kinds of coastal disaster cause by human factors including red tide, sea-level rise and oil spilling, and make proposals for infrastructure based on the research results. The chosen method of monitoring red tide by inversing chlorophyll-a concentration is improved OC3M Model, which is more suitable for the coastal zone and higher spatial resolution than the MODIS chlorophyll-a production. We monitor the sea-level rise in coastal zone through coastline changes without artificial modifications. The improved Lagrangian model can simulate the trajectory of oil slick efficiently. Making the infrastructure planning according the coastal disasters and features of coastline contributes to prevent coastal disaster and coastal ecosystem protection. Multi-source remote sensing data can effectively monitor and prevent coastal disaster, and provide planning advices for coastal infrastructure construction.",book:{id:"6195",slug:"sea-level-rise-and-coastal-infrastructure",title:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure",fullTitle:"Sea Level Rise and Coastal Infrastructure"},signatures:"Yan Yu, Shengbo Chen, Tianqi Lu and Siyu Tian",authors:[{id:"162887",title:"Prof.",name:"Shengbo",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"shengbo-chen",fullName:"Shengbo Chen"},{id:"220026",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"yan-yu",fullName:"Yan Yu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"839",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology"},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions"},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"