\r\n\tHydroxyapatite (HA) is an important member of the calcium phosphate chemical family. It has been used in several medical applications for the past decades, due to its chemical similarity to the mineral phase of bone and high biocompatibility. Several studies demonstrated that bone mineral presents several ion substitutions, so in order to prepare a synthetic material with an even closer composition to bone mineral, HA has been prepared with the incorporation of several ions like, silicon or fluoride. These ions induced not only structural changes on HA lattice, but also on its biocompatibility. \r\n\tSignificant advances in nanotechnologies resulted in the preparation of HA in different forms, with a wider range of applications, from support to drug and gene delivery. \r\n\tThis book aims to collect the most relevant information regarding HA properties, modifications and its application in the biomedical field.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6a3c2d529bd0b7fb6d259f00b4562d77",bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Manuela da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8199.jpg",keywords:"Apatite, Chemical and Physical Structure, Hydrothermal Synthesis, Synthesis from Biogenic Sources, Mineralization, Bone Structure, Vascularization, Resorption, Silicon, Improved Bioactivity,Bone Substitute, Drug and Gene Carrier",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 17th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 6th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 4th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"258963",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",slug:"claudia-manuela-da-cunha-ferreira-botelho",fullName:"Claudia Manuela Da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258963/images/system/258963.jpg",biography:"Claudia Botelho obtained a PhD in Science Engineering from Porto University, Portugal, in 2005. From 2001 to 2006 her research was carried out in the United Kingdom and Japan, where she focused on the development of custom-made ceramic prostheses for reconstructive surgery. In 2013 she was invited as a lecturer at Minho University, Portugal. Her work was distinguished with several international prizes, like the European Award on Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Doctoral Award. Dr. Botelho has supervised many graduate and postgraduate theses. In 2015 she was elected president of the National Researcher Association of Science and Technology, collaborating development of new scientific policies. Currently, she is focusing on the characterisation of natural molecules that can be encapsulated into new developed cubosomes.",institutionString:"University of Minho",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Minho",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31981",title:"The Obesity Epidemic and Kidney Disease: A Literature Review",doi:"10.5772/25492",slug:"the-obesity-epidemic-and-kidney-disease-a-literature-review",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31981.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31981",totalDownloads:3942,totalViews:134,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:79,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 26th 2011",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 16th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31981",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31981",book:{id:"2075",slug:"diseases-of-renal-parenchyma"},signatures:"Veeraish Chauhan, Megha Vaid, Nishtha Chauhan and Akhil Parashar",authors:[{id:"63512",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeraish",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",fullName:"Veeraish Chauhan",slug:"veeraish-chauhan",email:"veeraish.chauhan@drexelmed.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Drexel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"71333",title:"Dr.",name:"Megha",middleName:null,surname:"Vaid",fullName:"Megha Vaid",slug:"megha-vaid",email:"vaidmegha@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Thomas Jefferson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"71334",title:"Dr.",name:"Nishtha",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",fullName:"Nishtha Chauhan",slug:"nishtha-chauhan",email:"chauhannishtha@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Manipal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"71336",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhil",middleName:null,surname:"Parashar",fullName:"Akhil Parashar",slug:"akhil-parashar",email:"akhil.aiims@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"All India Institute of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2075",type:"book",title:"Diseases of Renal Parenchyma",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Diseases of Renal Parenchyma",slug:"diseases-of-renal-parenchyma",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",bookSignature:"Manisha Sahay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2075.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0245-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6882-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1163"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31978",type:"chapter",title:"The Power of Molecular Genetics in Establishing the Diagnosis and Offering Prenatal Testing: The Case for Alport Syndrome",slug:"the-power-of-molecular-genetics-in-establishing-the-diagnosis-and-offering-prenatal-testing-the-case",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Constantinos Deltas, Konstantinos Voskarides, Panagiota Demosthenous, Louiza Papazachariou, Panos Zirogiannis and Alkis Pierides",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68052",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Deltas",fullName:"Constantinos Deltas",slug:"constantinos-deltas"}]},{id:"31979",type:"chapter",title:"Dent's Disease",slug:"dent-s-disease",totalDownloads:2762,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elena Levtchenko, Arend Bökenkamp, Leo Monnens and Michael Ludwig",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65608",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Leutchenko",fullName:"Elena Leutchenko",slug:"elena-leutchenko"},{id:"70656",title:"Dr.",name:"Arend",middleName:null,surname:"Bökenkamp",fullName:"Arend Bökenkamp",slug:"arend-bokenkamp"},{id:"70657",title:"Prof.",name:"Leo",middleName:null,surname:"Monnens",fullName:"Leo Monnens",slug:"leo-monnens"},{id:"70658",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Ludwig",fullName:"Michael Ludwig",slug:"michael-ludwig"}]},{id:"31980",type:"chapter",title:"Chapter 3\tPlasma Concentration of Adipokines, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"plasma-concentration-of-adipokines-obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndrome-and-chronic-kidney-disease-in-pa",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariya Severova, Evgeniya Saginova, Marat Galliamov, Nickolay Ermakov, Alla Rodina, Mikhail Severov, Andrey Pulin, Viktor Fomin and Nikolay Mukhin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67590",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariya",middleName:null,surname:"Severova",fullName:"Mariya Severova",slug:"mariya-severova"},{id:"70772",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeniya",middleName:null,surname:"Saginova",fullName:"Evgeniya Saginova",slug:"evgeniya-saginova"},{id:"70773",title:"Prof.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Fomin",fullName:"Viktor Fomin",slug:"viktor-fomin"},{id:"70774",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Mukhin",fullName:"Nikolay Mukhin",slug:"nikolay-mukhin"},{id:"70775",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Pulin",fullName:"Andrey Pulin",slug:"andrey-pulin"},{id:"71196",title:"Dr.",name:"Marat",middleName:null,surname:"Gallyamov",fullName:"Marat Gallyamov",slug:"marat-gallyamov"},{id:"71199",title:"Mr.",name:"Nickolay",middleName:"Valentinovich",surname:"Ermakov",fullName:"Nickolay Ermakov",slug:"nickolay-ermakov"},{id:"71200",title:"Dr.",name:"Alla",middleName:null,surname:"Rodina",fullName:"Alla Rodina",slug:"alla-rodina"},{id:"71204",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Severov",fullName:"Mikhail Severov",slug:"mikhail-severov"}]},{id:"31981",type:"chapter",title:"The Obesity Epidemic and Kidney Disease: A Literature Review",slug:"the-obesity-epidemic-and-kidney-disease-a-literature-review",totalDownloads:3942,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Veeraish Chauhan, Megha Vaid, Nishtha Chauhan and Akhil Parashar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63512",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeraish",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",fullName:"Veeraish Chauhan",slug:"veeraish-chauhan"},{id:"71333",title:"Dr.",name:"Megha",middleName:null,surname:"Vaid",fullName:"Megha Vaid",slug:"megha-vaid"},{id:"71334",title:"Dr.",name:"Nishtha",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",fullName:"Nishtha Chauhan",slug:"nishtha-chauhan"},{id:"71336",title:"Dr.",name:"Akhil",middleName:null,surname:"Parashar",fullName:"Akhil Parashar",slug:"akhil-parashar"}]},{id:"31982",type:"chapter",title:"Uric Acid and Renal Function",slug:"uric-acid-and-renal-function",totalDownloads:8857,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guilherme Ambrosio Albertoni, Fernanda Teixeira Borges and Nestor Schor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64925",title:"Prof.",name:"Nestor",middleName:null,surname:"Schor",fullName:"Nestor Schor",slug:"nestor-schor"},{id:"65001",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Albertoni",fullName:"Guilherme Albertoni",slug:"guilherme-albertoni"},{id:"65002",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:"Teixeira",surname:"Borges",fullName:"Fernanda Borges",slug:"fernanda-borges"}]},{id:"31983",type:"chapter",title:"Renal Disease and Pregnancy",slug:"renal-disease-in-pregnancy",totalDownloads:3649,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marius Craina, Elena Bernad, Răzvan Niţu, Paul Stanciu, Cosmin Cîtu, Zoran Popa, Corina Şerban and Rodica Mihăescu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45958",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena-Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Bernad",fullName:"Elena-Silvia Bernad",slug:"elena-silvia-bernad"},{id:"66403",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Serban",fullName:"Maria Corina Serban",slug:"maria-corina-serban"},{id:"71624",title:"Dr.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Craina",fullName:"Marius Craina",slug:"marius-craina"},{id:"71656",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Nitu",fullName:"Razvan Nitu",slug:"razvan-nitu"},{id:"71662",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Stanciu",fullName:"Paul Stanciu",slug:"paul-stanciu"},{id:"85852",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodica",middleName:"G",surname:"Mihaescu",fullName:"Rodica Mihaescu",slug:"rodica-mihaescu"},{id:"127118",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",fullName:"Zoran Popa",slug:"zoran-popa"},{id:"127121",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosmin",middleName:null,surname:"Citu",fullName:"Cosmin Citu",slug:"cosmin-citu"},{id:"127123",title:"Dr.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Furau",fullName:"Gheorghe Furau",slug:"gheorghe-furau"},{id:"127126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mircea Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Ancusa",fullName:"Mircea Dan Ancusa",slug:"mircea-dan-ancusa"}]},{id:"31984",type:"chapter",title:"Arterial Hypertension and Renal Disease",slug:"arterial-hypertension-and-renal-disease",totalDownloads:3772,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Corina Şerban, Rodica Mihăescu, Lavinia Noveanu, Ioana Mozoş, Ruxandra Christodorescu and Simona Drăgan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66403",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Serban",fullName:"Maria Corina Serban",slug:"maria-corina-serban"},{id:"85852",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodica",middleName:"G",surname:"Mihaescu",fullName:"Rodica Mihaescu",slug:"rodica-mihaescu"},{id:"71570",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Noveanu",fullName:"Lavinia Noveanu",slug:"lavinia-noveanu"},{id:"71590",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruxandra",middleName:null,surname:"Christodorescu",fullName:"Ruxandra Christodorescu",slug:"ruxandra-christodorescu"},{id:"71595",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Mozos",fullName:"Ioana Mozos",slug:"ioana-mozos"},{id:"71596",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Dragan",fullName:"Simona Dragan",slug:"simona-dragan"}]},{id:"31985",type:"chapter",title:"Sickle Cell Disease and Renal Disease",slug:"sickle-cell-disease-and-renal-disease",totalDownloads:4170,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mathias Abiodun Emokpae and Patrick Ojiefo Uadia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65190",title:"Dr.",name:"Abiodun",middleName:"Mathias",surname:"Emokpae",fullName:"Abiodun Emokpae",slug:"abiodun-emokpae"}]},{id:"31986",type:"chapter",title:"Renal Cortical Neoplasms and Associated Renal Functional Outcomes",slug:"renal-cortical-neoplasms-and-associated-renal-functional-outcomes",totalDownloads:2612,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gina M. Badalato, Max Kates, Neda Sadeghi and James M. McKiernan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63771",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"McKiernan",fullName:"James McKiernan",slug:"james-mckiernan"},{id:"71791",title:"Dr",name:"Gina",middleName:"M.",surname:"Badalato",fullName:"Gina Badalato",slug:"gina-badalato"},{id:"116931",title:"Mr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Kates",fullName:"Max Kates",slug:"max-kates"},{id:"116932",title:"Mrs.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Sadeghi",fullName:"Neda Sadeghi",slug:"neda-sadeghi"}]},{id:"31987",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of B-Cells and B-Cell Targeted Therapies in Lupus Nephritis",slug:"the-role-of-b-cells-and-b-cell-targeted-therapies-in-the-treatment-of-lupus-nephritis",totalDownloads:2123,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Irene Blanco, Saakshi Khattri and Chaim Putterman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65324",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Irene Blanco",slug:"irene-blanco"},{id:"71164",title:"Dr.",name:"Saakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Khattri",fullName:"Saakshi Khattri",slug:"saakshi-khattri"},{id:"71166",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaim",middleName:null,surname:"Putterman",fullName:"Chaim Putterman",slug:"chaim-putterman"}]},{id:"31988",type:"chapter",title:"Diabetic Nephropathy: Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent Its Development and Progression",slug:"diabetic-nephropathy-current-and-novel-therapeutic-approaches",totalDownloads:4440,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karly C. Sourris and Josephine M. Forbes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64747",title:"Dr.",name:"Karly",middleName:null,surname:"Sourris",fullName:"Karly Sourris",slug:"karly-sourris"},{id:"71374",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Forbes",fullName:"Josephine Forbes",slug:"josephine-forbes"}]},{id:"31989",type:"chapter",title:"Antioxidant Therapy for Diabetic Kidney Disease",slug:"new-therapies-for-diabetic-kidney-disease",totalDownloads:3023,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alina Livshits and Axel Pflueger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68586",title:"Dr.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Pflueger",fullName:"Axel Pflueger",slug:"axel-pflueger"}]},{id:"31990",type:"chapter",title:"Is Limb Loss Always Inevitable for Critical Neuro-Ischemic Foot Wounds in Diabetic Patients with End Stage Renal Disease and Unfit for Vascular Reconstructions?",slug:"is-limb-loss-always-inevitable-for-critical-neuro-ischemic-foot-wounds-in-diabetic-end-stage-renal-d",totalDownloads:2932,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vlad Alexandrescu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66358",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vlad",middleName:"Adrian",surname:"Alexandrescu",fullName:"Vlad Alexandrescu",slug:"vlad-alexandrescu"}]},{id:"31991",type:"chapter",title:"Diabetes and Renal Disease",slug:"diabetes-and-renal-diseases",totalDownloads:4315,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rodica Mihăescu, Corina Şerban, Simona Drăgan, Romulus Timar, Ioana Mozoş, Marius Craina and Adalbert Schiller",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66403",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Serban",fullName:"Maria Corina Serban",slug:"maria-corina-serban"},{id:"71624",title:"Dr.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Craina",fullName:"Marius Craina",slug:"marius-craina"},{id:"71595",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Mozos",fullName:"Ioana Mozos",slug:"ioana-mozos"},{id:"104058",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodica",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaescu",fullName:"Rodica Mihaescu",slug:"rodica-mihaescu"},{id:"105871",title:"Dr.",name:"Romulus",middleName:null,surname:"Timar",fullName:"Romulus Timar",slug:"romulus-timar"},{id:"105874",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Buzas",fullName:"Roxana Buzas",slug:"roxana-buzas"},{id:"105875",title:"Dr.",name:"Adalbert",middleName:null,surname:"Schiller",fullName:"Adalbert Schiller",slug:"adalbert-schiller"}]},{id:"31992",type:"chapter",title:"Diabetic Nephropathy: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor",slug:"diabetic-nephropathy-a-cardiovascular-risk-factor",totalDownloads:3313,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Caroline Jane Magri and Stephen Fava",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63308",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Magri",fullName:"Caroline Jane Magri",slug:"caroline-jane-magri"},{id:"72464",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Fava",fullName:"Stephen Fava",slug:"stephen-fava"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"790",title:"Basic Nephrology and Acute Kidney Injury",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c12b7e407cfc0727e34f51e0cb5cdbb4",slug:"basic-nephrology-and-acute-kidney-injury",bookSignature:"Manisha Sahay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",surname:"Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29473",title:"Is Body Surface Area the Appropriate Index for Glomerular Filtration Rate?",slug:"is-body-surface-area-the-appropriate-index-for-glomerular-filtration-rate-",signatures:"Liesbeth Hoste and Hans Pottel",authors:[{id:"66252",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",middleName:null,surname:"Pottel",fullName:"Hans Pottel",slug:"hans-pottel"}]},{id:"29474",title:"How Measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate? Comparison of Reference Methods",slug:"how-measuring-glomerular-filtration-rate-comparison-of-reference-methods",signatures:"Pierre Delanaye",authors:[{id:"64486",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Delanaye",fullName:"Pierre Delanaye",slug:"pierre-delanaye"}]},{id:"29475",title:"Effects of Preterm Birth on the Kidney",slug:"effects-of-preterm-birth-on-the-kidney",signatures:"Mary Jane Black, Megan R. Sutherland and Lina Gubhaju",authors:[{id:"66768",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Black",fullName:"Mary Jane Black",slug:"mary-jane-black"}]},{id:"29476",title:"Renal Potassium Handling and Associated Inherited Tubulopathies Leading to Hypokalemia",slug:"renal-potassium-handling-and-associated-inherited-tubulopathies-leading-to-hypokalemia",signatures:"Jelena Stojanovic and John Sayer",authors:[{id:"64482",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Sayer",fullName:"John Sayer",slug:"john-sayer"},{id:"65042",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Stojanovic",fullName:"Jelena Stojanovic",slug:"jelena-stojanovic"}]},{id:"29477",title:"Variability of Biological Parameters in Blood Samples Between Two Consecutive Schedules of Hemodialysis",slug:"variability-of-biological-parameters-in-blood-samples-between-two-consecutive-schedules-of-hemodialy",signatures:"Aurelian Udristioiu, Manole Cojocaru, Alexandra Dana Maria Panait, Radu Iliescu, Victor Dumitrascu and Daliborca Cristina Vlad",authors:[{id:"68340",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelian",middleName:null,surname:"Udristioiu",fullName:"Aurelian Udristioiu",slug:"aurelian-udristioiu"},{id:"122392",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Dumitrascu",fullName:"Victor Dumitrascu",slug:"victor-dumitrascu"},{id:"122394",title:"Dr.",name:"Daliborca Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Vlad",fullName:"Daliborca Cristina Vlad",slug:"daliborca-cristina-vlad"},{id:"122399",title:"Dr.",name:"Manole",middleName:null,surname:"Cojocaru",fullName:"Manole Cojocaru",slug:"manole-cojocaru"},{id:"122402",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra Dana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Panait",fullName:"Alexandra Dana Maria Panait",slug:"alexandra-dana-maria-panait"},{id:"122405",title:"BSc.",name:"Radu",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Iliescu",fullName:"Radu Iliescu",slug:"radu-iliescu"}]},{id:"29478",title:"The Metamorphosis of Acute Renal Failure to Acute Kidney Injury",slug:"the-metamorphosis-of-acute-renal-failure-to-acute-kidney-injury",signatures:"John W Pickering and Zoltán H Endre",authors:[{id:"67612",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"W",surname:"Pickering",fullName:"John Pickering",slug:"john-pickering"},{id:"70083",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoltan",middleName:null,surname:"Endre",fullName:"Zoltan Endre",slug:"zoltan-endre"}]},{id:"29479",title:"Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy",slug:"acute-kidney-injury-in-pregnancy",signatures:"Manisha Sahay",authors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay"}]},{id:"29480",title:"Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury in Intensive Care Unit",slug:"evaluation-of-acute-kidney-injury-in-intensive-care-unit",signatures:"Itir Yegenaga",authors:[{id:"64842",title:"Prof.",name:"Itir",middleName:null,surname:"Yegenaga",fullName:"Itir Yegenaga",slug:"itir-yegenaga"}]},{id:"29481",title:"Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity",slug:"vancomycin-induced-nephrotoxicity",signatures:"Ahmad Bilal, Omar Abu-Romeh, Talla A. Rousan and Kai Lau",authors:[{id:"68063",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Lau",fullName:"Kai Lau",slug:"kai-lau"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1376",title:"Special Problems in Hemodialysis Patients",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c80301bb96b8a1f44a0d2d4fa4c0da14",slug:"special-problems-in-hemodialysis-patients",bookSignature:"Maria Goretti Penido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1376.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75822",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Goretti",surname:"Penido",slug:"maria-goretti-penido",fullName:"Maria Goretti Penido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1377",title:"Technical Problems in Patients on Hemodialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af6137ecadd693ee44dd2077bf997c05",slug:"technical-problems-in-patients-on-hemodialysis",bookSignature:"Maria Goretti Penido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1377.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"75822",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Goretti",surname:"Penido",slug:"maria-goretti-penido",fullName:"Maria Goretti Penido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1429",title:"Diabetic Nephropathy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bcd3049e20a39337e8dd204725a05f8c",slug:"diabetic-nephropathy",bookSignature:"John S. D. Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101924",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Chan",slug:"john-chan",fullName:"John Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2075",title:"Diseases of Renal Parenchyma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0f00e88ec0f84bcefa06ddd6b1b888",slug:"diseases-of-renal-parenchyma",bookSignature:"Manisha Sahay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",surname:"Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2076",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98fa21235bd6030e806911316308ea85",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-and-renal-transplantation",bookSignature:"Manisha Sahay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",surname:"Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2075",title:"Diseases of Renal Parenchyma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0f00e88ec0f84bcefa06ddd6b1b888",slug:"diseases-of-renal-parenchyma",bookSignature:"Manisha Sahay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65130",title:"Prof.",name:"Manisha",surname:"Sahay",slug:"manisha-sahay",fullName:"Manisha Sahay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74359",title:"Diversity of the Owl Species in the Amazon Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94977",slug:"diversity-of-the-owl-species-in-the-amazon-region",body:'
1. Introduction
The history of geology tells us that at one time Amazon River flowed westward when it was still inside the Gondwana continent and part of the proto-Congo River system [1]. Later the African and South American continents separated and the Atlantic Ocean widened enough to provide a moist and warm climate to the Amazon region. The rainforest formed during the Eocene era between 56 and 34 million years ago [2]. The Andes have formed 15 million years ago and some 5 million years later the Amazon River began to flow eastward [1].
Now the Amazon River is the largest of the world’s rivers in terms of water volume discharged into the sea, carrying more than five times the volume of the Congo River or twelve times that of the Mississippi River [1]. The Amazon River basin covers almost 40 per cent of the South American continent and the main river is some 4080 miles long, second only to the River Nile in length [3]. The Amazon river and its 1100 tributaries have a drainage area covering 2.7 million square miles belonging to nine nations: (the percentage share of each nation is shown in brackets) Bolivia (7.7%), Brazil (58.4%), Colombia (7.1%), Ecuador (1%), French Guiana (1.4%), Guyana (3.1%), Peru (12.8%), Surinam (2.5%) and Venezuela (6.1%) [4]. Even in this book, the percentages vary as the perceived extent of the Amazon depends on the definition. Often people as well include areas outside the basin and that biogeographic Amazon ranges 3–3.2 million sq. mi, of which just over 80 per cent is forested [1]. Whatever definition is used the Amazon basin has the world’s largest rainforest, bigger than the next two largest rainforests – in the Congo River basin and Indonesia – combined. The moist broadleaf forest comprises an estimated 390 billion individual trees representing some 16,000 species [5]. Billions of trees pump daily huge quantities of water vapour into the atmosphere. A large part of this water rains down locally, but part of this moisture is carried in the air to other areas including the agricultural heartland of South America. It has been estimated that two-thirds of Brazil’s national product comes from the areas that receive Amazon rainforest generated rainfall [1].
It was for a long time a general belief that the Amazon rainforest has been always only sparsely populated by the humans due to the poor soils. Recent archaeological findings, however, suggest that the Amazon was earlier densely populated and that up to 5 million people were living in the region in 1500 AD. However, by 1900, the population had fallen to one million and by the early 1980s, it was estimated to be less than 200,000. Indigenous civilizations were devastated by the spread of new diseases like smallpox and typhus after the arrival of the first Europeans, in 1542 and after [6]. The UK broadcaster BBC 4 presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest has been shaped by humans for at least 11,000 years through activities like forest gardening and’terra preta’ indigenous soil management, instead of being only a pristine wilderness [7]. In recent decades the human population has accelerated and incoming people have introduced mechanised agriculture and integrated the region into the global economy. Large quantities of the Amazon-produced commodities like cattle beef and leather, timber, soy, oil and gas, and minerals are sold to China, Europe, Russia and the U.S. [1].
The wet forests in Amazon have consistently higher species diversity than any comparable forests in Africa and Asia [8]. The Amazonia Region is home to a large collection of living plants (40,000 or more) and animal species in the world. However, Table 1 above shows considerable discrepancies in the stated species diversity.
Biodiversity of Amazonia plant and wildlife [1, 2, 9, 10].
Na = Not available.
The largest discrepancies seem to be in the numbers of mammals and amphibians whilst the number of birds and reptiles is relatively uniform. It is possible that the highest numbers represent the number of South American species in its entirety and not just in Amazonia.
It has been said that one in ten known species in the world occurs in the Amazon region and one in five of all bird species are found in the Amazon rainforest [11]. The author knows best “Owls of the World” [12] and compares here how these statements hold for the world owls.
2. Material and methods
The history of owls in the Amazon region is far less known than that of human history. Fossil records of the Amazon owls are very few if any [13] so we do not know what kind of owls lived in the region before the present species. Even today, Amazonian owl species are not well known, and few studies have focused on the species from the region (see [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. In the nine countries sharing the Amazon basin the number of owl species is on average 22 species ranging from 13 to 30 per country (Table 2).
A total number of owl species listed in the 9 countries sharing the Amazon basin. Sources of information [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].
Average 22.
However, it is important to note that only part of the above-listed owl species lives in the Amazon basin of that country. In the following, the scientific names are in the same form as in the “Owls of the World” [34] to avoid the complicated taxonomic discussions. In Bolivia, the tropical lowland evergreen forests are found in all the Amazonian ecoregions of the country. They represent the habitat with the second highest diversity of owls, with the following species: Tyto furcata, Mecascops choliba, M. watsonii, M. hoyi, M. guatemalae, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Bubo virginianus, Strix chacoensis, S. virgata, Glaucidium brasilianum and Aegolius harrisii [25]. In Brazil, there are five owl species, which occur exclusively in this biome: Megascops watsonii, M. usta, M. roraimae, Glaucidium hardyi and Lophostrix cristata [26]. From Colombian 28 owl species 10 are found in the Amazon area of the country. This corresponds well with the fact that in the Amazon region Colombia represents 30% of the national territory. Amazon species include Tyto furcata, Megascops choliba, M. watsonii, Lophostrix cristata, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Pulsatrix melanota, Strix virgata, Strix huhula, Glaucidium brasilianum, and Athene cunicularia [27]. In Ecuador, the rather homogenous forests of the Amazon lowlands are home to nine species mostly distributed throughout the entire region including Tyto furcata, Megascops choliba, M. watsonii, Lophostrix cristata, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Strix virgata, Strix huhula, Glaucidium brasilianum, and Asio clamator [28].
Unfortunately, there is no available specific study on owls in Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Also in the French Guiana and Surinam the total of 13 and 15 owl species sounds very small and it is equally not well defined which owls live in the Amazon basin of the country.
The occurrence of different owl species in the comparison of this chapter is based entirely on the latest known distribution maps [12, 13] and no new field research was undertaken in the region. Therefore, especially in the Andean region, it was not so easy to decide which “Pacific side” owls may or may not belong to the Amazonian fauna. As all these owl distribution maps are still in a state of flux so one can expect that the total numbers may hold up very well as any mistakes have most likely been made in both directions.
3. Results
There are some 268 owl species in the world [12] and as Table 3. shows that a new Pygmy Owl (yet to be validated) has been discovered by Luis Fabio Silveira, Curator of Birds at the Museum of Zoology, the University of São Paulo by its call during an ongoing expedition to the Neblina National Park area, in Brazil. Provisionally this new owl has been named the ‘Neblina Pygmy Owl’ [35]. That brings the total of the world owl species to 269, so 34 species listed for Amazonia represent 12.6 per cent. Similarly, 88 owl species of the world lives in the Neotropical zone of the world. This is 32.7 per cent of the world species. Amazon Region owls make 38.6 per cent of the Neotropical owls, respectively [12, 13]. There is only one owl species that has been nominated due to the region as Amazon Pygmy Owl Glaucidium hardyi. Its distribution map shows very well how difficult it is to know the exact limits of some species in the Amazon region (Figure 1). This tiny owl is difficult to observe in the rainforest canopy [12]. The latest book on Colombian owls [37] does not include this species, so the presented map extends a little too much to the west.
31. Buff-fronted Owl Aegolius harrisii LC Stable but in Ecuador ranked as vulnerable [27]
32. Stygian Owl Asio stygius LC Decreasing
33. Striped Owl Asio clamator LC Decreasing
34. Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus LC Decreasing
Table 3.
List and scientific names of Amazon region owl species [12, 13] (+one new species proposed after 2012 and referenced separately in the table).
Note that all listed ‘species’ are not, yet, fully approved by the taxonomists. Known conservation status is indicated for those species listed to be in danger [36]. CR = Critical; EN = Endangered; LC = Least concern;Na = No conservation status given; NT = Near-threatened and VU = Vulnerable.
Figure 1.
Amazonian pygmy owl Glaucidium hardyi distribution map [from 34] with a scan of an excellent photo of Kurazo Okada from Macapá, Brazil.
4. Discussion
Based on the assumption that one in five, i.e. 20 per cent of the world owl species should live in the Amazon Region we can see that the rainforest has twenty species less (34 vs. 54) than expected. There can be at least two very distinct reasons for this. Firstly, we may not know, yet, all of the owl species living in the Amazon region. The practical limitations of calculating and identifying birds, especially night-time, mean that data collection is often very difficult if not impossible. This explanation is supported by the owl study difficulties summarised below:
Compared with other avian groups, owls are difficult to study
The second reason could be that the rainforest may not be the most ideal biotope for many of the owl species which often depend on the prey available in the bottom tier of the forest which is flooded during the wet season. The wet rainforest prey availability and catch-ability can be very different from the dry forest environment. In Ecuador, it has been noted that owl diversity is higher in forested ecosystems than in open areas and in humid forests than in dry forests. However, even in Ecuador the Pacific lowlands harbour more species than the Amazon lowlands [28] somewhat supporting my second reason. It gains further support at the end of the conclusions.
5. Conclusions
More detailed research is needed on all species of the Amazon region. Only a small percentage of the basin’s plant life has been documented or studied for their potential medicinal value [40]. Much of the ecology of this ecosystem remains unknown, and one can suspect that there must be many new owls and other animal species out there waiting to be discovered. It may be the only area in the world where you can still hope to find a new owl species, as the recently found and not, yet, officially described new Glaucidium spp. Nov. owl shows (Table 3). Also, we will have no idea how many of those new species were or will be lost through rainforest destruction before they can be discovered. Therefore, stating the obvious, it is necessary to stop deforestation in the Amazon. South America’s natural wonder may be perilously close to the tipping point beyond which its gradual transformation into something closer to steppe cannot be stopped or reversed, even if people lay down their axes. An area equivalent to the size of Turkey, and bigger than that of Texas has been lost to logging, farming, mining, roads, dams, and other forms of ‘development’. Between only August 2017 and July 2018, Brazil lost 7900 km2 of Amazon forest – nearly a billion trees – the highest rate of deforestation for a decade [41]. And in the following year in Brazil, alone, deforestation rose more than 88 per cent in June 2019 compared with the same month in 2018 [42]. Since then deforestation has again been steadily rising in the Brazilian Amazon, with deforestation alerts from August 2019 to July 2020 and is 33 per cent higher than in the same period of the previous year [43]. Unfortunately, it is not Brazil alone burning and deforesting the Amazon region. After two years in Colombia, I sadly concluded with my biologist wife that people in that country have very little respect for the forests and wildlife [44]. Since that time deforestation has increased especially in the Amazon region of the country. In 2017 alone, deforestation destroyed 60,300 hectares in Caquetá (one Amazon department) [45]. If current trends in the Amazon region continue, millions of extra tonnes of carbon dioxide will be released in the atmosphere with devastating long-term consequences. There will be immediate impacts like decimating biodiversity, and vital ecosystem destruction. The impact on regional economies could also be substantial due to the dramatic implications for regional rainfall, leading to drier conditions across South America’s breadbasket and major urban areas [1]. Deforestation is not the only reason that the Amazon region is changing. Global climate change is having an important impact because the higher temperatures reduce the rainfall in the tropical Atlantic. This is causing regular drought periods over years thus increasing the susceptibility of the rainforest to fire [1]. This widespread devastation in the natural habitats is likely to have deleterious implications for the Amazon basin owl populations due to the sensitivity of many owl species to habitat disturbance [46]. A recent study in Ecuadorian owls found no relationship between species richness and the amount of surrounding forest cover [47] which tends to support my second hypothesis that the rainforest environment may not be the first choice of the owls. However, another concurrent study in Ecuador noted that the large-bodied frugivores birds in the same fragmented forests showed that frugivore richness corresponded strongly and positively to surrounding forest cover [48]. Clear discrepancies between different bird groups suggest that additional research is needed to evaluate how the impacts of forest fragmentation may vary among the bird guilds.
\n',keywords:"Amazonia, conservation, owl species, number of wildlife species, climate change",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74359.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74359.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74359",totalDownloads:427,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 19th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 9th 2020",datePublished:"March 10th 2021",dateFinished:"December 9th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The Amazon basin is the largest tropical rainforest in the world covering almost 40 per cent of the South American continent. For centuries, its vastness and inaccessibility have been protecting this area. The general belief is that the Amazonia region has unparalleled biodiversity which means that one in five of all bird species known in the globe lives in the Amazon Jungle. The author is testing this claim against the known occurrence of the world owl species. There are fewer owl species in Amazonia than expected namely 34 (against 54 expected). Two possible reasons are that our knowledge of the Amazon region species is still incomplete as may be indicated that new owl species have been found recently. The other reason could be that the rainforest is not after all the most wanted biotope for many of the owl species which often depend on the prey available in the bottom tier of the forest which is flooded during the wet season. Whatever the reason is, more detailed research is needed on all species of the Amazon region as there must be many new owls and other animal species out there waiting to be discovered. We have no idea how many of those new species have been or will be lost due to the rainforest destruction before they can be discovered. Therefore, it is necessary to stop deforestation in the Amazonia, be it due to forest logging, uncontrolled fires (often deliberately set) agriculture expansion or industrial development. Deforestation is not the only reason that the Amazon basin is changing. The rainforest suffers also from the global climate change when the higher temperatures reduce the rainfall in the tropical Atlantic region, causing drought and increasing the fire susceptibility of the rainforest. Luckily the owls are not so sensitive to surrounding forest cover as many other tropical forest-dependent bird species, like the large-bodied avian frugivores. Impacts of forest fragmentation on owls will need additional research.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74359",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74359",signatures:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",book:{id:"10248",type:"book",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",publishedDate:"March 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10248.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-813-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-812-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-814-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",email:"heimomikkola@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144330/images/system/144330.png",institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Butler, R.A. 2020. The Amazon Rainforest: The World’s Largest Rainforest. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/ Accessed 18/10/2020'},{id:"B2",body:'Wikipedia 2020. Amazon rainforest. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest. Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B3",body:'Keen, C. 1997. Amazon Basin. In Greatest Places Physical Geography. July 1997. https://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/amazon.html Accessed 18/10/2020'},{id:"B4",body:'Coca-Castro, A., Raymondin, L., Bellfield, H. & Hyman, G. 2013. Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia. https://web.archive.org/web/201603191409931/http://segamazonia.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/land_use_status_and_trends_in_amazonia.pdf Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B5",body:'Field Museum 2013. Field Museum scientist estimate 16,000 tree species in the Amazon. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-10/fm-fms101413.php Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B6",body:'Smith, A. 1994. Explorers of the Amazon. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-76337-8'},{id:"B7",body:'BBC Four. 2011. Unnatural Histories – Amazon. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0122njp'},{id:"B8",body:'Turner, I.M. 2001. The ecology of trees in the tropical forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-801183-4'},{id:"B9",body:'WWF 2020. From the boa to leafcutter ant, and back to red piranha, Amazon wildlife comes in all shapes and sizes. https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/about_ wildlife_amazon/ Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B10",body:'Ascent of the Amazon 2020. Amazon Animals A-Z. https://www.ascentpftheamazon.com/learning-resources/amazon-animals-a-to-z/ Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B11",body:'World Wide Fund for Nature 2008. Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals. http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildplaces/amazon/index.cfm Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B12",body:'Mikkola, H. 2013. Owls of the World. A Photographic Guide. 2nd Revised Edition. – Bloomsbury/Christopher Helm, London. 528 p.(ISBN: 978-1-4729-0593-2).(Also, in Canada and USA in 2014 by Firefly Books in Ontario and New York, ISBN-13: 978-1-77085-274-7)'},{id:"B13",body:'Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p. (ISBN 978-3-319-57107-2). DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57108-9'},{id:"B14",body:'Barros, F.M. & Cintra, R. 2009. The effects of forest structure on occurrence and abundance of three owl species (Aves: Strigidae) in the Central Amazon forest. Fortschr. Zool. 26(1): 85-96'},{id:"B15",body:'Borges, S.H., Henriques, L.M. & Carvalhaes, A. 2004. Density and habitat use by owls in two Amazonian forest types. J. Field. Ornithol. 75: 176-182'},{id:"B16",body:'Mikkola, H. 2018. Again, a New Owl Species from Colombia – Santa Marta Screech Owl. Tyto March 2018: 6-10'},{id:"B17",body:'Muñoz-Garcia, J., Castaño Vargas, C.C., Reyes-Bueno, S. & Rodríguez-Villamil, D.R. 2019. Registros de reproducción y notas del cuidado parental de Ciccaba huhula en Colombia. Spizaetus 28: 15-20'},{id:"B18",body:'Padilla, O. 2019. Descripcíon de un evento de anidacíon del búho real (Bubo virginianus nacurutu Vieillot, 1817) y del búho moteado (Ciccaba virgata virgata Cassin, 1849) en Huila, Colombia. Intropica 14(1):1-8 DOI : 10.21676/23897864.2696'},{id:"B19",body:'Penagos, A.P., Martínez, A. & Rodríguez-Bolaños 2018. Nueve registro y ampliación de distribución del búho bicolor (Aegolius harrisii) en Colombia. Biota Colombiana 19(2): 140-146. DOI: 10.21068/c2018.v19n02a13'},{id:"B20",body:'Restrepo Cardona, J.S., López Betancur, A. & Córdoba-Córdoba, S. 2013. El Búho de Anteojos (Pulsatrix perspicillata) en Fragmentos de Bosque Seco del Valle de Río Cauca en Neira, Caldas, Colombia. Spizaetus 15: 19-24'},{id:"B21",body:'Restrepo Cardona, J.S., López Betancur, A. & Cano Castaño, N. 2015. Abundancia y nuevos registros de búhos simpátricos en Manizales y Villamaría (Caldas, Colombia). Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. U. De Caldas 19(2): 220-229. DOI: 10.17151/bccm.2015.19.2.13'},{id:"B22",body:'Restrepo Cardona, J.S., Sáenz-Jiménez, F., Echeverry-Galvis, M.A., Marín-C, D. & Poveda, J. 2019. Diet of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) during the breeding season in the paramo of Laguna Corazón, Tolima, Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 17: 1-5 http://associacioncolombianadeornitologia.org/ Accessed 15/02/2020'},{id:"B23",body:'Rodríguez-Villamil, D.R. 2018. Extensión de la distribución de Pulsatrix melanota (Strigidae) en el piedemonte llanero colombiano. Ornitología Colombiana 16: 1-6 http://associacioncolombianadeornitologia.org/ Accessed 15/02/2020'},{id:"B24",body:'Seminario Moscol, L.E. & Infante Castro, Y.I. 2018. Primer registro documentado de Búho Blanco y Negro (Ciccaba nigrolineata) en el bosque de Suyo, Ayabaca, departamento de Piura, Perú. Boletín UNOP 13(1): 22-25'},{id:"B25",body:'Méndez, D.R. 2017. The Owls of Bolivia. Chapter 5: 75-95. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B26",body:'Motta-Junior, J.C., Rocha Braga, A.C. & Monteiro Granzinolli, M.A. 2017. The Owls of Brazil. Chapter 6: 97-158. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B27",body:'Chaparro-Herrera, S., Córdoba-Córdoba, S., López-Ordoñez, J.P., Restrepo-Cardona, J.S. & Cortes-Herrera, O. 2017. The Owls of Colombia. Chapter 9: 317-371. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B28",body:'Freile, J.F., Guevara, E.A., Pacheco, C. & Santander, T. 2017. The Owls of Ecuador. Chapter 10: 373-395. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B29",body:'Claessens, O., de Pracontal, N. & Ingels, J. 2017. The Owls of French Guiana. Chapter 12: 419-445. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B30",body:'Wikipedia 2020. List of birds of Guyana https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Guyana Accessed 20/10/2020'},{id:"B31",body:'Wikipedia 2020. List of birds of Peru https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Peru Accessed 20/10/2020'},{id:"B32",body:'Ramcharan, S. & Ottema, O. 2017. The Owls of Surinam. Chapter 19: 633-644. In: Enriquez, P.L. (Ed.) 2017. Neotropical Owls Diversity and Conservation. Springer International Publishing, AG. Cham, Switzerland. 670 p'},{id:"B33",body:'Wikipedia 2020. List of birds of Venezuela https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_ birds_of_Venezuela. Accessed 20/10/2020'},{id:"B34",body:'König, C., Weick, F. & Becking, J-H. 2011. Owls of the World. 2nd Reprinted Edition. – A&C Black/Christopher Helm, London.528 p. (ISBN: 978-0-7136-6548-2)'},{id:"B35",body:'BBC News 2018. A New Pygmy Owl species from Amazon. Amazon Discoveries 06/04/2018'},{id:"B36",body:'IUCN 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org Accessed 20/10/2020'},{id:"B37",body:'Chaparro-Herrera, S., Enríquez, P.L. & Lopera-Salazar, A. 2020. Búhos de Colombia Guía Ilustrada y Sonora. Puntoaparte Ltda, Bogota. 107 p'},{id:"B38",body:'Fuller, M.A. & Mosher, J.A. 1987. Raptor survey techniques. Pp. 37-65. In: Giron Pendleton, B.A., Millsap, B.A., Cline, K.W. & Bird, D.M. (Eds.) 1987. Raptor management techniques manual. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C., USA'},{id:"B39",body:'Wintle, B.A., Kavanagh, R.P., McCarthy, M.A. & Burgman, M.A. 2005. Estimating and dealing with detectability in occupancy surveys for forest owls and arboreal marsupials. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 905-917'},{id:"B40",body:'Dinesen Rogers, C. 2017. The Ecosystem of the Amazon Rainforest. https://sciencing.com/ecosystem-amazon-rainforest-6495612.html Accessed 15/07/2020'},{id:"B41",body:'Anonymous 2019. Deathwatch for the Amazon. The threat of runaway deforestation. – The Economist, August 3rd−9th 2019'},{id:"B42",body:'Deutsche Welle 2019. Brazil registers huge spike in Amazon deforestation. July 3, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-registers-huge-spike-in-amazon-deforestation/a-494627773 Accessed 15/08/2020'},{id:"B43",body:'WWF 2020. 2020 Forest Fires Globally Could be Worse Than 2019, WWF Warns. Press Release 10/19/2020. Accessed 20/10/2020'},{id:"B44",body:'Mikkola, H. & Mikkola, K. 1978. Tragedy of Colombian nature. Suomen Luonto 37: 14-16 and 47 (In Finnish with summary in English)'},{id:"B45",body:'MINAMBIENTE 2017. Resultados. Monitoreo de la deforestación 2017. Gobierno de Colombia. http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/02835/Resultados_Monitoreo_Deforestacion_2017.pdf Accessed 15/02/2018'},{id:"B46",body:'Stotz, D., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A. & Moskovits, D.K. (Eds.) 1996. Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Illinois, USA'},{id:"B47",body:'Walter, S.T., Browne, L., Freile, J., Gonzáles, N., Loor, J., Darkes, M., Gillespie, T.W. & Karubian, J. 2017. Nocturnal bird diversity in forest fragments in north-west Ecuador. Journal of Tropical Ecology 33: 357-364'},{id:"B48",body:'Walter, S.T., Browne, L., Freile, J., Olivo, J., Gonzáles, M. & Karubian, J. 2017. Landscape-level tree cover predicts species richness of large-bodied frugivorous birds in forest fragments. Biotropica 49: 838-847'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",address:"heimomikkola@yahoo.co.uk",affiliation:'
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10248",type:"book",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",publishedDate:"March 10th 2021",bookSignature:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10248.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-813-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-812-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-814-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"302784",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Wysk",email:"rawysk@ncsu.edu",fullName:"Richard Wysk",slug:"richard-wysk",position:null,biography:"Richard Wysk’s research and teaching interests are in the general area of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and medical device design and manufacturing. In particular, he is interested in: 1) lean manufacturing (waste elimination and setup reduction), 2) product/process engineering, 3) Computer-Aided Manufacturing, 4) Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) planning, design and control, and most recently 5) the engineering and manufacturing of medical products, including regenerative medical products.\r\n\r\nDr. Wysk has coauthored six books including Computer-Aided Manufacturing, with T.C. Chang and H.P. Wang — the 1991 IIE Book of the Year and the 1991 SME Eugene Merchant Book of the Year. He has also published more than one-hundred seventy-five technical papers in the open-literature in journals including the Transactions of ASME, the Transactions of IEEE and the IIE Transactions. He is an Associate Editor and/or a member of the Editorial Board for five technical journals.\r\n\r\nDr. Wysk is an IIE Fellow, an SME Fellow, a member of Sigma Xi, and a member of Alpha Pi Mu and Tau Beta Pi. He is the recipient of the IIE Region III Award for Excellence, the SME Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, the IIE David F. Baker Distinguished Research Award and the IIE Albert Holzman Outstanding Educator Award.\r\n\r\nHe has held engineering positions with General Electric and Caterpillar Tractor Company. He has also served on the faculties of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Texas A&M University where he held the Royce Wisenbaker Chair in Innovation. He is a veteran of the U.S. Army, and served in Vietnam, where he earned a Bronze Star and an Army Commendation Medal with an Oak Leaf Cluster.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002maQ7IQAU/Profile_Picture_1613127418390",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"North Carolina State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"69316",title:"Advanced Manufacturing Using Linked Processes: Hybrid Manufacturing",slug:"advanced-manufacturing-using-linked-processes-hybrid-manufacturing",abstract:"Hybrid Manufacturing Processes (HMP) can significantly reduce time to customer, waste, and tooling costs per part, while increasing possible part geometric complexity for small batch parts. In the following chapter, HMP is defined by the production of parts produced first with a near-net shape process using methods including: additive manufacturing, casting, injection molding, etc., which is then coupled with multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) subtractive machining or some other secondary material removal process. Creating process plans for such hybrid manufacturing processes typically takes weeks rather than hours or days. This chapter outlines several hybrid manufacturing processes and the intricacies required to develop process plans for these complex linked processes. A feature-based advanced hybrid manufacturing process planning system (FAH-PS) uses feature-specific geometric, tolerance, and material data inputs to generate automated process plans based on user-specified feature precedence for additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing. Plans generated by FAH-PS can optimize process plans to minimize tool changes, orientation changes, etc., to improve process times. A case study of additive-subtractive methods for a patient-specific bone plate, demonstrates system capabilities and processing time reductions as compared to the current manual process planning for hybrid manufacturing methodologies. Using the generated FAH-PS process plan resulted in a 35% reduction in machining time from the current hybrid manufacturing strategy.",signatures:"Katie Basinger, Caroline Webster, Carter Keough, Richard Wysk and Ola Harrysson",authors:[{id:"302784",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Wysk",fullName:"Richard Wysk",slug:"richard-wysk",email:"rawysk@ncsu.edu"},{id:"302786",title:"Dr.",name:"Katie",surname:"Basinger",fullName:"Katie Basinger",slug:"katie-basinger",email:"katie.basinger@ise.ufl.edu"},{id:"302799",title:"Dr.",name:"Ola",surname:"Harrysson",fullName:"Ola Harrysson",slug:"ola-harrysson",email:"oaharrys@ncsu.edu"},{id:"303446",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",surname:"Webster",fullName:"Caroline Webster",slug:"caroline-webster",email:"cewebst2@gmail.com"},{id:"303447",title:"Ms.",name:"Carter",surname:"Keough",fullName:"Carter Keough",slug:"carter-keough",email:"cbkeough@ncsu.edu"}],book:{id:"9278",title:"Mass Production Processes",slug:"mass-production-processes",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",surname:"Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"228177",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan David",surname:"Morales Méndez",slug:"jonathan-david-morales-mendez",fullName:"Jonathan David Morales Méndez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",surname:"Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"302847",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",surname:"Silva",slug:"ramon-silva",fullName:"Ramon Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307401",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Taurino",slug:"teresa-taurino",fullName:"Teresa Taurino",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307402",title:"Prof.",name:"Agostino",surname:"Villa",slug:"agostino-villa",fullName:"Agostino Villa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"308354",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Duc-Toan",slug:"nguyen-duc-toan",fullName:"Nguyen Duc-Toan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/308354/images/9129_n.jpg",biography:"Associate Professor Nguyen Duc-Toan grew up in Hai Duong, Vietnam. He was educated at the Hanoi University of Technology for his B. Sc. and s M. Sc. in the area of Mechanical Engineering. Prof. Duc-Toan completed his Ph. D. at the Kyungpook National University, Korea focusing material behavior and sheet metal forming. Then, he pursued his professional career at leading university of Vietnam (HUST) where he undertook research related to metal cutting, sheet metal forming, electrical discharge machining EDM and CAD/CAM/CAE. Currently, he serves as an Editorial Board Member of a number of societies including JMST Advances (Springer), TNU Journal of Science and Technology and Journal science and technology of Hung yen. Currently, he serves as a Deputy Head of Metal Machining and Industrial instrument. He is also serving as the Vice-president of the Vietnam Association of Science Editing (VASE). Recently, his interest has focused on the material behaviors and its application in industry and Research & Development for mechanical products.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hanoi University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}},{id:"308892",title:"Mr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Oyesola",slug:"moses-oyesola",fullName:"Moses Oyesola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"308893",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Nwankwo",slug:"samuel-nwankwo",fullName:"Samuel Nwankwo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"310032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Long",surname:"Hoang",slug:"long-hoang",fullName:"Long Hoang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hanoi University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects - Unusual Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"296747fe3d6ce07980b4b0ca21e04ad1",slug:null,bookSignature:" Tamer Rizk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170531",title:null,name:"Tamer",surname:"Rizk",slug:"tamer-rizk",fullName:"Tamer Rizk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diana Kitala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12176",title:"Oligonucleotides - Overview and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365b4a84e87d26bcb24b7183814fba04",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arghya Sett",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"301899",title:"Dr.",name:"Arghya",surname:"Sett",slug:"arghya-sett",fullName:"Arghya Sett"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics - Regulation and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ee9205fd23aa48cbcf3c9d6634db42b7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tao Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461341",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Huang",slug:"tao-huang",fullName:"Tao Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:20},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"372",title:"Phytology",slug:"phytology",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:81,numberOfWosCitations:135,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:35,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"372",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9704",title:"Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"779dad6540f8023acf09657acf0b5da8",slug:"cucumber-economic-values-and-its-cultivation-and-breeding",bookSignature:"Haiping Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9704.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280406",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"haiping-wang",fullName:"Haiping Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8044",title:"Root Biology",subtitle:"Growth, Physiology, and Functions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e29d230e2fb39fddbf72452c91fe411d",slug:"root-biology-growth-physiology-and-functions",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7491",title:"Forage Groups",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f0fb28490411c41af2c39eaf6412aec",slug:"forage-groups",bookSignature:"Ricardo Loiola Edvan and Edson Mauro Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7491.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283266",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Loiola Edvan",slug:"ricardo-loiola-edvan",fullName:"Ricardo Loiola Edvan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1814",title:"Botany",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c692bbecba40bcdc059399e3ddb10de2",slug:"botany",bookSignature:"John Kiogora Mworia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26063",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Kiogora",surname:"Mworia",slug:"john-mworia",fullName:"John Mworia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67771",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87083",title:"The Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in the Growth of Cereals under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"the-role-of-plant-growth-promoting-bacteria-in-the-growth-of-cereals-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to improve plant performance by multiple mechanisms, such as the production of beneficial hormones, the enhancement of plant nutritional status, and the reduction of the stress-related damage. The interaction between plants and PGPR becomes of particular interest in environments that are characterized by suboptimal growing conditions, e.g., high or low temperatures, drought, soil salinity, and nutrient scarcity. The positive role of PGPR will become even more appealing in the future, as world agriculture is facing issues as climate change and soil degradation. This chapter aims to discuss the main mechanisms of the interaction between PGPR and plants and will focus of how PGPR can decrease abiotic stress damage in cereals, which are critical crops for human diet.",book:{id:"8044",slug:"root-biology-growth-physiology-and-functions",title:"Root Biology",fullTitle:"Root Biology - Growth, Physiology, and Functions"},signatures:"Martino Schillaci, Sneha Gupta, Robert Walker and Ute Roessner",authors:null},{id:"64176",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81186",title:"Tropical Forage Legumes in India: Status and Scope for Sustaining Livestock Production",slug:"tropical-forage-legumes-in-india-status-and-scope-for-sustaining-livestock-production",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Livestock contributes enormously in food and nutritional security apart from livelihood security to rural population all over the world. India has the largest number of livestock, representing over 17% of world population. Availability of forage legumes is essential for better animal health, production and increasing the nutritive value of forage-based rations, besides providing a source of biological nitrogen fixation for enriching soil, reducing land degradation and mitigating climate change. However, supply of quality green fodder in India is extremely precarious, and the gap is huge against demand. The major fodder legume crops cultivated in India are Medicago sativa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellate and range legumes are Stylosanthes spp., Desmanthus virgatus, and Clitoria ternatea. Indian subcontinent represents wide spectrum of eco-climates and reported diversity of 21 forage legumes genera viz., Desmodium, Lablab, Stylosanthes, Vigna, Macroptelium, Centrosema and browse plants Leucaena, Sesbania, Albizia, Bauhinia, Cassia, Grewia, etc. Diversity of forage legumes were collected (>3200 accessions), evaluated and sources for different biotic and abiotic stress tolerance were identified, apart from >50 cultivars developed. Considering these aspects, tropical legumes for livestock production, soil health and ecosystem services, diversity, evaluation and breeding for improved varieties are discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Tejveer Singh, Srinivasan Ramakrishnan, Sanat Kumar Mahanta,\nVikas C. Tyagi and Ajoy Kumar Roy",authors:[{id:"254954",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"},{id:"254958",title:"Dr.",name:"Tejveer",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"tejveer-singh",fullName:"Tejveer Singh"},{id:"254959",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanath Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahanta",slug:"sanath-kumar-mahanta",fullName:"Sanath Kumar Mahanta"},{id:"254960",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",middleName:null,surname:"Tyagi",slug:"vikas-tyagi",fullName:"Vikas Tyagi"},{id:"254961",title:"Dr.",name:"A.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"a.k.-roy",fullName:"A.K. Roy"}]},{id:"65365",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83402",title:"Mob Grazing Results in High Forage Utilization and Reduced Western Snowberry Size",slug:"mob-grazing-results-in-high-forage-utilization-and-reduced-western-snowberry-size",totalDownloads:966,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Mob-grazing strives to maximize forage utilization and minimize selective grazing by using high stocking densities in small paddocks for short durations (12–24 hr). Rotational-grazing uses low stocking densities for a longer time period, retaining about half of the original available forage; although selective grazing can occur. Three cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) grazing intensities: mob- (stocking densities from 32,000 to 67,000 kg ha−1; duration—24 hr); rotation (stocking density—2500 kg ha−1; duration—35 d); and non-grazed systems were compared based on forage utilization and changes to western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) (WS) patch volume in a 2-year South Dakota study. Pre- and post-grazing forage height was measured every 2.5 m along multiple 50-m transects with WS patch volume measured every 5 m. Forage utilization (consumed and trampled) ranged from 42 to 90% in mob-grazed areas, and harvest efficiency (forage consumed) ranged from 15 to 64%. WS patch volumes decreased by ≥45% in mob-grazed treatments compared with no change in rotational-grazing and increased cover in non-grazed areas. WS pre-graze patch size influenced mob-grazing impact; patches >6500 cm3 were browsed or trampled to a greater extent than smaller patches.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Heidi Reed, Sharon Clay, Alexander Smart, David Clay and Michelle\nOhrtman",authors:[{id:"37140",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Clay",slug:"david-clay",fullName:"David Clay"},{id:"87430",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Clay",slug:"sharon-clay",fullName:"Sharon Clay"},{id:"255998",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Reed",slug:"heidi-reed",fullName:"Heidi Reed"},{id:"256000",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Smart",slug:"alexander-smart",fullName:"Alexander Smart"},{id:"285225",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Ohrtman",slug:"michelle-ohrtman",fullName:"Michelle Ohrtman"}]},{id:"68685",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87099",title:"Morphological and Physiological Root Plasticity and Its Relationships with Shoot Growth of Rice with Water Regimes and Microbial Densities",slug:"morphological-and-physiological-root-plasticity-and-its-relationships-with-shoot-growth-of-rice-with",totalDownloads:847,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"There is renewed interest in root research for undergirding a second Green Revolution. The modular nature of root systems makes them amenable to both morphological and/or physiological plasticity when encountering heterogeneous environments. Such plasticity, the ability to change and adapt in response to variations in the underground environment, is linked to a shoot response and to consequent dry matter production, which is an important subject of research. This exploration is relevant in paddy production, especially in the context of climate change where rice production needs to be intensified with reduced water application and with reduced methane emission. This chapter reviews the plastic response of roots and illustrates some preliminary findings on the effects of biotic (soil microbes) and abiotic (water regimes) stimuli on root growth and activity and their relationships with shoot growth and its implications for mitigation of methane production without compromising grain yield.",book:{id:"8044",slug:"root-biology-growth-physiology-and-functions",title:"Root Biology",fullTitle:"Root Biology - Growth, Physiology, and Functions"},signatures:"Abha Mishra",authors:null},{id:"64055",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81509",title:"Ensiling Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Forage Harvested at 08:00 or 14:00, without Wilting or 1 or 2 h Wilting and with or without Use of Bacterial Inoculant",slug:"ensiling-alfalfa-medicago-sativa-l-and-orchard-grass-dactylis-glomerata-l-forage-harvested-at-08-00-",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Alfalfa forage is difficult to ensile due to low water-soluble carbohydrate content and high buffering capacity. The objective was to assess at Chapingo, Mexico, during the rainy season effects of combinations of harvest hours (08:00, 14:00), wilting time (0, 1, 2 h) and bacterial inoculants on the quality of silage made of alfalfa and orchard grass forage, made in 200-L containers. The experiment was conducted in three phases with two replicates per phase. Variables measured in freshly cut forage and silages were dry matter content (DM), buffer capacity, pH, and alcohol soluble carbohydrates (ASC). Silos remained sealed during 60 d, and additional variables measured in silage were aerobic stability, NH3 -N and in vitro disappearance of DM. In forage harvested at 14:00 h, DM and ASC contents were higher; pH and buffering capacity were not affected by harvest hour; in silages made of that forage, NH3-N levels were lower, while ASC contents and in vitro disappearance of MS were unaffected by harvest hour. Treatments with inoculants were less aerobic stable for 5 days when made of forage harvested at 08:00 h but more stable when made of forage harvested at 14:00 h. Harvesting at 14:00 h was advantageous as silage presented higher DM and ASC contents.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Ricardo D. Améndola-Massiotti, Renato González-Ortiz, Luis A.\nMiranda-Romero, Juan A. Burgueño-Ferreira and Pedro Topete-\nPelayo",authors:[{id:"253852",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo D.",middleName:null,surname:"Améndola-Massiotti",slug:"ricardo-d.-amendola-massiotti",fullName:"Ricardo D. Améndola-Massiotti"},{id:"264572",title:"MSc.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"González-Ortiz",slug:"renato-gonzalez-ortiz",fullName:"Renato González-Ortiz"},{id:"264573",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Romero",slug:"luis-alberto-miranda-romero",fullName:"Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero"},{id:"265415",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Burgueño-Ferreira",slug:"juan-a.-burgueno-ferreira",fullName:"Juan A. Burgueño-Ferreira"},{id:"265416",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Topete-Pelayo",slug:"pedro-topete-pelayo",fullName:"Pedro Topete-Pelayo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63148",title:"Domestic Livestock and Its Alleged Role in Climate Change",slug:"domestic-livestock-and-its-alleged-role-in-climate-change",totalDownloads:15897,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is very old wisdom that climate dictates farm management strategies. In recent years, however, we are increasingly confronted with claims that agriculture, livestock husbandry, and even food consumption habits are forcing the climate to change. We subjected this worrisome concern expressed by public institutions, the media, policy makers, and even scientists to a rigorous review, cross-checking critical coherence and (in)compatibilities within and between published scientific papers. Our key conclusion is there is no need for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and even less so for livestock-born emissions, to explain climate change. Climate has always been changing, and even the present warming is most likely driven by natural factors. The warming potential of anthropogenic GHG emissions has been exaggerated, and the beneficial impacts of manmade CO2 emissions for nature, agriculture, and global food security have been systematically suppressed, ignored, or at least downplayed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and other UN (United Nations) agencies. Furthermore, we expose important methodological deficiencies in IPCC and FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) instructions and applications for the quantification of the manmade part of non-CO2-GHG emissions from agro-ecosystems. However, so far, these fatal errors inexorably propagated through scientific literature. Finally, we could not find a clear domestic livestock fingerprint, neither in the geographical methane distribution nor in the historical evolution of mean atmospheric methane concentration. In conclusion, everybody is free to choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, but there is no scientific basis, whatsoever, for claiming this decision could contribute to save the planet’s climate.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Albrecht Glatzle",authors:[{id:"252990",title:"Dr.",name:"Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Glatzle",slug:"albrecht-glatzle",fullName:"Albrecht Glatzle"}]},{id:"32711",title:"Flooding Stress on Plants: Anatomical, Morphological and Physiological Responses",slug:"flooding-stress-on-plants-anatomical-morphological-and-physiological-responses",totalDownloads:7796,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1814",slug:"botany",title:"Botany",fullTitle:"Botany"},signatures:"Gustavo Gabriel Striker",authors:[{id:"93232",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Striker",slug:"gustavo-striker",fullName:"Gustavo Striker"}]},{id:"65604",title:"Evaluation and Prediction of the Nutritive Value of Underutilised Forages as Potential Feeds for Ruminants",slug:"evaluation-and-prediction-of-the-nutritive-value-of-underutilised-forages-as-potential-feeds-for-rum",totalDownloads:1570,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aim of the chapter was to evaluate and predict the nutritive and feeding value of unknown and underutilised forages. Underutilised forages were collected from various regions. Chemical composition and degradability of forages in the rumen were determined. A dataset was created bearing degradability parameters of feeds from 40 studies. Using the dataset, a step-wise regression procedure was used to develop regression equations to predict rumen degradability. Of the underutilised forages, crude protein content tended to be double for Brassica oleracea var. acephala compared to Colophospermum mopane leaves and pods. Forage grasses tended to have very low crude protein contents compared to legumes and concentrates. Underutilised Brassica oleracea var. acephala tended to have higher crude protein levels compared to commonly used protein sources. The regression model for predicting the soluble fraction accounted for 59% (development) and 71% (validation) of the variation. The regression model for predicting the potential degradability accounted for 65% (development) and 24% (validation) of the variation. In conclusion, the nutritive value of underutilised forages was good, high in crude protein and high potential degradability. After correcting for factors that significantly affected degradability parameters, predicted solubility and effective degradability lay near the ideal prediction line, giving good predictions.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Mehluli Moyo, Siyabonga T. Bhiya, Masande Katamzi and Ignatius\nV. Nsahlai",authors:[{id:"201527",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignatius V.",middleName:null,surname:"Nsahlai",slug:"ignatius-v.-nsahlai",fullName:"Ignatius V. Nsahlai"},{id:"203798",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehluli",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"mehluli-moyo",fullName:"Mehluli Moyo"},{id:"260135",title:"Mr.",name:"Katamzi",middleName:null,surname:"Masande",slug:"katamzi-masande",fullName:"Katamzi Masande"},{id:"283732",title:"Mr.",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Bhiya",slug:"siyabonga-bhiya",fullName:"Siyabonga Bhiya"}]},{id:"76675",title:"Introductory Chapter: Studies on Cucumber",slug:"introductory-chapter-studies-on-cucumber",totalDownloads:447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"9704",slug:"cucumber-economic-values-and-its-cultivation-and-breeding",title:"Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding",fullTitle:"Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding"},signatures:"Huixia Jia and Haiping Wang",authors:[{id:"280406",title:"Dr.",name:"Haiping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"haiping-wang",fullName:"Haiping Wang"},{id:"417904",title:"Dr.",name:"Huixia",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",slug:"huixia-jia",fullName:"Huixia Jia"}]},{id:"64176",title:"Tropical Forage Legumes in India: Status and Scope for Sustaining Livestock Production",slug:"tropical-forage-legumes-in-india-status-and-scope-for-sustaining-livestock-production",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Livestock contributes enormously in food and nutritional security apart from livelihood security to rural population all over the world. India has the largest number of livestock, representing over 17% of world population. Availability of forage legumes is essential for better animal health, production and increasing the nutritive value of forage-based rations, besides providing a source of biological nitrogen fixation for enriching soil, reducing land degradation and mitigating climate change. However, supply of quality green fodder in India is extremely precarious, and the gap is huge against demand. The major fodder legume crops cultivated in India are Medicago sativa, Trifolium alexandrinum, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna umbellate and range legumes are Stylosanthes spp., Desmanthus virgatus, and Clitoria ternatea. Indian subcontinent represents wide spectrum of eco-climates and reported diversity of 21 forage legumes genera viz., Desmodium, Lablab, Stylosanthes, Vigna, Macroptelium, Centrosema and browse plants Leucaena, Sesbania, Albizia, Bauhinia, Cassia, Grewia, etc. Diversity of forage legumes were collected (>3200 accessions), evaluated and sources for different biotic and abiotic stress tolerance were identified, apart from >50 cultivars developed. Considering these aspects, tropical legumes for livestock production, soil health and ecosystem services, diversity, evaluation and breeding for improved varieties are discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Tejveer Singh, Srinivasan Ramakrishnan, Sanat Kumar Mahanta,\nVikas C. Tyagi and Ajoy Kumar Roy",authors:[{id:"254954",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"},{id:"254958",title:"Dr.",name:"Tejveer",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"tejveer-singh",fullName:"Tejveer Singh"},{id:"254959",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanath Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahanta",slug:"sanath-kumar-mahanta",fullName:"Sanath Kumar Mahanta"},{id:"254960",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",middleName:null,surname:"Tyagi",slug:"vikas-tyagi",fullName:"Vikas Tyagi"},{id:"254961",title:"Dr.",name:"A.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"a.k.-roy",fullName:"A.K. Roy"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"372",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation"},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Environmental Sciences",id:"25"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/302784",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"302784"},fullPath:"/profiles/302784",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()