Chapters authored
Non-tubal Ectopic Pregnancy: Incidence and Diagnosis
Ectopic pregnancies occur at 1–2% of all pregnancies. The most common implantation site is the fallopian tube with 95, and 5% are non-tubal located. The aim of this review is to determine the current state of data about the diagnosis and the treatment of non-tubal ectopic pregnancies. Literature is reviewed concerning cervical, interstitial, cornual, ovarian, Caesarean scar, and abdominal ectopic pregnancies from PubMed databases. Non-tubal ectopic pregnancies are often misdiagnosed and overlooked. Clinical symptoms and ultrasound must be combinated to diagnose. Management may involve medical treatment with methotrexate or surgery or a combination according to patient’s clinical stability and the location of ectopic pregnancy. Non-tubal ectopic pregnancies are rare but can be a life-threatening condition due to late diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients are associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in non-tubal pregnancy and, very importantly, preserve the uterus and subsequent fertility. İncreased experiences have led to choose the best way to manage non-tubal pregnancies and develop new techniques.
Part of the book: Non-tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
The Relationship between Female Circumcision and the Religion
Scholars of Arabic use the word “îzâr,” which means defect, and the word “hafd,” which means reducing and shrinking to express circumcision. Besides these, the words tahûr and tahâre are also used to express circumcision. European languages use the common expression female genital mutilation or circumcision to refer to circumcision. However, observations of some female mummies in Egypt and the description of circumcision on ancient Egyptian wall paintings supports the opinion that this tradition dates back very long and that it has continued for many years. The historian Herodotus states that circumcision was practiced by the Phoenicians, Hittites, and Ethiopians. Information obtained shows that circumcision is also practiced in the tropical regions of Africa, the Philippines, and by the tribes of the Upper Amazon and the women of the Australian Arunta tribe. The tradition of female circumcision that is originally a concept of the religions of African tribes has been associated with the religion Islam even though there is no reference to female circumcision at all in the Quran. Female circumcision is a violation of human rights. There is no legal explanation or excuse for persecuting women at young ages with various agendas like religion (!), customs and tradition or health in an area that affects their entire lives. This violation of women’s rights can also be interpreted as a violation of children’s rights.
Part of the book: Circumcision and the Community
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina
Vaginal cancer accounts for approximately 4000 cases and over 900 deaths annually. About 1 in 100,000 women will be diagnosed with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer (typically of squamous cell histology). The mean age at diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, the most common histologic type of vaginal cancer, is approximately 60 years. However, the disease is seen occasionally in women in their 20s and 30s. Squamous carcinoma is more common as the age of the patient increases. Vaginal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina. Vaginal cancer is staged in three ways, based on how far the tumor has progressed in the vagina, whether it has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. These three categories are called T (tumor), N (nodes), and M (whether it has metastasized or spread). Surgery is the most common treatment of vaginal cancer. The surgical procedures used are laser surgery (uses a laser beam as a knife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor); Wide local excision (takes out cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it); Vaginectomy (Surgery to remove all or part of the vagina).
Part of the book: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
Urinary bladder tumors are the second most common malignancy of the urinary system. In 2012, the global age-standardized incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) was reported as 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women. Usually, bladder cancers are seen in middle and old-aged people. In the United States, the average age for getting a diagnosis was 72 years. It was reported that 90% of newly diagnosed patients were above 60 years and rarely below 35 years. Bladder tumors relapse approximately 50–75% within 5 years after diagnosis, and progressions occur in 10–20% of them. While the five-year survival rate of organ-confined disease is 94%, the survival rates of locally invasive and metastatic tumors varied between 6 and 49%. Most of the bladder urothelial carcinomas diagnosed in patients under 40 years of age are low-grade and stage I, and the 5-year survival rate is around 97%.
Part of the book: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma