Static and fluidic yield stress values of mud sample from port of Hamburg obtained from viscosity declines with Couette geometry for different protocols.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6076",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance",title:"Soil pH for Nutrient Availability and Crop Performance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book offers effective methods of regulating soil pH for sustainable crop production by decreasing soil contaminants, balancing soil pH, improving nutrient uptake, and increasing crop yields. The book discusses methods of measuring soil pH, factors influencing soil pH, the influence of soil pH on nutrient availability and microbial activity, the causes and amendments of soil acidity, the effects of fertilizers on soil acidity, and soil pH preferences of various crops. This book will serve as a guide for understanding the roles of pH in soil and crop productivities. This is an important resource for soil, crop, and environmental scientists, agronomists, crop physiologists, botanists, foresters, wildlife scientists, and students in these disciplines.",isbn:"978-1-78985-016-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-015-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-277-5",doi:"10.5772/68057",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"soil-ph-for-nutrient-availability-and-crop-performance",numberOfPages:82,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"173305a5e0ae12b94fd56c04957acbdd",bookSignature:"Suarau Oshunsanya",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6076.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6435,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 7th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 28th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 24th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"175778",title:"Dr.",name:"Suarau",middleName:null,surname:"Oshunsanya",slug:"suarau-oshunsanya",fullName:"Suarau Oshunsanya",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175778/images/8206_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"675",title:"Soil Chemistry",slug:"soil-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"64810",title:"Introductory Chapter: Relevance of Soil pH to Agriculture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82551",slug:"introductory-chapter-relevance-of-soil-ph-to-agriculture",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Suarau Odutola Oshunsanya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64810",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64810",authors:[{id:"175778",title:"Dr.",name:"Suarau",surname:"Oshunsanya",slug:"suarau-oshunsanya",fullName:"Suarau Oshunsanya"}],corrections:null},{id:"57209",title:"Effects of Acid Soils on Plant Growth and Successful Revegetation in the Case of Mine Site",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70928",slug:"effects-of-acid-soils-on-plant-growth-and-successful-revegetation-in-the-case-of-mine-site",totalDownloads:1898,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Acid soils are caused by mining, potentially causing the death of plants. Although soil pH is one of the useful indicators to evaluate acid soil conditions for successful revegetation, the dissolution of harmful elements under acidic conditions should be considered in addition to the tolerance mechanism of plants in mines. Thus, this study aims to report the current situation of acid soils and plant growth in mine site and to elucidate the effects of acid soils on plant growth over time through field investigation and a vegetation test. The results showed that the dissolution of Al from acid soils which were attributed to the dissolution of sulfides influenced plant growth. Not only soil pH but also the assessment of the dissolution of sulfides over time is crucial for successful revegetation, suggesting that net acid producing potential (NAPP) and net acid generation (NAG) pH, which are used for evaluating the formation of acidic water, are useful to evaluate soil conditions for the revegetation. Furthermore, acid-tolerant plant survived under acidic conditions by increasing the resistance against acidic conditions with the plant growth. Such factors and the proper selection of plant species play an important role in achieving successful revegetation in mines.",signatures:"Shinji Matsumoto, Hideki Shimada, Takashi Sasaoka, Ikuo Miyajima,\nGinting J. Kusuma and Rudy S. Gautama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57209",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"59663",title:"Fluoride Adsorption onto Soil Adsorbents: The Role of pH and Other Solution Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74652",slug:"fluoride-adsorption-onto-soil-adsorbents-the-role-of-ph-and-other-solution-parameters",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Soil adsorbents continue to attract increasingly high numbers of researchers in water defluoridation studies. An aspect of solution parameters, that is the aqueous adsorption of fluoride onto soil adsorbents in defluoridation studies, has been reviewed and reported. The pH was found to be the main factor controlling fluoride adsorption on the popular soil adsorbents including: aluminosilicates, iron (hydr)oxides, aluminum (hydr)oxides, apatites, carbonaceous minerals, calcareous soils and zeolites and the other key parameters being temperature, time of contact, and co-existent ions. Fluoride adsorption onto metal-exchanged zeolites and hydroxyapatites (optimum pH = 4–10), iron (hydro)oxide minerals (pH = 2–7), and carbonaceous minerals (pH = 4–12) is relatively pH-independent, and high amounts of fluoride are able to sorb upon the surfaces of these minerals in a wide range of pH values. However, montmorillonites (optimum pH = 5–6), aluminum (hydro)oxide minerals (pH = 5–7), and calcareous minerals (pH = 5–6) only sorb significant amount of fluoride in a narrow range of pH values. The fluoride adsorption onto the latter class of minerals, also generally occurring at slightly above room temperatures, appears to be highly specific and not strongly affected by the presence of coexistent anions including: PO43−,SO42−,Cl−,andNO3−.",signatures:"Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Audre Jerop Kurui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59663",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60653",title:"Control of Soil pH, Its Ecological and Agronomic Assessment in an Agroecosystem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75764",slug:"control-of-soil-ph-its-ecological-and-agronomic-assessment-in-an-agroecosystem",totalDownloads:1192,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lithuania is located in the humid zone, where mean annual precipitation exceeds mean evapotranspiration and soil acidification is an ongoing natural process encouraged by anthropogenic activities. Traditionally, the process may be controlled by different intensity liming. The chapter summarizes the data on long-term liming and fertilization experiments made in Western Lithuania. The object of the investigation is the naturally acid soil, Bathygleyic Dystric Glossic Retisol (texture: moraine loam with clay-sized particles content of 12–14%), and the same soil exposed for more than half a century to different liming and fertilization intensity. Our systematic analysis shows that it is impossible to reach appropriate moraine loam soil conditions for organic matter decomposition, carbon sequestration, soil aggregation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient accumulation, and plant growth by using intensive liming only. It is necessary to co-ordinate proper liming and organic fertilizing. The soil acidity was neutralized (pHKCl 5.9 ± 0.1) and mobile aluminum abolished in the topsoil and subsoil to a 60 cm depth; moreover, the highest amount of soil organic carbon (1.91%), water stable aggregates (59%), intense nitrogen fixation, and highest grain yield was established in the periodically limed (with 1.0 rate CaCO3 every 7 years) soil with 60 t ha−1 farmyard manure (FYM) application.",signatures:"Danute Karcauskiene, Regina Repsiene, Dalia Ambrazaitiene,\nRegina Skuodiene and Ieva Jokubauskaite",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60653",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8123",title:"Metals in Soil",subtitle:"Contamination and Remediation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bf06fb97dff16934a2319d873089ec6",slug:"metals-in-soil-contamination-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Zinnat Ara Begum, Ismail M. M. Rahman and Hiroshi Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:"humic-substances",bookSignature:"Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9843",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:"Threats and Sustainable Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b175b72cb10952220515885ac49598c",slug:"soil-contamination-threats-and-sustainable-solutions",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6574",leadTitle:null,title:"Pyridine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is designed and styled in order to give researchers a vast horizon about pyridine. A deep look in the structural analysis of pyridine provides a base for all the building blocks derived from it and its applications. Pyridines and pyridine moieties are found in many natural products, such as vitamins, coenzymes, alkaloids, many drugs, and pesticides. The book is divided into three parts: the first takes to the introduction, the second part deals with composition of various compounds using heterocyclic ring of pyridine, and the third part discusses about applications of pyridine compounds.",isbn:"978-1-78923-423-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-422-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-564-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71351",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"pyridine",numberOfPages:84,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5f51507105e28f22bb8240225d781043",bookSignature:"Pratima Parashar Pandey",publishedDate:"July 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6574.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8753,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitations:69,numberOfTotalCitations:155,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 20th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 8th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"142089",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratima",middleName:null,surname:"Parashar Pandey",slug:"pratima-parashar-pandey",fullName:"Pratima Parashar Pandey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142089/images/system/142089.png",biography:"Dr. Pratima Parashar Pandey is an Academician and Scientist in the field of Materials Science and Nanotechnology since last twenty five years. Earlier, she was in the field of polymer blends for twenty years and has published about fourteen papers in cited journals. Since, last ten years, she is in the field of metal nano polymer composites and has eleven research papers in SCI journals. She has written two chapters one, ‘Silver particulate films on softened polymer composite’ in the book ‘Applications of Calorimetry in a Wide Context - Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Microcalorimetry’ Other, ‘Nano Biomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy’ in a book ‘Recent Biopolymers’ published both in InTechOpen Publication. She has been reviewer, technical programme committee member and invited speakers for many international conferences.",institutionString:"CET Opto",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"CET Opto (China)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"494",title:"Bioorganic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"61643",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pyridine",slug:"introductory-chapter-pyridine",totalDownloads:857,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"142089",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratima",surname:"Parashar Pandey",slug:"pratima-parashar-pandey",fullName:"Pratima Parashar Pandey"}]},{id:"59775",title:"Role of Pyridines in Medicinal Chemistry and Design of BACE1 Inhibitors Possessing a Pyridine Scaffold",slug:"role-of-pyridines-in-medicinal-chemistry-and-design-of-bace1-inhibitors-possessing-a-pyridine-scaffo",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:20,authors:[{id:"198777",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yoshio",surname:"Hamada",slug:"yoshio-hamada",fullName:"Yoshio Hamada"}]},{id:"60265",title:"Diverse Promotive Action of Pyridinecarboxylic Acids on Flowering in Ornamentals and Seedling Growth in Vegetable Crops",slug:"diverse-promotive-action-of-pyridinecarboxylic-acids-on-flowering-in-ornamentals-and-seedling-growth",totalDownloads:885,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"231341",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigerus",surname:"Satoh",slug:"shigerus-satoh",fullName:"Shigerus Satoh"}]},{id:"59932",title:"Substituent Effect on Pyridine Efficacy as a Chelating Stabilizer",slug:"substituent-effect-on-pyridine-efficacy-as-a-chelating-stabilizer",totalDownloads:1048,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"228351",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amer",surname:"Al Abdel Hamid",slug:"amer-al-abdel-hamid",fullName:"Amer Al Abdel Hamid"}]},{id:"61452",title:"Pyridine: A Useful Ligand in Transition Metal Complexes",slug:"pyridine-a-useful-ligand-in-transition-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:14,authors:[{id:"230561",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyanarayan",surname:"Pal",slug:"satyanarayan-pal",fullName:"Satyanarayan Pal"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"221462",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Glavic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221462/images/6065_n.jpg",email:"glavic@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2326",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:"Fundamental Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de85a5810169999b1c069d863593e56a",slug:"cellulose-fundamental-aspects",bookSignature:"Theo van de Ven and Louis Godbout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130492",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo G.M.",surname:"Van De Ven",slug:"theo-g.m.-van-de-ven",fullName:"Theo G.M. Van De Ven"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4785",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:"Fundamental Aspects and Current Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1dcc6cb2bc929641d711f320ac52970",slug:"cellulose-fundamental-aspects-and-current-trends",bookSignature:"Matheus Poletto and Heitor Luiz Ornaghi Junior",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140017",title:"Dr.",name:"Matheus",surname:"Poletto",slug:"matheus-poletto",fullName:"Matheus Poletto"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3173",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:"Medical, Pharmaceutical and Electronic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6dd9f6c554e63ce49a11c013cd0d87cf",slug:"cellulose-medical-pharmaceutical-and-electronic-applications",bookSignature:"Theo van de Ven and Louis Godbout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130492",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo G.M.",surname:"Van De Ven",slug:"theo-g.m.-van-de-ven",fullName:"Theo G.M. Van De Ven"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2507",title:"Nitroxides",subtitle:"Theory, Experiment and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95534fc76efda28b5e7e2480625b101b",slug:"nitroxides-theory-experiment-and-applications",bookSignature:"Alexander I. Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2540",title:"Glycosylation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c367b496cb644aac688c08e1b1f6959",slug:"glycosylation",bookSignature:"Stefana Petrescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2540.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"129852",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana",surname:"Petrescu",slug:"stefana-petrescu",fullName:"Stefana Petrescu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3174",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:"Biomass Conversion",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e59437808fca72f6190b4e92c6cb5a6d",slug:"cellulose-biomass-conversion",bookSignature:"Theo van de Ven and John Kadla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3174.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143877",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Kadla",slug:"john-kadla",fullName:"John Kadla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3847",title:"Oligomerization of Chemical and Biological Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11969d8e08568e065d3f375ebea337a4",slug:"oligomerization-of-chemical-and-biological-compounds",bookSignature:"Claire Lesieur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3847.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169626",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",surname:"Lesieur",slug:"claire-lesieur",fullName:"Claire Lesieur"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5956",title:"Aflatoxin",subtitle:"Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec838f8f33b1167857351c7a2d507fc1",slug:"aflatoxin-control-analysis-detection-and-health-risks",bookSignature:"Lukman Bola Abdulra'uf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"149347",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukman",surname:"Bola Abdulra'Uf",slug:"lukman-bola-abdulra'uf",fullName:"Lukman Bola Abdulra'Uf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6160",title:"Carboxylic Acid",subtitle:"Key Role in Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e4efc4cb0945a49e4815c70edf69d7d",slug:"carboxylic-acid-key-role-in-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Georgiana Ileana Badea and Gabriel Lucian Radu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",surname:"Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6287",title:"Cyclodextrin",subtitle:"A Versatile Ingredient",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27dcbf4c42d7e03a836fbce72ac5af7a",slug:"cyclodextrin-a-versatile-ingredient",bookSignature:"Poonam Arora and Neelima Dhingra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"133977",title:"Mrs.",name:"Poonam",surname:"Arora",slug:"poonam-arora",fullName:"Poonam Arora"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"6730",title:"Contaminant Dispersion Within and Around Poultry Houses Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",doi:"10.5772/7098",slug:"contaminant-dispersion-within-and-around-poultry-houses-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/6730.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6730",totalDownloads:4027,totalViews:122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:68,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/6730",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/6730",book:{id:"3194",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics"},signatures:"Sourabh R. Pawar, John M. Cimbala, Eileen F. Wheeler and Darla V. Lindberg",authors:[{id:"7928",title:"Professor",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cimbala",fullName:"John Cimbala",slug:"john-cimbala",email:"jmc6@psu.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pennsylvania State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"9643",title:"Professor",name:"Darla",middleName:null,surname:"Lindberg",fullName:"Darla Lindberg",slug:"darla-lindberg",email:"dvl2@psu.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pennsylvania State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"135078",title:"Prof.",name:"Sourabh",middleName:"U.",surname:"Pawar",fullName:"Sourabh Pawar",slug:"sourabh-pawar",email:"sup184@psu.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pennsylvania State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"135080",title:"Prof.",name:"Eileen",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Eileen Wheeler",slug:"eileen-wheeler",email:"efw2@psu.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pennsylvania State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3194",type:"book",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",publishedDate:"January 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-59-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5484-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"610"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"6728",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of CFD in Natural Gas Processing and Transportation",slug:"applications-of-cfd-in-natural-gas-processing-and-transportation",totalDownloads:5673,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Majid Abedinzadegan Abdi, Esam Jassim, Mohammad Haghighi and Yuri Muzychka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5285",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sayad Haghighi",fullName:"Mohammad Sayad Haghighi",slug:"mohammad-sayad-haghighi"},{id:"7274",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"A. Abdi",fullName:"Majid A. Abdi",slug:"majid-a.-abdi"},{id:"135072",title:"Prof.",name:"Esam",middleName:null,surname:"Jassim",fullName:"Esam Jassim",slug:"esam-jassim"},{id:"135074",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Muzychka",fullName:"Yuri Muzychka",slug:"yuri-muzychka"}]},{id:"6729",type:"chapter",title:"CFD Two Fluid Model for Adiabatic and Boiling Bubbly Flows in Ducts",slug:"cfd-two-fluid-model-for-adiabatic-and-boiling-bubbly-flows-in-ducts",totalDownloads:5005,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin Lopez de Bertodano and Deoras Prabhudharwadkar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7083",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez de Bertodano",fullName:"Martin Lopez de Bertodano",slug:"martin-lopez-de-bertodano"},{id:"13513",title:"Dr.",name:"Deoras",middleName:null,surname:"Prabhudharwadkar",fullName:"Deoras Prabhudharwadkar",slug:"deoras-prabhudharwadkar"}]},{id:"6730",type:"chapter",title:"Contaminant Dispersion Within and Around Poultry Houses Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"contaminant-dispersion-within-and-around-poultry-houses-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:4027,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sourabh R. Pawar, John M. Cimbala, Eileen F. Wheeler and Darla V. Lindberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7928",title:"Professor",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cimbala",fullName:"John Cimbala",slug:"john-cimbala"},{id:"9643",title:"Professor",name:"Darla",middleName:null,surname:"Lindberg",fullName:"Darla Lindberg",slug:"darla-lindberg"},{id:"135078",title:"Prof.",name:"Sourabh",middleName:"U.",surname:"Pawar",fullName:"Sourabh Pawar",slug:"sourabh-pawar"},{id:"135080",title:"Prof.",name:"Eileen",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Eileen Wheeler",slug:"eileen-wheeler"}]},{id:"6731",type:"chapter",title:"Investigation of Mixing in Shear Thinning Fluids Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"investigation-of-mixing-in-shear-thinning-fluids-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:5872,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari and Simant R. Upreti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7619",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Ein-Mozaffari",fullName:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",slug:"farhad-ein-mozaffari"},{id:"135082",title:"Dr.",name:"Simant",middleName:null,surname:"Upreti",fullName:"Simant Upreti",slug:"simant-upreti"}]},{id:"6732",type:"chapter",title:"Turbulence, Vibrations, Noise and Fluid Instabilities. Practical Approach.",slug:"turbulence-vibrations-noise-and-fluid-instabilities-practical-approach-",totalDownloads:9487,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos Gavilán Moreno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6829",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gavilán Moreno",fullName:"Carlos Gavilán Moreno",slug:"carlos-gavilan-moreno"}]},{id:"6733",type:"chapter",title:"CFD-based Evaluation of Interfacial Flows",slug:"cfd-based-evaluation-of-interfacial-flows",totalDownloads:3284,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kei Ito, Hiroyuki Ohshima, Takaaki Sakai and Tomoaki Kunugi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",fullName:"Kei Ito",slug:"kei-ito"},{id:"11984",title:"Mr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ohshima",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ohshima",slug:"hiroyuki-ohshima"},{id:"11985",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Takaaki Sakai",slug:"takaaki-sakai"},{id:"11986",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomoaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kunugi",fullName:"Tomoaki Kunugi",slug:"tomoaki-kunugi"}]},{id:"6734",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation of Flow in Erlenmeyer Shaken Flask",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-flow-in-erlenmeyer-shaken-flask",totalDownloads:4885,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Liu Tianzhong, Su Ge, Li Jing, Qi Xiangming and Zhan Xiaobei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7272",title:"Dr.",name:"Tianzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Tianzhong Liu",slug:"tianzhong-liu"}]},{id:"6735",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to the Study of Designed Green Features for Sustainable Buildings",slug:"application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-to-the-study-of-designed-green-features-for-sustainable-",totalDownloads:3812,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cheuk Ming Mak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7666",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheuk Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Mak",fullName:"Cheuk Ming Mak",slug:"cheuk-ming-mak"}]},{id:"6736",type:"chapter",title:"Unsteady Computational and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigations of Aerodynamic Loads of Large Optical Telescopes",slug:"unsteady-computational-and-experimental-fluid-dynamics-investigations-of-aerodynamic-loads-of-large-",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mahmoud Mamou, Youssef Mébarki and Ali Tahi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7732",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Mamou",fullName:"Mahmoud Mamou",slug:"mahmoud-mamou"},{id:"135091",title:"Prof.",name:"Youssef",middleName:null,surname:"Mébarki",fullName:"Youssef Mébarki",slug:"youssef-mebarki"},{id:"135092",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Tahi",fullName:"Ali Tahi",slug:"ali-tahi"}]},{id:"6737",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Practical Design and Performance Analysis of Turbomachinery",slug:"application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-to-practical-design-and-performance-analysis-of-turbomac",totalDownloads:6394,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hyoung Woo OH",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh"}]},{id:"6738",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrodynamic Simulation of Cyclone Separators",slug:"hydrodynamic-simulation-of-cyclone-separators",totalDownloads:19656,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Utikar, R., Darmawan, N., Tade, M., Li, Q, Evans, G., Glenny, M. and Pareek, V.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7765",title:"Prof.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Pareek",fullName:"Vishnu Pareek",slug:"vishnu-pareek"},{id:"135094",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Utikar",fullName:"Ranjeet Utikar",slug:"ranjeet-utikar"}]},{id:"6739",type:"chapter",title:"Prediction of Magnetite Segregation and Coal Partitioning In Dense Medium Cyclone Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique",slug:"prediction-of-magnetite-segregation-and-coal-partitioning-in-dense-medium-cyclone-using-computationa",totalDownloads:5018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Narasimha, M. S. Brennan, P.N. Holtham and P.K. Banerjee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7278",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangadoddy",middleName:null,surname:"Narasimha",fullName:"Mangadoddy Narasimha",slug:"mangadoddy-narasimha"},{id:"135101",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Brennan",fullName:"M Brennan",slug:"m-brennan"},{id:"135104",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Holtham",fullName:"Peter Holtham",slug:"peter-holtham"}]},{id:"6740",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling of Turbulent Flows and Boundary Layer",slug:"modeling-of-turbulent-flows-and-boundary-layer",totalDownloads:16543,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Srinivasa Rao P.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao"}]},{id:"6741",type:"chapter",title:"Computational Flow Modeling of Multiphase Mechanically Agitated Reactors",slug:"computational-flow-modeling-of-multiphase-mechanically-agitated-reactors",totalDownloads:4521,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Panneerselvam Ranganathan and Sivaraman Savithri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7245",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivaraman",middleName:null,surname:"Savithri",fullName:"Sivaraman Savithri",slug:"sivaraman-savithri"},{id:"134512",title:"PhD.",name:"Panneerselvam",middleName:null,surname:"Ranganathan",fullName:"Panneerselvam Ranganathan",slug:"panneerselvam-ranganathan"}]},{id:"6742",type:"chapter",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods for Gas Pipeline System Control",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-methods-for-gas-pipeline-system-control",totalDownloads:3903,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vadim Seleznev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7131",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",middleName:null,surname:"Seleznev",fullName:"Vadim Seleznev",slug:"vadim-seleznev"}]},{id:"6743",type:"chapter",title:"A Preconditioned Arbitrary Mach Number Scheme Applied to Rotating Machinery",slug:"a-preconditioned-arbitrary-mach-number-scheme-applied-to-rotating-machinery",totalDownloads:2942,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Chunhua Sheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7312",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunhua",middleName:null,surname:"Sheng",fullName:"Chunhua Sheng",slug:"chunhua-sheng"}]},{id:"6744",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling Hydrodynamic Drag in Swimming using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"modelling-hydrodynamic-drag-in-swimming-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:5249,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel A. Marinho, Tiago M. Barbosa, Per L. Kjendlie, Narendra Mantripragada, João P. Vilas-Boas, Leandro Machado, Francisco B. Alves, Abel I. Rouboa and António J. Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17807",title:"Dr.",name:"Abel",middleName:null,surname:"Rouboa",fullName:"Abel Rouboa",slug:"abel-rouboa"},{id:"35335",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiago",middleName:"M.",surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Tiago Barbosa",slug:"tiago-barbosa"},{id:"39583",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Daniel Marinho",slug:"daniel-marinho"},{id:"134527",title:"Dr.",name:"Per-Ludvik",middleName:null,surname:"Kjendlie",fullName:"Per-Ludvik Kjendlie",slug:"per-ludvik-kjendlie"},{id:"134530",title:"PhD.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Leandro Machado",slug:"leandro-machado"},{id:"134531",title:"PhD.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Francisco Alves",slug:"francisco-alves"}]},{id:"6745",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrodynamic Behavior of Flow in a Drinking Water Treatment Clarifier",slug:"hydrodynamic-behavior-of-flow-in-a-drinking-water-treatment-clarifier",totalDownloads:3852,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wen-Jie Yang, Syuan-Jhih Wu, Yu-Hsuan Li, Hung-Chi Liao, Chia-Yi Yang, Keng-Lin Shih and Rome-Ming Wu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7186",title:"Dr.",name:"Rome-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Rome-Ming Wu",slug:"rome-ming-wu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1988",title:"Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dcd7458d945041cbdfec7adbc2fa11",slug:"applied-computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31925",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",signatures:"Victor Udoewa and Vinod Kumar",authors:[{id:"74201",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Udoewa",fullName:"Victor Udoewa",slug:"victor-udoewa"}]},{id:"31926",title:"A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Flow and Settling in Sedimentation Tanks",slug:"a-computational-fluid-dynamics-model-of-flow-and-settling-in-sedimentation-tanks",signatures:"Ali Hadi Ghawi and Jozef Kriš",authors:[{id:"69002",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghawi",fullName:"Ali Hadi Ghawi",slug:"ali-hadi-ghawi"},{id:"70310",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Kris",fullName:"Jozef Kris",slug:"jozef-kris"}]},{id:"31927",title:"Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to the Greenhouse Environment",slug:"advances-in-computational-fluid-dynamics-applied-to-the-greenhouse-environment",signatures:"Jorge Flores-Velázquez, Guillermo De la Torre-Gea, Enrique Rico-García, Irineo L. López-Cruz and Abraham Rojano-Aguilar",authors:[{id:"66804",title:"Dr.",name:"Irineo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Cruz",fullName:"Irineo L. Lopez-Cruz",slug:"irineo-l.-lopez-cruz"}]},{id:"31928",title:"Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Space Vehicle Entering the Mars Atmosphere",slug:"aerodynamic-design-of-vto-hopper-vehicle-of-future-launchers-preparatory-programme",signatures:"Antonio Viviani and Giuseppe Pezzella",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"}]},{id:"31929",title:"Air Movement Within Enclosed Road-Objects with Contra-Traffica CFD-Investigation",slug:"air-movement-within-enclosed-road-objects-with-contra-traffic-a-cfd-investigation",signatures:"M. Muhasilovic, A. Mededovic, E. Gacanin, K. Ciahotny and V. Koza",authors:[{id:"67635",title:"Dr.",name:"Medzid",middleName:null,surname:"Muhasilovic",fullName:"Medzid Muhasilovic",slug:"medzid-muhasilovic"}]},{id:"31930",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) Applied to Centrifuges",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-and-discrete-element-method-in-centrifuges",signatures:"Xiana Romani Fernandez, Lars Egmont Spelter and Hermann Nirschl",authors:[{id:"69076",title:"MSc.",name:"Xiana",middleName:null,surname:"Romani",fullName:"Xiana Romani",slug:"xiana-romani"},{id:"70095",title:"Mr.",name:"Lars",middleName:null,surname:"Spelter",fullName:"Lars Spelter",slug:"lars-spelter"}]},{id:"31931",title:"CFD and Thermography Techniques Applied in Cooling Systems Designs",slug:"cfd-and-thermography-techniques-applied-in-cooling-systems-designs",signatures:"Samuel Santos Borges and Cassiano Antunes Cezario",authors:[{id:"66203",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Borges",fullName:"Samuel Borges",slug:"samuel-borges"}]},{id:"31932",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Photochemical Reactors",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-modeling-of-photochemical-reactors",signatures:"Masroor Mohajerani, Mehrab Mehrvar and Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",authors:[{id:"7619",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Ein-Mozaffari",fullName:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",slug:"farhad-ein-mozaffari"},{id:"66753",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehrab",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrvar",fullName:"Mehrab Mehrvar",slug:"mehrab-mehrvar"},{id:"74107",title:"Mr.",name:"Masroor",middleName:null,surname:"Mohajerani",fullName:"Masroor Mohajerani",slug:"masroor-mohajerani"}]},{id:"31933",title:"Aerodynamic Design of the Vertical Takeoff Hopper Concept of Future Launchers Preparatory Programme",slug:"fluid-dynamics-analysis-of-a-space-vehicle-entering-the-mars-atmosphere-",signatures:"Giuseppe Pezzella",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"},{id:"14946",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Viviani",fullName:"Antonio Viviani",slug:"antonio-viviani"}]},{id:"31934",title:"Fluid-Structure Interaction of a Radial Turbine",slug:"fluid-structure-interaction-of-a-radial-turbine",signatures:"Zied Driss, Sarhan Karray, Hedi Kchaou and Mohamed Salah Abid",authors:[{id:"64610",title:"Dr.",name:"Zied",middleName:null,surname:"Driss",fullName:"Zied Driss",slug:"zied-driss"},{id:"119392",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarhan",middleName:null,surname:"Karray",fullName:"Sarhan Karray",slug:"sarhan-karray"},{id:"119393",title:"Dr.",name:"Hedi",middleName:null,surname:"Kchaou",fullName:"Hedi Kchaou",slug:"hedi-kchaou"},{id:"119394",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Abid",fullName:"Mohamed Salah Abid",slug:"mohamed-salah-abid"}]},{id:"31935",title:"Industrial Sprays: Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modeling",slug:"industrial-sprays-experimental-characterization-and-numerical-modeling",signatures:"Avinash Khopkar, Michael D. Cloeter and Quan Yuan",authors:[{id:"72270",title:"Dr.",name:"Avinash",middleName:null,surname:"Khopkar",fullName:"Avinash Khopkar",slug:"avinash-khopkar"},{id:"76424",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Cloeter",fullName:"Michael Cloeter",slug:"michael-cloeter"},{id:"81695",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Quan Yuan",slug:"quan-yuan"}]},{id:"31936",title:"Multidimensional Design of Hydraulic Components and Systems",slug:"multidimensional-design-of-hydraulic-components-and-systems",signatures:"Massimo Milani, Luca Montorsi and Fabrizio Paltrinieri",authors:[{id:"65491",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Massimo Milani",slug:"massimo-milani"},{id:"73280",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Montorsi",fullName:"Luca Montorsi",slug:"luca-montorsi"},{id:"73281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Paltrinieri",fullName:"Fabrizio Paltrinieri",slug:"fabrizio-paltrinieri"}]},{id:"31937",title:"Study of an Individual Air-Conditioning Energy-Saving Equipment",slug:"study-of-an-individual-control-energy-saving-air-conditioning-system",signatures:"Nguyen Anh Tuan, Wu-Chieh Wu and K-David Huang",authors:[{id:"70094",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen",middleName:"Anh",surname:"Tuan",fullName:"Nguyen Tuan",slug:"nguyen-tuan"}]},{id:"31938",title:"Unsteady Differentiation of Aerodynamic Coefficients: Methodology and Application",slug:"unsteady-differentiation-of-aerodynamic-coefficients-methodology-and-application",signatures:"Carlo Necci and Nicola Ceresola",authors:[{id:"69751",title:"Dr",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Necci",fullName:"Carlo Necci",slug:"carlo-necci"},{id:"71559",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Ceresola",fullName:"Nicola Ceresola",slug:"nicola-ceresola"}]},{id:"31939",title:"Use of Fluid Dynamic Simulation to Improve the Design of Spouted Beds",slug:"use-of-fluid-dynamic-simulation-to-improve-the-design-of-spouted-beds",signatures:"Rodrigo Béttega, Ronaldo Guimarães Corrêa and José Teixeira Freire",authors:[{id:"42687",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Freire",fullName:"Jose Freire",slug:"jose-freire"},{id:"69846",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",fullName:"Ronaldo Correa",slug:"ronaldo-correa"},{id:"69860",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Bettega",fullName:"Rodrigo Bettega",slug:"rodrigo-bettega"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1988",title:"Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dcd7458d945041cbdfec7adbc2fa11",slug:"applied-computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1989",title:"Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7f43d55285a6a3447c62c066f072e8b",slug:"fluid-dynamics-computational-modeling-and-applications",bookSignature:"L. Hector Juarez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65861",title:"Dr.",name:"L. Hector",surname:"Juarez",slug:"l.-hector-juarez",fullName:"L. Hector Juarez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2141",title:"Finite Volume Method",subtitle:"Powerful Means of Engineering Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0664f831a342fdbcf1fe496e9885f161",slug:"finite-volume-method-powerful-means-of-engineering-design",bookSignature:"Radostina Petrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118470",title:"PhD.",name:"Radostina",surname:"Petrova",slug:"radostina-petrova",fullName:"Radostina Petrova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2207",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Theory to Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a2002ed6e06f8cb36ad55b57aab57e5",slug:"numerical-simulation-from-theory-to-industry",bookSignature:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2274",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Algorithms, Techniques and Implementations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"116c1be2754eb60e90b4ad3642546291",slug:"fuzzy-logic-algorithms-techniques-and-implementations",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3194",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"240e32819f5a408715331a202e7971b4",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76587",title:"Rheology of Mud: An Overview for Ports and Waterways Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97600",slug:"rheology-of-mud-an-overview-for-ports-and-waterways-applications",body:'
Mud beds, typically found at the bottom of rivers, lakes and in coastal areas, belong to the category of cohesive material. These deposits consist of water, clay minerals, sand, silt and organic matter (such as living microorganisms and in particular their excreted biopolymers) [1]. These mud beds are usually exposed to a continuous wave motion and disturbances produced by ship movement [1, 2], human actions such as dredging [3], natural climatic events and bioturbation [4]. The water column can be divided into different layers. In its large upper part, where mud particles are advected by currents and diffused by turbulent motion, mud is found as suspended particulate matter (SPM). Close to the bottom, different mud layers are found with increasing density as function of depth. These layers are defined as fluid mud (FM), pre-consolidated sediment (PS) and consolidated sediment (CS). Besides having different densities, these mud layers are known to have significantly different compositions and rheological fingerprints.
Fluid mud, the most important mud layer from a navigational perspective, is typically identified as a layer with a density of 1030–1300 kg m−3, whereby hindered settling of particles plays a role due to the presence of flocs (i.e., combination of clay particles and organic matter) [5, 6, 7]. All mud layers, but particularly the fluid mud layer, display complex rheological behavior, i.e., combination of thixotropy, shear-thinning, two-step yielding behavior and viscoelasticity [8, 9]. The rheological/cohesive properties of mud are observed to vary as a function of solid fraction (or bulk density), type and concentration of organic matter, type of clay minerals and ionic concentration [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. The thorough understanding of the rheological characteristics of mud, as a function of above-mentioned parameters, can help to estimate the strength, the flow and thickness of (fluid) mud in ports and waterways. The quantification of the rheological properties for fluid mud also facilitates the definition of boundary conditions for sediment transport modeling, which in turn helps optimizing the dredging operations and defining the proper maintenance strategy for navigational channels [18, 19, 20, 21]. However, in order to develop the appropriate in-situ techniques for measuring rheological properties, these characteristics need to be analyzed in laboratory beforehand. Therefore, in this chapter, following research questions are answered: How to efficiently collect the “undisturbed” mud sample? Which sediment properties are important for determining the rheological properties of mud? Which protocols are suitable for measuring rheological characteristics, i.e., yield stress of mud? Which empirical or semi-empirical model is appropriate to fit the rheological experimental data of mud, particularly for two-step yielding? How much comparable is the rheological signature of mud samples from different sources?
In this chapter, two different sampling techniques are presented to collect the “undisturbed” mud samples along with their important physical properties (Section 2). In Section 3, different protocols used to measure the rheological properties particularly yield stresses of mud are detailed and compared. Furthermore, the empirical or semi-empirical models that are commonly used to fit the rheological experimental data of mud are presented in Section 4. The influence of different factors such as density and organic matter content on the rheological behavior of mud is discussed in Section 5. In the end, the rheological properties, i.e., yield stress, of mud samples obtained from different ports are compared. In the present chapter, only laboratory experiments are presented.
In order to determine the physical and rheological characteristics of mud in the laboratory, appropriate sampling method needs to be applied. Two of the most commonly used sampling methods/equipment for mud are: (i) Van Veen grab sampler, and (ii) Frahmlot core sampler (see Figure 1). The criterion for selecting the suitable sampling method is based on the fact that the mud should be obtained in an “undisturbed” state with a naturally occurring density gradient profile, in order to estimate the properties of mud as close as possible to in-situ conditions. Core sampler is considered to meet this criterion well. Apart from collecting in-situ mud layers with different densities, another approach to study the effect of density on the rheological behavior is to dilute a consolidated mud layer, to obtain different samples with varying densities [9, 23]. However, the rheological characteristics of natural and diluted mud layers of same density are found to vary significantly from each other [24].
(a) Van Veen grab sampler and (b) Frahmlot core sampler [
The bulk density (or water content) of the mud samples is usually estimated using the oven-drying method [25, 26, 27, 28]. In short, the weight of the sample is recorded before and after heating at 105°C for 24 h. Using these weights and the density of water and minerals (i.e., 1000 and 2650 kg m−3, respectively), the mean bulk density of the sample is obtained. The particle size distribution (PSD) of mud is typically investigated using (static) light scattering methods [17, 28, 29]. However, this technique also possesses some inherent drawbacks which are the facts that (i) the conversion between raw data and particle size is based on the assumption that the particles are spherical and have a homogeneous composition, (ii) the measurements are possible in a limited range of concentrations, and (iii) there can be a serious overestimation of the amount of large particles due to the mathematical smoothing of the PSD’s by the manufacturer’s software [30]. The total organic carbon (TOC) of mud samples is commonly analyzed by using loss-on-ignition method [31, 32], which is based on weighing the sample before and after heating at 430–500°C for 24 h. The total organic carbon is then estimated by loss in weight. All these sediment properties are known to significantly influence the rheological characteristics of mud samples.
Mud can either behave as a solid-like material (i.e., elastic solid) at small stresses or as a liquid-like material above a critical value of stress, defined as yield stress. The nautical bottom for ports and waterways is typically defined on the basis of mud density [33], which does not account for the solid/liquid transition defined by the yield stress. Measurement of the yield stress of mud is, therefore, quite useful in defining the navigability of mud layers [15, 21]. The determination of yield stress is highly dependent on the selected rheological geometry and experimental method, as significantly different yield stress values can be obtained due to (i) the history of samples before analysis, (ii) differences in experimental methods, (iii) the use of different criteria for defining the yield point, (iv) different experimental timescales [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39].
Several rheological geometries are available to perform the rheological analysis of mud including concentric cylinder (Couette), cone & plate (CP), parallel plate (PP) and vane. Cone & plate geometry has been observed to produce scattered rheological responses for mud samples due to the presence of large particles within the narrow gap between cone and plate and, hence, is not recommended for this kind of samples [40]. The remaining geometries can be used for analyzing mud samples but with certain benefits and limitations for each one. The differences between the geometries is illustrated in Figure 2a which shows the response of a FM mud layer in terms of elastic stress (
(a) Elastic stress as a function of amplitude at 1 Hz using different geometries for FM layer obtained from Port of Hamburg. Solid line is just a guide for the eye. Bars represent standard deviation. Circles with dashed lines represent the static yield points (SYS) and circles with solid lines represent the fluidic yield points (FYS). (b) Static and fluidic yield stress values obtained from elastic stress method for different mud layers collected from Port of Hamburg using Couette, parallel plate and vane geometries. Reprinted from Ref. [
Figure 2b presents the yield stress values of different mud layers obtained by using the elastic stress method for different geometries. The results show that the highest yield stress values are obtained for parallel plate geometry, which may be attributed to the fact that this geometry induces the lowest disturbance in the sample while the plates are approached to confine the sample. However, this geometry is not very appropriate for analyzing the rheology of liquid-like samples, as the sample can flow out of the holder during shearing. Couette geometry is most suitable to analyze the rheological characteristics of mud ranging from very fluid to paste-like. For consolidated samples, however, it is preferable to use vane geometry, as the bob used in Couette geometry usually gets stuck during analysis of (very) dense mud samples.
In addition to different geometries, several rheological protocols have been reported in literature to determine the yield stress of mud. These protocols include shear rate ramp-up [29, 44], shear stress ramp-up [15, 17], and Claeys et al. protocol [45]. Shear rate/shear stress ramp-up methods are quite fast and easy to perform. On the other hand, Claeys et al. protocol is based on several cycles of selected shear rates (applying a shear, stop shearing, applying a shear…) along with high shear rate steps in-between these cycles, with a total experimental time of about 15–20 min. Figure 3 shows the pictorial representation of different experimental protocols that can be used to measure the yield stresses of mud.
Pictorial representation of the protocols (a) stress ramp-up, (b) Claeys et al. protocol, (c) increasing equilibrium flow curve (EFC), (d) decreasing equilibrium flow curve (EFC), (e) shear rate ramp up and ramp down (CSRT) and (f) pre-shear test. Reprinted from Ref. [
The outcome of the different protocols in terms of shear stress as a function of shear rate or apparent viscosity as a function of shear stress for Port of Hamburg mud is shown in Figure 4. The values of yield stresses (static and fluidic) obtained from the viscosity declines of these curves (see Figure 4b) are presented in Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that higher yield stress values are obtained from stress ramp-up test, ramp-up step of shear rate ramp up and ramp down (CSRT) test and increasing equilibrium flow curve (EFC) test. This is linked to the fact that these methods deform mud samples from an almost undisturbed state to an almost fully disturbed state. These methods are, therefore, suitable to measure the yield stresses of mud close to in-situ conditions. However, the determination of a static yield point is somehow difficult in case of ramp-up step of CSRT test (due to the scattering of the initial apparent viscosity as function of stress points, see black curve in Figure 4b) and increasing EFC test is a somehow lengthy test (
(a) Shear stress as a function of shear rate and (b) apparent viscosity as a function of shear stress for mud sample collected from port of Hamburg using Couette geometry; solid symbols in CSRT protocol represent the ramp-up and the empty symbols represent the ramp-down; solid lines are just the guide for the eye. Reprinted from Ref. [
Method | Static Yield Stress (Pa) | Fluidic Yield Stress (Pa) |
---|---|---|
Claeys protocol | 3.1–4.4 | 26 |
CSRT-ramp up | 9.0–12.3 | 40 |
CSRT-ramp down | 7.6 | 29 |
EFC-decreasing | 5.2 | 26 |
EFC-increasing | 7.1 | 38 |
Pre-shear | 7.1 | 27 |
Stress ramp-up | 11 | 40 |
Static and fluidic yield stress values of mud sample from port of Hamburg obtained from viscosity declines with Couette geometry for different protocols.
In literature, several terminologies have been used to represent the two yield points for mud. The correspondence between these terminologies is presented in Table 2.
Shakeel et al. [17] | Toorman [47] | Toorman [48] | Wurpts & Torn [15] | Claeys et al. [45] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluidic yield stress | Static yield stress | Criterion for navigation | Undrained shear strength | |
ΔYS = (Fluidic ̶ Static) | Bingham yield stress | Dynamic yield stress | Bingham yield stress | |
Static yield stress | (True) yield stress | Yield stress |
Correspondence between different yield stress terminologies reported in literature for mud.
Thixotropy, a commonly observed rheological fingerprint of suspensions, is defined as a phenomenon in which the viscosity of the system is both shear rate and time dependent. Therefore, a thixotropic material shows a time dependent viscosity (decreasing as a function of time; when the viscosity is increasing as a function of time the material is said to be rheopectic) after applying/stopping shear rate [49]. Typically, the thixotropic behavior of mud is determined by performing a shear rate ramp-up followed by a constant high shear step and then a shear rate ramp-down step [17, 44]. The area of the hysteresis loop formed between the upward and downward curve quantifies the thixotropic behavior of the material [50]. Multiple thixotropic loops can also be produced for the same sample without allowing for any delay between each loop, in order to understand the thixotropic behavior of mud after extensive structural breakdown [17].
In addition to thixotropy, the structural recovery of mud after extensive shearing is also interesting to analyze by using small amplitude oscillatory rheological measurements. A three step experimental protocol has been reported in literature to quantify the structural recovery of mud after steady pre-shearing [51]. In short, the first step of the protocol involves the application of an oscillatory amplitude within the linear viscoelastic (LVE) regime and recording the moduli as a function of time (i.e., resting step). This step provides the initial moduli values before the pre-shearing step and also eliminates the disturbances created by the geometry. In a second step, a constant high shear rate is applied for a time interval which is enough to completely destroy the structure of the sample (i.e., pre-shear step). The last step provides the key information about the structural recovery of mud after pre-shearing, again by applying the oscillatory amplitude within LVE regime and recording the moduli as a function of time (i.e., structural recovery step). The schematic representation of the experimental protocol is shown in Figure 5.
Schematics of the experimental protocol employed for the structural breakup and recovery in mud samples. Reprinted from Ref. [
Apart from above mentioned rheological properties of mud, the estimation of moduli (storage and loss) within LVE regime (i.e., without significantly affecting the structure of the material) as a function of frequency provides useful information about the strength of the material. Preliminary oscillatory amplitude sweep experiments are usually performed to determine the LVE regime (where the response of material is independent of applied stress/strain). The frequency sweep tests are then performed by selecting the appropriate amplitude of oscillation within LVE regime and the desired frequency range [17, 29]. The results can either be plotted as moduli (storage and loss) vs. frequency or complex modulus and phase angle as a function of frequency. In addition to small amplitude oscillatory experiments, large amplitude oscillatory tests have also been reported in literature to analyze the nonlinear response of mud in terms of stress waveform and Lissajous pattern [41].
In literature, the rheological behavior (i.e., flow curve) of mud has been fitted with numerous empirical or semi-empirical models including Bingham [52], Herschel-Bulkley [53], Worrall-Tuliani [54], and Toorman model [48], given as follows:
Bingham model:
Herschel-Bulkley model:
Worrall-Tuliani model:
Toorman model:
where
It has been reported in literature that mud samples usually exhibit a two-step yielding phenomenon [17, 41, 51], which is associated with two yield stresses. These two yield points depict the transition between a fully structured sample (i.e., interconnected network of flocs), partially structured sample (i.e., mobile flocs) and almost fully disturbed sample (i.e., smaller flocs or particles). Therefore, the shear stress as a function of shear rate for the whole investigated range can be written as a sum of two functions, which represent the two yield regions, given as:
where
where
The shear stress
The shear stress
Shear stress as a function of shear rate for mud sample from port of Hamburg obtained by performing stress ramp-up test using Couette geometry. The solid line represents the two-step yielding model fitting
The experimental data of structural recovery tests (i.e., storage modulus as a function of time) can be easily fitted with the stretched exponential function [51] given as follows:
where
Density (i.e., solid content and water content) is an important characteristic of mud which can significantly affect their rheological behavior, such as yield stress, thixotropy and moduli. In natural environment, the density gradient in mud is usually created by wave motion or human activities along with settling of particles. In literature, several researchers have reported the rheological characteristics of mud as a function of solid content or density [9, 17, 23, 26, 27, 29, 55]. For instance, the mud obtained from Lianyungang, China showed an exponential increase in yield stress as a function of volume concentration of particles [29]. Likewise, the similar exponential relation between yield stress and solid content or water content of mud has also been reported by other researchers for samples obtained from different ports [17, 26, 27, 55].
However, this correlation between yield stress and density is highly dependent on the mud composition. For example, the (fluidic) yield stress values as a function of density for mud samples collected from different locations of port of Hamburg is shown in Figure 7a. It can be seen that the dependence of yield stress on mud density is significantly different for the samples collected at different locations. In order to further quantify this difference, both the fitting parameter ‘a’ for the power law relation given in the caption of Figure 7a and the total organic carbon (TOC) are plotted as function of different locations (Figure 7b). There is clearly a correlation between the TOC content and the fitting parameter ‘a’. This behavior suggests that the yield stress of mud is strongly dependent both on TOC and mud density, as already reported in literature [15, 16].
(a) Fluidic yield stress (
Several researchers have reported the rheological characteristics of mud as a function of density either by collecting natural mud layers with varying density [17] or by diluting dense mud samples [9, 23]. However, it has been observed that the natural and diluted mud layers display significantly different rheological properties [24] (see Figure 8), which may again be linked to the composition of each mud layer, procedure of dilution, etc.
Fluidic yield stress values vs. bulk density for natural and diluted mud layers from Port of Hamburg. Solid lines represent the power law fitting. Reprinted from Ref. [
Apart from yield stress, other rheological properties including moduli, thixotropy, structural recovery, etc. are also strongly dependent on the density of mud samples [24, 51]. For instance, the structural recovery, observed by using above mentioned protocol (Section 3.2), for mud samples collected from different locations and different depths is shown in Figure 9a and b, respectively. From the figure, it is found that the structural recovery (i.e., moduli values) of mud is highly dependent on the mud layer, and position in the harbor [51]. Hence, density of mud is a critical parameter particularly for describing their rheological characteristics, however, for defining nautical bottom in ports only density is not enough and other parameters also need attention from the researchers.
(a) Normalized storage modulus (
The presence of organic matter in mud usually hinders the settling of particles and can help to form fluid mud layers, in addition to the natural wave motion or human activities which are also responsible for the existence of these layers. This organic matter can or cannot be mineral-associated organic matter (i.e., organic matter adsorbed at the mineral surface or trapped inside the particle) [56]. There are two common sources of organic matter in mud: (i) natural and (ii) anthropogenic. The natural sources include erosion of terrestrial topsoils, plant litter, planktonic and pelagic biomass while surface runoff and sewage waste contribute to the anthropogenic source of organic matter [32].
The existence of organic matter in mud is also known to significantly influence the rheological and cohesive properties of mud [10, 14, 15]. For instance, the rheological characteristics of mud have been investigated in literature by varying organic matter content and keeping density constant [16]. The results showed an increase in yield stresses and moduli of mud with increasing organic matter content, for a similar density value (see Figure 10a). However, further research is required to investigate the effect of type of organic matter/biopolymer at different pH or ionic concentrations on the rheological behavior of mud.
(a) Yield stress values and complex modulus at 1 Hz for mud samples having similar density (1210 kg. M−3) and different organic matter content obtained from port of Hamburg, adapted from ref. [
In addition to organic matter content, its extent of degradation can also significantly affect the rheological properties of mud. Aerobic degradation (in the presence of oxygen) of organic matter usually results in the production of carbon dioxide while anaerobic degradation produces methane in addition to carbon dioxide [32]. For a detailed information about the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of mud, see ref. [32]. The entrapped gas bubbles of methane can significantly decrease the density and strength of mud, due to the poor solubility of methane in water. The outcome of stress ramp-up tests for fresh and anaerobically degraded mud samples, collected from port of Hamburg, is shown in Figure 10b. It can be seen that the values of the two yield stresses (static and fluidic) for degraded sample are significantly lower than the fresh ones. However, further quantification of organic matter content before and after degradation is required, in order to correlate the organic matter degradation with rheological characteristics of mud.
The yield stress dependency on mud density is observed to vary for the samples collected from different parts of the world. As an example, fluidic yield stress values are plotted as a function of density for the samples collected from different ports (see Figure 11). One observes that the mud samples obtained from different ports exhibit considerably different yield stress values for a particular density. This difference may be attributed to the composition of mud, particle size distribution, type and content of TOC, ionic strength, etc. This behavior highlights the needs for a systematic investigation of the rheological properties of mud, as function of relevant parameters, for different ports.
Fluidic yield stress as a function of excess density (
Furthermore, the values of the rheological characteristics including yield stress and storage modulus of mud samples collected from different parts of the world are compared in Table 3. It can be seen that the mud from the Port of Santos [27], the Hangzhou Bay, China [23], the Port of Rotterdam [9], and the Port of Hamburg [16] display similar values of rheological properties for similar densities. However, the mud samples obtained from Mouth of Yangtze River, Shoal of Hangzhou Bay, and Yangcheng Lake, China [44] possess higher values of rheological parameters, which may be attributed to the their higher densities. Moreover, the mud from Eckernförde Bay, Germany show considerably lower yield stress values for the comparable densities, which may be linked to the organic matter content or measuring protocol.
Location | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | Fluidic Yield Stress (Pa) | Storage Modulus @ 1 Hz (Pa) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands | 1168 | 7 | 45 | [9] |
Eckernförde Bay, Germany | 1038–1280 | 1.07–20.50 | — | [31] |
Hangzhou Bay, China | 1145–1634 | 0.55–40 | 0.02–15 | [23] |
Mouth of Yangtze River, China | 1650–1700 | 910–2810 | — | [44] |
Shoal of Hangzhou Bay, China | 1705–1741 | 772–2140 | — | [44] |
Yangcheng Lake, China | 1651–1691 | 2070–3960 | — | [44] |
Lianyungang Port, China | 1098–1305 | 0.098–28.029 | 2–1050 | [29] |
Port of Santos, Brazil | 1085–1206 | 5–334 | — | [27] |
Port of Rio Grande, Brazil | 1132–1308 | 5–350 | — | [27] |
Port of Itajaí, Brazil | 1138–1360 | 5–299 | — | [27] |
Amazon South Channel | 1293–1512 | 5–379 | [27] | |
Port of Hamburg, Germany | 1087–1210 | 2.44–312 | 0.47–7915 | [16] |
Comparison of rheological properties (i.e., yield stress and storage modulus) of mud samples obtained from different sources.
As already mentioned that the yield stress can be used as a criterion to define navigable fluid mud layers, Port of Emden, Germany is reported to use the yield stress of 100 Pa as a criterion for nautical bottom [15]. However, this critical value of yield stress for defining nautical bottom is significantly dependent on the spatial variation of the sediment characteristics (i.e., sand content, organic matter content, etc.). For instance, the rheological properties of mud samples from Port of Hamburg, Germany are significantly different for different locations within the port, due to the different organic matter content [46]. Therefore, using a single value of yield stress as a criterion for defining nautical bottom for the whole port can be quite tricky and instead, different boundaries of yield stress as a function of density can be used for different locations, in order to define the nautical bottom.
In this chapter the rheological behavior of mud as found in harbors, is discussed. Different mud layers, formed as a result of either natural or human activities, were defined. These mud layers exhibit a complex rheological fingerprint, by displaying a combination of thixotropy, two-step yielding behavior and viscoelasticity, which is conventionally associated to the existence of clay flocs (aggregated clay particles with organic matter). The analysis of the rheological properties of the top layer (fluid mud layer) is crucial for navigational purposes, optimizing dredging operations and the proper maintenance of dredged navigational channels.
In order to study the rheology of mud in laboratory, it was found that core sampling is the best sampling technique as it allows to collect mud samples without much disturbance. In contrast to what some authors do, it is not recommended to dilute a specific sample to predict its rheological behavior as function of density. It is shown that the rheological properties of natural mud layers of different densities found on top of each other at a specific location in the harbor do not match the properties of samples obtained from diluting the densest (deepest) mud layer sample. The reason lays in the differences in mud composition and structure at different depths.
The determination of yield stress of mud is highly dependent on the selected rheological geometry and experimental method. A detailed analysis shows that the Couette geometry along with stress ramp-up test is the most suitable combination to analyze the yield stress of mud for ports and waterways applications. The optimization of this stress ramp-up test enables to reduce the experimental time for different mud layers (∼ 10–200 s). Several empirical or semi-empirical models are available in literature to fit the experimental data of mud displaying a single-step yielding. However, the mud samples are observed to exhibit a two-step yielding and, therefore, the behavior of shear stress as a function of shear rate (i.e., flow curve) can be represented as a sum of two functions, which capture the two yield regions. The model captures the two-step yielding phenomenon in mud samples quite well, within the density range of 1050–1200 kg. m−3.
Several factors are known to influence the rheological characteristics of mud such as density and organic matter content. An exponential relation between yield stress and density (i.e., solid content) is usually observed in literature for mud from different sources. However, this correlation between yield stress and density is highly dependent on the mud composition. Apart from yield stress, other rheological properties including moduli, thixotropy, structural recovery, etc. are also strongly dependent on the density and composition of mud samples. For instance, the fluidic yield stress of mud from Port of Hamburg, Germany is observed to increase from 79 Pa to 312 Pa by increasing the organic matter content from 2.8% to 4.3%. The degradation of organic matter in mud, which can occur over time for different layers is found to significantly influence the rheological and cohesive properties of mud. Further research is required to investigate the effect of type of organic matter at different pH or ion type and concentrations on the rheological fingerprint of mud.
This study is funded by the Hamburg Port Authority and carried out within the framework of the MUDNET academic network: https://www.tudelft.nl/mudnet/
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:489},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"124",title:"Vehicle Engineering",slug:"vehicle-engineering",parent:{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"},numberOfBooks:28,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:709,numberOfWosCitations:1077,numberOfCrossrefCitations:811,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1555,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"124",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10969",title:"New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac30eed50ea83d4284f11d72791aa15a",slug:"new-perspectives-on-electric-vehicles",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10810",title:"Modern Ship Engineering, Design and Operations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"579a9da63aca2172c0f0584328ae91c1",slug:"modern-ship-engineering-design-and-operations",bookSignature:"Carlos Reusser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209816",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Reusser",slug:"carlos-reusser",fullName:"Carlos Reusser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10007",title:"Propulsion",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"042ab0c0a8270b1bacf6a8e385601863",slug:"propulsion-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Kazuo Matsuuchi and Hiroaki Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10007.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42387",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuuchi",slug:"kazuo-matsuuchi",fullName:"Kazuo Matsuuchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8840",title:"Intelligent and Efficient Transport Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modelling, Control and Simulation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74ab35ec9e85ba37428df986d3a280ff",slug:"intelligent-and-efficient-transport-systems-design-modelling-control-and-simulation",bookSignature:"Truong Quang Dinh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8840.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181747",title:"Dr.",name:"Truong Quang",middleName:null,surname:"Dinh",slug:"truong-quang-dinh",fullName:"Truong Quang Dinh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7377",title:"Diesel and Gasoline Engines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dab9fe312a28dd603ac4b21628070d59",slug:"diesel-and-gasoline-engines",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7377.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7408",title:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a950b01c0e05eda01c6d2364c7af3aa",slug:"transportation-systems-analysis-and-assessment",bookSignature:"Stefano De Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Boban Djordjevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7198",title:"Propulsion Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd56f1620b0b201a3de0cd3f7e04d15c",slug:"propulsion-systems",bookSignature:"Alessandro Serpi and Mario Porru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217145",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Serpi",slug:"alessandro-serpi",fullName:"Alessandro Serpi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6767",title:"New Trends in Electrical Vehicle Powertrains",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92949d7c2133b98bbddb02a9037c1dc7",slug:"new-trends-in-electrical-vehicle-powertrains",bookSignature:"Luis Romeral Martínez and Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6767.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6065",title:"Modern Railway Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77a5fae5e9451d4e52e9f7cd8f39bdcb",slug:"modern-railway-engineering",bookSignature:"Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5910",title:"Hybrid Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92354b49c166c70707d576852b82a9f1",slug:"hybrid-electric-vehicles",bookSignature:"Teresa Donateo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139190",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Donateo",slug:"teresa-donateo",fullName:"Teresa Donateo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5423",title:"Urban Transport Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222b5d90a7014dbff7e33f3dcde6bc1d",slug:"urban-transport-systems",bookSignature:"Hamid Yaghoubi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103965",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Yaghoubi",slug:"hamid-yaghoubi",fullName:"Hamid Yaghoubi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:28,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"13349",doi:"10.5772/14086",title:"High Mn TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications",slug:"high-mn-twip-steels-for-automotive-applications",totalDownloads:12760,totalCrossrefCites:53,totalDimensionsCites:150,abstract:null,book:{id:"19",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering"},signatures:"B. C. De Cooman, Kwang-geun Chin and Jinkyung Kim",authors:[{id:"16743",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno Charles",middleName:null,surname:"De Cooman",slug:"bruno-charles-de-cooman",fullName:"Bruno Charles De Cooman"}]},{id:"13343",doi:"10.5772/13286",title:"Materials in Automotive Application, State of the Art and Prospects",slug:"materials-in-automotive-application-state-of-the-art-and-prospects",totalDownloads:64806,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:98,abstract:null,book:{id:"1355",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-industry",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry"},signatures:"Elaheh Ghassemieh",authors:[{id:"13695",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaheh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassemieh",slug:"elaheh-ghassemieh",fullName:"Elaheh Ghassemieh"}]},{id:"19571",doi:"10.5772/20271",title:"Electrical Vehicle Design and Modeling",slug:"electrical-vehicle-design-and-modeling",totalDownloads:14378,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Erik Schaltz",authors:[{id:"38188",title:"MSc",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Schaltz",slug:"erik-schaltz",fullName:"Erik Schaltz"}]},{id:"42787",doi:"10.5772/55492",title:"Smart Vehicles, Technologies and Main Applications in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks",slug:"smart-vehicles-technologies-and-main-applications-in-vehicular-ad-hoc-networks",totalDownloads:6922,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3328",slug:"vehicular-technologies-deployment-and-applications",title:"Vehicular Technologies",fullTitle:"Vehicular Technologies - Deployment and Applications"},signatures:"Anna Maria Vegni, Mauro Biagi and Roberto Cusani",authors:[{id:"19747",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Vegni",slug:"anna-maria-vegni",fullName:"Anna Maria Vegni"},{id:"19749",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Cusani",slug:"roberto-cusani",fullName:"Roberto Cusani"},{id:"159351",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Biagi",slug:"mauro-biagi",fullName:"Mauro Biagi"}]},{id:"19583",doi:"10.5772/17048",title:"DC/DC Converters for Electric Vehicles",slug:"dc-dc-converters-for-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:23352,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:50,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Monzer Al Sakka, Joeri Van Mierlo and Hamid Gualous",authors:[{id:"27098",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzer",middleName:null,surname:"Al Sakka",slug:"monzer-al-sakka",fullName:"Monzer Al Sakka"},{id:"40637",title:"Prof.",name:"Joeri",middleName:null,surname:"Van Mierlo",slug:"joeri-van-mierlo",fullName:"Joeri Van Mierlo"},{id:"40638",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Gualous",slug:"hamid-gualous",fullName:"Hamid Gualous"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"19583",title:"DC/DC Converters for Electric Vehicles",slug:"dc-dc-converters-for-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:23350,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:50,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Monzer Al Sakka, Joeri Van Mierlo and Hamid Gualous",authors:[{id:"27098",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzer",middleName:null,surname:"Al Sakka",slug:"monzer-al-sakka",fullName:"Monzer Al Sakka"},{id:"40637",title:"Prof.",name:"Joeri",middleName:null,surname:"Van Mierlo",slug:"joeri-van-mierlo",fullName:"Joeri Van Mierlo"},{id:"40638",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Gualous",slug:"hamid-gualous",fullName:"Hamid Gualous"}]},{id:"19571",title:"Electrical Vehicle Design and Modeling",slug:"electrical-vehicle-design-and-modeling",totalDownloads:14377,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Erik Schaltz",authors:[{id:"38188",title:"MSc",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Schaltz",slug:"erik-schaltz",fullName:"Erik Schaltz"}]},{id:"64509",title:"Options and Evaluations on Propulsion Systems of LNG Carriers",slug:"options-and-evaluations-on-propulsion-systems-of-lng-carriers",totalDownloads:4299,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"The LNG carriers are undergoing a period of rapid and profound change, with much larger size ships and novel propulsion systems emerging for fulfilling the market trends of LNG shipping industry. There are various proposed propulsion solutions for LNG carriers, ranging from the conventional steam turbine and dual fuel diesel electric propulsion, until more innovative ideas such as slow speed dual fuel diesel engine, combined gas turbine electric & steam system, and hybrid propulsion based on steam turbine and gas engine. Since propulsion system significantly influenced the ship’s capital, emission regulation compliance and navigation safety, the selection of a proper propulsion option with technical feasibility and economic viability for LNG carriers is currently a major concern from the shipping industry and thus must be comprehensively assessed. In this context, this chapter investigated the main characteristics of these propulsion options in terms of BOG treatment, fuel consumption, emission standards compliance, and plant reliability. Furthermore, comparisons among different propulsion system were also carried out and related evaluation was presented.",book:{id:"7198",slug:"propulsion-systems",title:"Propulsion Systems",fullTitle:"Propulsion Systems"},signatures:"Tu Huan, Fan Hongjun, Lei Wei and Zhou Guoqiang",authors:[{id:"265951",title:"Mr.",name:"Huan",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",slug:"huan-tu",fullName:"Huan Tu"}]},{id:"19573",title:"Control of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles",slug:"control-of-hybrid-electrical-vehicles",totalDownloads:15682,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"447",slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",title:"Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"Electric Vehicles - Modelling and Simulations"},signatures:"Gheorghe Livinţ, Vasile Horga, Marcel Răţoi and Mihai Albu",authors:[{id:"25879",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Livint",slug:"gheorghe-livint",fullName:"Gheorghe Livint"},{id:"40500",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasile",middleName:null,surname:"Horga",slug:"vasile-horga",fullName:"Vasile Horga"},{id:"40501",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Ratoi",slug:"marcel-ratoi",fullName:"Marcel Ratoi"},{id:"40502",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Albu",slug:"mihai-albu",fullName:"Mihai Albu"}]},{id:"41416",title:"Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles",slug:"energy-efficiency-of-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:7722,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3196",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles"},signatures:"Zoran Stevic and Ilija Radovanovic",authors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"124",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:245,paginationItems:[{id:"196707",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"mustafa-numan-bucak",fullName:"Mustafa Numan Bucak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196707/images/system/196707.png",biography:"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular Economy, Contingency Planning and Response to Disasters, Ecosystem Services, Integrated Urban Water Management, Nature-based Solutions, Sustainable Urban Development, Urban Green Spaces",scope:"