Comparison of results between SIMPACK® and the current method—Line 02.
\r\n\tAtherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Some 60% of patients with peripheral artery disease will have ischaemic heart disease, and 30% have cerebrovascular disease. Within five years of diagnosis, 10-15% of patients with intermittent claudication will die from cardiovascular disease. Therefore, management begins with the identification and modification of risk factors that are common to peripheral artery disease, heart disease, and stroke. Treatment goals include reducing cardiovascular risk and improving functional capacity. Revascularization is indicated for persistent symptoms.
\r\n\tThe main objective of the book is to deal with peripheral arterial disease in the most diverse aspects. Addressing issues such as pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, clinical aspects, treatment, and prognosis.
\r\n\t
The operation of a hydroelectric power plant at the Madeira River is compromised due to the presence of many logs carried through the water stream that can damage the power plant machinery and reduce its production efficiency. To prevent such damage, nine assemblies of containment structures, called log booms (Figures 1 and 2), were installed near the power plant and across the river to retain and deflect these logs. Nevertheless, as the influence of logs and stream can exert large loads over the assemblies, they are under the risk of structural failure; so a numerical tool based on the finite element method (FEM) was developed to predict the distributions of loads and equilibrium configurations of the lines, therefore assisting their surveillance and maintenance. The numerical tool was part of a research and development (R&D) project developed by the Institute for Technological Research (IPT), and it can be extended to similar problems in which the structures behave likewise, as is the case of fishing nets and cleaning structures [1]. Moreover, while commercial software could be used for the same purpose, the intrinsic drawbacks of large computation time, automation, and customization difficulties were generally not justified by the potential increase in accuracy, as the tool would eventually be integrated in a larger numerical simulator.
Log boom unit schematics and its truss element representation with six DoF. The local reference frame is in blue, while the global in red.
Log boom lines and example of assembly of trusses used to model them.
The mathematical model used in the present formulation is based on the works of Felippa and Gavin [2, 3, 4], whereas the numerical implementation was developed within the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) environment [5]. The material deformations are assumed elastic only (i.e., no plasticity or yielding) as each log boom is mainly composed of steel, making the unit respond linearly until approximately 80% of the yield stress [6], but the displacements are geometrically nonlinear, as the forces, the geometric stiffness, and the assembly equilibrium configuration depend on one another.
Consider the three-dimensional truss element composed by six degrees of freedom (DoF) that represent all the possible translation directions its nodes have. Such element is used to model the structural behavior of each log boom (Figure 1).
With this numbering, the element constitutive stiffness matrix
while its geometric stiffness matrix
These matrices represent the stiffness of the truss due to its constitutiveness (as
An assembly is then modeled by the joint of
Now, considering a function
The equilibrium configuration
Truncating Eq. (5) to the first order,
which, however, is a linear approximation of this nonlinear formulation. Given such nonlinearity, the problem must be solved numerically, and all the equations presented insofar are part of an iterative scheme, in which
As expected, by similarity,
The loads acting on the assembly originate from the hydrodynamic interaction and from the log accumulation and must be counterbalanced by the internal forces, which are a function of the mechanical properties of the material. Although the formulation is tridimensional, for the purposes by which the model was made, it is sufficient to obtain the equilibrium configuration on the
To estimate the external forces, a database was created with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (Figure 3). The software Siemens Star-CCM+, version 12.02.011, was used for these numerical simulations: both water and air were admitted incompressible, and the flow field was modeled using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations implicitly (at the first iterations, the movements were frozen to ensure fluid stabilization and then gradually released, still seeking stabilization); the interaction between the fluids was represented by the volume of fluid Eulerian multiphase model, and the multiphase conditions were defined by the flat wave model with a numerical damping, added in the momentum equation on the vertical direction, on both the inlet and outlet boundary conditions to minimize the effects of reflection and ensure better convergence; finally, the k-ω SST model was adopted.
CFD domain used to obtain the external force database.
A series of velocity magnitudes
Example of
Each part of the log boom that is free to rotate was assigned with a pair of coefficients (i.e., the grids and the chassis) such that the total hydrodynamic force acting on the trusses is retrieved based on them. So, for the
Example of the variation of the velocity magnitude and incidence angle along a projected line that connects the mooring points. The angles are measured taking the north coordinate of reference; thus, it is not
Once the hydrodynamic coefficients were obtained, the contribution from the logs that accumulate along the lines was assumed to be increments on the normal coefficients [10] and estimated with the aid of data from experiments at the towing tank of the IPT (Figure 6). Thus, considering already such increments, Eq. (9) accounts for the total external forces acting on the center of the element, which are equally distributed to its nodes and further transformed from local to global coordinates as well, according to the angle
Example of experiment to measure the influence of the logs on the assembly.
So,
The tension distribution throughout the trusses is calculated based on classic linear relations of solid mechanics, and it acts on the axial direction of the element. Therefore, for the same
This tension must be transformed to internal forces
Originally, the solution strategy was to adopt the line completely stretched along the
Example of initial condition and its evolution until final convergence.
However, such quasi-static approach is computationally expensive because of the repetitiveness of the iterative procedure. Additionally,
Schematics of the new initial condition to obtain the tension distribution throughout the elements.
Example of improved initial condition (catenary shape).
in which
An intrinsic characteristic of structural problems is the presence of fixed degrees of freedom (F) in addition to the free ones (L). Thus, a common practice in FEM, known as static condensation, is to renumber the DoF seeking to reorder and split the linear system into two sub-systems. So, the displacement array can be written as:
and the unbalance array can be similarly split:
For the log boom assembly, the fixed DoF are related to the mooring points, so
Additionally, the matrix
Thus, from Eq. (4),
These sub-systems are solved recursively: the first of Eq. (18) is solved for
Several times, the initial condition itself is not sufficient to ensure convergence because the average velocity used to calculate the catenary “weight” might not create a representative starting geometry. So, whenever the direct method fails, a sub-relaxation parameter is applied to the force unbalance as a way to prevent large deflections through the line, which is especially interesting during the first iterations; the restrained deflections are generally sufficient to adequately converge the simulation. The sub-relaxation
Example of
After numerical convergence, a series of variables can be outputted, such as the final geometry, the velocity magnitude and incidence angle acting over each log boom, the reaction forces, and the tension distribution along the length of the line
Example of configuration after convergence, evidencing the final geometry, the velocity profile, and the reaction forces.
Example of tension distribution along the assembly length
In order to verify and validate the tool, thus assessing the numerical method developed, many simulations were compared to theoretical, experimental, and numerical data. As the ASME Verification & Validation Committee defines [11], validation determines the degree of accuracy that a numerical model has in representing the real world from its perspective, whereas verification evaluates its intrinsic errors and uncertainties. So, the committee states that verification precedes validation, as they must be performed to ensure the numerical reliability of the solution. In this work code and solution verifications were done by systematically refining the discretization and comparing the outputs with theoretical data from the problem of a catenary [12]. Following, the validation was done for two major cases: by comparing the solution with experimental results from a 1:10 scale model tested in the towing tank at the Naval and Ocean Engineering Laboratory of the IPT [13] and by comparing the solution with numerical simulations from SIMPACK® Multi-Body Simulation software in prototype scale [12, 14]; the later comparison had to be done against numerical data because it was unfeasible to instrument the in situ assemblies. Additionally, only hydrodynamic cases (i.e., without logs) were compared.
While evaluation of the error was performed through comparison with the catenary model, estimation of the error was done through classical Richardson extrapolation [12]. Code and solution verifications were performed by systematic grid refinement, with the coarsest mesh having 100 elements, the finest 800, and in between these two, successive meshes were created such that the number of trusses was consecutively increased by a value of approximately
Thus, according to Eq. (20),
The relative error is simply evaluated by calculating the difference between the theoretical and numerical values:
and the uncertainty
Convergence of the numerical catenary maximum and minimum forces versus refinement ratio. Values are normalized by the theoretical ones.
Finally, Figure 14 shows a comparison between numerical and theoretical geometries; as they practically overlap, the verification corroborates the precision of the proposed model. As a note, in order not to be much close to the correct catenary geometry, the verification was conducted with the line completely stretched along the
Geometry comparison for the theoretical formulation and numerical method.
Reduced model experiments were conducted at the facilities of the IPT in a 1:10 scale with the purpose of studying the hydrodynamic behavior of such structures [13]. To do so, the model, developed mainly in polycarbonate and polymer, was constructed with the aid of a laser cutting machine and a 3D printer; the assembly was ballasted by adding lead stripes along the structure but without changing its front area as to minimize drag interference; to test both symmetric and asymmetric setups, log booms were added from a five-unit symmetric configuration, while the left mooring point was offset by distances
Four S-Type S9M uniaxial load cells, produced by HBM, were used at each extremity, each of which with a nominal measure limit of 500 N, so the tensile forces acting on the leftmost and rightmost log booms could be acquired. Additionally, to understand how the stain behaves on each log boom and also how it is transferred throughout the structure, water strain gages, manufactured by Kyowa Electronic Instruments, were placed on one of the modules, as shown schematically in Figure 15. These locations were appropriately chosen with the aid of numerical simulations from finite element method: the criterion was to locate the stress concentration area that increased the measurement sensitivity while avoided the high strain gradients, since the latter can contribute to unreliable measurements.
Schematics of the experimental setup.
Figures 16–18 compare experimental and numerical results for three different configurations as the function of the velocity. “LE” indicates “left extremity” and “RE” “right extremity,” while “Exp” and “Num” refer to experimental and numerical values. No numerical uncertainty was provided since the number of trusses was maintained equal the number of log booms.
Force comparison as a function of free stream velocity. Six log boom lines.
Force comparison as a function of free stream velocity. Seven log boom lines.
Force comparison as a function of free stream velocity. Eight log boom lines.
The results agree satisfactorily: the differences are more evident as the free stream velocity increases; the numerical method reproduces the experimental observation that the tensile force is larger at the leftmost log boom, an expected trend since tensile loads are higher for elements that are parallel to the stream; the number of log booms seems not to affect the accuracy of the results, as the error remains practically the same regardless of the configuration; the larger differences are within
A prototype-scale validation is presented, and the results were compared to simulations from SIMPACK® Multi-Body Simulation software. The variables of comparison are again the reaction forces at the leftmost and rightmost anchor points, and the relative differences
The first prototype validation was performed for line 02 with a variable velocity profile, similar to the one presented in Figure 5. An example of converged solution for line 02 is presented in Figure 19, in which the equilibrium configuration, projected line, and velocity distribution are depicted.
Example of converged simulation for line 02.
The results from SIMPACK® and the current method are presented in [14]: the first simulation considers a 20% increase in the normal external force (
Table 1 shows that the maximum relative difference for the simulations that happen at the
SP (kN) | FEM (kN) | u (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE | RE | LE | RE | LE | RE |
1025 | 814 | 1076 | 876 | 5.0 | 7.6 |
1239 | 1029 | 1305 | 1104 | 5.3 | 7.3 |
Comparison of results between SIMPACK® and the current method—Line 02.
The second validation was performed for line 12 with several velocity profiles, also similar to the one presented in Figure 5. Analogously, Figures 19 and 20 depict an example of a converged solution.
Example of converged solution for line 12.
Table 2 presents the comparison between SIMPACK® and the developed formulation. For this set of simulations, the maximum percentage difference happens at the
SP (kN) | FEM (kN) | u (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LE | RE | LE | RE | LE | RE |
1566 | 1234 | 1666 | 1295 | 6.4 | 4.9 |
1540 | 1204 | 1641 | 1267 | 6.6 | 5.2 |
1866 | 1479 | 1983 | 1543 | 6.3 | 4.3 |
2028 | 1578 | 2158 | 1659 | 6.4 | 5.2 |
1463 | 1124 | 1559 | 1181 | 6.6 | 5.1 |
1793 | 1387 | 1910 | 1459 | 6.5 | 5.2 |
1946 | 1487 | 2071 | 1564 | 6.4 | 5.2 |
1789 | 1382 | 1905 | 1454 | 6.5 | 5.2 |
1767 | 1359 | 1877 | 1424 | 6.2 | 4.8 |
1710 | 1306 | 1821 | 1374 | 6.5 | 5.2 |
2255 | 1748 | 2405 | 1840 | 6.6 | 5.3 |
1701 | 1314 | 1811 | 1381 | 6.4 | 5.1 |
1820 | 1414 | 1888 | 1425 | 3.7 | 0.8 |
Comparison of results between SIMPACK® and the current method—Line 12.
The last validation was conducted for the group of lines 13, i.e., for lines 13A, 13B, 13C, and 13D. Figure 21 is an example of a converged simulation for line 13C/13D.
Example of converged solution for line 13C/13D.
Particularly for line 13, the magnitude and incidence angle remained constant throughout them, varying from simulation to simulation. In Table 3 these parameters are summarized: the first columns indicate the velocity range (VR) used in each simulation for the choice of the coefficients of Eq. (8), even though the actual velocity magnitude was sometimes not within that range.
Line 13A/13B | Line 13C/13D | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
VR (m/s) | V (m/s) | Angle (°) | V (m/s) | Angle (°) |
2.5 < V < 3.5 | 3.18 | 54.44 | 2.11 | 59.60 |
2.5 < V < 3.5 | 2.49 | 54.81 | 2.04 | 42.00 |
1.0 < V < 3.5 | 2.14 | 52.11 | 1.60 | 56.26 |
1.0 < V < 3.5 | 1.80 | 49.56 | 1.33 | 42.48 |
1.0 < V < 2.0 | 1.69 | 53.06 | 1.13 | 61.03 |
1.0 < V < 2.0 | 1.36 | 52.80 | 1.05 | 43.53 |
Parameters for simulations of lines 13.
Table 4 presents the comparison between SIMPACK® and the developed formulation.
Line 13A/13B | Line 13C/13D | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP (kN) | FEM (kN) | u (%) | SP (kN) | FEM (kN) | u (%) | ||||||
LE | RE | LE | RE | LE | RE | LE | RE | ||||
1550 | 1263 | 1655 | 1329 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 822 | 647 | 876 | 679 | 6.6 | 5.0 |
934 | 759 | 1000 | 801 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 1501 | 1318 | 1607 | 1401 | 7.1 | 6.3 |
745 | 618 | 793 | 650 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 537 | 436 | 572 | 458 | 6.5 | 5.1 |
577 | 486 | 615 | 512 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 600 | 525 | 639 | 556 | 6.6 | 5.9 |
429 | 358 | 455 | 376 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 209 | 165 | 221 | 173 | 5.8 | 4.7 |
280 | 234 | 297 | 247 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 341 | 301 | 361 | 318 | 6.0 | 5.5 |
Comparison of results between SIMPACK® and the current method—Lines 13.
The maximum percentage difference of the simulations happens again at the
A simple truss-based finite element method was proposed to simulate the load distributions and geometric configurations of assemblies that behave in a catenary-like manner, subject to external, variable loads. The formulation was tailored to the particular problem of log booms (structures that retain logs from reaching the machinery of hydropower plants) under the influence of river streams and the logs they convey. The nonlinear formulation imposes equilibrium between internal and external forces so that an iterative scheme must be numerically solved. The method was verified by comparison against analytical results from a theoretical catenary model: the relative error and uncertainty for the maximum and minimum forces were within 0.2%, while the mesh refinement order of convergence was close to 1. The tool was later validated against experimental model-scale data from the towing tank at the Institute for Technological Research [12] and prototype-scale numerical data from commercial software SIMPACK®, and all the results agree adequately [14]: for the experimental data validation, the numerical method was capable of reproducing the observations of the experiments, and the maximum relative discrepancy observed was about 6%. The differences are invariant to the increase in the assembly length, but they seem sensible to variations of the free stream. Likewise, the prototype-scale validations all show adequate agreement, regardless of the line configurations, and a maximum relative error, considering SIMPACK® as the reference, of less than 8%. These percentages corroborate the adequacy of the method for the purpose by which it was developed: to a have a fast, yet reliable, tool, to forecast the tension distributions throughout the lines such that it can be used as a simulator for the assessment of the structural safety of log boom assemblies.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Santo Antonio Energy for funding the project (PD-06683-0116/2016), through the Research and Development Fund of Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency, and the Institute for Technological Research Foundation. They also would like to acknowledge the financial support and scholarship granted by the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement, under projects 1784366 and 133846, and the Foundation for the institute for Technological Research.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social Contract, SDG, Human Rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal Learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"