Biomass accumulated and carbon sequestered in different tree species.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7888",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hepatitis A is a major health concern throughout the world. Its impact has largely been limited in recent times by the large-scale use of vaccines. It is, however, still rampant in various parts of the world, partly due to lack of medication, poor water access, and contaminated food products. This book provides comprehensive information on various aspects of hepatitis A with a focus on three of the most important biliary diseases: cholestasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Chapters cover such topics as pathology, epidemiology, at-risk populations, animal research models, and future trends.",isbn:"978-1-83880-673-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-672-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-674-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77707",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",numberOfPages:150,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5928,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 9th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 14th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 1st 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-streba",fullName:"Costin Streba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55546/images/system/55546.jpeg",biography:"Streba Costin Teodor, MD, PhD, MSc, is Associate Professor at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and a member of the university’s Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. His research focuses on diagnosis and histological image analysis in liver and pancreatic disease. Dr. Teodor specializes in devising medical-oriented diagnostic systems for gastrointestinal malignancies that integrate interpretation and computer-aided quantification of various imaging and clinical data. He has published many studies in various high-impact journals.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"210049",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristin Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Vere",slug:"cristin-constantin-vere",fullName:"Cristin Constantin Vere",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210049/images/system/210049.jpeg",biography:"Vere Cristin Constantin, MD, PhD, MSc, is Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and one of the founding members of the university’s Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. His research interests span from neuroimmune mechanisms of gastrointestinal disease to novel diagnostic techniques in gastroenterology. Pioneering the introduction of wireless videocapsule in Romania, Dr. Constantin established a dynamic team of PhD and full-time scientists specialized in both medical sciences and bioinformatics. His publication record attests to his dedication for innovation in the field of gastroenterology and the complex integrative mechanisms that form the basis for this pathology.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"210050",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Rogoveanu",slug:"ion-rogoveanu",fullName:"Ion Rogoveanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210050/images/system/210050.jpeg",biography:"Rogoveanu Ion, MD, PhD, MSc, Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and one of the founding members of the Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Craiova. Mentoring a team of dedicated doctors and managing the curricular and scientific activities of the University as Rector, he is currently one of the lead authorities in Ultrasound and Power Doppler US, coordinating postgraduate courses for the past 10 years. His most prestigious recent publications are all in the field of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HCC and various liver diseases.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"98829",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Tripodi",slug:"valeria-tripodi",fullName:"Valeria Tripodi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98829/images/system/98829.jpeg",biography:"Dr Valeria Tripodi is Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry at the University of Buenos Aires and Researcher of the National Science Research Council (CONICET). She received a Biochemist degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1992, a Master of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering in 1999, PhD in Clinical Biochemical in 2003, and she is a Licensed Teacher of the Teaching Career of University of Buenos Aires since 2008. \n\nHer main research is focused in the development of micro and nanoanalytical methodologies applied to diagnosis of different pathologies and pharmaceutical quality control. Under a multidisciplinary conception of the research, her group undertakes collaborative projects with research medical, and biopharmaceutical groups in Argentina. She supervised many doctoral theses and fellows. \nDr Tripodi is the author of more than 60 scientific articles and book chapters. She serves in the Editorial Board and as a permanent reviewer of several analytical and medical journals. She has recently founded the Analytical and Technological Laboratory of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Research.",institutionString:"University of Buenos Aires",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Buenos Aires",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorFour:{id:"99501",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lucangioli",slug:"silvia-lucangioli",fullName:"Silvia Lucangioli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99501/images/system/99501.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Silvia Lucangioli is Full Professor in the Pharmaceutical Technology Department at the Faculty of the Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), and Investigator of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET). She obtained a doctorate in Pharmacy, Biochemistry-Pharmaceutical Industries at the University of Buenos Aires. Her research focuses on the development of a miniaturized system for analytical methodologies and pharmaceutical formulations. Dr. Lucangioli has published more than eighty scientific articles, fifteen book chapters, and two books. She also supervises doctoral students. She is currently in charge of the Center of Research, Development and Pharmaceutical Control, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (CIDEC), UBA, where is also Secretary for Technology Transfer.",institutionString:"University of Buenos Aires",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Buenos Aires",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology"}],chapters:[{id:"69680",title:"Epidemiology of Hepatitis A: Past and Current Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89248",slug:"epidemiology-of-hepatitis-a-past-and-current-trends",totalDownloads:841,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis A virus is a common infectious etiology of acute hepatitis worldwide. It was not until World War II (1973) when hepatitis A virus was first identified by an American virologist, Stephen Mark Feinstone. The virus is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food, water, or sexual contact (oral-anal sex). The discovery of hepatitis A virus vaccine is considered a milestone in the history of acute viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A occurs worldwide and frequent outbreaks have been reported over the years. Major geographic differences have existed in endemicity of the disease depending primarily upon hygiene and sanitation practices. Some countries have experienced shifting of endemicity due to improvement of environmental hygiene, swelled International travel and national recommendations for hepatitis A vaccination. The age of acquiring hepatitis A virus is also shifting toward adolescents and adults. This has led to a more symptomatic disease, since hepatitis A infection among children is usually asymptomatic; this is known as the paradox of Hepatitis A epidemiology.",signatures:"Anita Chakravarti and Tanisha Bharara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69680",authors:[{id:"307082",title:"Prof.",name:"Anita",surname:"Chakravarti",slug:"anita-chakravarti",fullName:"Anita Chakravarti"},{id:"307553",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanisha",surname:"Bharara",slug:"tanisha-bharara",fullName:"Tanisha Bharara"}],corrections:null},{id:"69055",title:"Hepatitis A: At-Risk Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89172",slug:"hepatitis-a-at-risk-populations",totalDownloads:556,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted mostly through exposure to contaminated food or water, or through exposure to infected persons. This infection can occur sporadically or in an epidemic form, confers lifelong immunity and it is preventable by a safe and effective vaccine. Therefore, prevention strategies are crucial and could eradicate the infection if they were successfully employed. In this chapter, authors summarize mode of transmission and preventive measures for HAV among the following population groups: travellers, health care workers, men who have sex with men, individuals who use illicit drugs, sewage workers, food handlers, military personnel, prisoners, blood transfusions recipients, haemophiliacs and patients with HIV and chronic liver disease. Moreover, authors describe which of these groups are eligible for HAV vaccination according to available data.",signatures:"Rosa Coelho and Guilherme Macedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69055",authors:[{id:"307878",title:"M.D.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Coelho",slug:"rosa-coelho",fullName:"Rosa Coelho"},{id:"307882",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Macedo",slug:"guilherme-macedo",fullName:"Guilherme Macedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"70429",title:"Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatitis A: Endemicity Patterns and Molecular Epidemiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90431",slug:"epidemiological-aspects-of-hepatitis-a-endemicity-patterns-and-molecular-epidemiology",totalDownloads:512,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Improvements in hygiene and socio-economic conditions in many parts of the world have led to an epidemiological shift in hepatitis A with a transition from high to low endemicity. Consequently, in these areas, higher proportion of symptomatic disease among adolescents resulting in large-scale community outbreaks has been described. In Tunisia, an increase in the average age at the time of infection has been reported, hence resulting in regular outbreaks, especially household and primary school epidemics. Molecular investigation of such outbreaks, based on the determination of viral genotype and genetic relatedness between hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains, is a useful tool to identify the potential source of HAV contamination but also to assess the virus molecular dynamics over time, such as the introduction of a new genotype or a specific clustering of HAV strains according to the geographical origin. In Sfax city, (Center-East of Tunisia), only HAV strains of genotype IA are circulating. In rural areas, HAV infection is still highly endemic with probably a water-borne transmission pattern. Nevertheless, the considerable genetic heterogeneity observed in urban areas highlights the changing pattern of hepatitis A epidemiology in these settings. Further molecular studies are strongly needed to better understand HAV epidemiology in Tunisia.",signatures:"Saba Gargouri, Lamia Fki-Berrajah, Imen Ayadi, Amel Chtourou, Adnene Hammami and Héla Karray-Hakim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70429",authors:[{id:"310338",title:"M.D.",name:"Saba",surname:"Gargouri",slug:"saba-gargouri",fullName:"Saba Gargouri"},{id:"314354",title:"Prof.",name:"Lamia",surname:"Fki-Berrajah",slug:"lamia-fki-berrajah",fullName:"Lamia Fki-Berrajah"},{id:"314355",title:"Mrs.",name:"Imen",surname:"Ayadi",slug:"imen-ayadi",fullName:"Imen Ayadi"},{id:"314357",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",surname:"Chtourou",slug:"amel-chtourou",fullName:"Amel Chtourou"},{id:"314358",title:"Prof.",name:"Adnene",surname:"Hammami",slug:"adnene-hammami",fullName:"Adnene Hammami"},{id:"314359",title:"Prof.",name:"Héla",surname:"Karray-Hakim",slug:"hela-karray-hakim",fullName:"Héla Karray-Hakim"}],corrections:null},{id:"70588",title:"Applications of Animal Models in Researching Hepatitis A",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90684",slug:"applications-of-animal-models-in-researching-hepatitis-a",totalDownloads:692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis diseases are remaining in the list of significant threats to human health. Human hepatitis viruses are basically classified into six major hepatotropic pathogens—hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and hepatitis G virus (HGV). Among these different forms of hepatotropic viruses, HAV as the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis is characterized as a kind of tiny ribonucleic acid virus that is linked to atopic disease. As we know, animal models have been instrumental in promoting understanding of complex host-virus interactions and boosting the advancement of immune therapies. So far, animal models such as nonhuman primates (NHPs) have enabled scientists to mimic and study the pathogenicities and host immune responses for hepatitis A infection. With the exception of chimpanzees and marmosets, animals like mice, pigs, guinea pigs, and tree shrews can also be selected as alternative animal models infected with HAV under laboratory conditions. In order to gain a better insight into hepatitis A pathogenesis and relevant contents, this chapter is mainly focused on the research progress in animal models of hepatitis A, and discusses the merits and demerits of these alternative models.",signatures:"Huafeng Lin, Aiping Min, Gang Li, Yan Lei Chang, Lei Shi and Dan Qiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70588",authors:[{id:"284275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Huafeng",surname:"Lin",slug:"huafeng-lin",fullName:"Huafeng Lin"},{id:"314922",title:"Dr.",name:"Gang",surname:"Li",slug:"gang-li",fullName:"Gang Li"},{id:"314923",title:"Ms.",name:"Aiping",surname:"Min",slug:"aiping-min",fullName:"Aiping Min"},{id:"314941",title:"Mr.",name:"YanLei",surname:"Chang",slug:"yanlei-chang",fullName:"YanLei Chang"},{id:"314942",title:"Prof.",name:"Lei",surname:"Shi",slug:"lei-shi",fullName:"Lei Shi"},{id:"314943",title:"Dr.",name:"Haizhen",surname:"Wang",slug:"haizhen-wang",fullName:"Haizhen Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"69591",title:"Hepatitis A: How We Are after the Introduction of Vaccines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88851",slug:"hepatitis-a-how-we-are-after-the-introduction-of-vaccines",totalDownloads:590,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis A is a disease known for a long time. It has a universal distribution, although it has a higher prevalence in places with poor sanitary conditions due to its main form of transmission: fecal-oral. The local health conditions also influence the age of acquisition of the disease and, therefore, its clinical presentation, because the disease in young children is usually asymptomatic. It is a viral disease whose prevention is possible through improvements in the population’s basic sanitation conditions and vaccination. Since the introduction of vaccines, it has been possible to see a reduction in its incidence, especially in places where universal vaccination of children has been instituted. In recent years immunoglobulin therapy is being replaced by vaccination in pre- and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), except in specific situations. Its incidence, even in developing countries, has decreased after introduction of hepatitis A vaccine. The vaccine is recommended in two doses for children, starting at the age of 1. Argentina and, more recently, Brazil have adopted the universal vaccination of all children upon completion of 12 months of age in a single-dose regimen. Despite this breakthrough isolated outbreaks in homeless and drug users are still described in developed countries.",signatures:"Julia Teixeira Rodrigues, Priscila Menezes Ferri Liu and Adriana Teixeira Rodrigues",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69591",authors:[{id:"309110",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"adriana-rodrigues",fullName:"Adriana Rodrigues"},{id:"309111",title:"Ms.",name:"Julia",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"julia-rodrigues",fullName:"Julia Rodrigues"},{id:"309946",title:"Prof.",name:"Priscila",surname:"Liu",slug:"priscila-liu",fullName:"Priscila Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71774",title:"Antiviral Natural Products against Hepatitis-A Virus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91869",slug:"antiviral-natural-products-against-hepatitis-a-virus",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The review on antiviral anti-hepatitis A virus agents is warranted given the importance of hepatitis A virus (HAV) as a human pathogen. Novel antiviral drugs have been sourced from natural agents and developed into products for management of viral infections. The role of purified natural products in treatment and as adjunctives in the management of HAV infections is clearly plausible. Treatments against Hepatitis A virus infection is currently limited. In this chapter, the antiviral natural products against hepatitis-A virus (HAV), their sources as well as their treatment approach and their application have been discussed. The antiviral natural products could be sourced generally from plants, herbs and animals. These natural agents have been shown to demonstrate substantial antiviral activity against HAV and could target various stages of the viral life cycle, replication, assemblage, release, as well as targeting virus-host specific interactions.",signatures:"Damian Chukwu Odimegwu and Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71774",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71774",authors:[{id:"316027",title:"Dr.",name:"Damian Chukwu",surname:"Odimegwu",slug:"damian-chukwu-odimegwu",fullName:"Damian Chukwu Odimegwu"},{id:"318288",title:"Mr.",name:"Uzochukwu Gospel",surname:"Ukachukwu",slug:"uzochukwu-gospel-ukachukwu",fullName:"Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"70184",title:"Hepatic Involvement in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90238",slug:"hepatic-involvement-in-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis",totalDownloads:905,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome which results in uncontrolled systemic proliferation of benign macrophages in all reticuloendothelial organs producing worsening peripheral blood cytopenia(s); hypercytokinemia leading to hepatic injury producing hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia; and if not diagnosed and treated early may lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiorgan dysfunction, and death in nearly all individuals. It is postulated that hepatic injury/dysfunction starts early in the course of the disease which may mimic nonspecific hepatitis like prodrome to fulminant hepatic failure; possibly requiring liver transplant. While HLH as an entity is being increasingly recognized nowadays across wide specialties (both pediatric and adults); hepatic involvement in this setting has been poorly characterized. This chapter is aimed to highlight on the diagnosis and classification of HLH with a special emphasis on the pathophysiology of hepatic dysfunction, histomorphology of liver; and the current concept and controversies on the role of liver transplantation in this clinical setting.",signatures:"Somanath Padhi, RajLaxmi Sarangi, Susama Patra and Subash Chandra Samal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70184",authors:[{id:"304919",title:"Dr.",name:"Somanath",surname:"Padhi",slug:"somanath-padhi",fullName:"Somanath Padhi"},{id:"310320",title:"Dr.",name:"RajLaxmi",surname:"Sarangi",slug:"rajlaxmi-sarangi",fullName:"RajLaxmi Sarangi"},{id:"310321",title:"Prof.",name:"Susama",surname:"Patra",slug:"susama-patra",fullName:"Susama Patra"},{id:"310322",title:"Prof.",name:"Subash Chandra",surname:"Samal",slug:"subash-chandra-samal",fullName:"Subash Chandra Samal"}],corrections:null},{id:"71083",title:"Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90714",slug:"primary-sclerosing-cholangitis-psc-in-children",totalDownloads:499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease of unknown aetiology affecting extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic bile ducts causing its inflammation and fibrosis with most frequent consequences including biliary cirrhosis and liver failure. The incidence of PSC in children and adolescents is 0.2 per 100,000 children per year, when in adults the reported incidence is higher and equals 0.5 to 1 in 100,000 individuals per year. PSC is more common among men and boys. The diagnosis is usually established in the second decade of life in the paediatric population with the mean age of diagnosis of 13.8 years. Many studies point out a strong correlation between IBD and PSC, especially ulcerative colitis. The prevalence of IBD among children with PSC diagnosis varies from 60 to 99%; however, the incidence of PSC is about 12% in patients with ulcerative colitis and fluctuates about 2–5% in Crohn’s disease diagnosed patients. Clinical symptoms are present in approximately half of cases and they are unspecific in many of them. Elevated liver enzymes and biochemical markers of cholestasis are sometimes the only signs of PSC. Gold standard for PSC diagnosis is magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) as a non-invasive procedure comparing to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) which is also used in some cases. The aim of the study was to review the risk factors, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment of paediatric patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.",signatures:"Sabina Wiecek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71083",authors:[{id:"51575",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabina",surname:"Wiecek",slug:"sabina-wiecek",fullName:"Sabina Wiecek"}],corrections:null},{id:"70684",title:"Cholestasis: The Close Relationship between Bile Acids and Coenzyme Q10",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90831",slug:"cholestasis-the-close-relationship-between-bile-acids-and-coenzyme-q10",totalDownloads:642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cholestasis is defined as the impairment in formation or excretion of bile from the liver to the intestine. It may result from defects in intrahepatic production of bile, impairment of hepatic transmembrane transporters, or mechanical obstruction to bile flow. In cholestasis, hepatocytes are exposed to high levels of bile acids, particularly those bearing hydrophobic properties. The increase in bile acids induces oxidative stress, leading to an imbalance in the prooxidant:antioxidant ratio which determines the final cellular redox status. This chapter will focus on the close relationship between bile acids and the most powerful endogenous antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 in cholestasis, and the eventual alternative therapeutic option of CoQ10 supplementation to current traditional therapies.",signatures:"Manuela R. Martinefski, Silvia E. Lucangioli, Liliana G. Bianciotti and Valeria P. 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by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79244",slug:"corrigendum-to-vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",title:"Corrigendum to: Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79244.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79244",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79244",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79244",chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. 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Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. 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\r\n\tThis book concerns autonomous mobile mapping robots capable of digitizing the surrounding environment in the form of a map easily interpretable by humans. This functionality is related to fundamental algorithmic challenges in the mobile robotic domain.
\r\n\r\n\tSuch machines can execute the autonomous mission in unknown and harsh environments; thus, they can help humans in decreasing the time of digital map delivery. Many algorithmic challenges have to be addressed, such as Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping assuming low energy onboard computers. LiDAR and VISUAL odometry are t candidates for initial trajectory estimation. Furthermore, a robust Graph SLAM approach can efficiently reduce incremental odometry error. Moreover, recent advances in Deep Neural Networks DNN applied for image and LiDAR data processing and analysis (segmentation and classification) are also crucial. DNN can provide necessary information to improve autonomous task execution. This book will address the problem of path planning and autonomous task execution as large-scale mobile mapping applications. For this reason, some practical implementations are provided. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in autonomous mobile mapping robots.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",keywords:"LiDAR Odometry, VISUAL Odometry, Kalman Filter, SLAM, Pose Graph, Path Planning, Path Following, Classification, Segmentation, Automatic Reasoning, USAR Urban Search and Rescue, Underground Mapping",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"22 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Researcher in mobile mapping applications. Actively developing practical robotic applications testing in realistic conditions (ENRICH, ELROB). Dr. Bedkowski was granted a postdoctoral scholarship in the Royal Military Academy (RMA), Belgium, funded by the Center for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology. Since 2017 he has been involved in the development of the continent-scale Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technologies for autonomous cars in TomTom.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63695/images/system/63695.jpg",biography:"Janusz Bedkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc. in Automation and Robotics, is an adjunct professor at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences. From 2006 to 2018, he collaborated with Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Warsaw, Poland, concerning multi robotic inspection-intervention systems development and integration. He was granted a postdoctoral scholarship in the Royal Military Academy (RMA), Brussels, Belgium, funded by Center for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology. His research interests are: inspection intervention robot systems, semantic mapping including 3D cloud of points and video processing, 6D SLAM, mobile robot operator training with AR techniques and GPGPU computing. From 2017 he is involved in development of the continent scale Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technologies for autonomous cars in TomTom. He commercialized robotic 3D mapping technologies within the MANDALA company (www.mandalarobotics.com). He is actively working on multi domain robotic search and rescue R&D projects.",institutionString:"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"22",title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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In the keV range, the maximum penetration depth in the material does not exceed a few nanometers, and ions in this range of energies have traditionally assisted in the preparation and analysis of surfaces: it has served as a cleaning tool in vacuum conditions and, combined with surface analysis techniques, in compositional depth analysis or to assist in the growth of thin films. But low-energy ion bombardment (LEIB) has been also a tool to controllably modify surfaces or thin films. It has several advantages over other surface modification methods: (a) its low penetration depth, which allows the modification of a shallow surface layer or a thin film, (b) the high degree of control by choosing the type of ion, energy, flux, and dose received by the sample, and (c) the possibility of modifying very small surface areas by using masks or focused beams.
\nWe focus in this chapter in this low-energy range (from a few hundred eV to a few keV), showing the capabilities of the technique for a specific family of systems: thin oxide films. Oxides are materials which display a huge plethora of physical and chemical properties, and in the form of thin films, they have been extensively studied in the last two decades. Its ample tolerance to defects favors the availability of compounds with different stoichiometries and properties. This is a source of complexity but also provides opportunities to explore many different properties in various fields, such as catalysis, magnetism, sensors, or electronics. LEIB stands as a very attractive experimental technique to modify the properties of oxide thin films by creating defects or inducing structural and compositional transitions.
\nOxides are present in a large number of technological devices, and a growing number of applications will probably be found in the coming decades. For this to occur, a broad insight of their properties and a deep understanding of the role played by defects will be required. As in the case of silicon technology, where defect engineering is responsible for the precise and powerful control of electronic properties, defect engineering in oxides is for sure the tool to be exploited to enhance the performance of any present or potential device based in oxides. This is by no means a novel statement, for it has been well known for many decades that the presence of defects in oxides determines many of their properties. However, two challenges nowadays are (a) to acquire a more profound knowledge of defects properties in oxides and (b) to be able to introduce them in the surface of the material in a controlled way. LEIB is a good tool for this purpose but goes beyond the simple generation of defects. It also induces the formation of new structural phases or the generation of textured and nanostructured surfaces, as we will describe in this chapter.
\nIon sputtering, or the ejection of atoms from surfaces with energetic ions, is a phenomenon reported more than 150 years ago. The effect of sputtering was already described in 1853 by Grove [1], when he observed that the cathode metal located inside discharge tubes gradually coated the inner walls. The coating was caused by the positive ions of the discharges hitting the negatively charged metal cathode, sputtering atoms away from it subsequently coating the glass. However, this was not unambiguously verified until 1902, about 50 years later, when Goldstein [2] performed the correct experiments. In the meantime, other hypotheses were considered (such as that thermal evaporation induced by the discharge). But the effect of atomic collisions from positively charged ions was finally acknowledged. It was in the mid-1900s that a quantitative description of the sputtering process was reached and a sound theory was developed. Since then, hundreds of works have continued improving the existing theories and performing new experiments about surface sputtering. Some of these works are reviewed in the excellent work by Sigmund [3]. The purpose of many of these investigations has been the application of low-energy ion bombardment on a growing number of materials, where of course we can meet oxides.
In this work, we start introducing the most important theoretical concepts related to ion bombardment, focusing around the low-energy range. As we are dealing with oxides, the concept of preferential sputtering of multicomponent materials is discussed. Then, we present some of the many applications or current uses of the technique for all types of materials, such as the modification of the surface topography or the controlled introduction of surface defects. Next, we invoke those uses reported in the literature about oxide surfaces and thin films, grouped in two big sets: (a) those examples exclusively describing morphological, structural, and chemical changes of the surfaces and (b) those works reporting other associated physicochemical properties, such as electrical conductivity. Finally, we present two applications recently carried out in our research group, which is the formation of single-crystalline epitaxial thin films of a suboxide when the surface of the corresponding oxide is ion bombarded: we report the formation of a TiO(001)/TiO2(110) thin film and a Fe3O4(111)/α-Fe2O3(0001) bilayer.
We present in this section a few theoretical concepts about some of the most relevant physical processes taking place during the collision of ions with solid surfaces. For a more profound study of the physics involved, the reader is referred to other works in the literature [3, 4].
\nSeveral mechanisms are active when an ion enters a solid material, dissipating its initial energy. Ion stopping in a solid can take place by interactions with both the electrons and ions of the crystal. The physical quantity describing the interaction of the ion with the solid is the stopping power or cross section
As Eq. (1) states,
Collisions of the incident ion with electrons are more frequent, but in the range of low-to-medium energies, they have a little effect on the main trajectory of the ion (because of their small mass). In these ranges, electronic stopping has a comparable effect to that of a viscous flow continuously reducing the kinetic energy of the ion. In contrast, the interaction with the ions is more discrete, taking place between elastic consecutive collisions. For these nuclear losses, a simple elastic model using conservation of momentum describes the maximum transferred energy
where
Depending on the nature of the collision, the effect produced has been typically classified in three regimes. In the
To evaluate the spatial range of the area of the ion-bombarded material, the most important concept is that of the ion range
Another useful magnitude is the projected range
Scheme of the main parameters from Eqs. (
The sputtering yield is the average number of atoms leaving the solid per incoming ion. An atom is sputtered off the solid when it receives an impact which overcomes the threshold energy and has the possibility to exit the solid and enter the vacuum region. While the former condition is achieved by many atoms involved in cascade collisions, the last condition is only fulfilled by a few atoms close to the surface with their linear momentum pointing away toward vacuum.
\nAs we are dealing with oxides, the concept of preferential sputtering is the most important one. Ion irradiation of multicomponent surfaces always involves compositional changes. Many works in the literature deal with these types of processes, which we will briefly expose here (the reader is referred to Ref. [5] for an excellent review of the topic). The most important physical quantity in a multicomponent material is the partial sputtering yield
where the partial sputtering yield depends on the density
In a simple binary oxide, the ratio between the partial sputtering yields can be described as Eq. (4)
\nwhere
According to the effects previously addressed, a clear consequence of ion sputtering is the formation of a modified layer, not only in terms of its structure or its density of defects but also in terms of chemical composition. A fact to take into account is that the depth of the altered layer may be larger than the penetration depth of the incoming ions. The reason can rely on thermal or bombardment-induced diffusion. Dissipated energy, either from the ion beam or from mechanical agitation from collisions, enhances diffusion. The diffusion is driven by a chemical gradient, which can be present even from many atomic layers below
Probably, the most extended application of ion bombardment is the cleaning of the surfaces prior to their analysis or before another physical or chemical process. For instance, those surfaces of hard drilling tools which are to be coated with nitrides by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD) are usually exposed to Ar+ prior to the coating. The reasons are the cleaning of the surface and the enhancement of atomic rugosity, which will favor mechanical adhesion of the coating, and thus will warrant a longer life of the tool. This process is one of the many examples in surface science and engineering which requires LEIB. Another extended use occurs for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which requires thin (electron transparent) samples. The final stage is usually carried out with ion bombardment, usually named ion milling.
Ion bombardment, sometimes in conjunction with surface analysis techniques, has been traditionally used to obtain surface composition. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses, with the help of a mass spectrometer, the nature of the atoms sputtered from a surface with an ion beam [6]. It is a useful technique to carry out depth profiling studies, especially if combined with XPS or Auger spectroscopy. However, the change in the chemical state of the surface, induced by the ion beam, must always be taken into account (except if the surface layer or layers to be analyzed are single component).
The simultaneous combination of thin-film growth (by means of any vacuum technique) and LEIB has been frequently employed to explore different states of the film grown and to improve the required properties. The effect of the incoming energetic ions has a profound influence in the morphology of the film, as well as in its defect density, which in turn modifies many other properties. The technique, usually called ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD), can produce a number of beneficial changes in several characteristics of the film, such as density, texture, residual stresses, adhesion, or crystalline order. Of course, this technique has been applied to thin films of oxides [7]. In most cases, the main role of the ions of the beam is to deposit energy, creating defects and inducing diffusion and mobility. But in some other cases (this is usually named reactive IBAD), the second role of the atoms in the beam is to chemically react with surface species to form compounds.
If bulk defects control many properties of solids (dislocations in the case of mechanical properties of metals or point defects in the case of optical properties of many oxides, to mention two time-honored examples), surface defects may as well control some surface physicochemical properties. The most paradigmatic example is that of the so-called active centers [8], which control some catalytic conversions and which have been proposed to be surface steps [9] or vacancies. A profound knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of surface defects requires a well-known process to generate them controllably, and LEIB is a good tool for that purpose [10–12]. Under the correct parameters (energy, dose, temperature, etc.), it can generate a broad spectrum of surface defects (surface vacancies, adatoms, linear steps, vacancy islands, etc.), which can be subsequently studied for whatever phenomenon of interest [13, 14]. Also, the kinetics of flattening of an initially rough surface, with the roughness induced with LEIB, has been studied for different types of materials (among them, also oxides). For instance, for the case of TiO2(110) and after low ion doses (only 0.5 monolayers were sputtered), a power scaling law has been found for the high-temperature evolution of the width
One of the first phenomena observed on ion-bombarded surfaces was the formation, in some cases, of ordered structures with a well-defined periodicity of a few tens of nanometers [16]. These patterns, usually in the form of ripples, may develop spontaneously from an initially flat surface as a result of several competing mechanisms which are active in a wide variety of materials. This phenomenon soon caught the attention of the scientific community for its interest and potential applications. The method just requires an ion beam homogeneously irradiating a surface and can easily pattern macroscopic areas of the order of mm2 or cm2 (once the correct processing conditions have been achieved). Thus, the absence of masks, complicated nanolithographic methods, or focused ion beams is very attractive from the technological point of view.
\nAs already mentioned, the self-organized nanostructures spontaneously emerge under those experimental conditions which promote a clearly balanced competition between opposed kinetic processes occurring at the surface. Ion bombardment induces surface disordering and roughening, while surface diffusion favors smoothing and defect annihilation. These two main opposed trends, acting under nonequilibrium conditions and summed with other mechanisms or condition characteristic of each type of surface, determine the evolution and the final morphology of the surface.
\nThe family of theories describing surface patterning is too ample to be mentioned here, but we can briefly comment here on the most acknowledged model, which accounts for the formation of ripples under an off-normal incident ion beam. This is the Bradley-Harper (BH) model [17], which successfully explains the dynamics of ripple formation in isotropic and amorphous surfaces: the ripples are parallel to the incident direction of the beam under high incidence angles and perpendicular to the beam direction under angles close to be grazing. To understand the BH model, one must consider the distribution of surface defects created by ion collisions. This is described by the Sigmund model [18], which accounts, under a continuum model approach, for an ellipsoidal average distribution of energy deposited under ion impacts formulated as
\nUnder cylindrical coordinates,
The first term in Eq. (7) is the erosion rate
The BH model is relatively simple, and more advanced equations, including higher order terms or surface anisotropy, have been developed in the last two decades. But the BH model, as described by Eq. (7), agrees well with many experimental results, including the rotation of the ripples depending on the incidence angle of the ion beam. The BH theory only considers amorphous and isotropic solids and ignores the existence of crystallographic directions and surface steps. Surprisingly, the BH theory has proven successful in many crystalline surfaces and has been a good starting point in other cases. However, surface anisotropy induces new effects and mechanisms to be taken into account. For instance, surface steps may limit diffusion via Ehrlich-Schwöbel barriers, or may determine etching rates at low grazing angles, as we will see later. In any case, ion beam patterning has been observed in different types of materials, including oxides. We will refer to those works on surface nanopatterning of oxides in a specific section later.
Oxides are a colossal family of materials, both in the sense of the existing diversities and of the properties displayed. The specific and complex nature of the bond between the oxygen and the metallic cation favors the existence of a vast set of functionalities in oxides. Complicated interactions are present, which cross-link the different properties of the oxide. Also, there is a huge variety of defects in oxides, which are rather abundant, on the other hand. This circumstance enormously obscures the profound understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in oxide properties but also assists in the modification or control of these properties.
\nOxide thin films lie at the core of many technological devices [19]. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) conductive and transparent coatings are a good example of this statement. The modification of the surface morphology and the controlled introduction of defects in thin oxide films are tools to improve their response in their respective applications. LEIB can assist in this task.
\nOxides have been also used to spontaneously generate ordered nanostructures in their surfaces with LEIB. Indeed, the first reported example took place for a glass surface bombarded with Ar+ at 4 keV by Navez in 1956 [16]. The authors discovered at that moment the formation of ripples separated by tens of nanometers. For incidence angles close to normal incidence and up to
Ripple wavelength dependence on ion energy (left) and total ion dose (right) for three different SiO2 surfaces. The total dose for the graph on the left is
Although we focus in this chapter in the use of low-energy ions, medium energies have been used to nanostructure oxide surfaces too, and we would like to briefly mention it. However, in those cases where the energy is of the order of 10–100 keV, new mechanisms arise in the evolution of the surface morphology, which are far from the mechanisms invoked by BH theories and similar. That is the case of anatase TiO2, for example, where different types of ions have been used to bombard the samples at different temperatures [21]. At these energies, the ion projected range
Since TiO2(110) is the most studied oxide surface, it can be understood that the nanopatterning of this surface has been addressed several times. In the case of low-energy ions, the morphology of the surface is, in many cases, rough and disordered if the bombardment takes place at room temperature. Diffusion is more limited in oxides than in metals, and there is no active mechanism to induce self-ordering at low T. In the case of TiO2(110) bombarded with Ar+ with an energy between 0.5 and 1.5 eV at room temperature, a disordered set of mounds is distributed across the surface [22]. These mounds are proposed to be chemically reduced oxide Ti2O3 regions, which align themselves along a given crystallographic direction under a thermal treatment between 700 K and 900 K.
\nHowever, at higher temperatures, the formation of ordered ripples in TiO2(110) at grazing incidence has been reported in Ref. [23]. The TiO2(110) orientation has two nonequivalent in-plane surface directions: (001) and (1–10). At low incidence angles, the existence of surface steps is determinant in ripple formation. Indeed, sputtering from terraces is about one order of magnitude smaller than from step edges. Also, the sputtering yield or erosion rate of the different steps differs, and the consequence is that the total sputtering yield is larger when the beam is directed along the [1–10] direction than when it is oriented along the [001] direction. Despite all, at sufficiently long bombardment times, the beam direction does not affect too much the morphology of the formed ripples, somehow demonstrating the universality of the method for patterning large areas in different materials.
\nAnother phenomenon which also recalls universality is the temperature-dependent reorientation of the ripples observed in TiO2(110) [24], in the same way as for many metal surfaces. While at low (150 K) and high (620 and 720 K) temperatures ripples are aligned along the beam direction, at 300 K they are aligned perpendicularly, as illustrated in Figure 3. The same group has used LEIB as a tool to prepare TiO2(110) surfaces with steps aligned along special orientations [25]. The method can be viewed as the equivalent to surface texturing with ion beams when the grains with higher sputtering yields destabilize. In this case, the ion beam under a low incidence angle preferentially erodes some specific steps, creating [1–10] steps. These are thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stabilized within this approach. This work illustrates how grazing LEIB can be used to tune and texture certain surface steps, which can be relevant for applications sensitive to specific step orientations.
(a), (b), (c) and (d): STM images (200 × 200 nm2) of Ar+-modified TiO2(110) surfaces, where the bombardment has been carried out at different temperatures under an incidence angle of 75°, an ion energy of 2 keV, and a total dose of 9 × 1016 ions/cm2. The LEED pattern in (a) shows the crystalline order of the surface even after ion bombardment. All ripples are elongated along the beam projection, except for the case where bombardment has been done at RT. The black vertical arrow in (a) marks the projection of the beam on the surface and the horizontal black arrows mark the indicated crystallographic direction. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
Oxygen vacancy creation has been traditionally used to modify electronic properties of oxides. It is indeed a route to doping, since excess electrons (due to oxygen vacancies) can be transferred to the conduction band, transforming the material into a better conductor. This type of approaches has been sometimes referred to as vacancy engineering. The control to achieve the desired vacancy concentration can be gained through post-growth thermal annealings or during the growth, controlling experimental parameters such as the oxygen partial pressure or the laser energy if the material is grown by sputtering or by pulsed laser epitaxy (PLE) [26]. As already discussed, LEIB can be also helpful to control oxygen vacancies. Indeed, many of the most recent applications of LEIB on oxide surfaces are related to the modification of electronic and transport properties for different applications. In turn, other fundamental properties, such as the optical response, are modified as well. Most of the studies about oxides modified with LEIB have been accomplished on SrTiO3 and TiO2.
\nIt is easy to understand that one of the oxides where LEIB has been most often employed to exploit its properties is SrTiO3 (STO), a transparent insulating perovskite with many intriguing characteristics and also frequently used as a substrate to grow other materials on it. A very interesting phenomenon is that LEIB can generate a conductive layer at its surface, and that has been the subject of several studies. There is a clear correlation between conductivity and the concentration of oxygen vacancies created by ion bombardment in STO [27]. The resistivity values of a modified nanometric layer obtained after bombarding a SrTiO3(100) surface can follow a ~
This type of conductive layers formed by LEIB has also been reported in rutile TiO2 [30], reporting again high carrier densities and mobilities. The authors account for a high crystallographic order in the ion-bombarded region of the TiO2(100) surface, which is not compatible with the rutile structure and which is attributed to the ordering of the vacancies produced by ion bombardment.
\nWith respect to optical properties, hole levels in self-trapped states localized in the gap can be stabilized by conduction carriers (generated by oxygen deficiency) in Ar+-bombarded single-crystalline STO [31]. Their recombination generates the emission of blue light at room temperature, and the emitting regions can be conveniently patterned. Cross-sectional TEM images show the formation of amorphous and modified (oxygen deficient) layers under the action of the ion beam (Figure 4).
(a) TEM cross-sectional image from an Ar+-modified STO single crystal. (b)–(d) electron diffraction images of the (b) red, (c) blue, and (c) yellow regions of the material. Diffraction patterns from (c) to (d) are qualitatively similar, but the contrast in the real space image suggests that a modification indeed exists: the ion beam transforms the upper layer of pristine STO into an amorphous film (red region) and induces the formation of an oxygen-deficient SrTiO3−x region with a thickness around 15–20 nm (blue region). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [
Under certain conditions, LEIB can also modify the optical properties of TiO2(110) substrates, greatly enhancing its absorbance in the visible range and its luminescence [32]. The formation of self-organized crystalline nanodots at the surface and the generation of Ti interstitials justify this optical response. In general, this type of investigations opens a path to explore the field of oxide optoelectronics.
\nAnother potential application where LEIB on oxides has found a niche is the generation of substrates suitable for resistive switching (RS) processes, which lie at the core of the nonvolatile data-storage memristor technology. This technology, which is still in its exploratory stages, is based in the existence of on/off states which depend on the electrical resistance level of the bit (rather than on the electrostatic or magnetic state). The state can be switched with external electric fields in oxides, which force a metal-insulator transition (MIT). TiO2 is a good candidate for this purpose, but it has been found that a previous forming step involving LEIB radically improves the RS process [33]. The conductive 2D layer generated consists in a set of self-organized grains with a locally reduced chemical composition. This distribution of grains is a kind of template where bipolar switching between a semiconductor and a metallic state (induced with a conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip) is localized at the grains. Figure 5 illustrates a progressive chemical reduction and a declining electrical resistance of the TiO2 surface during ion bombardment. The same type of mechanism has been found in STO substrates [34] with rather low-energy Ar+ ions (66–200 eV). LEIB greatly improves the resistive memory effect, if compared with pristine STO. In these cases, thermal annealings would create vacancies and would also improve the electrical conductance for RS processes. But the influence of LEIB is limited to the upper layers of the material and can be thus combined with focused ion beam methods or shadow masking to pattern surfaces.
(a) Quantitative changes in the concentration of Ti cations with the sputtering time, as measured with XPS. (b) Behavior of the resistance (in Ω/μm2) of the modified layer with sputtering time. Adapted with permission from Ref. [
Oxides exhibit outstanding magnetic properties, and in this respect, LEIB can be employed to modify the microstructure and consequently the magnetic response of the oxide layer. Bilayers of Ni80Fe20/α-Fe2O3 grown on SiO2 exhibit, for instance, a different coercivity depending on the growth mode [35]. If ion bombardment is carried out on the α-Fe2O3 layer before the growth of the Ni80Fe20 film, the uniaxial anisotropy of this layer is reduced, exhibiting a lower coercivity. This is a clear example of how the coupling between a ferromagnetic layer and an antiferromagnetic layer can be tuned with LEIB.
\nRegarding the modification of interfaces, we can mention that STO, in combination with other insulating oxides such as LaAlO3 (LAO), forms a heterostructure with remarkable conductive, magnetic, and superconductive properties at the interface. The surprising origin is the stabilization of an emerging 2D electron gas (2DEG). There are examples of the modification of the 2DEG in LAO/STO interfaces [36]. They have shown that the conducting state at the interface can be completely suppressed with Ar+ bombardment at 150 eV. The conductivity can be then restored with a high-temperature annealing in the presence of oxygen. The authors suggest that the strain induced by Ar implantation causes local destabilization and partial amorphization. These disordered regions localize defect states where charges are trapped, in the same way as in other types of semiconductors. The annealing eliminates the Ar and heals defects, restoring the initial conductivity. The LEIB approach has been also used to create a 2D electron gas in an Ar+-bombarded SrTiO3(100) surface [37], which shows an increase of the low-temperature magnetoresistance when the magnetic field
We present, in this final section of the chapter, a rather specific but quite surprising capability of ion bombardment, which we have successfully proven in a rutile TiO2(110) substrate. As we have seen in previous sections, LEIB is a commonly used process to modify the physicochemical properties of oxide surfaces. In this respect, the literature has usually described the resulting material as a defective and chemically reduced version of the oxide, lacking a profound knowledge of the real structure. As all properties ultimately depend on the structure, the situation is highly undesirable. We show here a case where the structure of the abovementioned ion-bombarded surface is well defined after the modification.
\nThe purpose of this section is to show that the use of LEIB on a surface of a single-crystalline oxide can induce the formation of a single-crystalline and epitaxial thin layer of the corresponding suboxide. For the case of TiO2(110), we show here that high doses of Ar+ bombardment of the single crystal produces a 10 nm thick film of TiO(001) [38].
\nIt is well known that the progressive depletion of oxygen in polycrystalline materials during ion bombardment can, in some cases, induce the formation of a new phase with the cation in a lower oxidation state. In other words, the formation of a crystalline suboxide (i.e., with well-defined Bragg reflections) can be promoted. The main message of this section is that if the starting point is a single-crystalline surface (instead of ion bombarding a polycrystalline material) and if there is some kind of structural affinity or matching with a particular crystallographic orientation of the suboxide, this suboxide can nucleate and grow epitaxially coupled to the original oxide, being a thin epitaxial film the outcome of the process.
\nTitanium dioxide is, with its different structures, a wideband semiconductor with many applications in technology. It has been also, along the years, a benchmark for the fundamental study of oxide surfaces. In fact, as we mentioned before, TiO2(110) is the most studied oxide surface [39]. Regarding its optical properties, it is very transparent and has a high refractive index, which together with its stability, non-toxicity and the easy synthesis of small particles, justifies its extensive use as a white pigment. It also displays a very interesting photocatalytic activity. This property, along with its particular interaction with water, has fostered the investigation and the use of TiO2 as a self-cleaning coating [40]. As we have previously discussed, also in the field of resistive switching, the investigation with TiO2 has found a satisfactory feedback.
\nThe starting point of the modification we describe here is a rutile TiO2(110) clean and flat surface, which is ion bombarded with Ar+ at 3 keV at room temperature with doses up to 8 × 1016 ions cm−2. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) shows a clear chemical reduction: a decrease of the O/Ti ratio and a shift of the TiLMM and TiLMV transitions to higher kinetic energies. The incidence of the ion beam is normal, and so the modified surfaces show a rough topography, but with no recognizable pattern or symmetry as seen with atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, X-ray diffraction of the bombarded surfaces already shows the emergence of a new reflection (not present in the pristine sample) compatible with the cubic rock salt titanium monoxide phase with its (001) crystallographic direction oriented along the surface normal (Figure 6a). Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) measurements performed before and after the modification show the transformation of the rectangular surface diffraction pattern corresponding to TiO2(110) to a different diffuse LEED pattern displaying square symmetry, with its main directions rotated 45° with respect to the TiO2(110) directions (Figure 6b–d).
(a)
Grazing incidence XRD (GIXRD) measurements help determine the crystalline orientations of both the dioxide and monoxide phases. HK scans in reciprocal space (those which explore the in-plane directions) show all the allowed reflections (not subject to extinction rules) of TiO(001) and TiO2(110), confirming the 45° rotation of the square surface lattice of TiO(001) with respect to the rectangular surface lattice of TiO2(110) (blue and black lattices, respectively, of Figure 6e). L scans (to explore the out-of-plane direction) determine that the periodicity of the TiO phase is indeed the corresponding one. These observations confirm the ion-induced transformation of the upper layers of TiO2(110) into TiO(001), with the particularity that both lattices are in registry. Being both lattices rotated 45°, the matching is almost perfect along the [001] direction of TiO2(110). Along the [1–10] the mismatch is large (about 10%), which clarifies the observations carried out with LEED, XRD, and scanning transmission electronic microscopy (STEM), all of them revealing the tilting of the lattice along that direction. This tilting, probably stabilized by the existence of misfit dislocations, helps relieve that large mismatch along that particular direction. STEM cross-sectional images of the modified layer show the homogeneity of the modified layer, revealing a constant thickness of 10 nm and its relatively good crystallinity.
\nDensity functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the high stability of the interface for a particular structural configuration, with an energy estimated to be
All results together indicate that the initial stages of ion bombardment induce the formation of a chemically reduced and defective version of the dioxide at the initial stages, which transforms into a very disordered (or even amorphous) phase for intermediate doses, as the rutile structure is not stable for a high density of defects. The absence of a LEED pattern after medium doses supports the existence of this disordered intermediate phase. At sufficiently high doses, while preferential oxygen sputtering continues operative, the TiO(001) phase emerges, favored by the good registry between both oxides at the interface.
\nAn interesting fact is that the thickness of the modified layer (10 nm) is larger than the average depth where most of the ion damage is generated (around 4 nm, according to SRIM simulations). This implies that diffusion is active, probably assisted by radiation, and also enhanced by a locally higher temperature due to the dissipation of the energetic ions. Most probably, mass transport is governed by interstitial Ti cations [41, 42] generated by ion bombardment, which migrate to the interface transforming it locally into TiO. The interface thus advances toward the bulk. When the diffusion length of the species is not sufficiently long to compensate for the receding surface (atoms are being continuously sputtered by the ion beam), then a steady state is reached, and the thickness of the modified layer saturates.
I would like to thank all my former and present collaborators, especially those participating in the works reviewed in the last section of this chapter. Financial support from Projects MAT2012-38045-C04-03 and FIS2014-61839-EXP from the Spanish MINECO is also acknowledged.
Agroforestry have been considered as a viable alternative to prevent and mitigate the climate change. Using trees as means of mitigating climate change have been achieved by maintaining the existing once on farm land and or by increasing the plantation of short rotation or increasing fast growing trees on the farm fields [1]. Mitigating climate change through increased carbon sequestration in the soil can particularly become useful especially when addressed in combination with other challenges that affect the people livelihood such as reverting land degradation and ensuring food security [2, 3].
Usually potential in carbon sequestration may occur in different land uses including Agricultural land use and forest land through improved land use management and convention to land use with higher carbon storage in harvested product [4]. On other hand IPCC recognized agroforestry having high potential for sequestering carbon under climate change mitigation strategies [1]. Within agroforestry carbon can be stored above and below ground biomass [5]. In that respect agroforestry practices accumulate more carbon than forest and pasture because they have both forestry and grassland sequestration and storage pattern active [6, 7] but, sequestration potential of agroforestry depend on plant characteristics, tree species, age, crop, biodiversity and tree density. Also depend on structural arrangement, management factor such as fertilization, residual, and harvesting regime. This factors together with agroecological condition as well as soil characteristics in the area where the agroforestry is implemented influence the above and below ground carbon sequestration [5, 8, 9, 10]. Jose and Bardhan [8] also pointed that if the agroforestry technologies is to be used for climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, then better information is required about above and below ground biomass and carbon stock. The aim of this study was to determine the carbon stock in different agroforestry technologies and also to determine which technology has the best potential for long term carbon sequestration.
The study was conducted in Kilombero District located in Morogoro Region between 08o 00′ 16” South and 36o 04′ 364″ East with elevation ranging from 262 m to 550 m above the sea level, See. Administratively, Kilombero District has five divisions, 19 wards and 46 villages. The district is bounded by Kilosa District in the North, South East by Ulanga district, South west by Iringa region as well as in the West and the East by Lindi Region [11].
The climate in the study area is marked by wet and dry seasons which are further categorized into four sub seasons, hot wet season from December to March, cool wet season April to June, cool dry season July to August and hot dry season September to November. The area receives between 1 200 and 1 800 mm of rainfall per year and temperatures ranging from 26 to 32°C [12].
Generally, the land use is categorized as village land, reserved land and general land as defined in the Village Land Act 1999 [13]. Meanwhile, Kilombero is considered as one of the fertile spots in Tanzania. The main economic activities in the area include cash crops, food crops, petty trading and fishing in Kilombero River [11]. Overall cereals of the Coast, such as rice, millet, and maize, are grown widely. Also, vegetables such as sweet potatoes, yams, ground-nuts, melons, pumpkins and cucumbers, and many other excellent articles of food. Tobacco is grown very abundantly, sugar-cane, the castor oil plant, cocoa and cotton, are also cultivated [14].
According to the 2012 census the population of Kilombero was 407 880 with male 202 789 and female 205 091 [15]. This area is currently experiencing a doubling of the human population over the years. It has been demonstrated that within Tanzania population growth results in environmental degradation [16]. This increase of population has resulted from migration from various places for cultivation due to soil suitability for farming and livestock keeping migration.
Pre-visiting was conducted to as well as pre-testing of inventory equipment’s. This was also conducted so as to familiarize with the study area and observe the nature of the agroforestry farmland.
The research design for this study was descriptive and cross-sectional. Descriptive design was involved as it gives thorough information concerning agroforestry technologies. Also, cross-sectional design was chosen as data were collected at once without repetitions.
A total of 90 farm land were visited in this study. Data for above ground biomass were species, number of trees, Diameter at breast height (DBH), height and diameter at 0.3 m for cocoa trees [17, 18]. A systematic sampling design was expected to be used but during the field all the encountered farms were less than two hectare and there for all the trees within the farmland were all measured and all the farms were considered as a plot [19]. Height were measure using Suunto hypsometer and diameter using calipers.
Information obtained from the biophysical survey mainly inventory data was recorded in Microsoft excel for biomass calculation and carbon stock. Allometric equations were used to convert the field measurement attribute mainly heigh and diameter into stand biomass. Since in agroforestry there is diversification of wood perennial, then general allometric model for Cultivated land herbaceous, mixed tree, intercropping and grain crops (for all tree species) was used for the trees without specific equation. Most of these models have been developed for Tanzanian tree species and vegetation types [20]. Carbon stock was computed as the product of Total Biomass and factor of 0.5 [21].
Below are the species specific allometric equations and general allometric equation for computing the above and below Biomass [20, 22]
Cashew nuts
For other tree then general allometric equation for Cultivated land herbaceous, mixed tree, intercropping and grain crops (for all tree species) was used.
For carbon estimation then for each tree Total Biomass (TB) which is sum of AGB and BGB was computed by the equation below.
where
ABG = Above ground biomass
BGB = Below ground biomass
D = diameter at Breast height
d = diameter at 0.3 m above the ground
TB = total biomass
During biophysical survey total of 37 tree species from 16 families were found in the study area. There were equal species distribution in all villages. Carbon stock per individual tree were computed to identify the tree species which contribute more to the carbon stock in all the agroforestry technology. Over all the Tree species found during the field survey the
Botanical name | Local name | Family | Biomass (Mg C/ha) | Carbon (MgC /ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Muembe | Anacardiaceae | 379.7534795 | 189.8767397 | |
Mnazi | Aracaceae | 196.8731288 | 98.43656442 | |
Mparachichi | Lauraceae | 146.1686097 | 73.08430484 | |
Mtiki | Lamiaceae | 62.30097903 | 31.15048952 | |
Mkuyu | Moraceae | 60.81134344 | 30.40567172 | |
Mchungwa | Rutaceae | 19.48128997 | 9.740644984 | |
Mchikichi | Aracaceae | 17.87292025 | 8.936460123 | |
Msegese | Fabaceae | 15.35726596 | 7.678632982 | |
Mpapai | Caricaceae | 10.59125521 | 5.295627607 | |
Mvule | Moraceae | 7.686083716 | 3.843041858 | |
Mpera | Myrtaceae | 5.621283726 | 2.810641863 | |
Mstafeli | Annonaceae | 5.227879976 | 2.613939988 | |
Msedrela | Meliaceae | 4.743090445 | 2.371545222 | |
Mjohoro pori | Fabaceae | 4.73001597 | 2.365007985 | |
Mpilipili | Anacardiaceae | 3.060067712 | 1.530033856 | |
Mjohoro | Fabaceae | 2.749675264 | 1.374837632 | |
Mkangazi | Meliaceae | 2.231995495 | 1.115997747 | |
Mwarobaini | Meliaceae | 2.200888122 | 1.100444061 | |
Mkorosho | Anacardiaceae | 1.965061796 | 0.982530898 | |
Mlimao | Rutaceae | 1.859403344 | 0.929701672 | |
Mng’ong’o | Anacardiaceae | 1.170126345 | 0.585063172 | |
Mchenza | Rutaceae | 1.138515669 | 0.569257834 | |
Mfenesi | Moraceae | 1.086251846 | 0.543125923 | |
Mbilimbi | Oxalidaceae | 0.938353611 | 0.469176805 | |
Mkirismasi | Fabaceae | 0.788099951 | 0.394049976 | |
Mzaituni | Oleaceae | 0.601228169 | 0.300614084 | |
Mdalasini | Lauraceae | 0.41427903 | 0.207139515 | |
Myombo | Fabaceae | 0.395745497 | 0.197872749 | |
Mndimu | Rutaceae | 0.386040111 | 0.193020056 | |
Mnyonyo | Myrtaceae | 0.359024087 | 0.179512044 | |
Mkwaju | Fabaceae | 0.330284545 | 0.165142272 | |
Mkulungu | Combretaceae | 0.110472679 | 0.05523634 | |
Mzambarau | Myrtaceae | 0.103151497 | 0.051575749 | |
Mwashoki | Myrtaceae | 0.102336024 | 0.051168012 | |
Mtopetope | Annonaceae | 0.059397123 | 0.029698561 | |
Mkokoa | Malvaceae | 0.002515752 | 0.001257876 | |
Mfuru | Verbenaceae | 0.00166612 | 0.00083306 |
Biomass accumulated and carbon sequestered in different tree species.
Also, biomass and carbon stock were computed and presented based on agroforestry technology. Based on agroforestry technology Total biomass average were 46.43 ± 7.85 for Boundary, 813.09 ± 352.32 for Home garden, 41.84 ± 10.67 for mixed intercropping and 57.92 ± 14.75 for Parkland. Carbon stock for agroforestry technologies were also computed and the results shows that Boundary had 23.22 ± 3.92, Home garden 406.55 ± 176.16, Mixed intercropping 20.92 ± 5.34 and Parkland were 28.96 ± 7.38 (Table 2)
Technology | Total biomass Mg/ha | Total carbon Mg/ha |
---|---|---|
Boundary | 46.43 ± 7.85 | 23.22 ± 3.92 |
Home garden | 813.09 ± 352.32 | 406.55 ± 176.16 |
Mixed intercropping | 41.84 ± 10.67 | 20.92 ± 5.34 |
Park land | 57.92 ± 14.75 | 28.96 ± 7.38 |
Average estimated biomass and carbon stock under different agroforestry system.
From the results all the 37 species obtained during biophysical survey
A number of studies have shown that agroforestry in tropics have high Carbon stock than any crop field or pasture [5, 30]. From the result home garden leads in the carbon sequestration with 19 514.2 Mg C ha−1. This result is highly influenced by the mixture of component of agroforestry such as cattle’s, high occurrence of trees and agricultural crops. In other way home garden have been observed as the potential technology for carbon sequestration due to the fact that it sequesters carbon in biomass as well as in soil, reduce fossils fuel burning by encouraging fuelwood production and reduce pressure on natural forest. More ever in home garden there is no complete removal of biomass [31, 32]. Similar study conducted in India shows that home garden of 12-17 years accumulate 55.8-162MgCha−1[33]. Agroforestry technology study conducted in by Kumar [34] showed that based on species composition, soil and climate generally agroforestry can sequester carbon of 68–228 Mg C ha−1. High amount of carbon stock in home garden maybe the progress of carbon sequestration which was estimated to be 391 000MgCha−1 by 2010 and 586 000MgCha−1 by 2040 [35]. Mixed intercropping which involves wood perennial and herbaceous crop were observed to store 648.44 Mg C ha−1. High carbon within the mixed intercropping is higher than those of from the sole cropping system due to addition carbon pool in tree and increased carbon soil carbon pool as a result of carbon input from litter fall and fine root turn over [36] mixed intercropping can store 121–125 Mg C ha−1 and this was explained by the higher growth and assimilation rates [37]. Parkland technology was observed to store 144 MgCha−1. Parkland technology unlike mixed intercropping the trees are not arranged in accordance with crops but some little trees are left on the crop land. Study conducted in Guinea shows parkland carbon stock may also range from 22.22–70.8 Mg C ha−1 [38]. Parkland agroforestry are very stable (long standing) and high carbon storage [39]. On boundary agroforestry the tree is planted purposely for indicating the boundary or fencing. In this study boundary agroforestry technology stored 139.29 Mg C ha−1. Study show that Boundary planting have positive effect on both soil character tics, crop production and carbon sequestration [30]. Hooda
Agroforestry technology can have important role in climate change mitigation. This study concludes that there are benefit in term of carbon sequestration form the implementation of agroforestry technologies and these are most relevant in the tropical climate. In this study we also found that carbon stock is determined by the number and average trees found in the farm land. The fruits trees were the most abundant trees suggesting multipurpose use and quick economic benefit. Therefore, understanding the drivers of tree selection can help to meet both local food, fuel and global climate regulation needs. Therefore, we recommend the identification of the benefit provided by different species in different agroforestry technologies and realize its economic benefit. This will establish co benefit of on farm carbon stock from economic value of benefit derived from trees.
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Itina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13419",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Itina",slug:"tatiana-itina",fullName:"Tatiana Itina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1356",title:"Lasers",subtitle:"Applications in Science and Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71521c09ad4508038619e4e9b58bbae0",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56938",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70676",title:"Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation of Organic Thin Films: Applications in Biology and Chemical Sensors",slug:"matrix-assisted-pulsed-laser-evaporation-of-organic-thin-films-applications-in-biology-and-chemical-",totalDownloads:1247,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Polymer and biomolecule processing for medical and electronics applications, i.e. the fabrication of sensors and biosensors, microarrays, or lab on chip devices is a cornerstone field which shows great promise. Laser based thin film deposition techniques such as pulsed laser deposition or matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) are competing with conventional methods for integrating new materials with tailored properties for novel technological developments. Successful polymer and protein thin film deposition requires several key elements for depositing viable and functional thin films, i.e. the characteristics of the laser depositing system, the choice of targets and receiver substrates, etc. This chapter reviews the following topics: brief presentation of the MAPLE process including several examples of polymer materials deposited by MAPLE, thus illustrating the potential of the technique as a gentle laser-assisted deposition method. In particular, the “synthesis” of new materials, their analysis and correlation of the bulk and interface properties to its bio-environment shall be discussed as a method to tackle some bioengineering issues. We will also focus on recent breakthroughs of the MAPLE technique for the fabrication of functional devices, i.e. sensor devices based either on chemoresponsive polymers or on proteins.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Alexandra Palla Papavlu, Valentina Dinca, Mihaela Filipescu and\nMaria Dinescu",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"176781",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Dinca",slug:"valentina-dinca",fullName:"Valentina Dinca"},{id:"206985",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Palla Papavlu",slug:"alexandra-palla-papavlu",fullName:"Alexandra Palla Papavlu"},{id:"207048",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Filipescu",slug:"mihaela-filipescu",fullName:"Mihaela Filipescu"}]},{id:"24748",doi:"10.5772/24134",title:"Deconvolution of Long-Pulse Lidar Profiles",slug:"deconvolution-of-long-pulse-lidar-profiles",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"Ljuan L. Gurdev, Tanja N. Dreischuh and Dimitar V. Stoyanov",authors:[{id:"55686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ljuan",middleName:null,surname:"Gurdev",slug:"ljuan-gurdev",fullName:"Ljuan Gurdev"},{id:"61273",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",middleName:null,surname:"Dreischuh",slug:"tanja-dreischuh",fullName:"Tanja Dreischuh"},{id:"61274",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitar",middleName:"Vassilev",surname:"Stoyanov",slug:"dimitar-stoyanov",fullName:"Dimitar Stoyanov"}]},{id:"24745",doi:"10.5772/24024",title:"Laser Pulse Application in IVF",slug:"laser-pulse-application-in-ivf",totalDownloads:4055,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"Carrie Bedient, Pallavi Khanna and Nina Desai",authors:[{id:"55004",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Desai",slug:"nina-desai",fullName:"Nina Desai"},{id:"127713",title:"Dr.",name:"Carrie",middleName:null,surname:"Bedient",slug:"carrie-bedient",fullName:"Carrie Bedient"},{id:"127714",title:"Dr.",name:"Pallavi",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"pallavi-khanna",fullName:"Pallavi Khanna"}]},{id:"68795",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88860",title:"Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Carbonaceous Mesophase: A Review",slug:"preparation-characterization-and-applications-of-carbonaceous-mesophase-a-review",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Carbonaceous mesophase with a nematic liquid crystal structure possesses an easily graphitizable characteristic and can be used as a promising raw material to prepare anisotropic carbon and graphite materials with high performance and multifunction. Therefore, the carbonaceous mesophase occupies a pivotal and irreplaceable position in many frontier and cutting-edge fields. The controllable preparation and characterization of carbonaceous mesophase derived from a model molecule (i.e., naphthalene) are presented, especially the formation, development, and transformation of anisotropic liquid crystalline mesophase in the synthetic naphthalene pitch during the process of liquid-phase carbonization (350–450°C). The increasing applications of naphthalene-based carbonaceous mesophase as an ideal precursor material for fabricating representative advanced carbon materials with high added value (e.g., mesophase pitch-derived coke, mesocarbon microbeads, mesophase pitch-based carbon foam, high-modulus mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, and high-thermal-conductivity carbon-based composites, etc.) are reviewed in detail in this chapter.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Guanming Yuan and Zhengwei Cui",authors:[{id:"308403",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanming",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"guanming-yuan",fullName:"Guanming Yuan"},{id:"309210",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengwei",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"zhengwei-cui",fullName:"Zhengwei Cui"}]},{id:"24737",doi:"10.5772/24285",title:"Production of Optical Coatings Resistant to Damage by Petawatt Class Laser Pulses",slug:"production-of-optical-coatings-resistant-to-damage-by-petawatt-class-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:3245,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"John Bellum, Patrick Rambo, Jens Schwarz, Ian Smith, Mark Kimmel, Damon Kletecka and Briggs Atherton",authors:[{id:"56477",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"C.",surname:"Bellum",slug:"john-bellum",fullName:"John Bellum"},{id:"120423",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Rambo",slug:"patrick-rambo",fullName:"Patrick Rambo"},{id:"120424",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Schwarz",slug:"jens-schwarz",fullName:"Jens Schwarz"},{id:"120425",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"ian-smith",fullName:"Ian Smith"},{id:"120426",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Kimmel",slug:"mark-kimmel",fullName:"Mark Kimmel"},{id:"120427",title:"Mr.",name:"Damon",middleName:null,surname:"Kletecka",slug:"damon-kletecka",fullName:"Damon Kletecka"},{id:"120428",title:"Dr.",name:"Briggs",middleName:null,surname:"Atherton",slug:"briggs-atherton",fullName:"Briggs Atherton"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71926",title:"An Overview of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals Composite Films and Their Applications",slug:"an-overview-of-polymer-dispersed-liquid-crystals-composite-films-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:1185,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inherent and incredible properties of liquid crystals (LC) such as optical and dielectric anisotropy make them special candidates for flat-panel display devices; bi-stable reflective displays; high-definition spatial light modulators; switchable windows; haze-free normal- and reverse-mode light shutter devices; projectors; optical, thermal and strain sensors; tuneable lenses; etc. Non-linear response of LC material to the applied electric field is very useful in the above-mentioned applications. When a low molecular weight LC material is doped in a high molecular weight polymer matrix to obtain polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films, it offers flexibility and mechanical strength (structural stabilization) to the composite films—PDLC devices. Depending upon the concentration of monomer/polymer, these composite films are classified as polymer-stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC), PDLC and holographic PDLC (HPDLC) films. Depending upon the process conditions, we get phase-separated randomly dispersed micron-sized LC droplets in a continuous polymer matrix. These nematic LC droplets exhibit light scattering transmission properties depending on their orientation, which can be controlled by external electric field. This chapter gives deep insight about operating principle, phase separation techniques involved, alignment of LC and controlling LC droplet morphology of PDLC films to obtain desired properties. In order to improve the optical efficiency and to obtain the desired result from PDLC films, various guest entities such as dye and nanomaterials are doped in the host LC material. This chapter also accounts for various possible LC dopants desired for improving the electro-optic (EO) and dielectric properties of PDLC devices. Various applications of PDLC composite films are also described in this chapter.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Anuja Katariya Jain and Rajendra R. Deshmukh",authors:[{id:"34437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendrasing",middleName:"Rajesing",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"rajendrasing-deshmukh",fullName:"Rajendrasing Deshmukh"},{id:"318245",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuja",middleName:null,surname:"Katariya-Jain",slug:"anuja-katariya-jain",fullName:"Anuja Katariya-Jain"}]},{id:"71353",title:"Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polyesteramides: Non-Viral Vectors",slug:"cholesteric-liquid-crystal-polyesteramides-non-viral-vectors",totalDownloads:597,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Polyesteramides PNOBDME (C34H38N2O6)n, Poly[oxy(1,2-dodecane)-oxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-amine-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-amine-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl], and PNOBEE (C26H22N2O6)n, Poly[oxy(1,2-butylene)-oxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-amine-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-amine-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl], have been designed and synthesized as cholesteric liquid crystals (LCs)—through a condensation reaction between 4- 4′-(terephthaloyl-diaminedibenzoic chloride) (NOBC) and racemic glycol, DL-1,2-dodecanediol or DL-1,2-butanediol, respectively—as chemical modifications of multifunctional cholesteric LC polyesters, involving new properties but holding the precursor helical macromolecular structures. The new compounds have been characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR, COSY and HSQC, exhibiting two 1H-independent sets of signals observed for each enantiomer, attributed to two diastereomeric conformers, gg and gt, of the torsion containing the asymmetric carbon atom in the spacer. They have also been characterized by x-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation source. Thermal behaviour of the new compounds is studied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The substitution of the ester groups in the mesogen by amide groups causes an increase of thermal stability with respect to the precursors. Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) is evaluated. Morphology of powdered PNOBDME exhibits spherical clusters of about 5 μm in diameter homogeneously dispersed. Molecular models show helical polymeric chains with stereoregular head-tail, isotactic structure, explained as due to the higher reactivity of the primary hydroxyl with respect to the secondary one in the glycol through the polycondensation reaction. Besides being biocompatible, these synthetic polyesteramides have proved to act as non-viral vectors in gene therapy and be able to transfect DNA to the nucleus cell. Similar new cationic cholesteric liquid crystal polyesters have also been synthesized in our laboratory.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez and José Fayos Alcañiz",authors:[{id:"205972",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercedes",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez Méndez",slug:"mercedes-perez-mendez",fullName:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez"},{id:"316150",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Fayos Alcañíz",slug:"jose-fayos-alcaniz",fullName:"José Fayos Alcañíz"}]},{id:"72382",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nematic Liquid Crystals",slug:"introductory-chapter-nematic-liquid-crystals",totalDownloads:657,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Irina Carlescu",authors:[{id:"258032",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Carlescu",slug:"irina-carlescu",fullName:"Irina Carlescu"}]},{id:"57062",title:"Optical Properties of Complex Oxide Thin Films Obtained by Pulsed Laser Deposition",slug:"optical-properties-of-complex-oxide-thin-films-obtained-by-pulsed-laser-deposition",totalDownloads:1527,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The market for thin films of complex oxides obtained by different deposition techniques is increasing exponentially in last decades due to large variety of possible application such as high-efficient solar cell, optoelectronic devices, etc. pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a versatile growth technique and recently became more attractive for industrial applications due to the possibility to obtain crystalline thin films on a large area. Laser processing techniques were successfully used to obtain thin films with good optical properties starting from simple oxides, such as Sm2O3, ZrO2, etc., to more complex lead-free materials: SrxBa1−xNb2O6 (SBN) and Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3−x%BaTiO3, or superconductive oxide YBa2Cu3O7−δ. When oxide thin films are designated for electronic and optoelectronic devices or for solar cells, the optical properties and the thickness must be well known. For this purpose, the spectroscopic ellipsometry technique was developed. Ellipsometry is a powerful technique to determine the optical properties of thin films especially when the thicknesses of thin films are in a nanometer range.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Valentin Ion, Andreea Andrei, Maria Dinescu and Nicu Doinel\nScarisoreanu",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"156567",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Andrei",slug:"andreea-andrei",fullName:"Andreea Andrei"},{id:"181341",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin",middleName:null,surname:"Ion",slug:"valentin-ion",fullName:"Valentin Ion"},{id:"181362",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicu D.",middleName:null,surname:"Scarisoreanu",slug:"nicu-d.-scarisoreanu",fullName:"Nicu D. Scarisoreanu"}]},{id:"56891",title:"Multi-Beam Multi-Target Pulsed Laser Deposition of AZO Films with Polymer Nanoparticles for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters",slug:"multi-beam-multi-target-pulsed-laser-deposition-of-azo-films-with-polymer-nanoparticles-for-thermoel",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In comparison with metallic thermoelectric films, oxide films with artificial nanodefects have been seldom studied. And there has been no report on the incorporation of island-shaped organic nanoparticles. We describe a new approach to introduce nanometer-sized phonon scatterers in aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) thermoelectric thin films–concurrent multi-beam multi-target-pulsed laser deposition and the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MBMT-PLD/MAPLE). The approach was used to make nanocomposite thin films of AZO matrix with evenly dispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. The introduction of the nanoparticles enhanced phonon scattering with consequent decrease of thermal conductivity by 20%. The electrical conductivity did not decrease after the addition of the second phase, as it would be predicted by Wiedemann-Franz law, but improved by 350% over pure AZO film. The thermoelectric figure of merit of the nanocomposite film became twice that of the pure AZO film. Taking advantage of room-temperature deposition, optimized AZO nanocomposite films are expected to be used in real applications, such as thin film modules deposited on flexible polymeric substrates for ubiquitous harvesting of the waste heat.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Abdalla M. Darwish, Sergey S. Sarkisov, Paolo Mele and Shrikant\nSaini",authors:[{id:"186848",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdalla",middleName:null,surname:"Darwish",slug:"abdalla-darwish",fullName:"Abdalla Darwish"},{id:"212023",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkisov",slug:"sergey-sarkisov",fullName:"Sergey Sarkisov"},{id:"217105",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Mele",slug:"paolo-mele",fullName:"Paolo Mele"},{id:"217106",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrikant",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"shrikant-saini",fullName:"Shrikant Saini"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1222",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. 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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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