Operating variables and their levels.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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Psoriasis symptoms can vary extensively, from mild rashes to severe situations. Treatment consists of various modalities used locally on the skin and taken by mouth. This book gathers and presents information on targeted treatments for psoriasis in four chapters. Following the Introductory chapter, Chapter 2 discusses evaluation of patients with psoriasis and recommended clinical approaches; Chapter 3 presents the etiology, differential diagnosis, clinical findings, and treatment of nail psoriasis; Chapter 4 updates the clinical knowledge on phototherapy for treating psoriatic lesions of the tongue; and Chapter 5 considers potential adverse skin reactions in psoriatic patients taking TNF alpha inhibitors.",isbn:"978-1-83880-930-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-929-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-931-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73807",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"tailored-treatments-in-psoriatic-patients",numberOfPages:92,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"47c94f1f1740252164bb2e5ad5c75424",bookSignature:"Shahin Aghaei",publishedDate:"July 17th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7045.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4500,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"64024",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shahin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghaei",slug:"shahin-aghaei",fullName:"Shahin Aghaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64024/images/system/64024.jpg",biography:"Shahin Aghaei, MD, graduated from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in 2004. He was awarded a fellowship from the International Society of Dermatopathology (ISD) from Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic, in 2008 and a fellowship of Dermatologic Surgery from the Medical University of Graz, Austria, in 2010. He is currently editor in chief of the Journal of Surgical Dermatology in Singapore and associate professor of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery at Iran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran. 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Its prevalence is 1–3%. The incidence of nail involvement in psoriasis patient ranged between 15 and 69%. Nail psoriasis is an important problem affecting patients both functionally and psychologically. Patients with nail psoriasis can develop a wide variety of nail changes, such as pitting, onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, nail discoloration, crumbling and leukonychia, oil spots, and splinter hemorrhages. Nail psoriasis is also strongly associated with psoriatic arthritis. It has been estimated that 80–90% of patients with psoriatic arthritis develop nail involvement. Dermoscopy can be useful in the evaluation of psoriatic nail when there are no typical clinical features. Dermoscopic findings vary depending on the affected area of the nail. Capillaroscopy and confocal microscopy help in the diagnosis. Treatment of the disease includes avoidance of trauma to the nails and different therapeutic approaches with topical, intralesional injections and systemic agents.",signatures:"Yesim Akpinar Kara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66296",authors:[{id:"213746",title:"M.D.",name:"Yeşim",surname:"Akpınar Kara",slug:"yesim-akpinar-kara",fullName:"Yeşim Akpınar Kara"}],corrections:null},{id:"66627",title:"The Use of Phototherapy in Treatment of Geographic Tongue in Patients with Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85453",slug:"the-use-of-phototherapy-in-treatment-of-geographic-tongue-in-patients-with-psoriasis",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease associated with an oral condition called benign migratory glossitis (geographical tongue). A series of light/laser with different mechanisms of action has been widely used in the last decades to treat skin psoriasis lesions. For this, the effects of phototherapy require the correct indication of the sources and parameters of light/laser in the management of different psoriatic lesions. 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Adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab are indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. This target treatment is very effective and lead to control the most severe cases, which were formerly fatal. Biologic treatment is strictly monitored. These large molecules, even with the same mechanism of action in the form of inhibiting TNF alpha, may act differently, and they may have other adverse effects. Skin complications of anti-TNF alpha treatment include a wide range of manifestations which can be divided into four groups: infections, reactions directly associated with drug administration, immune-mediated skin reaction, and malignancy. 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Colour plays a significant importance in the human world as everybody likes colourful clothes, our food, medicine etc. is also having various colours. It is quite obvious that many researchers have carried out various studies on colour and its production. In this present situation, about ten thousand or more dyes are available commercially and the annual production of dye is about seven lakh tons [1]. There are numerous structural varieties available for dye like azo dye, acidic dye, basic dye, disperse, anthraquinone based and metal complex dyes. Dyes are mainly used in textile industries. A large portion of synthetic dyes do not bind during the process of colouration and it is then discharged to the waste streams [2]. The amount of dye that is discharged into the environment during the colouration process is about 10–15%. Those dyes discharge into waste streams are highly coloured and those are not pleasing aesthetically. Thus the textile industries cause the discharge of a large number of dyes and other additives into the environment, produced during the dying process [3]. The conventional water treatment process is not found to be effective in the case of removal of these dyes. Due to their high solubility in water, dyes are easily transported through a sewer and it finally reaches the natural water bodies. Carcinogenic and products having high toxicity are produced by the degradation of these dyes [4]. These dyes may cause hazardous effects to living organism too. Special concern should be there to prevent the contamination caused by these dyes and to do this the quantity estimate of dyes discharged into natural bodies should be done properly. It is well known that the use of activated carbon for the treatment of wastewater (removal of dyes from wastewater) is a very well established technique, but due to the high cost involved in the process, researchers are constantly working on finding other low-cost bio-sorbents which are effective in the removal of dyes from wastewater [5, 6, 7]. In this work, we have attempted to use an agricultural product, chemically treated Ripe Betel Nut fibre (TRBNF) for the removal of a textile dye namely Methylene Blue (MB) from an aqueous solution. Azo dyes form covalent bonds with the fibres they colour, e.g. cotton, rayon, wool silk and nylon. Methylene Blue is a commercial cationic dye with chemical formulaC16H18ClN3Sand Molar weight = 0319.9 g·mol−1). The functional groups present in the dye molecule react with the -OH, -SH and -NH2 groups present in the fibre rich in cellulosic materials. Azo dyes are mostly preferred in the textile industries due to their fastness of the substrate. Understanding the process of kinetic and mass transfer is very essential for the design of an adsorption treatment system [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Several techniques and methodologies has been incorporated inorder to removal of dyes. Eventually along with the experimental analysis, researchers were focused to identify the approximate solution of these problems using different mathemathic modeling along with several multi criteria decision making approaches. Several studies have also been reported to the implementation of Response surface Methodology for improving the dye removal process by adjusting the process variables [15, 16, 17]. RSM is employed to remove ethylene blue dye using cheap adsorbent. The regression analysis has been used for the removal of colour of aqueous dye solution by using a novel adsorbent [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
The approach of RSM can better predicts the impact of process variables on performance characteristics as well as it can be considered as a better option for optimization [24]. The CCD of RSM have been implemented for the design of experiments. In this study experimentation have been made to remove the methyene blue dye using treated betel nut fibre. Optimum adsorption capacities have been identified using the second order quadratic model of face centered RSM approach. The influence of each process variables and their percentage contribution on the developed quadratic model is explored with the help of ANOVA.
It is known that components high in cellulose and hemicellulose composition are good in removing azo dyes from an aqueous solution (Figure 1). The composition of Ripe Betel Nut fibre consists of Cellulose (52.09%), Hemi-cellulose (12.04%), Lignin (22.34%), Fat and ash (5.94%) and Water-soluble matter (1.5%). Sun-dried ripe betel nut fibre was collected from the market and cut into sizes of 1 mm size and washed with distilled water and dried at 60°C thus raw betel nut fibre was obtained. The sample was then treated with 0.01 M Na2CO3 at room temperature for 4 hours, then distilled washed to remove excess chemicals in fibres and pH was reduced to 7, then dried for 4 hours at 100°C in a hot air oven and was kept in a container. Thus we get the treated ripe betel nut fibre (TRBNF). An azo dye Methylene Blue, having a strong, though apparently non covalent, affinity to cellulose fibres, having molecular formula C16H18ClN3S was chosen as adsorbate. All the chemicals used were obtained from Himedia. A stock solution (1000 mg/L; pH 7) of dye was prepared using doubly distilled water.
(a) Cellulose structure; (b) Hydrogen bond structure of cellulose.
Batch adsorption studies were carried out and at first, the effect of pH variation on the removal of MB by TRBNF was studied and found that the maximum adsorption occurred at pH 7.0. From the stock solution of 1000 mg/L, different combinations of dye solutions were prepared for solutions of different initial concentrations viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L at pH 7.0. Initial TRBNF dose was taken as 10 g/L and the same rate of the dose was mixed with each of the prepared solutions, agitated mechanically with the help of a rotary shaker at 303
Where,
Experiments were carried out batch-wise to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) as a function of pH, Temperature (K), TRBNF dose (g/L) and rotational speed (RPM). Keeping the other process parameters as constant, the value of Qmax was obtained once at a time by altering any one of the process parameters. Similarly, by using a combination of 30 different sets of a process parameter, the value of Qmax was obtained 30 times and the values were utilized to obtain the most desirable condition, using response surface methodology. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used for the modelling and optimization of response characteristics with quantitative independent variables.
A regression model is also known as a polynomial quadratic model of order two as shown in Eq. (2) shows the system quality characteristic. The software ‘Design Expert 11.0’ gives an approximation of the regression model coefficient [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
Face cantered central composite second order design (CCD) technique was mainly used for the design experiment of the present study. The “face-centred CCD” possesses 30 combinations of 4 different process variables with 3 level of each [22, 23, 24]. Tables 1 and 2 delineated the layout of process variables and the combination of 30 experimental runs obtained by RSM CCD experimental design approach.
Parameters | Labels | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
-1 | 0 | +1 | ||
Temperature, (0k) | A | 293 | 303 | 313 |
TRBNF dose, (g/l) | B | 10 | 14 | 18 |
pH. | C | 3 | 7 | 11 |
Rotational speed, (RPM) | D | 100 | 150 | 200 |
Operating variables and their levels.
Exp. no. | Factor1 A: pH | Factor 2 B: Temp | Factor 3 C: Jute Dose | Factor 4 D: RPM | Response Qmax (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 313 | 10 | 200 | 10.21 |
2 | 3 | 293 | 10 | 100 | 11.42 |
3 | 11 | 293 | 18 | 200 | 15.67 |
4 | 3 | 313 | 10 | 100 | 5.19 |
5 | 11 | 313 | 18 | 100 | 10.43 |
6 | 3 | 313 | 18 | 200 | 12.69 |
7 | 3 | 293 | 10 | 200 | 11.76 |
8 | 11 | 293 | 10 | 200 | 11.28 |
9 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 28.91 |
10 | 11 | 313 | 10 | 200 | 11.19 |
11 | 11 | 313 | 10 | 100 | 11.01 |
12 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 28.78 |
13 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 29.56 |
14 | 3 | 293 | 18 | 100 | 12.64 |
15 | 3 | 293 | 18 | 200 | 16.34 |
16 | 11 | 313 | 18 | 200 | 13.41 |
17 | 11 | 293 | 10 | 100 | 11.29 |
18 | 11 | 293 | 18 | 100 | 13.38 |
19 | 3 | 313 | 18 | 100 | 11.31 |
20 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 29.59 |
21 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 29.19 |
22 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 29.49 |
23 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 100 | 27.48 |
24 | 3 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 24.91 |
25 | 7 | 303 | 10 | 150 | 27.21 |
26 | 7 | 293 | 14 | 150 | 32.11 |
27 | 7 | 313 | 14 | 150 | 30.38 |
28 | 7 | 303 | 14 | 200 | 28.19 |
29 | 7 | 303 | 18 | 150 | 31.56 |
30 | 11 | 303 | 14 | 150 | 27.87 |
Experimental results obtained with the setting of processing variables.
The model fit summery demonstrated that the developed regression model is fit significantly for Qmax on the selected experimental domain. The statistical analysis for the generated model has been demonstrated by the ANOVA analysis (Table 3). The model significance has been confined by the model F value. The probability of higher F value will be confirmed by value of model term less than 0.05 or in other words 95% confidence interval. It proves that the particular model terms are statistically significant for the developed model [20]. When the value of multiple coefficients of regression R2 becomes unity, the response models fit better with actual data. The deviation becomes very less between the actual values and predicted values. The actual and predicted plots for Qmax have been delineated in Figure 2 demonstrating the degree of proximity of the model terms. The errors are normally distributed as a maximum of the values are close to a straight line. The standard normal distributions of the experimental data are obtained in the residual plots which validate the mathematical models [17, 19, 22]. The typical residual plots of the wear rates of composites are represented in Figure 3. The normal distribution of the data points in all the typical residual plots; normal probability plot (Figure 3(a)), Residual vs. run (Figure 3(d)); distribution of the predicted vs. Residual data points (Figure 3(b)); and the defit vs. Run (Figure 3(c)) suggested that the residual and the predicted model for all the responses of the composites are observed to be distributed normally. The residuals are observed to be distributed near to the straight line revealing the normal distributions of the random errors. There were no unpredictable patterns observed on the residual plots as most of the run residues lie in between the range. The AP value was found to be 3. The comparison to the mean predicted error with the predicted value span at the design space can be represented by AP values arresting the adequate model discrination [18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. A larger values of AP (14.003) and coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.953) have been predicted by the model for Qmax. Consequently, the insignificant lack of fit obtained for the developed model presumed that the generated model was best suited for selected operational domain for Qmax. It is possible to eliminate the insignificant model terms from the developed quadratic model and only the significant model terms would have been consider for the response surface for Qmax. A significant lack of fit was obtained due to retention of the insignificant model term in the developed model for Qmax (Eq. (3)). The developed surface model can be used to navigate in the selected research domain by the adequate signal provided by the AP ratio. The developed response surface model shows the Maximum adsorption capacity as below,
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-value | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20334.01 | 14 | 1452.43 | 21.85 | < 0.0001 | Significant | |
A-Temperature | 341.82 | 1 | 341.82 | 5.14 | 0.0385 | |
B-TRBNF dose | 472.47 | 1 | 472.47 | 7.11 | 0.0176 | |
C-pH | 80.69 | 1 | 80.69 | 1.21 | 0.2879 | |
D-Rotational speed | 261.14 | 1 | 261.14 | 3.93 | 0.0661 | |
AB | 6.33 | 1 | 6.33 | 0.0952 | 0.7620 | |
AC | 77.70 | 1 | 77.70 | 1.17 | 0.2967 | |
AD | 20.21 | 1 | 20.21 | 0.3040 | 0.5895 | |
BC | 84.36 | 1 | 84.36 | 1.27 | 0.2776 | |
BD | 0.9702 | 1 | 0.9702 | 0.0146 | 0.9054 | |
CD | 59.68 | 1 | 59.68 | 0.8978 | 0.3584 | |
A2 | 168.79 | 1 | 168.79 | 2.54 | 0.1319 | |
B2 | 434.59 | 1 | 434.59 | 6.54 | 0.0219 | |
C2 | 1079.96 | 1 | 1079.96 | 16.25 | 0.0011 | |
D2 | 658.42 | 1 | 658.42 | 9.91 | 0.0066 | |
997.02 | 15 | 66.47 | ||||
Lack of Fit | 994.19 | 10 | 99.42 | 175.51 | < 0.0001 | Significant |
Pure Error | 2.83 | 5 | 0.5665 | |||
21331.03 | 29 |
The ANOVA results for Qmax.
Predicted vs. actual plot for Qmax.
Model summary statistics for Qmax, (a) Normal plots of Residuals; (b) Residuals Vs. Predicted; (c) Dffits Vs. Run; and (d) Residual Vs. Run.
Where, A, B, C and D are the coded factors(processing independent variables). The highest and the lowest levels of any particular coded factor are given as +1 and − 1 respectively.
Moreover, Figure 4(a)–(c) depicts the approximated response surface plot for Qmax concerning the process parameters of solution pH, TRBNF dose, Temperature and RPM.
Surfaceplots obtains for Qmax, (a) Temperature vs. pH; (b) Temperature vs. RPM; and (c) TRBNF dose Vs. RPM.
Table 4 shows the various goals and ranges of process variables viz. pH, Temperature, TRBNF dose and rotational speed (RPM) and the response characteristics viz. Qmax. The aim of using the RSM desirability was to obtain the optimum processing condition by maximizing the desirability as 1. The range of desirability would be in between 0 to 1. 0 desirability value is practically impossible to obtained as it purely reliant on how the real optimum value are differ from the upper and lower point [22].
Name | Goal | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Lower Weight | Upper Weight | Importance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A:Temperature | is in range | 293 | 313 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
B: pH. | is in range | 3 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
C:TRBNF dose | is in range | 10 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
D:RPM | is in range | 100 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Qmax | maximize | 31.56 | 32.11 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Limits of Input and output process parameters for DFA.
30 sets of the optimal solution are acquired for the specific design space constraints for Qmax using statistical Design Expert software11.0. The set of parametric conditions consisting of the maximum value of desirability is preferred as the optimal processing condition for the performance characteristics that are desired [22]. The Table 5 depicts the highest desirability obtained along with the optimum desirability. After identifying the optimal processing condition, the subsequent step would be analysis the variation of performance measure obtains using optimal processing condition. Experimental measures have been taken place so as to ensure the verification of the predicted optimal setting of the input variables (pH, Temperature, TRBNF dose and rotational speed (RPM)). The deviation observed within the results obtained from the predicted optimal parameter settings and the experimental validation have been delineated in Table 6. It was found that the deviation was very minimal.
Parameter | Goal | Optimum value |
---|---|---|
pH | in range | 7.5 |
Temperature, (0k) | in range | 303 |
TRBNF dose, (g/l) | in range | 15.1 |
Rotational speed, (RPM) | in range | 158.5 |
Predicted optimum levels of process variables.
Responses | Goal | Predicted value | Observed value | Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qmax(mg/g) | Maximize | 32.11 | 31.56 | 1.71 |
Predicted and observed values of responses of Qmax.
Figure 5(a) and (b) demonstrate the desirability ramp function and the bar graph respectively. The dot point on the ramp can be the measure of a particular variable within the specified experimental domain and the elevation would be responsible for how much desirable it is. The linear graph of ramp function obtained is demonstrating the weightage that how far the goal or target are from the high values and accordingly the weight factor is distributed as 1 [27].
Ramp function plot of Desirability (a); Bar graph of Desirability (b); 3D Surface plot of desirability (c) 2D view (d).
The overall desirability of the performance characteristics have been demonstrated by the bar graph of desirability. The value has been chosen in between 0 to 1 depends on the proximity of the output towards the target. The value of desirability close to 1 is considered as acceptable.
As it is single response, the maximum weightage have been given to it and similar weighage have been given to all the input processing variables and a 3D desirability plot were drawn. Figure 5C and D demonstrates the desirability function distribution for Q max during varying the input responses. It can be observed that the value of overall desirability is less at a higher pulse current and pulse on-time region. The region for optimal desirability was placed near the topmost area of the plot, which shows the overall desirability value ‘1’ that slowly decreased while moving to the right side and backwards. Hence, the elucidated desirability value of ‘1’ illustrates the proximity of the response towards the target [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
Understanding adsorption is the most important part of any study of adsorption. Due to this reason, it is important to understand two essential points, (1) The adsorbate structure and (2) To know the functional groups present in an adsorbent responsible for adsorption. In the present study for the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB), the presence of amino groups in the dye results to the formation of hydrogen bond in between the amino group and the hydroxyl groups in TRBNF. The silica content was observed to decrease and the crystallinity of cellulose fraction was increases due to the treatment of ripe betel nut fibre by Na2CO3 results in changed surface morphology of the betel nut fibre. The chances of chemical reaction to takes place between the hydroxyl exposed adsorbent and dye ions because of the changed surface morphology of the betel nut fibre and subsequently mechanical bonding takes place due to linkage of ions with the modified molecular structure of the absorbent.
As discussed in Section 5.6, during the first 60 minutes there was a very rapid rate of adsorption for all the cases, thereafter gradually slowed down and eventually, the equilibrium time reached 90 minutes revealing that the diffusion film has support the intra-particle diffusion. The maximum sorption was observed at pH value around 7.0. The primary adsorption mechanism were observed as below,
The ripe betel nut fibre surface was absorbed the MB dye from the entire solution.
The dye particles defused from aqueous solution to the adsorbent surface through the formation of boundary layer.
The formation of Hydrogen bond between amino groups and the exposed hydroxyl group present in ripe betel nut fibres would be responsible for the successful adsorption by the of betel nut fibre. Figure 6 delineated the general mass transfer phenomenon occurred in adsorption process.
General Mass transport step in adsorption.
In this study, ripe betel nut fibre treated with Na2CO3 was used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of Methylene Blue dye. For the design of the maximum adsorption capacity output, the usage of process parameters like pH, Temperature, TRBNF dose and RPM were successfully checked by using composite design face centred central response surface methodology by attending 30 experimental trials with repetition of three in each of the process parameters at three different levels. Results have shown that for optimum adsorption capacity, minimum to moderate temperature, moderate to high TRBNF dose and moderate RPM will be critical. The models are adequate which is proven by the obtained predicted value of R2 for Qmax as 0.958. The result of Qmax was influenced by the two factors TRBNF dose and RPM. At moderate RPM and with an increase in TRBNF dose, the rate of adsorption increased. In this paper, the influence of all the process parameters is discussed. The combination of optimum parameter setting for Qmax obtained are pH 7.5, Temperature, 303 K, TRBNF dose 15 gm/L and Rotational speed 158 RPM for maximizing the Qmax. The agreeable error percentage of 1.71 between the predicted and observed values for Qmax confirm the precision of the methodology.
Acute cholecystitis (AC) is one of challenging clinical condition due to acute inflammation of the gall bladder, where it can lead to severe and life-threatening condition. Gallstone disease is still the primary cause for AC, where it is estimated around 10–15% prevalence. Cholecystectomy is considered as the main choice of management in AC. However, there are many factors which involved in the management decision in clinical practice, such as early and late diagnosis of AC condition, whether it is mild, moderate, or severe, stone’s location associated with the severity of inflammation and pain, bile duct inflammation (cholangitis), acute biliary pancreatitis, patient’s comorbidity, and sepsis condition [1, 2]. Early diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is very important; however, it is not always possible as sometimes there is an incorrect time recognition by the patient or the family, the doctor’s experience with the patient’s symptoms, the quality of simple diagnostic tool (trans-abdominal ultrasound), and the ultrasound image’s expertise [3, 4].
Three modalities have been used in common clinical practice in diagnosing AC, which are transabdominal ultrasound (US), abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) [5]. Transabdominal US is considered as the easiest and fastest diagnostic tool to be performed bedside with very high sensitivity for gallbladder (GB) stone (cholelithiasis) detection, where gallstones can be identified more than 90% in AC. With this examination, it is very easy also to diagnose AC, confirmed by the abdominal-ultrasound pressure pain and thickening (“double layer”) of the GB wall. However, this procedure has several limitations, such as obese patients, tiny stones detection, cystic duct evaluation, and it is still an operator dependent. In some specific conditions, such as liver cirrhosis patients, renal or heart failure patients, thickening of the GB wall can also be mistaken with AC condition [6, 7]. Abdominal CT scan has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting AC. This procedure also can be performed within a short time [8]. However, there are some issues related to this examination, such as radiation exposure, contrast-agent, and unidentified gallstone. A retrospective abdominal CT scan study by Bennet et al. (2001) showed that even though there were 91.7% sensitivity, 99.1% specificity, and 94.3% accuracy in diagnosis AC, however, it showed only 29.3% sensitivity, 96.0% specificity, and 64.1% diagnostic accuracy in EC [9]. In diagnosing acute gangrenous cholecystitis, abdominal CT and transabdominal US have low sensitivity. Another imaging, abdominal MRI is considered as a high-level imaging with high sensitivity for biliary system disorders. In AC, not only the increased of signal intensity and thickening of the GB wall signs need to be identified, but also other important factors, such as another possible cause associated with the thickened GB wall, impacted stone at the GB neck or cystic duct, and the GB abnormalities. These parameters’ assessment is important assessment before surgery [10, 11]. A prospective study by Hakansson et al. (2000) on diagnostic value comparison between MRI and transabdominal US in patients with suspected of AC revealed that higher sensitivity was found in MRI for diagnosing AC. The MRI sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 89%, whereas it was only 65% and 89% for transabdominal US examination. In MRI based examination, it is easier to detect possible of impacted stone at the cystic duct [12]. Another retrospective study by Fayad et al. (2003) showed that functional method of MRCP increased the diagnostic yield of AC when combined with conventional MRCP method, where the positive predictive value was 100% [13]. In addition, a recent study by Orf et al. (2020) revealed that MRCP could differentiate AC patients with normal CBD caliber, dilated CBD, the cause, and associated anomalies [14]. However, several conditions, such as uncooperative patients, elderly patients, and claustrophobia patients are becoming the major concern.
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is considered to have more advantage in diagnostic view as the probe can be attached to the gastric or duodenal wall providing the closer biliary system images (Figure 1) [15]. Etienne et al. reported an emphysematous gallbladder which was successfully diagnosed through EUS procedure, where previous MRCP and contrast CT scan failed to get the diagnosis of AC [16]. It is already known that emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) is AC variant, where it is referring to acute gangrenous cholecystitis which can results in a fatal patient’s outcome. The major drawback is that in most of moderate to severe AC cases with abdominal pain, the commonest diagnostic imaging to be performed is abdominal CT scan [17]. Whereas through MRI examination could have a comprehensive evaluation, including anomaly in biliary system anatomy and the obstructive and non-obstructive common bile duct stones, especially in patients who have experienced acute biliary pancreatitis, however, the cost and long procedure-time issue is still not placing abdominal MRI as the primary modality of choice in acute and severe conditions [18]. EUS has been well-known as an important diagnostic tool for GB abnormalities, stone detection, and especially to confirm the diagnosis of GB carcinoma. A technical review of EUS in GB assessment by Tanaka et al. (2021), it showed how using EUS can get better visualization for complete assessment of gallbladder until the cystic duct by ultrasound probe placement at the gastric anthral area and duodenal bulb [19]. Even though there is no specific paper on how to apply EUS in AC diagnosis, however, the close range of ultrasound probe, the possibility to have complete biliary system evaluation, and the pancreato-biliary connection would give a big advantage in the treatment decision as well as one-stop as well as one-step procedure (diagnostic-therapeutic) in most acute cholecystitis cases with regards to the possibility of surgical approach.
EUS image showed acute cholecystitis condition. Endoscopy unit Medistra Hospital, Jakarta.
Medical treatment, such as analgesic as well as antibacterial agents, as well as elective or emergency cholecystectomy are still the main recommendation in daily clinical practice with regards to the severity of AC condition. Laparoscopy recently has become the cornerstone in abdominal surgery because of shorter hospital stay, faster wound healing and less pain at surgical incision site. In the severe case, especially two major factors are identified, such as older age (elderly patients) and comorbidity (cardio-pulmonary problems, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, advance liver and kidney diseases, and critically ill condition), surgical approach might not be performed in the real clinical practice. On the other hand, percutaneous approach (percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage/PTGBD) has become an alternative in such of situations. It is a very easy procedure and can be performed bedside, however, uncooperative patients, altered mental status, risk of infection and catheter dislodgement have raised major concerns [20]. Another method can be performed by ERCP technique by placing nasobiliary tube (NBT) or double pigtail plastic stent into the GB through cystic duct cannulation. Major limitations are normal common bile duct (CBD) cannulation and guide wire insertion to the cystic duct which sometimes is not easy to be performed, especially when there is an obstructed cystic duct [21].
EUS has been used widely for managing biliary disorders, such as EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS BD) for malignant bile duct obstruction as well as a guide for impacted bile duct stone clearance [22]. In technical review by Rana (2021), the echoendoscope position at duodenal area as the same position where EUS BD is performed, is considered as the best location as it is the nearest location to the GB and cystic duct area. Step by step approach is needed to get the successful result even though sometimes it is not always possible. Stabilizing the scope position is the main key for minimize the complications risk. The next step approach is like EUS BD procedure, puncturing the GB with 19-G FNA needle, bile fluid aspiration, guide wire insertion, then followed by fistula track creation using cautery or non-cautery methods. The most crucial step is the stent delivery and deployed (Figures 2 and 3) [23]. A randomized controlled trial between EUS GBD and PTGBD by Jang et al. (2012) showed that both methods have similar technical success rate (97% vs. 97%), and there was not statistically significant in term of complications (p = .492) [24]. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Khan et al. (2016) on efficacy and safety of EUS GBD in AC, showing the technical and clinical success rate for transpapillary route was 83% and 93%, whereas transmural route (EUS GBD) technical and clinical success rate were 93% and 97%. The comparison difference was 10% (p < .001) and 4% (p = .01). In Endoscopic versus percutaneous methods, recurrent cholecystitis was found more in percutaneous approach than in endoscopic approach [25]. Another study by Tyberg et al. (2016) also shown similar technical success rate between EUS GBD and PTGBD methods [26]. An international multicenter study on EUS GBD in patients who were at high risk for cholecystectomy, showed that the technical and clinical success rate were 95.3%and 90.8%. However, the unplanned events related to the procedure was found higher in non-AC cases than in AC cases with regards to the operator’s procedure experience volume [27]. Another retrospective study showed that EUS GBD and percutaneous approach were similarly effective in achieving gallbladder drainage [28]. Recently, there has been a propensity score analysis retrospective study by Teoh et al. (2020) looking at the comparison between EUS GBD and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for AC, where the result showed the technical success rate was 100% vs. 100%, whereas clinical success rate was 93.3% vs. 100%. After the propensity score matching was done on several factors which might be different from the inclusions’ criteria, and there was evidence that two patients died in the EUS GBD group due to aspiration pneumonia and uncontrolled sepsis, however, these events not related to the procedures itself and not statistically significant when compared to the LC group. This study suggested that EUS GBD can be the first approach for patients who are not willing to undergo the surgical approach as well as an alternative in patients who are not fit for surgery. There is no significant difference in the patients’ outcome based on 30-day adverse events, recurrent biliary infections, or the need for reintervention [29]. However, there are some major issues which still need to be counted in real clinical practice before it would be recommended in the real clinical practice guideline, such as the cost, operator’s experience, multi-disciplinary team approach availability, risk, and complications [30].
Fluoroscopy image showed the lumen apposing metallic stent deployment inside the gallbladder. Endoscopy unit Medistra Hospital, Jakarta.
Endoscopy image of gallbladder drainage with LAMS through the duodenal site. Endoscopy unit, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta.
EUS has a big role in AC condition, where it can be an alternative to patients who are not suitable for surgery. However, a larger study is needed to confirm the previous findings and the patient’s long-term outcome. Comprehensive clinical assessment is still the most important thing to do before deciding which is the best method to be performed.
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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production"},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",keywords:"Sustainable, Society, Economy, Digitalization, KPIs, Decision Making, Business, Digital Footprint"},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",scope:"