\r\n\tb. The growth of digital environments which can educate and empower as well as exploit and destroy (mobile learning, STEM education, tablets, etc.). \r\n\tc. Social, racial, class, and gender-based discriminations that restrict the developmental potential and the prosperity perspectives \r\n\td. Health hazards and illnesses such as the laters COVID-19 pandemic. \r\n\te. Armed conflicts with casualties and displacements of populations seeking refuge \r\n\tf. Lack of physical spaces that will support and nourish development and learning, etc.
\r\n
\r\n\tEducation in the post-modern era strives to address the above issues and develop policies, curricula, methodologies, and strategies to contribute to an environmentally and socially sustainable future. It embraces multiple perspectives and worldviews and seeks to touch on inequalities and discriminations in favor of equity. In this direction, children’s s agency lies at the heart of democratic approaches. Educational processes adopt forms of interactions that actualize learning as “becoming” and place it in a continuum between past, present, and future. This book intends to feature innovative approaches that employ transformative elements (targets, methods, materials, ideas, etc.) and embrace the concept of child development as “becoming” in an ever-changing and challenging world.
\r\n
\r\n\tWe invite authors to contribute original research or research review papers that present innovative approaches addressing personal and social transformation. All aspects of early childhood education will be considered, including research methodology for the early years.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-949-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-948-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-950-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"351c41dca5c8c997f15e758f2e035178",bookSignature:"Dr. Maria Ampartzaki and Associate Prof. Michail Kalogiannakis",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11281.jpg",keywords:"Early Childhood Education, Preschool, STEAM, Environmental Sustainability, Social Sciences, Social Sustainability, ICT, Digital Devices, Education for Equity, Gender Issues, Post-modern Epistemology, Social Constructivism",numberOfDownloads:30,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 16th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 2nd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool\r\nEducation, University of Crete in Greece. He graduated from the Physics Department\r\nof the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University\r\nParis-7 and University Paris-5 and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5.\r\nHis research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching\r\nand learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, and games simulations.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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1. Introduction
Bamboo belongs to the subfamily Bambusoideae and may be grown in any temperate climate zones in Asia, Africa, and Latin America [1]. The total area of bamboo forests is 22.0 × 10 ha, which account for about 1% of the total global forest area [2]. Over the last 3 decades, bamboo has evolved from being a raw material for basic goods into a material base of an increasingly diversified array of products; recently, bamboo has been recognized as a potentially important source of cultural and environmental services [3]. Bamboo species, particularly the large clump bamboo, have enormous potential as an energy source. The bamboo industry plays an important role in economy and society development in China and other countries worldwide [4]. With the expansion of bamboo forests, their importance in people’s lives has also increased. Hence, scholars have focused on developing bamboo forest production, increasing the bamboo forest yield, and establishing methods for rational use of bamboo resources in global forestry production.
China has the most abundant bamboo resources worldwide and the richest bamboo culture. Bamboo greatly influences not only the Chinese history and culture but also people’s daily life. Although the total forest area in many countries has decreased drastically, the area of bamboo forests has consistently increased at a rate of 3% annually [5].
In recent years, significant advances have been achieved in bamboo cultivation and development, carbon fixation and storage, and ecological and environmental functions in China. This chapter reviews the traditional utilization methods of bamboo resources in China.
2. Basic situation of bamboo resources in China
Bamboo is a rapidly developing, renewable, widely distributed, low-cost, environment-improvement resource. It has the potential to improve poverty alleviation and environment conservation [6]. Bamboos are plants belonging to the subfamily Bambusoideae. According to the data collected, there are 116 genera and 1439 species worldwide [7], of which 62% are native to Asia [8]. China has the most abundant and diverse bamboo species. In China, a total of 861 species and infraspecific taxa in 43 genera have been reported, including 707 species, 52 varieties, 98 forma, and 4 hybrids. Bamboo is naturally distributed in 21 provinces (municipalities or Autonomous Regions) [9]. These taxa include 10 genera and 48 species of endemic bamboo [10]. According to the Eighth National Forest Inventory from 2009 to 2013, statistics shows that the national bamboo forest area covers 6.01 million ha, including 4.43 million ha of Moso bamboo and 1.58 million ha of other bamboo species.
The bamboo forests in China are mainly distributed in 18 provinces. The major provinces with more than 300,000 ha of bamboo forest are Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui, and the eight provinces (autonomous regions), accounting for 89.10% of the total bamboo forest area. From 1980 to 2013, the bamboo forest area in each province increased annually (Table 1).
Provinces
1980
1995
2005
2013
Provinces
1980
1995
2005
2013
Fujian
56.71
64.08
91.07
106.75
Guangxi
8.60
13.80
16.32
34.09
Jiangxi
58.20
70.93
93.47
99.89
Guizhou
2.40
3.87
4.43
15.69
Hunan
53.30
68.35
88.80
77.83
Jiangsu
1.80
2.23
2.87
3.37
Zhejiang
45.20
62.45
72.60
83.34
Sichuan
1.60
1.90
2.60
54.90
Anhui
15.30
20.34
24.53
33.72
Taiwan
0.50
0.63
0.80
—
Guangdong
11.27
31.80
17.80
44.62
Yunnan
0.30
—
0.48
11.04
Hubei
8.60
8.60
13.80
14.40
Henan
0.29
0.47
1.67
2.74
Table 1.
Statistics of increase in bamboo resources in major provinces and autonomous regions in China (unit: 10,000 ha).
It is worth noting that the area of bamboo forest resource distribution in Yunnan is not large in China, but Yunnan is considered as one of the original bamboo centers not only in Asia but also worldwide. In Yunnan, 28 genera and at least 250 bamboo species have been found, half of which are of ancient origin [11]. Yunnan has 26 minority nationalities, and people of all nationalities widely use bamboo in clothing, food, shelter, transportation, and in all its aspects in the long-term practice. Bamboo has a profound and unique influence on life and China has a unique special ethnic bamboo culture.
3. Utilization types of bamboo resources in China
Bamboo plays an important role in the development of Chinese historical culture. Through the ages, bamboo has been gaining an increasing attention from Chinese people. As one of the fastest growing plants, bamboo has become one of the most important forest resources and has a high commercial value and ecological function. Bamboo is indispensable in the manufacturing industry and daily life of Chinese people.
China is a developing country that has a large number of population dependent on agriculture. Many of their production equipment and supplies are made of bamboo, especially in the southern rural areas.
Since ancient times, bamboo has been widely used in the daily life of people in rural China. Therefore, most of the bamboos produced in China are used in rural and agricultural production. Bamboo resources in China were traditionally utilized by local farmers as minor forest products with weak linkage in the market. In recent years, with the fast pace of modernization, bamboo plants have replaced wood because of their advantages, such as fast growth, high yield, short rotation, and easy management. The bamboo processing industry has gathered momentum and entered a new stage. By the end of the twentieth century, dozens of countries established bamboo-based paper milling, with annual output of more than 1 million tons of bamboo paper and bamboo pulp production capacity of 4 million tons. Fine processing of bamboo has also gained increasing attention to produce a new type of artificial bamboo board with features similar to those of wood. Research and production of bamboo products have reached the practical level and production scale. The wood-based panel industry has been in the forefront in terms of variety and scale worldwide. Furthermore, the quality and process of mechanical production of bamboo have continuously improved.
Table 2 shows the methods for utilizing bamboos. The main application of bamboo in China is divided into two parts: economic use and ecological utilization. Economic utilization can be roughly divided into timber bamboo, shoots bamboo, skin bamboo, and art and crafts bamboo. Ecological value can be divided into water conservation forest and ecological forest tourism.
Value
Utilization
Specific purpose
Bamboo species
Economic
Timber
Bamboo flooring Pulp and paper Construction material Bamboo chopsticks
Neosinocalamus affinis Bambusa textilis B. chungii
Arts and crafts
Musical instruments Bonsai Root carving
Qiongzhuea tumidissinoda Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Pseudosasa amabilis Ph. nigra
Ecological
Water conservation
Water conservation forest
Ph. edulis D. giganteus
Ecotourism
Scenic spot
Ph. aurea B. ventricosa Thyrsostachys siamensis
Table 2.
Utilization of bamboo in China.
In terms of timber bamboo by roughing to finishing gradually, mainly using rough machining in building, not only can be used as scaffold material, scaffold and all simple bamboo house beam, column, wall, and bamboo ladder; deep processing of bamboo integrated from 80s, it began to gradually shift plywood, bamboo lattice plywood, bamboo particleboard, bamboo flooring and other, this is a new way for the utilization of bamboo.
The representative bamboo species of timber bamboo is Phyllostachys edulis. This species is generally known as Maozhu and is called Moso in the West. P. edulis is a major economic species grown in subtropical regions, which constitutes the largest artificial bamboo formation and has been thoroughly exploited and studied [12]. The topography varies from mountainsides, rolling hills, and plains. This species is largely spread because of human cultivation. P. edulis covers a total area of 240 × 104 ha throughout China. Large forest areas are found in plains and mountain sides, approximately from 800 m above sea level to 1200 m in vertical distribution in some southward places(as shown in Figure 1a).
Figure 1.
The importance of bamboo species. (a) Phyllostachys edulis—bamboo forests—this Moso bamboo constitutes the largest artificial bamboo formation and has been thoroughly exploited and studied; (b) Dendrocalamus sinicus bamboo—it is the largest bamboo in the world, and it can be used to build houses; (c) bamboo sheath of D. sinicus—this sheath can be used to make hat and sole of shoe; (d) Neosinocalamus affinis—it is a very good weaving material; (e) culm bud of N. affinis—looks like Chinese word “山”; (f) Fargesia fungosa—Fargesia is an ecological and ornamental scenery species, and also is the main food source of panda. It also plays an important ecological role in soil and water conservation; (g) Qiongzhuea tumidissinoda—this bamboo has a high ornamental value and process value, and can be used to make cane. This species is distinguished for use in both art and crafts and for edible shoot production. Moreover, C. tumidissinoda is sold to other countries in South Asia since the Han and Tang dynasties and is listed in the first group of specially protected plants in China.
Another famous timber bamboo is Dendrocalamus sinicus. This species, also called “huge dragon bamboo” by Chinese locals, exhibits a unique feature of large thermal axis sympodial bamboo and is only located in the Southern and Southwestern Yunnan. D. sinicus can grow 30 m tall and 35 cm in diameter and is the world’s biggest bamboo with great development value and utilization. The “huge dragon bamboo” provides excellent ecological protection and soil and water conservation because of its developed rhizome root system that reaches 5∼10 m (as shown in Figure 1b and c).
Bamboo shoots are used as traditional food by the Chinese people. The shoots can be used to make up for the nutrient deficiencies in the diet because of their nutritional and therapeutic values [13]. There are about more than 50 species of bamboo shoots used in China. Among them, the cultivation area is large, the number of shoots is high, and the bamboo shoots which are of good quality are available such as P. edulis, P. dulcis, D. latiflorus, D. hamiltonii, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, and so on [14].
Bamboo can do some kind of woven material because of the long bamboo fiber and good tenacious, thus all kinds of bamboo can used for weaving. People use bamboo to weave basket, table, and chairs. Neosinocalamus affinis is the most widely cultivated bamboo, which is used to weave. Other bamboo varieties such as Ph. nigra. var. henonis, Bambusa textilis, B. chungii, and so on are also good weaving materials.
4. The traditional utilization
Bamboo has a tensile strength of 28,000 per square inch, which is higher than that (23,000 per square inch) of steel and is thus an essential material for structures that can withstand earthquake. Bamboo is also used to construct buildings. In remote southern mountains of China, some ethnic minorities live in bamboo houses. Bamboos are used as roofs and walls of houses, fences, domestic, and agricultural implements, such as water containers, food, and drink container hats, arrows, quiver, etc. The Chinese people eat bamboo shoots, which are a good source of dietary fiber and have low fat content and calories. Fresh, dried, canned, and flavored shoots are consumed as delicacies. In fact, bamboo shoot as food was used traditionally by tribal communities worldwide. To enhance the application of bamboo shoots, scholars have investigated them as food in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and other Asian countries and have developed several commercially available products in the market [15]. Figure 2 shows some of the products made of bamboo.
Figure 2.
Uses of bamboo: (a) Bamboo wine—bamboo wine is an original ecological food with zero contamination and is produced by injecting the finest sorghum wine into a young bamboo pole. After 3 years of brewing, the natural essence of wine is produced; (b) bamboo straw hat is made of woven bamboo leaves and wicker. The hat is sturdy and beautifully designed; (c) back basket—this backpack is a clothing worn by Huayao Dai minority endemic to Yunnan. This basket is worn at the back, can be decorated, and can hold small things. It has a role in beautification; (d) bamboo flute—the flute is a popular musical instrument in Chinese classical music and is made of natural bamboo; (e) bamboo pendant—Chinese words or pictures are engraved in these pendants for good luck; (f) bamboo shoot—bamboo shoot is used in Chinese traditional dishes and has a long history of eating and cultivation; and (g) bamboo charcoal—bamboo charcoal is widely used as fuel because it cannot be easily burned. Bamboo charcoal is also widely used in food, cooking, baking, storage, and preservation.
5. Availability and potential use of bamboo resources
Bamboos are multipurpose plants of high economic and environmental value. Bamboo is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that has considerable potential as a wood substitute because of its high growth rate, good mechanical properties, and broad range of applications, especially in industrial fields. Bamboo has become a high-tech industrial raw material and substitute for wood.
According to data collected in this chapter, China contains the most abundant and diverse bamboo forest worldwide. A total of 861 species and infraspecific taxa belonging to 43 genera have been reported and include 707 species, 52 varieties, 98 forma, and 4 hybrids, which are naturally distributed in 21 provinces in China. The national bamboo forest area is 6.01 million ha, which include 4.43 million ha of Moso bamboo and 1.58 million ha of other bamboo species. The bamboo forest is mainly distributed in 18 provinces and mostly comprises Moso bamboo.
Although Yunnan has only 110.4 thousand ha of bamboo forest, it has the most diverse bamboo species (220 species), with many rare and endangered bamboo species. This province is one of the world’s center of bamboo distribution. Bamboo forests can be divided into three types, namely cool temperate bamboo forests, warm and temperate bamboo forests, and hot bamboo forests. Different types of bamboos have various uses, commercial values, and ecological functions. Bamboo plays an immense role in the development of Chinese historical culture and the formation of Chinese ideology.
China has made a breakthrough in the development and scientific cultivation of bamboo. At present, China ranks first in bamboo research worldwide, because of its numerous bamboo research units and strong technical force. A bamboo research institute has been established in China Academy of Forestry Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Nanjing Forestry University, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, and other forestry research institutions. In this chapter, we introduced the “International Bamboo and Rattan Center.” The main duties and tasks of this center are as follows: to set up a national key laboratory for biological technology and material processing and utilization; to conserve bamboo and rattan; to build a world bamboo gene library; and to conduct international technology cooperation on bamboo resource protection, cultivation, material research, and development. In addition, many of the key bamboo timber-producing provinces and counties and large bamboo handicraft factories have set up a group of full-time staff engaged in bamboo science and technology work. Bamboo research covers a wide range of topics including the classification of germplasm resources, the application of bamboo, and the improvement in the aspects of high-yield cultivation, processing, and utilization [16].
Scholars must focus on discovering plants/crops that can be used as a new energy resource, particularly renewable energy. Energy development and utilization have become inevitable for sustainable development of economy and society. At present, China has limited energy supply, which is much lower than the world average supply of only 19.4% [17]. Bamboo is a renewable resource with many uses and may be considered as a lignocellulose substrate for bioethanol production because of its environmental benefits and high annual biomass yield [18]. Biological bamboo resources are mainly used in two ways. First, bamboos are used as raw materials in bioethanol production. Second, bamboos are used as raw materials for power generation [17]. The use of bamboos as new raw materials for energy supply in the bioenergy industry has opened up novel strategies and growth points for the development of the bamboo industry. Using bamboos to provide bioenergy is an important area to be explored in the future. This phenomenon requires careful and strategic planning based on adequate knowledge on the availability and potential use of bamboo resources for society and environment and on their production and growth behavior [19].
6. Conclusion
China has the most abundant bamboo resources worldwide and the richest bamboo culture. Bamboo greatly influences not only the Chinese history and culture but also every aspect of people’s production and life, in clouding clothes, foodstuff, lodging, transport, and tools. In the future, the bamboo industry will be one of the pillar industries of the southern mountainous area’s economic development; in addition, more than 80% of the bamboo forests in China are located at the source of river system, playing an important ecological function of soil and water conservation. Therefore, how to rationally protect and utilize the abundant bamboo resources in China will be a major problem to be solved in the future.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the 13th Five-Year Science and Technology Support Issues (2016YFD0600902, 2016YFD0600903), the National Scientific Foundation (31660173), the Key Project of Yunnan Provincial Education Department (515006009), and the Southwest Forestry University Talents Project 2012BAD23B04).
\n',keywords:"China, bamboo resources, utilization, Moso bamboo",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/61106.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/61106.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61106",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61106",totalDownloads:1596,totalViews:271,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:5,impactScorePercentile:94,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 27th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 14th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"May 30th 2018",dateFinished:"April 28th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"China has made a breakthrough in the development and scientific cultivation of bamboo. At present, China ranks first in bamboo research worldwide, because of numerous research units and strong technical force. This chapter focuses on the utilization of bamboo resources such as food, roofs and walls of houses, fences, and domestic and agricultural implements such as water containers, food and drink container hats, arrows, quiver, etc. A total of 861 species and infraspecific taxa belonging to 43 genera have been reported and include 707 species, 52 varieties, 98 forma, and 4 hybrids, which are naturally distributed in 21 provinces. The national bamboo forest covers 6.01 million ha, including 4.43 million ha of Moso bamboo and 1.58 million ha of other bamboo species. As the country develops and new economic activities emerge, bamboo production has shifted from harsh processing, such as bamboo basket, to finished machining, such as bamboo flooring. The bamboo industry has attracted new opportunities as a new energy source, particularly renewable energy, and may be considered a lignocellulose substrate for bioethanol production because of its environmental benefits and high annual biomass yield.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/61106",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/61106",book:{id:"5812",slug:"bamboo-current-and-future-prospects"},signatures:"Weiyi Liu, Chaomao Hui, Fang Wang, Meng Wang and Guanglu Liu",authors:[{id:"218573",title:"Dr.",name:"Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Weiyi",fullName:"Liu Weiyi",slug:"liu-weiyi",email:"458574272@qq.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Southwest Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"218577",title:"Prof.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Chaomao",fullName:"Hui Chaomao",slug:"hui-chaomao",email:"ynbamboo@163.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"221875",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Fang Wang",slug:"fang-wang",email:"35445230@qq.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Basic situation of bamboo resources in China",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Utilization types of bamboo resources in China",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. The traditional utilization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Availability and potential use of bamboo resources",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mitch D, Harries KA, Sharma B. Characterization of splitting behavior of bamboo culms. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2010;22(11):1195-1199. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000120'},{id:"B2",body:'Zhou G, Meng C, Jiang P, Xu Q. Review of carbon fixation in bamboo forests in China. Botanical Review. 2011;77(3):262-270. DOI: 10.1007/s12229-011-9082-z'},{id:"B3",body:'Pérez MR, Rodriguez LG, Yang X, Xie J, Fu M. From basic raw material goods to cultural and environmental services: The Chinese bamboo sophistication path. Ecology and Society. 2014;19(4):10. DOI: 10.5751/ES-06701-190403'},{id:"B4",body:'Fu JH. Chinese Moso bamboo: Its importance. Bamboo. The Magazine of The American Bamboo Society. 2000;22(5):5-7'},{id:"B5",body:'Guo QR, Yang GY, Du TZ, Shi JM. Carbon character of Chinese bamboo forest. World Bamboo & Rattan. 2005;3(3):25-28'},{id:"B6",body:'Chen HX. Promotion of bamboo for poverty alleviation and economic development. World Bamboo & Rattan. 2004;2(3):345-350'},{id:"B7",body:'Group BP. An updated tribal and subtribal classification of the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Bamboo Science & Culture. 2012;24(1):1-10'},{id:"B8",body:'Liese W. Bamboo—The gift of the gods. Journal of Bamboo & Rattan. 2003;2(3):297-298'},{id:"B9",body:'Yi TP. Yushania. In: Delectis Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Agendae Academiae Sinicae Edita. Beijing: Science Press; 1996. pp. 481-560'},{id:"B10",body:'Qiu E, Hong W, Zheng Y. Review on diversity and utilization of bamboo in China. 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World Agriculture. 1998;6:46-47'},{id:"B17",body:'He MX, Wang JL, Han Q, Shui ZX, Zhu QL, Bo W, et al. Bamboo: A new source of carbohydrate for biorefinery. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014;111(20):645-654. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.025'},{id:"B18",body:'Yao WL, Xin T. Analysis of energy situation and development countermeasures in Ch. Energy research and Information. 2006;22(4):187-193'},{id:"B19",body:'Wu ZZ, Xia EL, Wang SD, Zhong ZK. Development and utilization of bamboo bio-energy and its prospects in China. World Forestry Research. 2013;26(2):60-64. DOI: 10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2013.02.006'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Weiyi Liu",address:"weiyiliu651@126.com",affiliation:'
Forestry College, Southwest Forestry University, China
International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan, China
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1. Introduction
During an event of earthquake stability of dams is of paramount importance as their failure can cause immense property and environmental damages. When dam-reservoir-foundation system is subjected to the dynamic loading it causes a coupled phenomenon; ground motion and deformations in the dam generate hydrodynamic pressure in the reservoir, which, in turn, can intensify the dynamic response of the dam. Moreover, spatial-temporal variation of stresses in the dam-body depends on the dynamic interactions between the dam, reservoir, and foundation. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use numerical techniques for the safety assessment of a given dam-design against a particular ground motion.
Dynamic finite element method is the most extended approach for computing the seismic response of the dam-reservoir system to the earthquake loading [1]. In this approach finite elements are used for discretization of space domain, and basis functions are locally supported on the spatial domain of these elements and remain independent of time. Furthermore, nodal values of primary unknowns depend only on time. Accordingly, this arrangement yields a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in time which is then solved by employing time-marching schemes based on the finite difference method (FDM), such as Newmark-β method, HHT-α method, Houbolt method, and Wilson-θ method.
In dynamic finite element method (FEM), it is desirable to adopt large time-steps to decrease the computation time while solving a transient problem. Therefore, it is imperative that the time-marching scheme remains unconditionally stable and higher order accurate [1]. In addition, it should filter out the high frequency components from the response of structure. To achieve these goals, Hughes and Hulbert presented space-time finite element method (ST/FEM) for solving the elastodynamics problem [2]. In this method, displacements u and velocities v are continuous in space-domain, however, discontinuous in time-domain. Li and Wiberg incorporated the time-discontinuity jump of displacements and velocities in the total energy norm to formulate an adaptive time-stepping ST/FEM [3]. ST/FEM, so far, has been successfully employed for solving linear and nonlinear structural dynamics problems [4, 5], moving-mass problems [6], and dynamical analysis of porous media [7], among other problems.
However, for elastodynamics problem, ST/FEM, yields a larger system of linear equations due to due to the time-discontinuous interpolation of displacement and velocity fields. Several efforts have been made in the past to overcome this issue; both explicit [8] and implicit [9] predictor-multi-corrector iteration schemes have been proposed to solve linear and nonlinear dynamics problems. Recently, to reduce the number of unknowns in ST/FEM, a different approach is taken in which only velocity is included in primary unknowns while displacement and stresses are computed from the velocity in a post-processing step [4, 10]. To this end, the objective of the present chapter is to introduce this method (henceforth, ST/FEM) in a pedagogical manner. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the fundamentals of time-discontinuous Galerkin method. Section 4 describes the dam-reservoir-soil interaction problem, and Section 5 discusses the application of ST/FEM for this problem. Lastly, Section 6 demonstrates the numerical performance of proposed method and in the last section concluding remarks are included.
2. Time-discontinuous Galerkin method (tDGM) for second order ODE
Consider a mass-spring-dashpot system as depicted in Figure 1. The governing equation of motion is described by the following second order initial value problem in time.
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of the mass-spring-dashpot system.
d2udt2+2ζωndudt+ωn2u=ft∀t∈0Tu0=u0du0dt=v0E1
where u≔ut is the unknown displacement, ft is the external force acting on the system. Further, u0 and v0 are the prescribed initial values of the displacement and velocity, respectively. Damping ratio ζ and the natural frequency of vibration ωn of the system are related to the mass m, stiffness of the spring k, and damping coefficient c by:
ωn=k/m,ζ=c2mωn=c2mkE2
In what follows, this second order ODE will be utilized to discuss the fundamental concepts behind time-discontinuous Galerkin methods (henceforth, tDGM).
2.1 Two-field tDGM
In two-field tDGM (henceforth, uv-tDGM), both displacement (u) and velocity (v) are treated as independent primary variables and interpolated by using the piecewise polynomials. Both u and v are discontinuous at end-points (i.e., tn and tn+1) of time-slab In=tntn+1. However, u and v remain continuous inside In, and approximated by piecewise polynomials (refer, Figure 2). Therefore, discontinuity occurs at discrete times belonging to a set t0t1⋯tN. The jump discontinuity in time for u is denotes by
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of time discontinuous approximation: (a) piecewise linear interpolation, and (b) piecewise quadratic interpolation.
un=un+−un−E3
where
un+=limε→0ut+ε,un−=limε→0ut−εE4
are the discontinuous values of u at time t=tn. By recasting Eq. (1) into a system of two first-order ODEs one can obtain,
dvdt+2ζωnv+ωn2u=ft∀t∈0TE5
dudt−v=0∀t∈0TE6
u0=u0,v0=v0E7
The weak-form of the uv-tDGM can be stated as: find uh∈ℑlh and vh∈ℑlh, such that for all δuh∈ℑlh and δvh∈ℑlh, and for all n=0,⋯,N−1Eq. (8) holds.
where ℑlh denotes the collection of polynomial with order less than or equal to l. It is worth noting that the presence uhn and vhn correspond to the weakly enforced initial condition for the u and v, respectively. Further, since the selection of δuh and δvh is arbitrary one can depict Eq. (8) as,
∫Inδvhdvhdt+2ζωnvh+ωn2uh−ftdt+δvhtnvhn=0E9
∫Inδuhduhdt−vhdt+δuhtnuhn=0E10
Eq. (10) denotes that, in uv-tDGM, displacement-velocity compatibility relationship is satisfied in weak form.
2.2 Single field tDGM
To decrease the number of unknowns in comparison to those involved in uv-tDGM, displacement-velocity compatibility condition (cf. Eq. 6) can be explicitly satisfied and velocity can be selected as primary unknown. Henceforth, this strategy will be termed as v-tDGM. In v-tDGM, v is continuous in In, but discontinuity occurs at the end-points tn,tn+1. Further, u is computed in a post-processing step by integration of v, therefore, u remains continuous in time 0T.
The weak form of the v-tDGM reads: Find vh∈ℑlh such that for all δvh∈ℑlh, and for all n=0,⋯,N−1Eq. (11) holds.
∫Inδvhdvhdt+2ζωnvh+ωn2uh−ftdt+δvhtnvhn=0E11
Note that Eqs. (9) and (11) are identical, however, in former, uh is an independent variable and, in later, it is a dependent variable which will be computed by using following expression.
uht=utn+∫tntvhτdτE12
Let us now focus on the discretization of weak-form (cf. Eq. (11)) by using the locally defined piecewise linear test and trial functions,
vh=T1vn++T2vn+1−δvh=T1δvn++T2δvn+1−E13
uht=un+vn+Δtn21−T12+vn+1−Δtn2T22E14
where
T1θ=1−θ2T2θ=1+θ2,θ∈−11.E15
Accordingly, Eq. 11 transforms into following matrix-vector form.
In this section, numerical analysis of the tDGM schemes, (viz. uv-tDGM and v-tDGM) for the second order ODE will be performed. To assess the stability characteristics and temporal accuracy of these schemes, classical finite difference techniques will be used ([11], Chapter 9). In this context, it is sufficient to consider the following homogeneous and undamped form of Eq. (1):
d2udt2+ωn2u=0,u0=u0,du0dt=v0,t∈0TE17
3.1 Energy decay in v-tDGM
In this section it will be shown that v-tDGM is a true energy-decaying scheme. Consider Eq. (17) which represents the governing equation of a spring-mass system. The total energy (sum of kinetic and potential energy) of the system remains constant because damping and external forces are absent in the system.
TEuv≔12v2+12ωn2u2=constantE18
Consider the time domain 0T and corresponding N time-slabs; In≔tntn+1 for n=0,1⋯,N−1. Let the u and v at time t0=0 be given by u0+=u0−=u0, and v0+=v0−=v0, respectively. Furthermore, the u and v at time tN=T are denoted by uN− and uN−, respectively.
Accordingly, it can be shown that
TEuNvN−=TEu0v0−12∑n=0N−1vhn2
or
TEuNvN−≤TEu0v0
This shows that v-tDGM is an energy decaying time integration algorithm, in which the total energy during any time step, TEuN−vN−, is always bounded from above by the total energy at the first time-step (i.e., TEu0v0).
To assess the energy dissipation characteristics of v-tDGM, Eq. (17) is solved with ωn=2π, u0=0, and v0=1.0m/s. The undamped time period T0 of the sinusoidal motion is 1.0 second, and the total time duration of simulation is T=50 seconds. Figure 3a depicts the time history graphs of the normalized total energy (i.e., TEuv/TEu0v0) computed by using v-tDGM with different time step sizes. Further, to visualize the effect of energy-dissipation displacement-velocity phase diagram is plotted in Figure 3b. For present problem, phase-diagram should be an ellipse. The presence of energy dissipation in the numerical algorithm, however, decreases the total energy which results in shortening of the radius of ellipse. From these plots it is evident that the dissipation of energy decreases as the time-step size decreases which also indicates that the jump discontinuity in time decreases with time-step size.
Figure 3.
Energy decay characteristics of v-tDGM; (a) temporal variation of normalized total energy and (b) phase diagram obtained with different time-step sizes.
3.2 Stability characteristics of v-tDGM
In this section, to study the stability characteristics of v-tDGM, Eq. (17) is considered. The matrix-vector form corresponding to this problem is given by
To investigate the stability of v-tDGM one should look into the eigenvalues of A (here, denoted by λ1 and λ2). Let the modulus of λ be denoted by λ=λλ∗ with λ∗ denoting the complex conjugate of λ. Accordingly, the spectral radius of A can be described by ρA=maxi=1,2λiA. It can be easily shown that v-tDGM satisfies all criteria for the spectral stability [11, Chapter 9]: (a) ρ≤1, (b) eigenvalues of A of multiplicity greater than one are strictly less than one in modulus. It proves that v-tDGM is an unconditionally stable time-marching scheme (for more details, readers are referred to [4]).
3.3 High-frequency response of TDG/FEM
Figure 4 plots the frequency responses of ρA for v-tDGM. It is evident that ρ≤1 which proves that present algorithm is unconditionally stable. The v-TDG/FEM, however, cannot attenuate spurious high-frequency contents since ρ∞=1 (see Figure 4). However, v-tDGM provides negligible attenuation in the small frequency regime as ρ is close to one in this regime.
Figure 4.
Frequency response of spectral radius ρ for v-tDGM.
3.4 Accuracy of v-tDGM
In [4], it is shown that u in Eq. (20) satisfies the following finite difference stencil.
un+1−2a1un+a2un−1=0,E22
where a1=TraceA/2 and a2=detA. Let us now denote the exact solutions by ut and vt. Then the local truncation error τt corresponding to Eq. (22) at any time t becomes
ut+Δt−2a1ut+a2ut−Δt=Δt2τtE23
Subsequently, by expanding ut+Δt and ut−Δt about t by using Taylor series, and by using Eq. (17), it can be proved that v-tDGM is consistent and third order accurate, i.e., τt⩽172Δt3 [4]. Accordingly, one can use the Lax equivalence theorem to prove the convergence of the algorithms.
A direct consequence of the convergence is that the solution of Eq. (17) can be given by following expression [1]:
un=exp−ζ¯Ω¯tnΔtk1cosΩ¯tnΔt+k2sinΩ¯tnΔtE24
with
Ω¯=arctana2−a12a1ζ¯=−12Ω¯lna2E25
where ζ¯ denotes the algorithmic damping ratio, Ω¯ is the frequency of the discrete solutions, and the coefficients k1 and k2 are determined by the displacement and velocity initial conditions.
Further, to investigate the accuracy of v-tDGM, algorithmic damping ratio, which is a measure of amplitude decay, and relative frequency error Ω−Ω¯/Ω¯, which is a measure of relative change in time period, are plotted in Figure 5. From Figure 5a it can be observed that ζ is comparable with the HHT-α scheme, however, it is significantly smaller than the uv-tDGM. It is evident that the Houbolt and Wilson-θ methods are too dissipative in the low-frequency range, therefore, these algorithms are not suitable for the long-duration numerical simulations. Furthermore, v-tDGM has smallest frequency error which can be attributed to its third order accuracy (refer, Figure 5b). It can be stated that these characteristics of v-tDGM, such as very low numerical dispersion and dissipation, third-order accuracy, and unconditional stability, make this scheme suitable for long-time simulations. However, at present, the only possible drawback to this method is its incapability to attenuate the spurious high-frequency components.
Figure 5.
Accuracy of v-tDGM: (a) algorithmic damping ratio, and (b) relative frequency error in low frequency regime (after [4]).
4. Statement of problem
A dam-reservoir-soil (DRS) system which is subjected to the spatially uniform horizontal (a1gt) and vertical (a2gt) component of ground motion is depicted in Figure 6. Reservoir domain contains linear, inviscid, irrotational, and compressible fluid and solid domain (dam and underlying soil) is treated as isotropic, homogeneous, linear elastic material. Computation domain of soil (Ωs) and fluid (Ωf) are obtained by prescribing the viscous boundary conditions at the artificial boundaries [10]. Let Γff and Γ∞f be the free surface and upstream artificial boundary of fluid domain. Γfsf, Γfdf, Γfds and Γfss denote the fluid-soil, fluid-dam, dam-fluid and soil-fluid interfaces, respectively. Further, the outward unit normal vectors to the fluid and solid boundary are given by ns and nf, respectively.
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of dam-reservoir-soil (DRS) system subjected to seismic ground motion.
Further, hydrodynamic pressure distribution in the reservoir is modeled by the pressure wave equation,
1c2∂2p∂t2−∇2p=0inΩf∀t∈0T,E26
with following initial and boundary conditions.
px0=0;∂px0∂t=0inΩfatt=0E27
pxt=0onΓff∀t∈0TE28
∇p⋅nf=−ρf∂v∂t⋅nfonΓfdf∪Γfsf∀t∈0TE29
∇p⋅nf=−1c∂p∂t+1c∂p∞∂tonΓ∞f∀t∈0TE30
In Eq. (26), ∇2 denotes the Laplace’s operator, pxt denotes the hydrodynamic pressure in the water (in excess of hydrostatic pressure) and c denotes the speed of sound in water. Eq. (29) denotes the time dependent boundary condition at fluid-dam and fluid-soil interface, respectively, where ρf is the mass density of fluid, and v is the velocity of solid domain (i.e., dam or soil). Eq. (30) is due to the viscous boundary condition at the upstream truncated boundary of reservoir. The first term in this equation corresponds to an array of dashpots placed normal to the truncated boundary Γ∞f, and the second term is due to the free-field response of reservoir.
Let us now consider the initial-boundary value problem of the solid domain which is described by,
ρs∂2u∂t2−∇⋅s−ρsb=0inΩs∀t∈0T,E31
uxt=gxtonΓg∀t∈×0T,E32
σ⋅ns=honΓ∞+∪Γfds∪Γfss∀t∈0T,E33
ux0=u0x,∂u∂tx0=v0xinΩsatt=0.E34
Furthermore, following time dependent boundary conditions will be considered in Eq. (33):
σ⋅ns=−cvv−v∞+σ∞⋅nsonΓ∞L∪Γ∞RE35
σ⋅ns=−ch⋅v+2ch⋅vinonΓ∞BE36
σ⋅ns=−phx+p(xt)nsonΓfds∪ΓfssE37
In addition, solid domain is considered to be an isotropic, homogeneous, linear elastic material with
σij=λεkkδij+2μεij,E38
εij=12∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi.E39
In Eqs. (31)–(34), ρs, u, σ, b, g, h, u0 and v0, denote mass density, displacement, Cauchy’s stress tensor (positive in tension), externally applied body force density, prescribed displacement, external surface traction, initial value of displacement and velocity, respectively. Eq. (37) represents time varying boundary condition due to the hydrostatic, phx, and hydrodynamic, pxt, pressure of impounded water acting on the dam-fluid and fluid-soil interface. Furthermore, In Eqs. (35)–(37), v∞ and σ∞ are the velocity and the stress due to the free-field response of unbounded soil domain. In addition, Γ∞L, Γ∞R, and Γ∞B represent left, right and bottom truncated boundaries of soil domain, respectively. In Eqs. (35) and (36), first term corresponds to the Lysmer and Kuhlemeyer viscous boundary condition. Physically, it represents a series of dashpots placed at the truncated boundaries of soil domain in parallel and normal directions (see Figure 6b). Further, these terms facilitate the absorption of outgoing scattered wave motion and attempt to model the radiation damping due to the semi-infinite soil domain. Where cv and ch are the damping coefficients matrices for the dashpots placed at vertical and horizontal truncated boundaries:
cv=ρscL00ρscT,ch=ρscT00ρscL,E40
in which, cL and cT are the speed of longitudinal wave (P-wave) and transverse wave (S-wave) in the unbounded soil domain, respectively. Lastly, in Eqs. (38) and (39), λ and μ are the Lame parameters, and δij is the Kronecker delta function.
5. Space-time finite element method
Recently, ST/FEM is employed to solve dam-reservoir-soil interaction problem [10] in which the resultant matrix-vector form is given by
K11fQ1+K12fQ2−12HfV1+12HfV2=J1fE41
K21fQ1+K22fQ2−12HfV1+12HfV2=J2fE42
K11sV1+K12sV2+3Δtn224HsQ1+Δtn224HsQ2=J1sE43
K21sV1+K22sV2+5Δtn224HsQ1+3Δtn224HsQ2=J2sE44
where Q1 and Q2 represent the spatial nodal values of auxiliary variable q=∂p/∂t at time tn+ and tn+1−, respectively. Similarly, V1 and V2 are the spatial nodal values of velocity field at time tn+ and tn+1−, respectively (for more details see [10]).
denote mass matrix, diffusion matrix, and viscous boundary at the upstream truncated boundary, respectively. The fluid-solid coupling matrix Hf is given by,
Hf=∫Γfsf∪ΓfdfNTNρfnfdsE52
and right hand side spatial nodal vectors in Eqs. (41) and (42) becomes,
J1f=MfQ0−Δtn2KfP0+Δtn3C∞fQ1∞+Δtn6C∞fQ2∞E53
J2f=−Δtn2KfP0+Δtn6C∞fQ1∞+Δtn3C∞fQ2∞E54
where Q0 and P0 correspond to the nodal values of q and p at time tn, and Q1∞ and Q2∞ are the free field hydrodynamic response of reservoir at time tn and tn+1, respectively.
in which Ms, and Ks are the mass and stiffness matrix for the solid domain [12], α and β are the coefficients of Rayleigh damping, and matrix C∞s is due to the dashpots placed at truncated boundaries of soil domain which has the form,
C∞s=Cvs+Chs=c11v00c22v+c11h00c22hE59
ciiv=∫Γ∞L∪Γ∞RciivNTNdsi=1,2nosum,E60
ciih=∫Γ∞BciihNTNdsi=1,2nosum,E61
the solid-fluid coupling matrix,
Hs=∫Γfss∪ΓfdsNTNnsds,E62
and right hand side spatial nodal vectors is given by,
where U0, V0, and P0 are spatial nodal values of u, v, and p at time tn, Ph is nodal values of hydrostatic pressure, and F1ext and F2ext are nodal force vector due to external body forces at time tn and tn+1, respectively,
Faext=∫−1+1∫ΩhsTaNρsbdΩdθ.E65
Further, the force vector Fa=1,2∞ is due to the free-field stress at the vertical viscous boundaries of soil domain [13], and described by,
Fa=1,2∞=∫−1+1∫Γ∞L∪Γ∞RTaNσ∞⋅nsdsdθ.E66
Lastly, nodal values of displacement and pressure field at time tn+1 are computed by following expression in a post-processing step.
U2=U0+Δtn2V1+V2E67
P2=P0+Δtn2Q1+Q2E68
6. Numerical examples
In this section, ST/FEM with block iterative algorithm has been employed to study the response of the concrete gravity dam to the horizontal earthquake motion (see [10]). In the numerical modeling two cases are considered; (i) dam-reservoir (DR) system, in which foundation is considered to be rigid, and (ii) dam-reservoir-soil (DRS) system, in which the foundation is an elastic deformable body.
Figure 7 depicts the physical dimensions of the dam-reservoir system. Length of the reservoir in upstream direction is 200 m, and length of the soil domain in horizontal and vertical direction is 440 m and 150 m, respectively. For the dam, elastic modulus, E, mass-density, ρs, and Poisson’s ratio, ν, are 28.0 GPa, 2347.0 kg/m3, and 0.20 respectively, and for the foundation, E=40.0 GPa, ρ=2551.0 kg/m3, and ν=0.20. Material damping in the solid domain is modeled by Rayleigh damping with ξ=5% viscous damping specified for the foundation and dam separately.
Figure 7.
Physical dimensions of dam-reservoir system (after [10]).
Figure 8 represents the accelerogram (horizontal component) recorded at a control point on the free surface; the maximum and minimum values of acceleration are 396.7 Gal (at t=15.19 s) and −449.6 Gal (at t=14.82 s), respectively. Further, numerical simulations are performed for a total time duration of 45 s with a uniform time step size Δt=0.01. Time history graphs of acceleration at the crest of the dam in DR and DRS systems are plotted in Figure 9 where it can be seen that the deformation characteristics of underlying foundation significantly decreases the responses for dam. To this end, absolute maximum value of horizontal and vertical component of acceleration obtained for DRS are 1489.89 Gal and 597.47 Gal, respectively, and for the DR system these values are equal to 3897.10 Gal and 1274.65 Gal. In addition, Fourier spectrum of time-series of acceleration at the crest indicates that in the case of DRS there is a significant decay in the amplitudes and an elongation of time period as compare to the DR system.
Figure 8.
Time history of horizontal component of ground motion recorded at free-surface.
Figure 9.
Acceleration response at the crest of dam in DR and DRS system; time history of (a) horizontal component and (b) vertical component of acceleration, and Fourier spectrum of (c) horizontal component and (d) vertical component of acceleration (after [10]).
Interestingly, in both cases, it is observed that the critical location for pressure is at the base of the dam. Figure 10 presents the evolution of p, maximum principle tensile and compressive stresses with time at this location. It is clearly visible that dynamic interactions between the dam-reservoir and the deformable underlying ground significantly lower the hydrodynamic pressure and maximum stresses in the dam. Lastly, the hydrodynamic pressure field and deformed configuration of dam (magnified 500 times) in the DRS system at time t = 18.02 s and t = 18.08 s are presented in Figure 11.
Figure 10.
Temporal response of (a) normalized hydrodynamic pressure, (b) principal tensile stress and (c) principal compressive stress at the base of dam in DR and DRS system (after [10]).
Figure 11.
(a) and (c): Hydrodynamic pressure field in the reservoir, and (b) and (d): magnified deformed configuration of dam at times t = 18:02 s and t = 18:08 s (after [10]).
7. Conclusions
In this chapter, novel concepts of time-discontinuous Galerkin (tDGM) method is presented. A method called v-tDGM is derived to solve second order ODEs in time. In this method velocity is the primary unknown and it remain discontinuous at discrete times. Thereby, the time-continuity of velocity is satisfied in a weak sense. However, displacement is obtained by time-integration of the velocity in a post-processing step by virtue of which it is continuous in time. It is demonstrated that the present method is unconditionally stable and third-order accurate in time for linear interpolation of velocity in time. Therefore, it can be stated that the numerical characteristics of the v-ST/FEM scheme, therefore, make it highly suitable for computing the response of bodies subjected to dynamic loading conditions, such as fast-moving loads, impulsive loading, and long-duration seismic loading, among others.
Subsequently, ST/FEM is used to compute the response of a dam-reservoir-soil (DRS) system to the earthquake loading while considering all types of dynamic interactions. An auxiliary variable q representing the first order time derivative of the pressure is treated as the primary unknown for the reservoir domain. Similarly, velocity v is the primary unknown for the solid domain. Both v and q are interpolated such that they remain discontinuous at the discrete times. Hydrodynamic pressure and displacements are the secondary unknowns in the present formulation which are computed by time integration of q and v, respectively. It is concluded that the dynamic interactions between the dam-reservoir system and the underlying deformable foundation significantly dampen the seismic response of the dam and the reservoir and elongate the time period of the acceleration response of the dam.
\n',keywords:"space-time FEM, seismic response, concrete dam, time-integration, earthquake simulation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71623.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71623.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71623",totalDownloads:499,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 5th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 26th 2020",datePrePublished:"March 31st 2020",datePublished:"March 31st 2021",dateFinished:"March 31st 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Finite element method (FEM) is the most extended approach for analyzing the design of the dams against earthquake motion. In such simulations, time integration schemes are employed to obtain the response of the dam at time tn+1 from the known response at time tn. To this end, it is desirable that such schemes are high-order accurate in time and remain unconditionally stable large time-step size can be employed to decrease the computation cost. Moreover, such schemes should attenuate the high-frequency components from the response of structure being studied. Keeping this in view, this chapter presents the theory of time-discontinuous space-time finite element method (ST/FEM) and its application to obtain the response of dam-reservoir system to seismic loading.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71623",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71623",signatures:"Vikas Sharma, Akira Murakami and Kazunori Fujisawa",book:{id:"8445",type:"book",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",fullTitle:"Dam Engineering - Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",publishedDate:"March 31st 2021",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-158-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-157-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-159-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"254082",title:"Prof.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Murakami",fullName:"Akira Murakami",slug:"akira-murakami",email:"akiram@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"313632",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Vikas Sharma",slug:"vikas-sharma",email:"vickysharma0812@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"313644",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Fujisawa",fullName:"Kazunori Fujisawa",slug:"kazunori-fujisawa",email:"fujik@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Kyoto University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Time-discontinuous Galerkin method (tDGM) for second order ODE",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Two-field tDGM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Single field tDGM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Numerical analysis of tDGM",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Energy decay in v-tDGM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Stability characteristics of v-tDGM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 High-frequency response of TDG/FEM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4 Accuracy of v-tDGM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Statement of problem",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Space-time finite element method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Numerical examples",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hughes TJR. Analysis of transient algorithms with particular reference to stability behavior. In: Computational Methods in Mechanics. Vol. 1. Amsterdam, New York: North-Holland Publishing Co.; 1983. pp. 67-155'},{id:"B2",body:'Hughes TJR, Hulbert GM. Space-time finite element methods for elastodynamics: Formulations and error estimates. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 1988;66(3):339-363'},{id:"B3",body:'Li XD, Wiberg N-E. Structural dynamic analysis by a time-discontinuous galerkin finite element method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 1996;39(12):2131-2152'},{id:"B4",body:'Sharma V, Fujisawa K, Murakami A. Velocity-based time-discontinuous galerkin space-time finite element method for elastodynamics. Soils and Foundations. 2018;58(2):491-510'},{id:"B5",body:'Sharma V, Fujisawa K, Murakami A. Space–time fem with block-iterative algorithm for nonlinear dynamic fracture analysis of concrete gravity dam. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2020;131:105995'},{id:"B6",body:'Bajer CI, Dyniewicz B. Virtual functions of the space–time finite element method in moving mass problems. Computers & Structures. 2009;87(7–8):444-455'},{id:"B7",body:'Bause M, Radu FA, Köcher U. Space–time finite element approximation of the biot poroelasticity system with iterative coupling. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2017;320:745-768'},{id:"B8",body:'Bonelli A, Bursi OS, Mancuso M. Explicit predictor–multicorrector time discontinuous galerkin methods for non-linear dynamics. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2002;256(4):695-724'},{id:"B9",body:'Mancuso M, Ubertini F. An efficient time discontinuous galerkin procedure for non-linear structural dynamics. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2006;195(44–47):6391-6406'},{id:"B10",body:'Sharma V, Fujisawa K, Murakami A. Space-time finite element procedure with block-iterative algorithm for dam-reservoir-soil interaction during earthquake loading. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 2019;120(3):263-282'},{id:"B11",body:'Hughes TJR. The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications; 2000'},{id:"B12",body:'Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL. The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2014'},{id:"B13",body:'Løkke A, Chopra AK. Direct finite element method for nonlinear analysis of semi-unbounded dam–water–foundation rock systems. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 2017;46(8):1267-1285'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Vikas Sharma",address:"vickysharma0812@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
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Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:104,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:95,numberOfDimensionsCitations:174,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1412",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6219",title:"Potato",subtitle:"From Incas to All Over the World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc090db65907b96910ec19f4e57e51d2",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",bookSignature:"Mustafa Yildiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6315",title:"Sugarcane",subtitle:"Technology and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81873ef6ff140f2261576f7383556583",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",bookSignature:"Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77880",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Bosco",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"alexandre-de-oliveira",fullName:"Alexandre De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5712",title:"Pure and Applied Biogeography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1a184b4b5e457c98102c80f46f00c85",slug:"pure-and-applied-biogeography",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5712.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57967",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72237",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse Valorization Strategies for Bioethanol and Energy Production",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-valorization-strategies-for-bioethanol-and-energy-production",totalDownloads:2020,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"The use of sugarcane bagasse pith as solid substrate for fungi and microbial growth is well known, as well as a source of microorganisms that can be isolated from it. Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"57762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71497",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse and Cellulose Polymer Composites",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-and-cellulose-polymer-composites",totalDownloads:2196,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Waste recycling has been the main topic of various scientific researches due to environmental management. Renewable agricultural sources such as pineapple leaf, sisal, jute, piassava, coir, and sugarcane bagasse are among agro waste, normally known as biomass, which is recently used for reinforcing polymeric materials. Sugarcane bagasse fiber residues has been extensively investigated and employed as a source of reinforcement of polymers. The major residue is normally burnt for energy supply in the sugar and alcohol industries and as a result, tons of ash is created. The ash contained inorganic components which are valuable for reinforcement in polymeric materials. This chapter reports on the use of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and its cellulose as reinforcing fillers for polymers.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Teboho C. Mokhena, Mokgaotsa J. Mochane, Tshwafo E. Motaung,\nLinda Z. Linganiso, Oriel M. Thekisoe and Sandile P. Songca",authors:[{id:"212802",title:"Prof.",name:"Tshwafo",middleName:null,surname:"Motaung",slug:"tshwafo-motaung",fullName:"Tshwafo Motaung"},{id:"218007",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Linganiso",slug:"linda-linganiso",fullName:"Linda Linganiso"},{id:"220962",title:"Dr.",name:"Teboho",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhena",slug:"teboho-mokhena",fullName:"Teboho Mokhena"},{id:"220963",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokgaotsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mochane",slug:"mokgaotsa-mochane",fullName:"Mokgaotsa Mochane"},{id:"220965",title:"Prof.",name:"Thekisoe",middleName:null,surname:"Oriel",slug:"thekisoe-oriel",fullName:"Thekisoe Oriel"},{id:"220966",title:"Prof.",name:"Songca",middleName:null,surname:"Sandile",slug:"songca-sandile",fullName:"Songca Sandile"}]},{id:"59075",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73056",title:"Nematodes Affecting Potato and Sustainable Practices for Their Management",slug:"nematodes-affecting-potato-and-sustainable-practices-for-their-management",totalDownloads:1927,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Plant-parasitic nematodes are a significant factor limiting potato production and tuber quality in several regions where potato is produced. Overall, parasitic nematodes alone cause an estimated annual crop loss of $ 78 billion worldwide and an average crop yield loss of 10–15%. As a result, sustainable food production and food security are directly impacted by pests and diseases. Degrading land use with monocultures and unsustainable cropping practices have intensified problems associated with plant pathogens. Proper identification of nematode species and isolates is crucial to choose effective and sustainable management strategies for nematode infection. Several nematode species have been reported associated with potato. Among those, the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., the potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor and the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans are major species limiting potato yield and leading to poor tuber quality. Here, we report a literature review on the biology, symptoms, damage and control methods used for these nematode species.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Fábia S.O. Lima, Vanessa S. Mattos, Edvar S. Silva, Maria A.S.\nCarvalho, Renato A. Teixeira, Janaína C. Silva and Valdir R. Correa",authors:[{id:"191564",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábia",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"fabia-lima",fullName:"Fábia Lima"},{id:"191758",title:"Dr.",name:"Valdir",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",slug:"valdir-correa",fullName:"Valdir Correa"}]},{id:"59391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73113",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"57733",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71496",title:"Biotechnological Interventions for the Improvement of Sugarcane Crop and Sugar Production",slug:"biotechnological-interventions-for-the-improvement-of-sugarcane-crop-and-sugar-production",totalDownloads:1870,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Sugarcane, not only fulfills 70% of world sugar needs but is also a prime potential source of bioethanol. It is majorly grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Researchers have improved this grass to great extent and have developed energy cane with ability to accumulate up to 18% sucrose in its Culm. Improvement of this crop is impeded by its complex genome, low fertility, long production cycle and susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotechnological interventions hold great promise to address these impediments paving way to get improved sugarcane crop. Further, being vegetatively propagated in most of the agroecological regions, it has become more attractive plant to work with. This chapter highlights, how advanced knowledge of omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) can be employed to improve sugarcane crop. In addition, potential role of in vitro techniques and transgenic technology has also been discussed for developing improved sugarcane clones with enhanced sugar recovery.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Ghulam Mustafa, Faiz Ahmad Joyia, Sultana Anwar, Aqsa Parvaiz\nand Muhammad Sarwar Khan",authors:[{id:"211046",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"},{id:"212508",title:"Dr.",name:"Faiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"faiz-ahmad",fullName:"Faiz Ahmad"},{id:"212509",title:"Ms.",name:"Sultana",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",slug:"sultana-anwar",fullName:"Sultana Anwar"},{id:"212510",title:"Ms.",name:"Aqsa",middleName:null,surname:"Pervaiz",slug:"aqsa-pervaiz",fullName:"Aqsa Pervaiz"},{id:"212511",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Sarwar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"muhammad-sarwar-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar Khan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59391",title:"Sugarcane Production in China",slug:"sugarcane-production-in-china",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Sugarcane production in China has a prolonged history since fourth century BC. At present, China is the world’s third largest sugar producing country after Brazil and India. During the past decade, more than 90% of the sugar production was contributed by sugarcane. Guangxi is the dominant sugarcane and sugar producer, accounting for 65% of sugar production in China. China’s sugarcane production faced serious problems in the past several years, especially the rapid increase in the labor cost because of the manual harvest. Now, China requires changing their sugarcane practice from manual to mechanical in order to catch up with the international trends in worldwide industry. Many other challenges and constraints are becoming severe, including abiotic and biotic stress, cost escalation, over fertilization, poor ratooning, and single cultivar. New technologies will be applied to sugarcane production, including omics-based breeding, best management practices, and so on.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Muqing Zhang and Muralidharan Govindaraju",authors:[{id:"211925",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"muqing-zhang",fullName:"Muqing Zhang"},{id:"227160",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindaraju",middleName:null,surname:"Muralidharan",slug:"govindaraju-muralidharan",fullName:"Govindaraju Muralidharan"}]},{id:"58251",title:"Management of Late Blight of Potato",slug:"management-of-late-blight-of-potato",totalDownloads:2896,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important crop and Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the oomycete, which was responsible for infamous Irish potato famine during 1843–45 and it continues to cause worldwide devastation of the potato. Moreover, this disease is re-emerging in the forms of different genotypes and causes huge yield loss in the potato crop. The factors which are responsible for huge yield loss of potato are applied improper management strategies and pathogen behavior. Management strategies includes; forecasting, cultural, biological, varietal and chemical management. Forecasting is the better option for management of late blight, if accurately forecasted and promptly information reaches to the end users. As infected potato tubers cause the primary sources of infection in next season. The cultural practices will also helpful in reducing inoculum load and managing the disease. The host resistance is best option for management of this disease. However, due to very divers’ virulence nature of P. infestans; the resistance of the varieties is wiped out within a decade. Several fungicides including contact, systemic and translaminar have been evaluated from time to time; however, the pathogen has shown a remarkable capacity for change with respect to host genotype and fungicides. Nowadays biological control is gaining importance due to its eco-friendly in nature.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Mehi Lal, Sanjeev Sharma, Saurabh Yadav and Santosh Kumar",authors:[{id:"186150",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehi",middleName:null,surname:"Lal",slug:"mehi-lal",fullName:"Mehi Lal"},{id:"194201",title:"Mr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"saurabh-yadav",fullName:"Saurabh Yadav"},{id:"210908",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeev",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"sanjeev-sharma",fullName:"Sanjeev Sharma"},{id:"210909",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"santosh-kumar",fullName:"Santosh Kumar"}]},{id:"57967",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse Valorization Strategies for Bioethanol and Energy Production",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-valorization-strategies-for-bioethanol-and-energy-production",totalDownloads:2025,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"The use of sugarcane bagasse pith as solid substrate for fungi and microbial growth is well known, as well as a source of microorganisms that can be isolated from it. Pith has also been used as a bulking agent for soil bioremediation. More recently, bagasse pith has been used for bioethanol production involving pretreatment and hydrolysis followed by fermentation and dehydration. However, little is reported about biomass valorization for the development of environmentally sound and innovative strategies to process sugarcane bagasse from sugar mills. Incineration of sugarcane bagasse pith is a very common and mature technology for waste disposal and generation of electrical and thermal energy. However, this approach may not be satisfactory in organic waste management due to pollutant emissions, economic and labor costs, loss of energy, and bad odor. In addition, no valuable product is generated from its decomposition process. Instead of incineration, recent research has focused on its utilization as biofuel source. In this chapter, the use of sugarcane bagasse pith as a waste material for incineration versus biomass to produce bioethanol is discussed in terms of energy ratio and emissions, in addition to elucidate the potential of sugarcane bagasse valorization for a more sustainable society.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez, Myriam Adela Amezcua-Allieri, Jhuma\nSadhukhan and Jorge Aburto Anell",authors:[{id:"16428",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Aburto",slug:"jorge-aburto",fullName:"Jorge Aburto"},{id:"27622",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"myriam-amezcua",fullName:"Myriam Amezcua"},{id:"232272",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"elias-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Elias Martinez-Hernandez"},{id:"232274",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhuma",middleName:null,surname:"Sadhukhan",slug:"jhuma-sadhukhan",fullName:"Jhuma Sadhukhan"}]},{id:"59580",title:"In Vitro Propagation of Sugarcane for Certified Seed Production",slug:"in-vitro-propagation-of-sugarcane-for-certified-seed-production",totalDownloads:1611,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Micropropagation of sugarcane is important to obtain pathogen-free plants, genetically homogeneous and invigorate. The micropropagation procedure is divided into stages for the sake of better understanding. Micropropagation for large-scale sugarcane production using a temporary immersion system (TIS) is described. In addition, the aim of this chapter is to report, from the laboratory to the field, the best way to establish and use basic seed (primary seed), semicommercial seed (foundation or secondary seed) and commercial seed production. In conclusion, commercial sugarcane micropropagation enables the massive multiplication of plants to obtain certified vitroplants and increase the sugarcane and sugar productivity per unit area.",book:{id:"6315",slug:"sugarcane-technology-and-research",title:"Sugarcane",fullTitle:"Sugarcane - Technology and Research"},signatures:"Jericó J. Bello-Bello, Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano and Juan A. Pérez-\nSato",authors:[{id:"197218",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"215000",title:"Dr.",name:"Jericó Jabín",middleName:null,surname:"Bello Bello",slug:"jerico-jabin-bello-bello",fullName:"Jericó Jabín Bello Bello"},{id:"224304",title:"BSc.",name:"Maurilio",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Mexicano",slug:"maurilio-mendoza-mexicano",fullName:"Maurilio Mendoza-Mexicano"},{id:"224306",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Sato",slug:"juan-antonio-perez-sato",fullName:"Juan Antonio Pérez-Sato"},{id:"224307",title:"Dr.",name:"José Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Caamal-Velázquez",slug:"jose-humberto-caamal-velazquez",fullName:"José Humberto Caamal-Velázquez"}]},{id:"57411",title:"Breeding Potato for Quality Improvement",slug:"breeding-potato-for-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Potato is the most important non-cereal food crop in the world, that in general represent a non-fattening, nutritious and wholesome food, which supply important nutrients to the human diet. The potato tubers contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates, vitamin C, essential amino acids and minerals. The potato quality includes biological traits (e.g. proteins, carbohydrates and minerals); sensorial traits (e.g. flavor, texture); and industrial traits (e.g. tuber shape, cold sweetening and starch quality). These traits are deemed very important for fresh consumption, where they are most likely to influence consumer’s choice worldwide. Since most quality traits are genetically controlled, breeding work can successfully meet the quality of potato tubers and fulfills the needs of a changing and demanding world. Breeding potato for quality traits requires a continuous flow of new genes and allelic diversity into the Solanum tuberosum gene pool. However, recent advances in conventional and non-conventional breeding methods have significantly improved the possibilities of producing novel genetic variability for selection of new genotypes, especially when biotechnologists and plant breeders pool the existing resources. The genetics, biochemical and physiology of several quality traits is to be given equal importance that ultimately makes breeding efforts less empirical and more predictable.",book:{id:"6219",slug:"potato-from-incas-to-all-over-the-world",title:"Potato",fullTitle:"Potato - From Incas to All Over the World"},signatures:"Meenakshi Kumari, Manoj Kumar and Shashank Shekhar Solankey",authors:[{id:"210702",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashank Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Solankey",slug:"shashank-shekhar-solankey",fullName:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey"},{id:"211044",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"meenakshi-kumari",fullName:"Meenakshi Kumari"},{id:"211045",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manoj-kumar",fullName:"Manoj Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1412",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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