Work method used to fill dialysis bag.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7489",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology and Applications",title:"Product Lifecycle Management",subtitle:"Terminology and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to present the terminology, applications, trends, and developments in Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). This book has a total of seven chapters that treat the fundamental and future terminology used in PLM, aspects regarding the design, customization, and development of products, products testing, supply chain optimization, and recycling of the products made of special materials.",isbn:"978-1-78984-543-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-542-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-829-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75972",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"product-lifecycle-management-terminology-and-applications",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"4cd1c0770949d5fe717936f01c4a1c61",bookSignature:"Razvan Udroiu and Paul Bere",publishedDate:"November 21st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7489.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7553,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 21st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 9th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 8th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"13146",title:"Prof.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Udroiu",slug:"razvan-udroiu",fullName:"Razvan Udroiu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13146/images/2727_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Razvan Udroiu is an Associate Professor of Manufacturing Engineering Department at the Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania. He obtained a BSc diploma in Aerospace Engineering in 1995 and then an MSc diploma in Mechanical Engineering in 1996 at Transilvania University of Brasov. After receiving his Ph.D. from the Transilvania University of Brasov in 2003, he joined the Technological Engineering and Industrial Management faculty of the Transilvania University of Brasov. He has coordinated the Aerospace Engineering study programme since 2008. Within his research field, he coordinates the activity of the Industrial Innovative Technologies Laboratory from PLADETINO (Platform for Innovative Technological Development) since 2007. His main skills are related to the fields of Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Additive manufacturing, Aircraft and Helicopter Engineering and Composite materials technologies. His research fields of interest include CAD/CAM, Rapid Prototyping/Rapid Tooling and Composite materials technologies.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Transylvania University of Brașov",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"239341",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bere",slug:"paul-bere",fullName:"Paul Bere",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239341/images/6939_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Paul Bere is Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Machine Building, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca. In 2009 he obtained a Ph.D. in engineering sciences. In the Department of Manufacturing Engineering at the Faculty of Machine Building, he teaches the following subjects: Basic Manufacture of Plastic and Composite Parts, Manufacturing of Plastic and Composite Parts, Innovative Manufacturing Technologies for Rapid Development Products, Rapid Prototyping Technologies, CAD molds, Rapid Manufacturing and Sustainable Development Products. He has accumulated over 36 years of experience in the field of composite materials. In 1999 he began to work with several companies in the field of motorsport like Formula 3, DTM, Formula One like Jordan F1, Midland, Spyker F1, Force India F1, HRT F1, Lotus and World Endurance Championship Le Mans Series P2, P1.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"465",title:"Brand Management",slug:"brand-management"}],chapters:[{id:"64122",title:"Introductory Chapter: Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81686",slug:"introductory-chapter-product-lifecycle-management-terminology",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Razvan Udroiu and Paul Bere",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64122",authors:[{id:"13146",title:"Prof.",name:"Razvan",surname:"Udroiu",slug:"razvan-udroiu",fullName:"Razvan Udroiu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63867",title:"Product Development and Management Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80345",slug:"product-development-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Musa Gambo Kasuwar Kuka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63867",authors:[{id:"248588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Musa",surname:"Gambo K.K.",slug:"musa-gambo-k.k.",fullName:"Musa Gambo K.K."}],corrections:null},{id:"64024",title:"Product Design Process and Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80821",slug:"product-design-process-and-methods",totalDownloads:1805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jinxia Cheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64024",authors:[{id:"251440",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jinxia",surname:"Cheng",slug:"jinxia-cheng",fullName:"Jinxia Cheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"62655",title:"Configuration of a Customized Product",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79523",slug:"configuration-of-a-customized-product",totalDownloads:687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62655",authors:[{id:"218951",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Izabela",surname:"Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",slug:"izabela-kutschenreiter-praszkiewicz",fullName:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz"}],corrections:null},{id:"63080",title:"Testing and PLM: Connecting Process and Product Models in Product Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80364",slug:"testing-and-plm-connecting-process-and-product-models-in-product-development",totalDownloads:799,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Khadija Tahera and Christopher Earl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63080",authors:[{id:"248549",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadija",surname:"Tahera",slug:"khadija-tahera",fullName:"Khadija Tahera"},{id:"266187",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Earl",slug:"christopher-earl",fullName:"Christopher Earl"}],corrections:null},{id:"64121",title:"PLM for Supply Chain Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81272",slug:"plm-for-supply-chain-optimization",totalDownloads:609,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Imane Bouhaddou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64121",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64121",authors:[{id:"249855",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Imane",surname:"Bouhaddou",slug:"imane-bouhaddou",fullName:"Imane Bouhaddou"}],corrections:null},{id:"64050",title:"Recycling of Polymeric Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81281",slug:"recycling-of-polymeric-composite-materials",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Emilia Sabău",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64050",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64050",authors:[{id:"248080",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Sabau",slug:"emilia-sabau",fullName:"Emilia Sabau"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5379",title:"Computer-aided Technologies",subtitle:"Applications in Engineering and Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f33a3bdb537f32114b4c1ca6ed3be8dd",slug:"computer-aided-technologies-applications-in-engineering-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Razvan Udroiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5379.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13146",title:"Prof.",name:"Razvan",surname:"Udroiu",slug:"razvan-udroiu",fullName:"Razvan Udroiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"68990",slug:"erratum-application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodies",title:"Erratum - Application of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly: Development of a Multifeedstock Biodiesel Processor",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68990.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68990",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68990",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68990",chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63204",slug:"application-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-development-of-a-multifeedstock-biodiesel-proce",signatures:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan and Khumbulani Mpofu",dateSubmitted:"March 15th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"11921",title:"Prof.",name:"Khumbulani",middleName:null,surname:"Mpofu",fullName:"Khumbulani Mpofu",slug:"khumbulani-mpofu",email:"mpofuk@tut.ac.za",position:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"260269",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilesanmi Afolabi",middleName:null,surname:"Daniyan",fullName:"Ilesanmi Afolabi Daniyan",slug:"ilesanmi-afolabi-daniyan",email:"afolabiilesanmi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7494",leadTitle:null,title:"Menstrual Cycle",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book, Menstrual Cycle, we cover certain interesting aspects of the physiology and endocrinology of the female body, as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment of various gynecological diseases and disorders in women of reproductive age. In this way, scholars, postgraduates, students, and others will be able to become acquainted with modern scientific research into menstrual cycle. For others, this book will be the impetus for further research in this area.",isbn:"978-1-78985-673-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-934-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-674-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76123",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"menstrual-cycle",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3e1135f2d45bbaafe6e61b252108d05",bookSignature:"Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko",publishedDate:"June 12th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7494.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5845,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena Ivanivna",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-ivanivna-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225667/images/system/225667.jpg",biography:"Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko studied the peculiarities of the cardiovascular system in elderly and old people for two years and received her master\\'s degree in biology from Cherkasy National University named after Bohdan Khmelnytskyy. In 2011, she entered postgraduate studies in Cherkasy National University named after Bohdan Khmelnytskyy and began to work on the features of menstrual cycle and its relationship to hemodynamics. She now works on research topics at the Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Alexander Dovzhenko and teaches medical and biological disciplines. She has published over 74 scientific works including five textbooks and two monographs. Recent studies focus on women’s menstrual cycle and its relationship with body typology, the period of puberty, and healthcare of the younger generation.",institutionString:"Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1069",title:"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility"}],chapters:[{id:"66096",title:"Introductory Chapter: Regulation of Ovarian-Menstrual Cycle as a Systemic Problem of Physiology of Humans",slug:"introductory-chapter-regulation-of-ovarian-menstrual-cycle-as-a-systemic-problem-of-physiology-of-hu",totalDownloads:448,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena Ivanivna",surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-ivanivna-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Ivanivna Lutsenko"}]},{id:"64704",title:"Normal Menstrual Cycle",slug:"normal-menstrual-cycle",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"250273",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Patricio",surname:"Barriga",slug:"patricio-barriga",fullName:"Patricio Barriga"}]},{id:"63668",title:"Pre Menstrual Syndrome",slug:"pre-menstrual-syndrome",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"213063",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosemary",surname:"Ogu",slug:"rosemary-ogu",fullName:"Rosemary Ogu"},{id:"256597",title:"Dr.",name:"Avwebo",surname:"Otoide",slug:"avwebo-otoide",fullName:"Avwebo Otoide"},{id:"256598",title:"Dr.",name:"Preye",surname:"Fiebai",slug:"preye-fiebai",fullName:"Preye Fiebai"}]},{id:"62617",title:"Menstrual Cycle and Physical Effort",slug:"menstrual-cycle-and-physical-effort",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"253369",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Wiecek",slug:"magdalena-wiecek",fullName:"Magdalena Wiecek"}]},{id:"63848",title:"Premature Ovarian Insufficiency",slug:"premature-ovarian-insufficiency",totalDownloads:614,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"254629",title:"M.D.",name:"Abdelhamid",surname:"Benmachiche",slug:"abdelhamid-benmachiche",fullName:"Abdelhamid Benmachiche"},{id:"265542",title:"Prof.",name:"Amel",surname:"Dammene Debbih",slug:"amel-dammene-debbih",fullName:"Amel Dammene Debbih"}]},{id:"64960",title:"Secretory Phase and Implantation",slug:"secretory-phase-and-implantation",totalDownloads:716,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}]},{id:"63858",title:"Standardization of Menstrual Cycle Data for the Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data",slug:"standardization-of-menstrual-cycle-data-for-the-analysis-of-intensive-longitudinal-data",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"251727",title:"Dr.",name:"Sherry",surname:"Stewart",slug:"sherry-stewart",fullName:"Sherry Stewart"},{id:"251728",title:"BSc.",name:"Kayla",surname:"Joyce",slug:"kayla-joyce",fullName:"Kayla Joyce"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2575",title:"Prolactin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"338ea99a4e29b28d7463a976a301711b",slug:"prolactin",bookSignature:"György M. Nagy and Bela E. Toth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145362",title:"Prof.",name:"György M.",surname:"Nagy",slug:"gyorgy-m.-nagy",fullName:"György M. Nagy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3206",title:"Success in Artificial Insemination",subtitle:"Quality of Semen and Diagnostics Employed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a50fd2eb2e5decc46ec7e7aa8fc9722e",slug:"success-in-artificial-insemination-quality-of-semen-and-diagnostics-employed",bookSignature:"Alemayehu Lemma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecb5e49241a0c218206e413b562a4909",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4499",title:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64c41c45c40504082457d94565dcb68f",slug:"contemporary-gynecologic-practice",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"916",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3b5ce6116c6a12bd51e828ecbdf8dab",slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1821",title:"Basic Gynecology",subtitle:"Some Related Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a608bf8be6e7033af826c48b0833f86",slug:"basic-gynecology-some-related-issues",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2977",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4839b21e329663783593933587485387",slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",bookSignature:"Atef M.M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7725",title:"Innovations In Assisted Reproduction Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"771",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b89fb9267c4f3bd8ef2336164dd3a63c",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome",bookSignature:"Srabani Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/771.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119661",title:"Dr.",name:"Srabani",surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"srabani-mukherjee",fullName:"Srabani Mukherjee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"936",title:"Amenorrhea",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0683f99f4a59138c60b51411f046b97d",slug:"amenorrhea",bookSignature:"Amar Chatterjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/936.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72620",title:"Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"amar-chatterjee",fullName:"Amar Chatterjee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"67850",title:"Implantation and the Fetal Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87016",slug:"implantation-and-the-fetal-health",body:'\nMost of the fetal and maternal complications become apparent with advancing gestation. However, since very important complications that occur later in pregnancy can be predicted in the first trimester, the focus has been set on the evaluations in early pregnancy, thus inverting the pyramid of prenatal care. Although vast majority of early screening tests have been developed and employed, the outcome of pregnancies with the major obstetric syndromes still fails to be significantly improved. The changes etiologically and pathophysiologically associated with disturbed placentation and responsible for the perinatal mortality and morbidity should be sought even earlier, in the preimplantation period, in relation between the embryo and the endometrium.
\nThe idea of inverted pyramid of prenatal care has emerged for the purpose of prediction and prevention and then early detection and treatment of health disorders of the fetus. By applying this principle, a number of disorders could be prevented or treated with better outcome: fetal aneuploidy and anomalies, miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, preterm premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction [1].
\nIn recent years, screening for aneuploidies during the first trimester has reached effectiveness of over 90% in identifying the most common aneuploidies by a combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency, as well as analysis of free beta-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) [2]. Effectiveness of screening for potential aneuploidies was further augmented with the introduction of the noninvasive prenatal testing using maternal plasma cell-free (cf) DNA, as a secondary test in those patients already regarded as being at high risk. The detection rate of major aneuploidies with this test is up to 99. 3%, with false positive rate of 0. 11% [3].
\nThe development of sonography and MRI diagnostics has led to a growing number of early detected anomalies. A large number of these anomalies can be detected already at 11–14 weeks, while a number can only be found at a later gestation [4]. The prenatal detection rate for the major anomalies is around 68% (varying from 33 to 96%) [5, 6].
\nFirst trimester screening often focuses on fetal aneuploidy and major structural anomalies. However, certain maternal characteristics, such as the age and body mass index (BMI), have shown to be very informative, with regard to the predicting miscarriage and stillbirth. The risk of preterm delivery is determined by algorithms that combine these results of the first trimester screening for aneuploidy, increased nuchal translucency, the abnormal ductus venosus flow, and low level of PAPP-A, with the characteristics of the mother [7, 8, 9]. Such example is the information on the length of the cervical canal from 11- to 13-week gestation [9, 10]. The risk of spontaneous preterm delivery is associated with cervical shortening in the second trimester, as well as in the first trimester. Combining this parameter with fetal aneuploidy analyses and major structural anomaly results is likely to be used in the future to select a high-risk group that may benefit from close follow-up.
\nAnother example is the screening for the development of early preeclampsia (PE), based on the combination of maternal risk factors, mean arterial pressure, maternal serum PAPP-A, uterine artery Doppler, and placental growth factor. This algorithm has a 95% detection rate for a false-positive rate of 10% [11, 12]. Also, different angiogenesis-related biomarkers; antiangiogenic proteins, like soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin; or proangiogenic proteins, placenta growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been pointed out by a number of authors [10]. The placental protein-13 and other markers, disintegrin and metalloprotease-12 (ADAM12), activin A, or inhibin A, and other microelements or antioxidants, in isolation or in combination, were evaluated in order to predict complications of pregnancy [13, 14, 15]
The detection of the small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses could be predicted by algorithms with the combination of maternal characteristics, mean arterial pressure, uterine artery Doppler, and the measurement of various placental products in maternal blood at 11–13 weeks, at a false-positive rate of 10%, about 75% of pregnancies without preeclampsia delivering SGA neonates before 37 weeks and 45% of those delivering at term [17]. Screening for macrosomia by a combination of maternal characteristics and obstetric history with fetal NT and maternal serum- free ß-hCG and PAPP-A at 11–13 weeks could potentially identify, at a false-positive rate of 10%, about 35% of women who deliver macrosomic neonates [18].
\nDespite the introduction of the vast early pregnancy screening tests, there is still a very slight decrease or even increase in the rate of preterm birth and almost a constant rate of miscarriage, stillbirth, preeclampsia, and SGA [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Except for hereditary and structural disorders of the fetus, other disorders are etiologically and pathophysiologically associated with disturbed placentation and responsible for the perinatal mortality and morbidity [24].
\nThe reasons why the modern medicine still fails to significantly improve the outcome of pregnancy with the major obstetric syndromes should be sought in the earlier period of pregnancy, even before the conception, and on another subcellular level (Personal communication Dudenhausen, Tirana 2015). Because the consequence of these disturbances is seen in dysfunctional placentation, their sources must be searched before the time of implantation. This means that the changes that lead to the insufficient implantation should be sought in the preimplantation period, in relation between the embryo and the endometrium.
\nThe onset and progression of pregnancy require the coordinated implantation of the embryo and trophoblast invasion into the receptive maternal decidua, followed by proper remodeling of the spiral arteries. Proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblastic cells into the maternal endometrium are the essential steps. If any of these steps fails to complete properly because of the endometrial dysfunction, the consequences would be the basis for development of obstetric complications.
\nThe implanting embryo physically establishes connections with the mother through the endometrium, by a fine-tuned and synchronized crosstalk necessary to support the feto-placental development and health throughout gestation [25]. Early alterations of endometrial physiology can affect the development of the conceptus and the success of pregnancy. The overall status of maternal health is reflecting on the endometrium. If we agree that the optimally prepared mucous membranes (either endogenously, by its own sex hormone or by exogenous regimes) are one of the preconditions for the successful implantation, then the modification of its preparation could influence the occurrence of disorders in later pregnancy and after the birth of the child.
\nSeveral studies have shown that preimplantation embryos are sensitive to environmental conditions in which it develops, either in vitro or in vivo, for example, in response to culture conditions or maternal diet [26]. Those conditions can affect future growth and developmental potential, both pre- and postnatally. Recent findings have demonstrated that perturbations of the maternal physiology during the peri-conceptional period (e.g., maternal diet) have impact both on preimplantation phenotype and long-term development and could lead to impaired health during adulthood [26]. Emerging evidence suggests the metabolic status of the mother may “program” the offspring’s long-term risk of metabolic disease [27].
\nModifications of preimplantation embryo conditions, using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), have been associated with developmental abnormalities and postnatal consequences such as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) in animals [28, 29, 30]. Early alterations of the maternal or embryo environment may affect the quality of the embryo-endometrium crosstalk that further leads to pregnancy failure or postnatal detrimental consequences.
\nBefore the embryo can implant in the endometrium, the endometrium must be in a receptive state. As a result of a series of timed hormonal events, the so-called window of implantation is opened, which is the time most suitable for the endometrium to support trophoblast-endometrial interaction [31].
\nThe term windows of vulnerability (WOV), i.e., period of time when the endometrium is subject to the influence of factors that may disrupt implantation conditions, has recently been introduced within the framework of reproductive medicine, besides the window of implantation (WOI), i.e., the optimal period of time of activation of endometrial receptivity (De Ziegler, personal communication, MSD symposium, Barcelona 2016).
\nPrepregnancy approaches such as weight management, blood pressure and blood sugar control, smoking cessation, and optimization of the pregnancy interval may improve implantation and placentation and lead to better pregnancy outcomes [32].
\nThere are a number of different treatment protocols for the “inadequate” endometrium. The medical treatment with estrogens, vasodilators, and sildenafil citrate has neither led to significant improvements of morphological parameters nor to the results in terms of increasing implantation and reduction of the number of miscarriages [33, 34]. There have been reports of trials with immunoglobulins and anticoagulants in pregnancy complication prevention [35, 36, 37, 38, 39]
The local endometrium therapy is ongoing for several years. One of the promising therapeutic targets is the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). During implantation, corticotropin-releasing hormone plays a key role in facilitating endometrial decidualization and early maternal tolerance. The embryo implantation provokes the maternal endometrial response similar to the invading semi-allograft that produces acute inflammatory response. After the implantation, the embryo suppresses this response and prevents the rejection [40]. The deregulation of expression pattern of CRH was associated with unfavorable reproductive outcomes as well as chronic endometrium-derived inflammatory disorders, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis [41]. Positive outcome was found after the intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [41] especially when pretreated with corticotropin-releasing hormone that acts by regulating apoptosis of activated T- lymphocytes at the implantation site [42]. The results of eight studies showed that intrauterine administration of activated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells prior to embryo transfer improves the reproductive outcomes in women with repeated implantation failure [43].
\nBesides endometrial receptivity, another very important parameter is the endometrial thickness. Defined minimal thickness at approximately 7 mm and clinical pregnancy rates after embryo transfer increase with increasing endometrial thickness. One of the new therapeutic approaches to improve endometrial thickness is the intrauterine perfusion with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). In clinical reproduction, G-CSF has been proposed as a treatment for implantation failure and repeated miscarriages, two indications for which a US patent has been issued. These authors have applied the drug subcutaneously [44]. Gleicher’s papers on flushing uterus cavity with growth factors before the embryo transfer have proposed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as the treatment of implantation failure and repeated miscarriages [44]. Chang reported successful endometrial expansion in a small group of women with thin endometrium resistant to standard treatments, who were able to proceed to embryo transfer and conceive after uterine perfusion with G-CSF [45].
\nThe use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to improve endometrial receptivity is gaining increasing attention in assisted reproduction technologies. Platelets contain a significant amount of growth factors that have positive effects on local tissue repair and endometrial receptivity. Several authors have reported autologous PRP intrauterine injection improves pregnancy and birth rates, especially in patients presenting poor endometrial growth [46].
\nChang and associates have recently published the attempt to improve the quality of endometrial thickness, implantation rate, and pregnancy success and to reduce the complications and miscarriage rate, by flushing the uterus cavity with autologous platelet-rich plasma in preparation for the implantation during IVF process [47]. Farimani reported the first successful pregnancy after administration of PRP in a woman with recurrent implantation failure [48]. Kim et al. suggested that the use of autologous PRP improved not only endometrial thickness but restored the endometrial receptivity of damaged endometrium and increased the implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates (LBR) of the 24 patients with refractory thin endometrium [49]. This therapy delivers biological growth factors, PDGF, TGF-b, and VEGF, insulin-like growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and epithelial cell growth factor to the endometrium. Our group has, so far, treated 25 patients with PRP technology and has achieved a significant improvement of the implantation rates and in reducing the number of abortions. We reported the first case of human embryo obtained after autologous platelet leukocyte-rich plasma (PLRP) in vitro activation of ovaries by interrupting Hippo signaling and PLRP stimulating AKT pathway with ultrasound-guided orthotropic re-transplantation [50]. The patient was a case of an early menopausal woman for whom the ovarian cortex was frozen, thawed, and treated with autologous PLRP which was then transplanted into her menopausal ovaries. Two months after the procedure, follicle formation was noted, and an egg was retrieved resulting in a single embryo [50].
\nThe human endometrium is a dynamic tissue that undergoes monthly cyclic changes, including proliferation, differentiation, and degeneration. Apoptosis is the common pathway of cell death for eliminating senescent endometrial cells from the functional layer of the human endometrium during the late secretory phases of the cycle. It has recently been implied that autophagy is involved in the endometrial cell cycle affecting apoptosis and is the most prominent during the late secretory phase [51]. It is known that the impact on autophagy processes in the endometrium may lead to a reduced incidence of pregnancy complications related to the implantation. Our group has proved that autophagy, a process of controlled self-digestion involved in cellular homeostasis, is dysregulated in endometrial tissue of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and that treatment with metformin might influence endometrial autophagy in PCOS [52]. Other studies reported that metformin can improve endometrial receptivity, enhance endometrial vascularity and blood flow, and revert endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma into normal endometria in addition to improving hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in some women with PCOS [53, 54].
\nThe essential requirements for normal implantation and subsequent placentation leading to a healthy gestation are receptive endometrium and healthy embryo. However, there is still a growing number of unexplained failed implantation outcomes that could not be assigned to known factors and require further investigation.
\nIn recent years it was indicated that different etiologies of infertility arose as a result of the underlying genetic and epigenetic changes that contribute to the endometrial dysfunction and lead to implantation failure, miscarriage, and adverse outcomes. These epigenetic and genetic changes lead to placentation defects and contribute to the short- and long-term outcomes associated with infertility. One of the main causes for altered genetic and epigenetic regulation of embryo development and placentation was assigned to hormonal and nutrition-related changes in maternal environment. Embryos respond to the in vivo maternal environment during gestation or during cultivation in vitro in multiple ways that can influence their future growth and health. Developmental plasticity could be altered by the changes in imprinted gene expression, nutrient, and stress-related signaling pathways or cell cycling and apoptotic rates. Embryo phenotype changes through a complex network of interactions with a central role for maternal-fetal neuroendocrine signaling [55]. Maternal undernutrition during gestation alters maternal steroid hormone levels, including elevation of glucocorticoids (GC; corticosterone, cortisol), the stress hormones, which can alter the physiological condition of the conceptus and affect the intrauterine fetal and postnatal growth and cardiovascular and metabolic physiology and enhance the risk of adult-onset disease. This exposure of the embryo to glucocorticoids can alter the fetal hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased fetal GC activity which can, in turn, modify the expression of many downstream-regulated genes that control growth and metabolism, including cardiovascular and renal physiology [55].
\nThe influence of placental function and placental/fetal exchange on fetal programming has been in focus of the recent research. Now it has become widely accepted that maternal nutrition can have the long-term consequences on the offspring without necessarily affecting the size at birth. Altered embryo phenotypes induced by prenatal nutrition are associated with epigenetic modifications. Many imprinted genes contribute to placental function and nutrient exchange [56]. Early epigenetic effects in embryos caused by environmental conditions can lead to physiological impairment to growth due to reduced nutrient supply. There is now evidence from human studies and animal experiments that show the overnutrition and undernutrition during the prenatal period which have lifelong health effects for the offspring and induce the development of noncommunicable diseases during postnatal life [57].
\nBesides nutrition, the hormonal milieu at conception is known to affect a number of imprinted genes that are expressed during the preimplantation period. Hormonal status will be especially affected during fertility treatment, mostly during IVF. Because superovulation could lead to altered expression of endometrial genes critical to tissue remodeling and placentation, hyperstimulated hormonal status has been implicated in an increased risk for pregnancy complications related to abnormal placentation [58]. Although global methylation pattern was found to be similar among the IVF and spontaneous conceptions early during placentation in the first trimester, differential methylation has been identified in multiple loci between IVF and non-IVF fertility treatments pregnancies but not when compared with spontaneous conceptions. This suggests that there are differences in the infertile population that might be linked to specific treatments, including the hormonal hyperstimulation, that could affect gene imprinting [59]. Several studies have found that the use of ARTs is linked with irregular DNA methylation in human gamete, embryo, placenta, and umbilical cord samples [60, 61]. There were also studies that showed association between specific procedures with methylation differences in placenta, suggesting that specific fertility treatments affect the placental epigenome and function [62].
\nThe embryo has, in addition to the endometrium, the crucial importance for the success and regularity of the implantation and then placentation. The morphological assessment of the embryos’ quality is insufficient for the cognition of its biological resources. The new invasive and noninvasive techniques of embryo quality assessment have been developed. Nowadays, the invasive technology means preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), the aneuploidy screening, or diagnosis of specific genetic disorders of the embryo before the transfer by using next-generation sequencing (NGS). These tests include biopsy trophectoderm cells with blastocyst vitrification [63, 64, 65]. With trophectoderm biopsy, both maternal and paternal abnormalities can be studied. Possible disadvantages are the presence of mosaicism and the fact that the trophectoderm might not be a representative of the inner cell mass.
\nNoninvasive time-lapse embryo monitoring allows continuous embryo observation without the need to remove the embryo from optimal culturing conditions. The information on the cleavage pattern, morphologic changes, and embryo development dynamics could help us identify embryos with a higher implantation potential. It has also been shown that imaging phenotypes reflect the molecular program of the embryo, where individual blastomeres develop autonomously toward embryo genomic activation [66].
\nThis type of monitoring allows for the collection of much more information on the timing of the cleavages and the dynamics of the morphologic changes, with analysis of the kinetics of the events up until the blastocyst stage [67].
\nVarious kinetic and morphologic markers have already been found that are associated with the minimal likelihood of implantation and others that are predictive of blastocyst development, implantation potential, genetic health, and pregnancy [68, 69].
\nAfter the formation of the embryo, its fate is already determined. The gamete quality has the crucial part in the creation of the high-quality embryos. The conditions, in which oogenesis and spermatogenesis take place, have a crucial impact on the quality of embryos that is formed from these gametes.
\nThe evaluation of the oocyte quality based on morphological evaluation is not sufficient for an insight into the biological potential. It can identify those cells that have nuclear immaturity, significant degeneration, or major abnormalities. Recently, the developed strategies including the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches have been applied in assisted reproduction. Their goal is to identify a “molecular profile” of embryo development by detecting the chemical components in the oocyte, granulosa cells, follicular fluid, and embryo culture medium [70].
\nBetter predictors, the birefringence properties of the meiotic spindle, and the zona pellucida are indicative of good health of the oocyte [71]. A very useful data can be obtained from the application of studying gene expression from cumulus cells, using microarrays, as biomarkers for oocyte viability
Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) technology for sperm could improve obstetric and perinatal outcomes compared with those achieved after swim up. Treatment of sperm with MACS procedure prior to IVF results in a marked improvement in pregnancy rate and cessation of the abortion rate in couples whose ejaculates initially had high levels of SDF [76].
\nA number of prerequisites are needed to create high-quality oocytes, those conditions are likely to be grouped into several parts: the existence of high quality responsive oogonia, its potential of the adequate number increase and quality of mitochondria, the presence of sufficient amounts and types of growth factors, orchestrated by the balance of blocking (Hippo) and activating (ACT) gene pathways [77].
\nFor decades it was believed that the woman’s reproductive potential is entirely dependent on the size of the stock (pool) of primordial follicles in the ovary. The paradigm that has prevailed for decades in the scientific world about the existence of a consistent number of primordial follicles, established during embryonic and fetal period, was in many ways changed by Tilly’s group work. They practically demonstrated the existence of germline or oogonial stem cells [78].
\nTheir dormant status is characterized by communication with surrounding granulosa cells and numerous mechanical and chemical factors controlling the progression of their cell cycle. These factors control signaling activation of the pathways included in the primordial follicle dormant status regulation, like Hippo and AKT signaling [77]. During the recent years, various programs have been developed to try to improve the quality of oocytes. It has been shown that it can be influenced on the activation of primordial cells and maturation to the mature oocyte. The stem cells can be influenced by the stem cell therapy in order to obtain the intracellular communication with the existing ovarian primordial oogonia. The therapy with mesenchymal stem cells has led to the recovery features of oocytes after the chemotherapy-induced insufficiency [79]. The animal experiments by the in vitro therapy with developed stem cells have led to the birth of live offspring without abnormalities [80]. Other groups of authors have tried to improve the ovarian function with the growth factors obtained from the plasma and enriched with platelets and leukocytes. The cases of childbirth after re-transplantation of ovaries with support of PRP have been published [81]
The role of the number and function of mitochondria in the development of quality oocytes is surely very important. The problems of mitochondrial heteroplasmy go with the complicated, technologically very complex methods of polar body transfer, spindle transfer, and pronuclear or oocyte transfer [82, 83, 84]. The augmentation of autologous mitochondria carries a potential treatment. Our team has inaugurated the attempt of the mitochondrial energy boosting with ovarian high-intensity interval training (HIIT).
\nThe autologous growth factors that are intraovarian instilled are leading to the changes in the production and efficiency of the local growth factors. The influence on the genetic control of oogenesis, by the modification of the Hippo and AKT signaling pathways, is possible in different ways. The correction of the gene signaling or autologous tissue genetic bioengineering is certainly a step forward in obtaining the quality gametes [50, 84]
Implantation is one of the crucial periods in human reproduction. Increasing body of evidence suggests that the improper (dysfunctional) implantation and the formation of the placenta can endanger life and health of both the fetus and the mother, during prenatal life and decades after delivery. The changes that lead to the insufficient implantation should be sought in the preimplantation period, in relation between the embryo and the endometrium. It is possible that the time is approaching when the disorders of the pregnancy caused by dysfunctional implantation would be the indication for the application of a natural IVF (without ovarian stimulation) with the use of new biotechnological achievements. For better results of the perinatal medicine, it is necessary to apply earlier (in the preconception and preimplantation periods) the therapy based on the subcellular and genetic level by applying the latest biotechnological procedures.
\nPhysical and ergonomic risks cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Physical risks are external loads associated with long periods of exposure during tasks performed. The external loads are caused by awkward postures, manual material handling, repetitive motion, and force exerted. All of them are known as ergonomic risk factors (ERFs), which impact on health and well-being of workers [1, 2]. Ergonomics comprises a set of techniques directed to adequacy of the work to the people, optimizing human well-being and performing the overall system [3, 4]. Elements of work system are: workplace, tasks performed, tools manipulation, products and materials manipulation, work organization, and work environment [5, 6]. During the interaction of a person with the work system, unsafe and unhealthy elements must be changed or redesigned. The Mexican Ministry of Labor and Social Safety (STPS) defines that if one of this interaction is incorrectly designed, the work task requirements will become ERFs that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders and occupational illness [7].
\nIn Mexico, the real number of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) developed by workers is unknown due to three main causes: (1) workers are afraid of being dismissed by employers if they report symptoms of illness [8], (2) employers have historically evaded the law and they have not usually implemented safety and health standards in workplaces [9], and (3) authorities have improperly followed up safety inspections. Therefore, the negligence triggered apathy to assure abatement of risk conditions and has caused omissions, contributing to under-reporting risk conditions and work accidents [10]. Despite under-reporting risk factors, the concern of Mexican authority is the upward trend of developing MSDs (within the industrial and service sectors), as established in the First Forum on Safety and Health at Work, carried out in Mexico City in August 2015, where the ergonomic risk factors are identified as a main problem due to their impact on workers’ health and their economic costs [11]. The increase in cases (73% on average) in 8 years (2009–2017), informed by the Mexican Institute of Social Safety (IMSS) [12, 13], reported a cumulative total of 20,523 cases, identifying dorsopathies as the most prevalent work disease with 6752 cases (32.9%) followed by enthesopathies with 3490 cases (17.01%) and carpal tunnel syndrome with 3280 cases (15.9%) (Figure 1).
\nCases of MSDs reported by the IMSS during years 2009–2017 are organized according to the nature of injury.
To abate this health problem, the government has issued a mandatory rule called Federal Rule for Safety and Health at Work (Reglamento Federal de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo) [14]. It includes employer obligations to find, to report, and to reduce ergonomic risks presented inside facilities. Thus, the question is: how employers can follow the law taking in to count that (a) ergonomic aspects are ignored for a long time, (b) ergonomic risks are seldom identified, and (c) an ergonomic intervention is not commonly carried out.
\nBased on the latter, it is important to define that an ergonomic intervention includes a diagnosis and analysis about the work system, which results in making improvement proposals [15]. If a proposal is carried out (elimination of ergonomic risk factors), a reduction of reports from employees’ complaints must be observed.
\nIn this chapter, an ergonomic intervention method based on QOC Matrix the workers’ voice is carried out in a study case, the diagnosis and analysis developed were used to propose a workstation redesign as improvement proposals. Reports of the employees’ complaints and symptomatology suffered represent the
QOC Matrix-the workers’ voice (QOCMWV) [16, 17] is an interactive ©Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. It uses decision support system (DSS) [18] that helps people to apply ergonomic parameters to identify and categorize the risk factors and fix them through ergonomic intervention.
\nIt involves a
The questionnaire was organized in to five sections: (1) work area with two subdivisions: (a) workplace design and (b) task content, (2) manual material handling, (3) work organization, (4) work environment, and (5) psychosocial aspects. Metrics for intervention and specific risk factors are obtained because of its implementation. Metrics are proportions (%) that define the level of risk. Specific risk factors are dimensional relations worker-workstation, repetitiveness, load manipulated, and exposition time. The results are represented in Pareto charts.
\nPareto chart is a frequency distribution (or histogram). It was used for arranging risk factors by category. Pareto method and rules of 70/30 (Pareto principle) [19] can identify crucial areas from the intervention standpoint. When the Pareto principle is determined, the common effect of workers’ answers that a relative few of the contributors (risk factors)—the vital few—accounts for the bulk of the effect (MSDs). The vital few identification is easier when the tabular data are presented in graphic form that encloses the next main elements [20]:
Risk factors to the total effect, ranked by the magnitude of their contribution
Magnitude of each risk factor is expressed as a percentage of total
Sum of magnitude of all contributors is expressed as a total percentage.
The QOCMWV survey was implemented in three automatic high-speed lines designed for filling dialysis bags with a liquid mixture and produces 110,000 bags daily. The production time comprised three shifts of 8 h, with 16 operators in each line by shift. Activities were developed on standing posture. Workers took a lunch time of 0.5 h, in the middle of the work period. Ergonomic risk factors like manual material handling, repetitive movements, awkward postures, and force exerted were identified as a part of task performance. In Table 1, the work method developed by a worker is presented.
\nWork method used to fill dialysis bag.
Because of exceeding permissible exposure limits by operators, the company has received a preaction for probable occupational disease ST-9 (official document) issued by the IMSS, to the medical treatment for work-related injuries and diseases. In a preanalysis, the following percentage of cases suffered by workers was found: 30% epicondylitis, 20% hand tendinitis, and 10% shoulder injury.
\nThe method used for implementing the ergonomic intervention was applied as follows:
\nStep 1: the workers’ voice was collected through applying QOC questionnaires.
\nStep 2: the results of workers’ voice were the base to categorize ergonomic risk factors, through a Pareto chart in three cases of intervention:
effects caused in workplace by unsafe and unhealthy elements,
effects caused in work task by unsafe and unhealthy elements,
task content impacts in the workers’ body.
Step 3: once the risk factors were identified, an ergonomic work system diagnosis was carried out.
\nStep 4: project improvements were determined to abate risk factors identified.
\nQuestionnaire QOCMWV was applied to 48 operators and three supervisors from each shift. (In Figure 2, an example of part of assessment is shown.) Workers tested the work system, and the task was chosen from options. Options were represented by letters that symbolized a level of comfort, for example, “S” for comfortable. Each option was associated with a color to show the risk [21], as shown in Table 2.
\nExample of a questionnaire applied using the QOC matrix—the workers’ voice.
Symbol | \nDescription | \nColor | \nRisk associated | \n
---|---|---|---|
S = Yes | \nComfortable | \nGreen | \nNo risk | \n
NT = Not at all | \nNot at all comfortable | \nYellow | \nRisk | \n
N = No | \nUncomfortable | \nRed | \nHigh risk | \n
Options chosen during the evaluation using QOCMWV.
In Mexico, the workforce is people who have basic studies in the best case; therefore, workers’ training is difficult in ergonomics issues. Therefore, the survey made to the workers focuses in their filings, complaints, and motivations [16]. The matrix results were organized through three Pareto chart.
\nFigure 3 shows the work system elements evaluated. According to Pareto principle, the cumulated frequency symbolizes “the vital few” (see Section 2.2). Therefore, this percentage was considered as the workers’ voice index. Unfortunately, the Pareto principle was not presented in the first chart (rule of 70/30) as is observed in Figure 3, due to which there were small differences between opinions about unsafe and unhealthy work system elements. Workplace and task content received 18 complaints, each one representing only 37% of cumulate frequency, and materials handling and psychosocial factors received 17 complaints, each one representing only 35.06% of cumulate frequency, the 70% was to reach until the fourth bar and not in the first three bars, as established by the Pareto rule. Hence, there was no main work system element identified as workers’ voice to be improved during the intervention.
\nPareto chart resulted from work system components evaluation.
The unusual behavior got in the Pareto chart was explained by the workers’ complaints in this manner;
In the second Pareto chart, the ergonomic metrics about the task were evaluated, see Figure 4. The chart bars symbolize the task metrics, which was assessed by the QOCMWV by comparing the process parameters vs. international standards. In this chart, the Pareto principle was more clearly presented (rule of 70/30). Unfavorable environment received 23 complaints, repetitiveness received 20 complaints, and body position received 19, thus representing only 64% of cumulate frequency, close to 70%. Hence, unfavorable environment, repetitiveness, and body position were identified as workers voice to be improved during the intervention.
\nPareto chart resulted from task metrics identified as risk.
The chart results due to the unfavorable environment of the task were tied with the workplace design, and then at least 41 opinions from the 48 workers had complaints about work place design; in the same way, task content was linked with repetitiveness; then, at least 40 from the 48 workers had complaints about task content. Thus,
In the third Pareto chart, the task content impact in the workers’ body was assessed. The chart bars that represent the human body parts were exposed to injury due to ergonomic hazards and unsafe conditions. Once again, the Pareto principle was not presented in the third chart (rule of 70/30) as observed in Figure 5. However, the upper limbs (as a whole) were identified as affected by the repetitive works developed.
\nPareto chart representation of body parts identified that will probably be injured.
The results of the diagnosis about incompliance of ergonomic rules inside the work system are mentioned below.
\n\n
The task content about work method:
Repetitiveness associated with the sensor activation using the fingers
The repetitive movements include twist and the stretch of wrist
Workplace design regards to container height:
Injuries associated with wrists and elbows hits
Task content regards to task duration about workers’ position
Workplace design regards to housing collector distance from filling area about workers’ position adopted for reach bags.
\n
Wrist pain and swelling caused by repetitive little hits
Elbow pain and swelling caused by repetitive little hits
Shoulder pain regarding arm overstretching position adopted to reach bags
Back pain regarding task duration and workers\' position adopted to reach bags.
In order to eliminate the 92 repeated overstretching positions taken by the workers during task performance (Table 1), redesign of the workstation was proposed (see Figure 6). Improving proposal included a transport system of a 90° exit discharge curve, which will position in the right way the bags are directed into the base container. Regarding poor design of container height and the distance between the collector and the worker, a slide elevator system was added, which included an optical sensor with two main functions. First one consists in detecting each bag to move the elevator system down when each bag is deposited in the container base, the second one refers to moving up the container base added to the elevator system when a determinate quantity of bags is counted, allowing the workers to reach without additional efforts to the bags. Additionally, a synchronization of the conveyor system was suggested, improving the productivity and decreasing the overwork driving to the human factor.
\nWorkstation proposed redesign. It includes a system transport of 90° exit discharge curve and an elevation system.
For reducing repetitiveness in the activation sensor (Table 1) during filling bag (right hand), a photoelectric sensor was implemented. It will automatically activate the filling nozzle. This implementation allowed eradicating the twist and stretch movements generated at wrist (see Figure 7).
\nPhotoelectric sensor in filling nozzle for automatic filling.
The assessment and diagnosis method based on QOCMWV was developed and implemented, with the objective of improving the labor relationship, between workers and employers as well as their working conditions. The standardized method allows obtaining relevant diagnosis about hazards and ergonomic risks factors present in the work system, which leads to musculoskeletal disorders. The study shows that the QOCMWV: (a) improves the worker-employer understanding about origin of ergonomic problems present in working areas, (b) identifies the main unsafe and unhealthy areas and work system components, (c) supports the decision-making about improvement projects focused on risk elimination, (d) the workers´ fear of being dismissed by employers if they report symptoms of illness was diminished because the survey was anonymous. However, the workers’ voice (complains) and the employers´ opinion in many cases were contradictory. Thus, it is necessary for new studies to implement strategies to balance the differences in opinion.
\nWe appreciate the enthusiastic participation of the employees who take part in the evaluation as well as the company contribution in the development of this study.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10801",title:"Uric Acid",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d947ab87019e69ab11aa597edbacc018",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10800",title:"Ligase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f10ff112edb1fec24379dac85ef3b5b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10837",title:"Peroxisomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0014b09d4b35bb4d7f52ca0b3641cda1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64617cf21bf1e47170bb2bcf31b1fc37",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10741",title:"Synthetic Genomics - From Natural to Synthetic Genomes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb1cebd0b9c4e7e87427003ff7196f57",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Miguel Fernández-Niño and Dr. Luis H. Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10741.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158295",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Fernández-Niño",slug:"miguel-fernandez-nino",fullName:"Miguel Fernández-Niño"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10886",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a71558dd7dfd16ad140168409f887f7e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10886.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10794",title:"Potassium in Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jie Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"40482",title:"Prof.",name:"Rizwan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Tutar and Dr. Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:13},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"654",title:"Seismology",slug:"seismology",parent:{title:"Geology and Geophysics",slug:"geology-and-geophysics"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:311,numberOfWosCitations:364,numberOfCrossrefCitations:199,numberOfDimensionsCitations:451,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"seismology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8257",title:"Seismic Waves",subtitle:"Probing Earth System",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a7acf0b6350ff87cc629283bfe248f8",slug:"seismic-waves-probing-earth-system",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao and Genti Toyokuni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8257.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8361",title:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"788c034eec48a4e2f1f6a2f1788d3346",slug:"applied-geophysics-with-case-studies-on-environmental-exploration-and-engineering-geophysics",bookSignature:"Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",middleName:null,surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8282",title:"Polar Seismology",subtitle:"Advances and Impact",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69e0f0e64b988f29d30532c2618705b2",slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8282.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6213",title:"Risk Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee3d73b48171426d2edb88e55e20f615",slug:"risk-assessment",bookSignature:"Valentina Svalova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62677",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Svalova",slug:"valentina-svalova",fullName:"Valentina Svalova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5958",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",subtitle:"New Insights and Contributions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7007d85d2a3d26fe08d934f72b0278d",slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3059",title:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2edf2eec98179a50d827dd4fd9dbe011",slug:"engineering-seismology-geotechnical-and-structural-earthquake-engineering",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3551",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"New Advances in Seismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1e244d7ea470738d42bc37e38470f22",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-advances-in-seismology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2227",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c2f80af61284334fb3655852de9f7",slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Evgenii Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1602",title:"New Achievements in Geoscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2742feb8ad590c91677e0dd148fc36d",slug:"new-achievements-in-geoscience",bookSignature:"Hwee-San Lim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1602.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hwee-San",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"hwee-san-lim",fullName:"Hwee-San Lim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2051",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"492268d0be01c6d76f0e2e4ac5c35730",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-statistical-studies-observations-and-planning",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2051.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"605",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Seismology, Seismotectonic and Earthquake Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f97c97f3cf8d09622afa27f3fd2d1e4",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-seismology-seismotectonic-and-earthquake-geology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2048",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"New Frontiers in Seismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28d7da86de8c245c5391e4a78f6c2d53",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-frontiers-in-seismology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2048.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37859",doi:"10.5772/50009",title:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Margin of Laurussia in the Paleozoic",slug:"plate-tectonic-evolution-of-the-southern-margin-of-laurussia-in-the-paleozoic",totalDownloads:4863,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:41,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Jan Golonka and Aleksandra Gawęda",authors:[{id:"16567",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Golonka",slug:"jan-golonka",fullName:"Jan Golonka"}]},{id:"37864",doi:"10.5772/50145",title:"Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia",slug:"role-of-the-ne-sw-hercynian-master-fault-systems-and-associated-lineaments-on-the-structuring-and-ev",totalDownloads:6637,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi"},{id:"147368",title:"Dr.",name:"Fetheddine",middleName:null,surname:"Melki",slug:"fetheddine-melki",fullName:"Fetheddine Melki"}]},{id:"26255",doi:"10.5772/30219",title:"Modelling Seismic Wave Propagation for Geophysical Imaging",slug:"modelling-seismic-wave-propagation-for-geophysical-imaging-",totalDownloads:6059,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"seismic-waves-research-and-analysis",title:"Seismic Waves",fullTitle:"Seismic Waves - Research and Analysis"},signatures:"Jean Virieux, Vincent Etienne, Victor Cruz-Atienza, Romain Brossier, Emmanuel Chaljub, Olivier Coutant, Stéphane Garambois, Diego Mercerat, Vincent Prieux, Stéphane Operto, Alessandra Ribodetti and Josué Tago",authors:[{id:"12036",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",middleName:null,surname:"Operto",slug:"stephane-operto",fullName:"Stephane Operto"},{id:"12331",title:"Dr.",name:"Romain",middleName:null,surname:"Brossier",slug:"romain-brossier",fullName:"Romain Brossier"},{id:"12332",title:"Pr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Virieux",slug:"jean-virieux",fullName:"Jean Virieux"},{id:"121171",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Garambois",slug:"stephane-garambois",fullName:"Stéphane Garambois"},{id:"122541",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chaljub",slug:"emmanuel-chaljub",fullName:"Emmanuel Chaljub"},{id:"122542",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Coutant",slug:"olivier-coutant",fullName:"Olivier Coutant"},{id:"122544",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Etienne",slug:"vincent-etienne",fullName:"Vincent Etienne"},{id:"122545",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Mercerat",slug:"diego-mercerat",fullName:"Diego Mercerat"},{id:"122546",title:"Mr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Prieux",slug:"vincent-prieux",fullName:"Vincent Prieux"},{id:"122548",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ribodetti",slug:"alessandra-ribodetti",fullName:"Alessandra Ribodetti"},{id:"122550",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"M.",surname:"Cruz-Atienza",slug:"victor-cruz-atienza",fullName:"Victor Cruz-Atienza"},{id:"122551",title:"Mr.",name:"Josué",middleName:null,surname:"Tago",slug:"josue-tago",fullName:"Josué Tago"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37864",title:"Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia",slug:"role-of-the-ne-sw-hercynian-master-fault-systems-and-associated-lineaments-on-the-structuring-and-ev",totalDownloads:6636,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi"},{id:"147368",title:"Dr.",name:"Fetheddine",middleName:null,surname:"Melki",slug:"fetheddine-melki",fullName:"Fetheddine Melki"}]},{id:"64562",title:"Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Subsurface-Imaging Technique",slug:"electrical-resistivity-tomography-a-subsurface-imaging-technique",totalDownloads:1926,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"applied-geophysics-with-case-studies-on-environmental-exploration-and-engineering-geophysics",title:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics",fullTitle:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics"},signatures:"Bing Zhou",authors:null},{id:"67965",title:"Seismic Velocity Structure in and around the Japanese Island Arc Derived from Seismic Tomography Including NIED MOWLAS Hi-net and S-net Data",slug:"seismic-velocity-structure-in-and-around-the-japanese-island-arc-derived-from-seismic-tomography-inc",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"seismic-waves-probing-earth-system",title:"Seismic Waves",fullTitle:"Seismic Waves - Probing Earth System"},signatures:"Makoto Matsubara, Hiroshi Sato, Kenji Uehira, Masashi Mochizuki, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Narumi Takahashi, Kensuke Suzuki and Shin’ichiro Kamiya",authors:null},{id:"37860",title:"Structural Geological Analysis of the High Atlas (Morocco): Evidences of a Transpressional Fold-Thrust Belt",slug:"structural-geological-analysis-of-the-high-atlas-morocco-evidences-of-a-transpressional-fold-thrust-",totalDownloads:14020,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Alessandro Ellero, Giuseppe Ottria, Marco G. Malusà and Hassan Ouanaimi",authors:[{id:"144013",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Ottria",slug:"giuseppe-ottria",fullName:"Giuseppe Ottria"},{id:"144580",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ellero",slug:"alessandro-ellero",fullName:"Alessandro Ellero"},{id:"158054",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Malusà",slug:"marco-g.-malusa",fullName:"Marco G. Malusà"},{id:"158056",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ouanaimi",slug:"hassan-ouanaimi",fullName:"Hassan Ouanaimi"}]},{id:"57107",title:"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products: Risks, Challenges, and Solutions",slug:"pharmaceuticals-and-personal-care-products-risks-challenges-and-solutions",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"risk-assessment",title:"Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Risk Assessment"},signatures:"Zakiya Hoyett",authors:[{id:"209465",title:"Dr.",name:"Zakiya",middleName:null,surname:"Hoyett",slug:"zakiya-hoyett",fullName:"Zakiya Hoyett"}]},{id:"43814",title:"Damage Estimation Improvement of Electric Power Distribution Equipment Using Multiple Disaster Information",slug:"damage-estimation-improvement-of-electric-power-distribution-equipment-using-multiple-disaster-infor",totalDownloads:1244,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-advances-in-seismology",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",fullTitle:"Earthquake Research and Analysis - New Advances in Seismology"},signatures:"Yoshiharu Shumuta",authors:[{id:"73485",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Shumuta",slug:"yoshiharu-shumuta",fullName:"Yoshiharu Shumuta"}]},{id:"57751",title:"Sequence Stratigraphy of Fluvial Facies: A New Type Representative from Wenliu Area, Bohai Bay Basin, China",slug:"sequence-stratigraphy-of-fluvial-facies-a-new-type-representative-from-wenliu-area-bohai-bay-basin-c",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",fullTitle:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy - New Insights and Contributions"},signatures:"Jingzhe Li and Jinliang Zhang",authors:[{id:"202289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinliang-zhang",fullName:"Jinliang Zhang"},{id:"204039",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingzhe",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jingzhe-li",fullName:"Jingzhe Li"}]},{id:"61767",title:"A New Trend in Cryoseismology: A Proxy for Detecting the Polar Surface Environment",slug:"a-new-trend-in-cryoseismology-a-proxy-for-detecting-the-polar-surface-environment",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",title:"Polar Seismology",fullTitle:"Polar Seismology - Advances and Impact"},signatures:"Masaki Kanao",authors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}]},{id:"42784",title:"Advanced Applications in the Field of Structural Control and Health Monitoring After the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake",slug:"advanced-applications-in-the-field-of-structural-control-and-health-monitoring-after-the-2009-l-aqui",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"engineering-seismology-geotechnical-and-structural-earthquake-engineering",title:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering"},signatures:"Vincenzo Gattulli",authors:[{id:"159477",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Gattulli",slug:"vincenzo-gattulli",fullName:"Vincenzo Gattulli"}]},{id:"43262",title:"Pushover Analysis of Long Span Bridge Bents",slug:"pushover-analysis-of-long-span-bridge-bents",totalDownloads:3383,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"engineering-seismology-geotechnical-and-structural-earthquake-engineering",title:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering"},signatures:"Vitaly Yurtaev and Reza Shafiei",authors:[{id:"161878",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vitaly",middleName:null,surname:"Yurtaev",slug:"vitaly-yurtaev",fullName:"Vitaly Yurtaev"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"seismology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/275214/eyyup-karaogul",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"275214",slug:"eyyup-karaogul"},fullPath:"/profiles/275214/eyyup-karaogul",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()