Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7774",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media",title:"Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Studies of fluid flow and heat transfer in a porous medium have been the subject of continuous interest for the past several decades because of the wide range of applications, such as geothermal systems, drying technologies, production of thermal isolators, control of pollutant spread in groundwater, insulation of buildings, solar power collectors, design of nuclear reactors, and compact heat exchangers, etc. There are several models for simulating porous media such as the Darcy model, Non-Darcy model, and non-equilibrium model. In porous media applications, such as the environmental impact of buried nuclear heat-generating waste, chemical reactors, thermal energy transport/storage systems, the cooling of electronic devices, etc., a temperature discrepancy between the solid matrix and the saturating fluid has been observed and recognized.",isbn:"978-1-78923-838-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-837-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-342-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77588",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanofluid-flow-in-porous-media",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"694361f15eb61a1b21ff01c6cd96f59a",bookSignature:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi, Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",publishedDate:"August 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7774.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11704,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185811",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",slug:"mohsen-sheikholeslami-kandelousi",fullName:"Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185811/images/system/185811.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Mohsen Sheikholeslami works at the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology’s Department of Mechanical Engineering in\nIran. He is Head of the Renewable energy systems and nanofluid\napplications in heat transfer Laboratory at Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. His research interests are nanofluid, CFD,\nsimulation, mesoscopic modeling, nonlinear science, magnetohydrodynamic, ferrohydrodynamic, electrohydrodynamic, and heat\nexchangers. He has written several papers and books in various fields of mechanical\nengineering. He is the first scientist to develop a new numerical method (CVFEM)\nand he published the reference book with title: “Application of Control Volume\nBased Finite Element Method (CVFEM) for Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer”. He\nis also the first author of the following books: “Applications of Nanofluid for Heat\nTransfer Enhancement”, “Application of semi analytical methods for nanofluid flow\nand heat transfer”, “Hydrothermal Analysis in Engineering Using Control Volume\nFinite Element Method”, and “External Magnetic Field Effects on Hydrothermal\nTreatment of Nanofluid”, which are published in ELSEVIER. According to the\nreports of Thomson Reuters (Clarivate Analytics), he has been selected as a Web of\nScience Highly Cited Researcher (Top 0.01%) in 2016, 2017, and 2018.",institutionString:"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Babol Noshirvani University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52613/images/system/52613.jpg",biography:"Professor Sadia Ameen obtained a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 2008. Presently she is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeongeup Campus, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Her current research focuses on dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, organic solar cells, sensors, catalysts, and optoelectronic devices. She specializes in innovative energy materials and the manufacture of nanocomposites. She received a gold medal in academics and a merit scholarship for her outstanding academic achievements. She is also a recipient of the Best Researcher Award. She has authored or co-authored more than 120 peer-reviewed papers in the fields of solar cells, catalysts, and sensors as well as book chapters and edited books.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"218191",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Shaheer",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"m.-shaheer-akhtar",fullName:"M. Shaheer Akhtar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/218191/images/system/218191.png",biography:"Professor M. Shaheer Akhtar obtained a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, from Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea, in 2008. Presently, he is an associate professor at the same university. His research interests include photo-electrochemical characterizations of thin-film semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes, and electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, small molecule-based organic solar cells, and photocatalytic reactions.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"36666",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",slug:"hyung-shik-shin",fullName:"Hyung-Shik Shin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36666/images/system/36666.jpg",biography:"Professor Hyung-Shik Shin received Ph.D. in the kinetics of initial oxidation Al (111) surface from Cornell University, USA, in 1984. He is an Emeritus Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University and also the President of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon, Republic of Korea. He has been a promising researcher and visited several universities as visiting professor/invited speaker worldwide. He is an active executive member of various renowned scientific committees such as KiChE, copyright protection, KAERI, etc. He has extensive experience in electrochemistry, renewable energy sources, solar cells, organic solar cells, charge transport properties of organic semiconductors, inorganic-organic solar cells, biosensors, chemical sensors, nano-patterning of thin-film materials, and photocatalytic degradation.",institutionString:"Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"157",title:"Fluid Mechanics",slug:"materials-science-fluid-mechanics"}],chapters:[{id:"66057",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to Nanoporous Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84773",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-introduction-to-nanoporous-materials",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Sadia Ameen, Mohammad Shaheer Akhtar, Rhushikesh Godbole and Hyung-Shik Shin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66057",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66057",authors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],corrections:null},{id:"64295",title:"Nanoporous Oxides and Nanoporous Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82028",slug:"nanoporous-oxides-and-nanoporous-composites",totalDownloads:694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanoporous oxides, such as cupric oxide (CuO), nickelous oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4), and cerium oxide (CeO2), and noble-metal-based nanoporous composites, such as silver (Ag) ligaments loaded with CeO2, TiO2, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) or NiO and palladium (Pd) ligaments loaded with TiO2 or ZrO2, are described in the chapter. Oxide-based nanoporous composites, such as Au loaded on CuO and CeO2 or platinum (Pt) loaded on TiO2, are also summarized. The structures, microstructures, and microstructure parameters of these materials are reviewed. The performance of the noble-based nanoporous composites is presented, including the catalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol. Environmental protection applications, such as catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) for the oxide-based nanoporous composites, have also been developed. Applications of rare earth elements in nanoporous materials are also reviewed.",signatures:"Dong Duan, Haiyang Wang, Wenyu Shi and Zhanbo Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64295",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65045",title:"Measurement of Heat and Mass Flow Characteristics of Nanofluid in a Porous Parallel-Plate Channel by Darcy-LTNE/LTE, Brinkman-LTNE/LTE Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83482",slug:"measurement-of-heat-and-mass-flow-characteristics-of-nanofluid-in-a-porous-parallel-plate-channel-by",totalDownloads:780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In current study, fully developed flow of Al2O3-water nanofluid with forced convection heat transfer in channel is investigated with different models of heat and mass distribution. The channel is filled with porous media of open-celled Cu metal foams. The Darcy and Brinkman models are used for the mass flow; however, the heat transfer distribution is examined through the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) models. Exact solutions for Darcy-LTE, Brinkman-LTE, Darcy-LTNE, and Brinkman-LTNE models are obtained. Temperature profiles by these different models are discussed under effect of nanoparticle concentration and compare the profiles with each other.",signatures:"Mohsan Hassan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65045",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65045",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66109",title:"Magneto-Sensitive Smart Materials and Magnetorheological Mechanism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84742",slug:"magneto-sensitive-smart-materials-and-magnetorheological-mechanism",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Magneto-sensitive smart materials, also named as magnetorheological (MR) materials, are a class of smart composites prepared by dispersing nanometer- or micrometer-sized ferromagnetic fillers into the different carrier matrix. As the rheological properties can be controlled by an external magnetic field rapidly, reversibly, and continuously, magneto-sensitive smart materials have great application potential in construction, automotive industry, artificial intelligence, etc. In this chapter, a brief history and classification of magneto-sensitive smart materials are firstly summarized. Next, we discuss the state-of-the-art of the magnetorheological mechanism through experimental and theoretical studies, respectively. Finally, the prospect for this material in the future is presented.",signatures:"Yangguang Xu, Guojiang Liao and Taixiang Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66109",authors:[{id:"283475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yangguang",surname:"Xu",slug:"yangguang-xu",fullName:"Yangguang Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"66298",title:"Autowave Processes in Magnetic Fluid: Electrically Controlled Interference",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85197",slug:"autowave-processes-in-magnetic-fluid-electrically-controlled-interference",totalDownloads:650,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter considers autowaves that were observed in the thin near-electrode layer of concentrated magnetic fluid. Autowave process is a unique object for the study of self-organization. We observed pacemakers (leading centers), reverberators (spiral waves), and wave diffraction. A mechanism for the appearance of an autowave process has been developed; its mathematical model has been proposed and realized by means of computer simulation. As a basic method of observation, we used electrically controlled interference. This method watches the changes in the spectrum of reflected light from a two-layer structure with variable thickness: “conductive ITO coating—a layer of concentrated magnetic fluid” in an electric field.",signatures:"Vladimir S. Chekanov, Natalya V. Kandaurova, Viktoria I. Drozdova, Galina V. Shagrova, Veniamin V. Romantsev and Mikhail Yu. Shevchenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66298",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64251",title:"Synthesis and Application of Porous Kaolin-Based ZSM-5 in the Petrochemical Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81375",slug:"synthesis-and-application-of-porous-kaolin-based-zsm-5-in-the-petrochemical-industry",totalDownloads:996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Zeolites are advanced chemical materials that play a significant role in many petrochemical applications. In recent years, research interest in improving and enhancing the effectiveness of ZSM-5 as a catalyst has grown immensely. In particular, finding cheaper, environmentally friendly alternative starting materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has gained much attention. Kaolin has been widely investigated as a zeolite precursor as it comprises the required constituents for an aluminosilicate zeolite material; ubiquitous nature and its benefit in synthesising zeolites are well known as an inexpensive way of obtaining catalysts. This chapter deals with the factors affecting ZSM-5 synthesis when utilising a kaolin precursor. The effects of kaolin crystallinity, kaolinite content and synthesis parameters on ZSM-5 formation and its physicochemical properties are discussed. The potential of kaolin-based ZSM-5 as an oligomerisation catalyst is investigated. Pure, crystalline ZSM-5 could be successfully synthesised from a kaolin precursor. Physicochemical properties such as morphology, porosity and acidity are affected by the kaolin precursor and optimum synthesis conditions are required for synthesis of ZSM-5 from particular kaolin. Kaolin-based ZSM-5 catalyst showed good activity and selectivity to valuable fuel range hydrocarbons.",signatures:"Ebrahim Mohiuddin, Yusuf Makarfi Isa, Masikana M. Mdleleni and David Key",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64251",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64438",title:"Thermal Radiation and Thermal Diffusion for Soret and Dufour’s Effects on MHD Flow over Rotating Infinite Disk",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82186",slug:"thermal-radiation-and-thermal-diffusion-for-soret-and-dufour-s-effects-on-mhd-flow-over-rotating-inf",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In general, the thermal radiation and thermal diffusion effects over an electrically conducting, Newtonian fluid in a steady laminar magnetohydrodynamic convective flow over a porous rotating infinite disk with the consideration of heat and mass transfer in the presence of Soret and Dufour’s diffusion effects have been obtained and studied numerically. The governing continuity, momentum, energy and concentration equations are converted into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformation. The resulting system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically. In this chapter, numerical results were presented for velocity (radial, axial and tangential), temperature, concentration and pressure profiles for different parameters of the problem Also, the effects of the pertinent parameters on the radial and tangential skin friction, the rate of heat and mass transfer are obtained and discussed numerically and illustrated graphically.",signatures:"Gamal M. Abdel-Rahman and Faiza M.N. El-fayez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64438",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65279",title:"MHD Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Nanofluid through a Porous Media over a Stretching Sheet",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83732",slug:"mhd-flow-and-heat-transfer-of-casson-nanofluid-through-a-porous-media-over-a-stretching-sheet",totalDownloads:892,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present chapter aims at investigating the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching surface through a porous medium. Casson fluid model is utilized to describe the non-Newtonian fluid behavior. Two types of nanofluids, that is, Ag-water and Cu-water, are studied. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved numerically using the Keller box method. Numerical results are obtained for the velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The influence of the various governing parameters viz. Casson parameter, magnetic parameter, porosity parameter and Prandtl number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the nanofluids is plotted graphically and discussed in detail. The chapter shows that with an increase in the Casson parameter, the velocity field decreases whereas the temperature profile increases. A decrease in the momentum boundary layer thickness and an increase in the thermal boundary layer thickness are noted with an increase in the magnetic parameter.",signatures:"Ayesha Siddiqui and Bandari Shankar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65279",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65279",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64053",title:"Heat Transfer and Thermal Radiation at a General Three-Dimensional in a Nanofluid through a Porous Medium",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81575",slug:"heat-transfer-and-thermal-radiation-at-a-general-three-dimensional-in-a-nanofluid-through-a-porous-m",totalDownloads:575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the magnetohydrodynamic effects on heat transfer and thermal radiation at a stagnation point flowing in a nanofluid containing different types of nanoparticles namely, copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2) through a porous medium have been investigated numerically. By using appropriate transformation for velocity and temperature into a set of non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically. Numerical results are presented for velocity and temperature profiles for different parameters of the problem. Also, the effects of the pertinent parameters on the skin friction and the heat fluxes are obtained and discussed numerically and illustrated graphically.",signatures:"Gamal M. Abdel-Rahman and Faiza M.N. El-fayez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64053",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64053",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65994",title:"Effects of MHD on Modified Nanofluid Model with Variable Viscosity in a Porous Medium",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84266",slug:"effects-of-mhd-on-modified-nanofluid-model-with-variable-viscosity-in-a-porous-medium",totalDownloads:921,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A computational simulation for two-dimensional steady flow of modified nanofluid over an exponential stretching surface in a porous medium with magnet hydrodynamics and variable viscosity is presented in this study. Modified nanofluids are generalization of both hybrid nanofluids and simple nanofluids. Here, we consider three nanoparticles which drastically enhance the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. The viscous model associated with variable viscosity and MHD flow is employed. Well-known similarity transformations are utilized to convert the partial differential equations to system of ordinary differential equations. These converted equations are solved by utilizing the numerical technique Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg method. The impacts of variable viscosity, porosity parameter, Nusselt number, thermal and velocity slip, skin friction coefficient, solid nanoparticle, and magnetic field are observed. The computational results accomplished in the present investigation are validated and felt to be a good agreement with decayed results. It is highlighted that modified nanofluid model enhances the heat transfer rate much higher than the case of hybrid nanofluid and simple nanofluid model.",signatures:"Sohail Nadeem and Nadeem Abbas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65994",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64997",title:"Porous Low-Dielectric-Constant Material for Semiconductor Microelectronics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81577",slug:"porous-low-dielectric-constant-material-for-semiconductor-microelectronics",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"To provide high speed, low dynamic power dissipation, and low cross-talk noise for microelectronic circuits, low-dielectric-constant (low-k) materials are required as the inter- and intra-level dielectric (ILD) insulator of the back-end-of-line interconnects. Porous low-k materials have low-polarizability chemical compositions and the introducing porosity in the film. Integration of porous low-k materials into microelectronic circuits, however, poses a number of challenges because the composition and porosity affected the resistance to damage during integration processing and reduced the mechanical strength, thereby degrading the properties and reliability. These issues arising from porous low-k materials are the subject of the present chapter.",signatures:"Yi-Lung Cheng and Chih-Yen Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64997",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66948",title:"Variation of Coronal Magnetic Field and Solar Flare Eruption",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86168",slug:"variation-of-coronal-magnetic-field-and-solar-flare-eruption",totalDownloads:609,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Solar flares are prominent eruptive phenomenon happening in the solar atmosphere. Major flares usually come from solar active regions (ARs) where strong and concentrated bipolar magnetic field exists and manifests as dark sunspots in photosphere. The photospheric magnetic field acts as the bottom boundary of corona system and confines the magnetic structure of the corona. For complex ARs, the coronal magnetic field generally contains electric current around the magnetic polarity inversion lines, which corresponds to the nonpotential magnetic field and manifests as twisted field lines. The coronal magnetic field structure evolves as the response to the variations of the photospheric magnetic field. This coronal evolution can be quasi-steady and approximated by the force-free condition. In some situations, the variations of photospheric magnetic field may cause sudden changes of topological structure of coronal magnetic field at certain sites in the corona. The plasmas at these sites lost equilibrium and are ejected from their original positions. This process is accompanied with magnetic reconnection and leads to the release of magnetic energy in the corona. Part of the released magnetic energy is converted to the electromagnetic emission which manifests as sudden brightening across a broad range of electromagnetic wave spectrum, and hence the flare phenomenon is initiated.",signatures:"Han He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66948",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68954",title:"Magnetohydrodynamics in Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87109",slug:"magnetohydrodynamics-in-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:987,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses recent advances in biomedical applications of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The magnetohydrodynamic (MDH) effect is a physical phenomenon describing the motion of a conducting fluid flowing under influencing of an external magnetic field. The chapter covers four primary areas of research: (1) laser beam scanning, (2) nano-particle manipulation, (3) imaging contrast enhancement, and (4) targeted drug delivery. The state-of-the-art devices based on magnetohydrodynamic principles are also presented, providing a broad view of biomedical MHDs. As the field of biomedical MHDs continues to grow, advances towards micro-scale transitions will continue to be made, maintaining its clinically driven nature and motion towards real-world applications.",signatures:"Hamid Farrokhi, David O. 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1. Introduction
This chapter is dedicated to ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic power transducers. These elements are now the most popular source of high power ultrasound and is used in many industrial applications. High power ultrasonic waves are generally used in such industrial processes as welding, acceleration of chemical reactions, scavenging in gas medium, echo sounding and underwater communication (sonar systems), picture transmission, and, above all, ultrasonic cleaning. In practice is now the most widely used the sandwich type power transducers.
Stage design power converters high power ultrasonic devices usually preceded by computer analysis of currents and voltages waveforms the elements of the system, particularly in semiconductor instruments of power. Competent representation requires the use of these waveforms of electrical models of piezoelectric ceramic transducers under the parameters of line with reality and allows to calculate the electrical operating parameters used in the layout of semiconductor switches, capacitors and reactors. Application to simulation circuit of the main generators of ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic transducers correct model also allows analysis of different variants of control systems and regulation of voltage-frequency converters
For example the standard ultrasonic system for cleaning technology (Fig. 1) includes:
ultrasonic generator,
transducer or set of transducers,
cleaning tank.
Piezoelectric ceramic transducers placed in the tub generate ultrasonic waves that pass through the liquid and reach the element immersed in the tank. As a result, created in the liquid, with very high frequency, alternating areas of high and low pressure.In areas, where low pressure is forming millions of bubbles of vacuum. When the pressure in the alveoli increases and is high enough, bubbles implode, releasing enormous energy at the same time. This phenomenon is called cavitation. Emerging implosions work as a whole series of small cleaning brush. The phenomenon is spreading in all directions and causes intense but controlled detachment of particles of pollutants on the entire surface of cleaning detail. Washed away dirt particles collect on the surface of the cleaning solution from where they are blown into a nearby basin, and then be filtered and recycled.
Figure 1.
Ultrasonic cleaning system
Ultrasonic cleaning is more effective in cleaning hard materials, than the cleaning of soft or porous materials. It was found that, the harder the surface, including the operation of ultrasound is more efficient. Hence, metals, glass, hard plastics well led by ultrasound and are ideally suited for ultrasonic cleaning.
2. Sandwich type transducer
In the technological equipment for cleaning, welding, etc. are generated ultrasound with high intensity and frequency from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Currently, most teams or a single power are a source of ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic transducers. The construction of such a transducer is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2.
Construction ofsandwich type piezoelectric ceramic transducer; 1 – screw or pin settings (gripping), transmitter, 2, 5 – blocks of metal (eg. aluminum, iron, brass), 3, 4 – piezoelectric ceramic plates (cylindrical, annular)
Such transducers consists of two metal blocks (2, 5), between which are clamped to the material of the piezoelectric ceramic plate (3, 4). Metal blocks and plates are twisted with one or more screws (1). This construction has a much lower own resonant frequency compared to the same frequency of vibration plates, and what is more important allows you to generate high intensity ultrasound. Characteristic of ultrasonic power converters is that they work in a state of mechanical resonance. Thus, in this case the wave frequency of the supply voltage must be equal to the natural frequency of the transducer.
2.1. Mechanical model
Piezoelectric ceramic power converter in resonance state is a mechanically vibrating block, which can model the system with one degree of freedom shown in Fig. 3.
This model consists of massM, which represents the mass of the whole converter, a damper with a coefficient of frictionR and spring with a coefficient of mechanical sensitivityK.
Figure 3.
The model of the mechanical oscillating system with one degree of freedom
In this system, there are four forces: the external forcefZ, the force of elasticity (Hook)fK, the force of friction fRand force of inertiafM, which satisfy the equation:
fZ=fM+fR+fKE1
Assuming: K=1S, where Sthe coefficient of elasticity,
x- deviation from the equilibrium position, v- linear velocity of particles (acoustic) dependence (Eq. 1) can be written as:
fZ=Md2xdt2+Rdxdt+1Kx=Mdvdt+Rv+1K∪-∝tvdϢE2
Assuming that the vibration exciting force FZis sinusoidal variable
fZ=FZMsinϧtE3
where: FZMamplitude, and ϧpulse of this force, the relationship (Eq. 2) can be written as:
FZ¯=FZejϧt=jϧMV¯+RV¯+1jϧKV¯E4
Complex mechanical impedance of the transducer is thus equal to:
Zmech¯=FZ¯V¯=R+jϧM+1jϧK=R+jϧM-1ϧK=ZmechejϤE5
The impedance module is equal to:
Zmech=R2+ϧM-1ϧK2=R2+X2E6
Ϥ=arctgXRE7
Finding a model similar to the mechanical model of electrical converter provides digital modeling of complete systems of generators supplying power electronic converters, the analysis found their current and voltage waveforms and to verify the different concepts of control algorithms of such systems.
The relationship (Eq. 5) describing the complex mechanical impedance of the transducer is similar to the relationship describing the Zm¯ impedance of the electrical serial circuitRmLmCmshown on Fig. 4.
Zm¯=Rm+jϧLm+1jϧCm=Rm+jϧLm-1ϧCmE8
Figure 4.
Electrical serial circuit RmLmCm
In this circuit the resistance Rmis equal toRm=Rs+Ra, where Rsrepresents the mechanical losses of the converter, which are practically constant, and Rathe acoustic resistance, which is inversely proportional to the intensity Iaproduced by the ultrasound transducer.
2.2. Electric model
Equation (Eq. 5) shows that the linear velocity (molecular), vibrating transducer has the greatest amplitude when the mechanical impedance value Zmechis the smallest. This condition occurs when the elastic force fKbalance the power of inertiafM,
fM+fK=0E9
and pulse of external forcefZ, to compensate for the frictional force fRwill be equal to the pulsation resonant converterϧm, whereϧm2=1M∘K.
In the piezoelectric phenomenon, the relationship between external force fZcausing the deformation of the piezoelectric ceramic element and the intensity of the electric field E generated inside, is linear.
As for the specific thickness piezoelectric ceramic plate l we can write:
u=E∘lE10
thenassuming a coefficient of proportionality kpcan be said that an external force kpisproportional to the voltage that was applied to the plate.
fZ=kpuE11
Comparing the equation describing a serial electrical circuitRmLmCm,
u=Lmd2qdt2+Rmdqdt+qCm=Lmdidt+Rmi+1Cm∪-∝tidϢE12
of equation (Eq. 2) can be seen that supplied to the circuit an electric charge is proportional to the deformation:
Since the components of the sum in equation (Eq. 16) May dimension of tension is present in them can be replaced by permanent mechanical respective electrical components:
Lm=Mkp2,\n\tRm=Rkp2,\n\tCm=kp2KE17
2.2.1. Linearmodel
On the basis of equation (Eq. 16) can be drawn, well-known and frequently used, an electric equivalent circuit oscillating piezoelectric ceramic transducer shown in Fig. 5.
Additional components Ceand Rerepresent the electrical capacitance and resistance of the piezoelectric ceramic plate transducer.
Figure 5.
Linear, a replacement wiring diagram piezoelectric ceramic transducer,ZPT - Electrical impedance of the transmitter: a) a detailed diagram, b) the distribution of the branch of electrical and mechanical
Figure 6.
Frequency characteristics of impedance modulus normalized and the phase of the mechanical industry Zm and the entire transducerZPT
Examples of the frequency characteristics of a standard impedance modulus and phase of mechanical industry and the entire transducer is shown in Fig. 6.
When the frequency f1reaches a minimum impedance ZPTof the module. Near this frequency is the frequency of mechanical resonancefr.
Resistance Rmcan be divided into two parts:
Rm=Rs+RaE18
whereRs represents the mechanical losses of the converter, which are practically constant, and Ra the acoustic resistance.
Presented in this chapter, a linear model of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer is not mapped correctly the actual frequency characteristics of the transmitter. Frequency response of linear model is much wider than in the actual transmitter. This is important in the process of creating digital models and design of ultrasonic generators.
2.2.2. Non-linear model
As mentioned above, the linear model presented in Fig. 5 does not correctly reproduces the frequency characteristics of the transmitter. This feature can be eliminated by supplementing the model with two non-linear electrical resistanceRm1fand Rm2fthe accompanying in mechanical industries, as shown in Fig. 7.
The resultant mechanical resistance Rmwf in the industry is thus equal to:
Rmwf=Rm+Rm1fRm2fRm+Rm1f+Rm2fE19
Assuming that
Rm1f=Rm1fr-ffrnE20
Rm2f=Rm21+fr-ffrmE21
the current state of the branch of mechanical resonance, which is proportional to the speed of molecular vstill is determined by the resistanceRm because, Rm1ffr=0andRm2f(fr)→∝.
Figure 7.
Non-linear electrical model of piezoelectric ceramic transducer
3. Admittance characteristics of sandwich type transducers
The electrical characteristics of ceramic transducer resistance Re and electrical capacitance Cecan be determined with high accuracy on the basis of electrical measurement. Changes in these parameters while the transducer can be considered to be negligible because of the transmitter power is assumed that the Ce andRe are fixed. Parameters of dynamic branch RmCmLm of power piezoelectric ceramic transducer model electric are not physically measurable. We can only designate empirically. Identification algorithm is therefore based on numerical calculations. Input parameter for these calculations is the image of the actual characteristics of the transducer admittance.
Example characteristics of the actual and approximated admittance converter a resonance frequency around 25 kHz are shown in Fig. 8.
Assuming a digital model of the transmitter as shown in Fig. 5 the susceptanceB, conductanceG, admittance Yof the transducers in frequency ϧ function may be expressed by the following equations:
Bϧ=ImYϧ=ϧCe+ϧCm(1-ϧ2LmCm)ϧ2Cm2Rm2+(1-ϧ2LmCm)2E22
Gϧ=ReYϧ=Ge+ϧ2Cm2Rmϧ2Cm2Rm2+(1-ϧ2LmCm)2E23
Yϧ=G(ϧ)2+B(ϧ)2E24
whereGe=1Re. For the resonant pulsation ϧm=1LmCm are:
Bϧm=CeLmCm≇0E25
Gϧm=1Re+1Rm≇1RmE26
Figure 8.
Exemplary admittance characteristics of sandwich type transducers1. Real characteristic,2. Equivalent characteristic
4. The genetic algorithm in use to identifyRm, Lm, Cmparameters of the mechanical branch
As mentioned earlier parameters of dynamic branch RmLmCmof power piezoelectric ceramic transducer model electric are not physically measurable.
We can only designate empirically. Identification algorithm is therefore based on numerical calculations. Input parameter for these calculations is the image of the actual characteristics of the transducer admittance.
An example measurements of results for the transducer mechanical resonance frequency equal to about 43 kHz is locate in appendix in Table 1 and one-to-one correspondence real admittance characteristics of this transduceris shown in Fig. 9. The graph consists of points whose coordinates correspond to the conductance G=Re(Y)and susceptanceB=Im(Y)of the converter, measured at a certain frequency.
Analysing the shape of this characteristic can be clearly observed that with increasing frequency (Figure accordance with the frequency increasing clockwise), outlines the main loop of the graph. In the general case, the image of the curve is an ellipse. This ellipse is interpolated electrical admittance characteristics of an ideal replacement transducer schedule shown in Fig. 9. It may be noted that the actual characteristics, in addition to the main loop also includes many smaller "loops" that testify to the presence of additional resonances in the transducer side. These resonances, however, will not occur in the adopted system replacement transmitter.
Figure 9.
Real admittance characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer
After eliminating these "loops" with the actual picture of the actual characteristics of the admittance characteristics of the transducer will be the figure presented in Fig. 10.
In Table 1 are marked in bold points, which missed the chart.
Figure 10.
The actual characteristics of the transducer after eliminating resonances fringe
The set of coordinates of the actual approximation characteristics transducer (Fig. 9) is a database for further calculations.
4.1. Calculationalgorithm
Designation of alternative modes of dynamic parameters of the transmitter requires the implementation of numerical calculations and find such a set of RmLmCmparameters, which in a given error will allow mapping of the main loop, the actual characteristics of the transducer admittance presented Fig. 10.
One element of the identification of these parameters is a genetic algorithm.Generally one can say that thegenetic algorithm is a regula - system learner who makes a certain number of iteration steps. It is a group of strict security procedures that are based on the fundamental mechanisms of biological evolution such as natural selection and inheritance. It works interactively with the environment in discrete time. The algorithm of this type of reproduction may take place subject to the diversity of the population:
model with preload,
measures niche
A special feature of this type is that the algorithm is not seeking a single optimal solution, but a group of cooperating the best solutions. At any time, the algorithm works evolutionary principle of survival, which is always available some of the best solutions at the moment. As the proceedings algorithm solution to optimize and adapt to the conditions in which the algorithm works. For further calculations is always the best solutions are selected and rejected solutions are worse. Here there is a process of succession. In order to obtain optimal solutions group for further reproduction of the best solutions are selected at the time of the algorithm. It is a natural selection process occurs in nature. It is known that the probability of obtaining better result is greater if we use it to generate the best available solution than the use of inferior results. According to the law of nature and genetics "survive" the best and strongest.
Figure 11.
Simply genetic algorithm
The genetic algorithms is a natural process of mating genes. It is no different genetic algorithm. There also are choosing the best "genes" of each solution and verify their combinations. Alongside the cross as a natural evolution is mutation, a random change in the gene. Both these processes are the values of the genetic operator.
Using the genetic algorithm, remember to keep the best balance between the transfer of genes to the next generation, and a draw solution space. Too broad conditions imposed solutions may give erroneous results in spite of every generation the best available solution at the moment. Genetic algorithm is an excellent tool to monitor and maintain the balance between these two dependencies.
The overall pattern of genetic algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 11.
Using a genetic algorithm to identify the parameters of dynamic model of the electrical branch of the transducer sandwich working near mechanical resonance is shown in Fig. 12.
Figure 12.
Algorithm for parameter identification of dynamic model of the branch of electrical power ultrasonic transducer
The initial value of the dynamic resistance Rmis calculated by selecting the characteristics shown in Fig. 9 point with coordinates(Gmax,\n\tBe). In this point there is a mechanical resonance of the transducer and is a good approximation condition.
Iterative improvement of the results obtained in numerical calculationsand a computer simulation electric model of an sandwich type transducers
Choosing the actual characteristics of the admittance of any two points with coordinates(G1,\n\t B1), (G2,\n\tB2), which lie beyond the point of mechanical resonance(ϧ1\n\t≟\n\tϧm,\n\tϧ2\n\t≟\n\tϧm) can calculate the initial value of the replacement of mechanical capacityCm.
Transforming the system of equations:
G1-Ge=ϧ12Cm2Rm(1-ϧ12LmCm)2+ϧ12Rm2Cm2E30
G2-Ge=ϧ22Cm2Rm(1-ϧ22LmCm)2+ϧ22Rm2Cm2E31
and taking into account that for Gmax is equal to the pulsation vibrations ϧm approximate value of Cm is described by the formula:
Cm\'=1-ϧ12ϧm2ϧ1G1-Ge(Gmax-Ge)1-G1-GeGmax-GeE32
Cm\'\'=1-ϧ22ϧm2ϧ2G2-Ge(Gmax-Ge)1-G2-GeGmax-GeE33
Cm=Cm\'+Cm\'\'2E34
The initial value of the replacement of mechanical inductance Lm determined from the relationship:
Lm=1ϧm2CmE35
After substituting the calculated value of the RmLmCm and the measurementCe,Re the relationship (Eq. 22) and (Eq. 23) is determined by numerical coordinates of the points of the electrical characteristics of the admittance model for the same pulse, for which measurements of actual performance. If the error resulting from a comparison of the approximation characteristic with real characteristic (Fig. 10) is greater than the accepted values, generate a new population ofCe,Re , RmLmCmparameters, repeat the calculation of coordinates of the electrical characteristics of the model and then analyze the resulting error. Calculations should be continued until the error resulting from a comparison of the characteristics shown in Fig. 10 with the characteristics of the accepted model of the electrical transducer is smaller than the set value. Measurement error should be performed in the pulsation ϧchanging between points Bmax and Bmin (Fig. 10).
Procedure described above can be used and introduces the appropriate algorithm in the DSP program simulation.
Number of the best selected genotypes for mutation: NumM,
Number of the best selected genotypes for crossing: NumC,
initial parameter mutation range: Initial
4.1.2. Description of algorithm parameters
The algorithmbuildsan initialpopulation from completelyrandomvalues. Eachalgorithm result isthereforepartlyrandom. Valuesimplicitlyincludedinthe programwhenitstartsin mostcasesproduce the desiredresult. In orderto increasethe effectiveness ofthe algorithm we canincrease thepopulation sizeorquantity. This implies, however, withprolongedtime neededforcalculations, andthus thewaiting timeforresults. Increasingthe likelihoodmay leadtoan erroneousfindingandlosing theoptimal solution. In thecase ofreduction inpopulation size, increasedthe likelihood ofcrossinghas a better chanceofgettingan individualwitha desiredadjustmenteven thoughhisspeechislesscertain.
Similaralgorithmbehavesina situationof increasingthe probabilityof mutation, but inthiscase, the resultis morerandom.
4.1.3. Description of program code
The main application file is interface.m. He is responsible for building the interface, retrieve data from the controls and calling the functions of the buttons.
The first step is to create an initial population for genetic algorithm.
// INITIAL POPULATION
startpop = zeros (popsize, 2);
fori = 1: popsize
startpop (i,:) = individual (2, max_val); / of the initial random population
end
The creation of the initial population is to create a matrix of population size \'number of individuals\' x \'dimension of the individual\', where the number of individuals is the value declared in the program window, and the dimension is equal to the number of individual factors.
The population is filled with random individuals.
The next step is to assess the population. It is used here for the sum of squared differences of the values obtained and references. Since the genetic algorithm seeks to maximize, a function of adaptation used in this case is the inverse of the sum of the squares, in addition to the square have raised to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm.
Based on the resulting evaluation, subjects were assigned to be the appropriate probability of the next population. The draw of the population makes the next feature:
function [new] = sel (evaluation, current) / disproportionate Roulette
globalpopsize;
for j = 1: popsize
number (j, 1) = round (100 * (score (j, 3)));
end
roulette = zeros (100.2);
fori = 1:100
Roulette (i, 1) = i;
end
// 100-point roulette wheel
all = 100;
item = popsize;
while an element> 0; / complement vector numbers in accordance with the adaptation of individual
for a = 1: all
Roulette (a, 2) = element;
end
all = all-number (element, 1);
element = element-1;
end
// Draw elements
items = Random (popsize, 100); / draws n = popsize position
for j = 1: popsize
number (j, 1) = roulette ((positions (j, 1)), 2); / individual in this position
end
fori = 1: popsize
new (i,:) = current ((number (i, 1 )),:); / choose a subject to reproduce
end
After drawing the new population are made on the operations of crossover and mutation.
// CROSSING
xn = fix (popsize / 2); / number of crossover operations
remainder = mod (popsize, 2); / population parity check
steam = select (popsize); / choice pairs of interbreeding
fori = 1: xn
[Child1 Child2] = cross ((new (pair (2 * i-1, 1 ),:)),( new (pair (2 * i, a cross ),:)));
pox (i,:) = Child1;% first child
pox (i+ xn,:) = Child2;% second child
end
pox (2 * xn +1,:) = new (pair (xn, 1 2 * ),:); / last rewritten without change
end
Crossing begins by selecting pairs of individuals, in such a way that a given individual could occur in only one hand. If the population is odd that an individual will be rewritten without change. Then it is drawn for each pair whether the operation will cross (the probability of randomly selected cross <put the probability of crossover):
- if so, part of the code is converted into fish,
- if not, individuals are no changes.
According to the function below:
function [Child1, Child2] = cross (A, B); / crucifixion simple
globalpx;
or = rand (1);
if and>px / cross check whether
Child1 = A;
Child2 = B;
else / crossing straight
Child1 (1) = A (1);
Child1 (2) = B (2);
Child2 (1) = B (1);
Child2 (2) = A (2);
end
After the crossover operation for each individual of the population by analogy, we check if there is a mutation. If so, an individual code rate is changed to a random value according to the following function:
function [X] = mut (A) / mutation (replacing a randomly selected for another random value)
globalmax_val;
index = Random (1,2); / random mutation alleles
new = individual (1, max_val); / new value allele
A (index) = new;
X = A;
After mutation we get a new population, which also is subjected to evaluation of the adjustment operations, reproduction, crossover and mutation according to the number of iterations the algorithm set by the user.
Examples of results obtained in subsequent iterative steps for the transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 42.9 kHz is shown in Fig. 10.
When the next iterative step will be the condition for the completion of the calculations should be considered that the characteristics of the model shown in Fig. 5 parameters Re, Ceand RmLmCm generated in the genetic algorithm in the last population of values, coincides with the actual characteristics of the interpolated transducer. The shape of this characteristic is shown in Fig. 14.
Figure 14.
Circle admittance obtained using genetic algorithm
4.2. Effect of the electrical equivalent circuit parameters on the shape characteristics of the transducer admittance
Location of figures which creates a characteristic admittance of the transducer coordinate system Bϧ=f[Gϧ]can be determined by changing the value of capacity Ce and the loss of electrical resistance of ceramicsRe. The higher value of Re the greater displacement figures to the right people along the conductanceG(ϧ). If you forget in the pattern of replacement sensor resistance Re\n\t(Re\n\t→ ∝) will move to the left approximation of thecharacteristics. In this case, the graph will be almost tangential to the axisB(ϧ). Reduction in the capacity of Ce will move down the sheet, along the axisB(ϧ). Conductance Gmax value determines the width of the main loop of the graph. From relation (28) shows that the value of Gmax decreases when the resistance Rm increases.
The impact of dynamic capacity Cm can analyze the shape characteristics of saving the relationship (Eq. 22) in the form
B(ϧ)≇ϧCm(1-ϧ2ϧm2)ϧ2Cm2Rm2+(1-ϧ2ϧm2)E36
For small, ± 2% of the pulsation untuning mechanical resonance, it can be assumed that:
B(ϧ)≇1-ϧ2ϧm2ϧCmRm2E37
From relation (Eq. 30) shows that reducing the value of the dynamic capacity Cm will increase susceptance system. This also applies to the maximum Bmax and minimumBmin. In this case, it means that the values of Bmax and │Bmin│ increased. The difference Bmin –Bminis equal to the amount of main loop of the graph.
These rule changes in the electrical equivalent circuit parameters of the transducer should be used during the generation of successive populations of a set of values ofRe, Ceand RmLmCm genetic algorithm.
5. Conclusion
Linear model presented in Fig. 5 does not correctly reproduces the frequency characteristics of the transmitter. This feature can be eliminated by complementing the electrical model of two nonlinear resistances Rm1fand included Rm2f in the mechanical industry, as shown in Fig. 7 This is important in the process of creating digital models and design of ultrasonic generators.
The actual characteristics of the admittance is a source of transparent, condensed information about the properties and parameters of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer stimulated by the mechanical vibrations. Used to identify the dynamic parameters of RmLmCm and optimization of electrical parametersRe, Ceoccurring electric transducer model, genetic algorithm uses these data and represents one of many possible methods to use here. It has the advantage that it can be realized in automatic cycle.
Based on preliminary data obtained experimentally from measurements of electrical parameters(Re, Ce)and measurements of voltage and current waveforms created image of the actual transducer admittance characteristics ofBϧ=f[Gϧ]. Genetic algorithm can find the optimal approximation of the characteristics, correction of the value ofRe, andCe and calculation of parameters RmLmCm model of the electrical industry dynamic.
An important part of the described method is the proper preparation of input data. They should be given in the form of an ordered table of coordinates of points lying on the actual characteristics of the transducer according to those points that do not belong to the main loop of the graph. The process of eliminating points of the loop parasitic resonances can be implemented step by step analysis of the data included in the table of measurement results or by analyzing the image created by a set of characteristic points of Bϧ=f[Gϧ].
Attempts to identify the parameters of a single transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 23.8 kHz and 43.2 kHz have confirmed the effectiveness of the genetic algorithm. Identification algorithm described above can be particularly useful in studies of larger groups of ultrasound transducers in high-power washing.
By introducing the necessary modifications can also be used to identify the parameters of transducers working in real conditions and to implement control systems that track the frequency of mechanical resonance.
6. Appendix
Table 1 shows selected results of detailed studies of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 42.9 kHz. Measurements were performed impedance meter HP 4192 type IMPEDANCE Analyzer. Indicated in bold letter omitted in the genetic algorithm performance admittance points beyond the main loop of the graph. The contents of Table 1 refers to Fig. 9, and Fig. 10.
f kHz
R kΩ
X kΩ
tg(φ)
φ rad
cos φ
sin φ
G mS
B mS
42,00
0,0721
-0,2338
3,2426
1,27166
0,2947
0,9556
1,204320
4,650189
42,04
0,0674
-0,2132
3,1659
1,26485
0,3012
0,9536
1,346922
4,223453
42,08
0,0703
-0,1925
2,7371
1,22052
0,3432
0,9393
1,674703
4,456680
42,12
0,0841
-0,1745
2,0750
1,12171
0,4341
0,9008
2,241050
4,963926
42,16
0,1006
-0,1809
1,7988
1,06342
0,4859
0,8740
2,347906
4,296001
42,20
0,0921
-0,1763
1,9138
1,08930
0,4631
0,8863
2,328693
3,289479
42,24
0,0888
-0,1483
1,6705
1,03138
0,5136
0,8580
2,971594
3,192256
42,28
0,1148
-0,1358
1,1834
0,86919
0,6454
0,7638
3,630303
3,907909
42,32
0,1515
-0,1403
0,9255
0,74675
0,7339
0,6793
3,554097
3,487659
42,36
0,1501
-0,2015
1,3423
0,93051
0,5974
0,8019
2,378189
3,725892
42,40
0,1047
-0,2014
1,9231
1,09127
0,4614
0,8872
2,032128
3,739428
42,44
0,1432
-0,1502
1,0492
0,80942
0,6899
0,7239
3,323991
4,162891
42,48
0,1212
-0,1918
1,5831
1,00742
0,5340
0,8455
2,353507
4,431376
42,52
0,1227
-0,1868
1,5228
0,98973
0,5489
0,8359
2,455637
4,700036
42,56
0,1041
-0,1800
1,7284
1,04629
0,5008
0,8656
2,408478
4,873619
42,60
0,0992
-0,1666
1,6791
1,03365
0,5117
0,8592
2,639118
4,997220
42,64
0,0980
-0,1478
1,5079
0,98522
0,5527
0,8334
3,116930
4,959969
42,68
0,0973
-0,1351
1,3884
0,94660
0,5844
0,8114
3,510281
4,685777
42,72
0,0974
-0,1229
1,2610
0,90034
0,6213
0,7835
3,962806
4,035905
42,76
0,1005
-0,1081
1,0752
0,82162
0,6810
0,7322
4,613098
2,849480
42,80
0,1057
-0,0924
0,8738
0,71814
0,7530
0,6580
5,362597
1,944590
42,84
0,1139
-0,0752
0,6599
0,58331
0,8346
0,5508
6,115813
2,348010
42,88
0,1295
-0,0571
0,4408
0,41517
0,9150
0,4033
6,464511
2,602020
42,92
0,1542
-0,0514
0,3331
0,32152
0,9488
0,3160
5,838341
1,397040
42,96
0,1582
-0,0704
0,4451
0,41880
0,9136
0,4067
5,274907
-0,305750
43,00
0,1374
-0,0578
0,4207
0,39819
0,9218
0,3878
6,185462
-0,238180
43,04
0,1365
-0,0271
0,1982
0,19569
0,9809
0,1944
7,047725
-0,525000
43,08
0,1509
0,0070
-0,0463
-0,04622
0,9989
-0,0462
6,610636
-1,104520
43,12
0,1880
0,0084
-0,0449
-0,04483
0,9990
-0,0448
5,309238
-1,992950
43,15
0,1585
0,0133
-0,0838
-0,08362
0,9965
-0,0835
6,263456
-1,955190
43,17
0,1577
0,0283
-0,1798
-0,17789
0,9842
-0,1770
6,143423
-1,362000
43,20
0,1697
0,0661
-0,3894
-0,37135
0,9318
-0,3629
5,117705
-1,591100
43,24
0,2042
0,1018
-0,4985
-0,46245
0,8950
-0,4461
3,922151
-1,756280
43,28
0,2579
0,1058
-0,4104
-0,38940
0,9251
-0,3796
3,319092
-1,271460
43,32
0,2395
0,1108
-0,4627
-0,43339
0,9075
-0,4200
3,438489
-0,718400
43,36
0,2638
0,1777
-0,6736
-0,59280
0,8294
-0,5587
2,607243
4,650189
43,40
0,3530
0,2199
-0,6231
-0,55720
0,8487
-0,5288
2,040678
4,223453
Table 1.
Results of laboratory tests by the ultrasonic transducer sandwich-type of the resonance frequency around 43 kHz
\n\t\t
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Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Sandwich type transducer",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Mechanical model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Electric model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1. Linearmodel",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2. Non-linear model",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Admittance characteristics of sandwich type transducers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. The genetic algorithm in use to identifyRm, Lm, Cmparameters of the mechanical branch",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1. Calculationalgorithm",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"4.1.2. Description of algorithm parameters",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"4.1.3. Description of program code ",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2. Effect of the electrical equivalent circuit parameters on the shape characteristics of the transducer admittance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Conclusion ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Appendix ",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'DavisL.1991Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Van Nostrad Reinhold, New York'},{id:"B2",body:'GenM.ChengR.1997Genetic Algorithms & Engineering Design, John Wiley & Sons, New York'},{id:"B3",body:'RutkowskiL.2009Metodyitechnikisztucznejinteligencji, WydawnictwaNaukowoTechniczne PWN SA, 978-8-30115-731-9Warsaw'},{id:"B4",body:'FabijańskiP.&Łagoda. R.2010Genetic Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers for Digital model of Power Converter in Ultrasonic Systems, In: Piezoelectric Ceramics, Ernesto Suaste-Gomez (Ed.) 129144Scyio, 978-9-53307-122-0Rijeka, Croatia'},{id:"B5",body:'FabijańskiP.&ŁagodaR.2004Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Series Resonant Converter in Technical Cleaning System, Elektronika 5th International Conference MECHATRONICS 2004, 8-9September 2004) 1641670033-2089\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'FabijańskiP.&ŁagodaR.2007Digital Model of Series Resonant Converter with Piezoelectric Ceramic Transducers and Fuzzy Logic Control, In: Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms- 8th International Conference, ICANNGA 2007, Warsaw, Poland 2007, Proceedings, Part I, Beliczynski, B.; Dzielinski, A.; Iwanowski, M. &Ribeiro B., 642648Springer, 13978354071589ISBN-10540-71589-4, Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York'},{id:"B7",body:'FabijańskiP.&ŁagodaR.2007Genetic identification of parameters the piezoelectric ceramic transducers for cleaning system, In: Recent Advances in Mechatronics, Jablonski, R.; Turkowski, M. &Szewczyk, R., 1621Springer, 13978354073955Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York'},{id:"B8",body:'FabijańskiP.&ŁagodaR.2007Series Resonant Converter with Piezoelectric Ceramic Transducers and Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Optimization, Proceeding of Region 8 IEEEThe International Conference on Computer as a Tool EUROCON 2007,\n\t\t\t\t\t18841888142440813Poland, September 2007,IEEE Catalog 07EX1617CWarsaw'},{id:"B9",body:'FabijańskiP.&ŁagodaR.2008Genetic Identification of Parameters the Sandwich Piezoelectric Ceramic Transducers for Ultrasonic Systems, Proceeding of13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC2008, CD-ROM, 978-1-42441-742-1CD-ROM), Poland, September 2008, IEEE Catalog CFPO834A-CDRPoznań'},{id:"B10",body:'ŁagodaR. .FabijańskiP.2008On Line PID Controller Using Genetic Algorithm and DSP PC Board, Proceding of 13th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC2008, CD-ROM, 978-1-42441-742-1CD-ROM), Poland, September 2008, IEEE Catalog CFPO834A-CDRPoznań'},{id:"B11",body:'WnukP.2004Genetic optimization of structure and parameters of TSK fuzzy models, Elektronika5th International Conference MECHATRONICS 2004, 8-9September 2004), 130033-2089\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'GoldbergD.1999Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization amd Machine Learning.Addison-Wesley, reading, MA'},{id:"B13",body:'ManK. 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IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004, 27362741'},{id:"B19",body:'ProkicM.2004Piezoelectric transducers modeling and characterization. Le Locle: MP Interconsulting, 2004.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Pawel Fabijanski",address:"",affiliation:'
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Poland
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Poland
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Baillargeat,\nT Chartier and S Verdeyme",authors:[{id:"31117",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Baillargeat",fullName:"Dominique Baillargeat",slug:"dominique-baillargeat"},{id:"31122",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Delhote",fullName:"Nicolas Delhote",slug:"nicolas-delhote"},{id:"31123",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",middleName:null,surname:"Bila",fullName:"Stephane Bila",slug:"stephane-bila"},{id:"31124",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Chartier",fullName:"Thierry Chartier",slug:"thierry-chartier"},{id:"31125",title:"Dr.",name:"Serge",middleName:null,surname:"Verdeyme",fullName:"Serge Verdeyme",slug:"serge-verdeyme"}]},{id:"17608",title:"Sinterability and Dielectric Properties of ZnNb2O6 – Glass Ceramic Composites",slug:"sinterability-and-dielectric-properties-of-znnb2o6-glass-ceramic-composites",signatures:"Manoj Raama Varma, C. P. Reshmi and P. Neenu Lekshmi",authors:[{id:"30490",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Raama Varma",fullName:"Manoj Raama Varma",slug:"manoj-raama-varma"},{id:"70919",title:"Mrs.",name:"Reshmi",middleName:null,surname:"C.P",fullName:"Reshmi C.P",slug:"reshmi-c.p"},{id:"70920",title:"Ms.",name:"Neenu Lekshmi",middleName:null,surname:"P",fullName:"Neenu Lekshmi P",slug:"neenu-lekshmi-p"}]},{id:"17609",title:"Net-Shaping of Ceramic Components by Using Rapid Prototyping Technologies",slug:"net-shaping-of-ceramic-components-by-using-rapid-prototyping-technologies",signatures:"Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li and Jürgen G. Heinrich",authors:[{id:"33755",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoyong",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",fullName:"Xiaoyong Tian",slug:"xiaoyong-tian"},{id:"83295",title:"Prof.",name:"Dichen",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Dichen Li",slug:"dichen-li"},{id:"83299",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen G.",middleName:null,surname:"Heinrich",fullName:"Jürgen G. Heinrich",slug:"jurgen-g.-heinrich"}]},{id:"17610",title:"Optimization of Ceramics Grinding",slug:"optimization-of-ceramics-grinding",signatures:"Eduardo Carlos Bianchi, Paulo Roberto de Aguiar, Anselmo Eduardo Diniz and Rubens Chinali Canarim",authors:[{id:"35169",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Bianchi",fullName:"Eduardo Bianchi",slug:"eduardo-bianchi"},{id:"43071",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"De Aguiar",fullName:"Paulo Roberto De Aguiar",slug:"paulo-roberto-de-aguiar"},{id:"43072",title:"Prof.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Chinali",surname:"Canarim",fullName:"Rubens Canarim",slug:"rubens-canarim"},{id:"84699",title:"Prof.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Diniz",fullName:"Anselmo Diniz",slug:"anselmo-diniz"}]},{id:"17611",title:"Reducibility of Ceria-Based Materials Exposed to Fuels and under Fuel/Air Gradients",slug:"reducibility-of-ceria-based-materials-exposed-to-fuels-and-under-fuel-air-gradients",signatures:"Domingo Pérez-Coll, Pedro Núñez and Jorge R. Frade",authors:[{id:"37467",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez",fullName:"Pedro Nunez",slug:"pedro-nunez"},{id:"44982",title:"Dr.",name:"Domingo",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Coll",fullName:"Domingo Pérez-Coll",slug:"domingo-perez-coll"},{id:"44985",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Frade",fullName:"Jorge Frade",slug:"jorge-frade"}]},{id:"17612",title:"Reinforcement of Austenitic Manganese Steel with (TiMo) Carbide Particles Previously Synthesized by SHS",slug:"reinforcement-of-austenitic-manganese-steel-with-timo-carbide-particles-previously-synthesized-by-sh",signatures:"Jose Ignacio Erausquin",authors:[{id:"27071",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Erausquin",fullName:"Ignacio Erausquin",slug:"ignacio-erausquin"}]},{id:"17613",title:"Surface Equilibrium Angle for Anisotropic Grain Growth and Densification Model in Ceramic Materials",slug:"surface-equilibrium-angle-for-anisotropic-grain-growth-and-densification-model-in-ceramic-materials",signatures:"Sergio Cava, Sergio M. Tebcherani, Sidnei A. Pianaro, Elson Longo and José A. Varela",authors:[{id:"17603",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidnei",middleName:null,surname:"Pianaro",fullName:"Sidnei Pianaro",slug:"sidnei-pianaro"},{id:"31779",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Cava",fullName:"Sergio Cava",slug:"sergio-cava"},{id:"43999",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Tebcherani",fullName:"Sergio Tebcherani",slug:"sergio-tebcherani"},{id:"44525",title:"Mr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Varela",fullName:"Jose Varela",slug:"jose-varela"},{id:"44526",title:"Mr.",name:"Elson",middleName:null,surname:"Longo",fullName:"Elson Longo",slug:"elson-longo"}]},{id:"17614",title:"Microstructural Evolution in α-Al2O3 Compacts During Laser Irradiation",slug:"microstructural-evolution-in-al2o3-compacts-during-laser-irradiation",signatures:"Marina Vlasova, Mykola Kakazey and Pedro Antonio Márquez -Aguilar",authors:[{id:"51023",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykola",middleName:null,surname:"Kakazey",fullName:"Mykola Kakazey",slug:"mykola-kakazey"},{id:"51029",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marquez Aguilar",fullName:"Pedro Antonio Marquez Aguilar",slug:"pedro-antonio-marquez-aguilar"},{id:"51099",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Vlasova",fullName:"Marina Vlasova",slug:"marina-vlasova"}]},{id:"17615",title:"Ceramic Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells",slug:"ceramic-materials-for-solid-oxide-fuel-cells",signatures:"H. A. Taroco, J. A. F. Santos, R. Z. Domingues and T. Matencio",authors:[{id:"31017",title:"Prof.",name:"Tulio",middleName:null,surname:"Matencio",fullName:"Tulio Matencio",slug:"tulio-matencio"},{id:"41006",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosane",middleName:null,surname:"Ap. Taroco",fullName:"Hosane Ap. Taroco",slug:"hosane-ap.-taroco"},{id:"41007",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosana",middleName:null,surname:"Z. Domingues",fullName:"Rosana Z. Domingues",slug:"rosana-z.-domingues"},{id:"83963",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacqueline Amanda F.",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Jacqueline Amanda F. Santos",slug:"jacqueline-amanda-f.-santos"}]},{id:"17616",title:"Laser Applications of Transparent Polycrystalline Ceramic",slug:"laser-applications-of-transparent-polycrystalline-ceramic",signatures:"Qihong Lou, Jun Zhou, Yuanfeng Qi and Hong Cai",authors:[{id:"28605",title:"Prof.",name:"Qihong",middleName:null,surname:"Lou",fullName:"Qihong Lou",slug:"qihong-lou"},{id:"83733",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Jun Zhou",slug:"jun-zhou"},{id:"83734",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yuanfeng Qi",slug:"yuanfeng-qi"},{id:"83735",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",fullName:"Hong Cai",slug:"hong-cai"}]},{id:"17617",title:"Co-Ionic Conduction in Protonic Ceramics of the Solid Solution, BaCe(x)Zr(y-x)Y(1-y)O3- Part I: Fabrication and Microstructure",slug:"co-ionic-conduction-in-protonic-ceramics-of-the-solid-solution-bace-x-zr-y-x-y-1-y-o3-part-i-fabrica",signatures:"W. 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1. Introduction
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Canada is marked by cultural multiplicity as a result of its rich history and accommodating immigration policies [1]. These factors result in a national identity marked by increasing human diversity, which Canadians are rightly proud of. As Canada seeks to prosper in a global economy, one should hope that its diverse character is optimally utilized to lead by example from a human rights perspective, which gives it a competitive advantage. Yet, still more can be done at home base, specifically when considering the need for deepening understanding and respect given the presence of diaspora within Canada created by tensions between its Western populations (including select country immigrants pocketed in distinct neighborhoods) and indigenous peoples (also referred to as natives). The latter group has lived in what is now Canada long before the first European settlers arrived here and colored this country’s past and continues to do so today and into the future. Hence, Canadians together need to invest more in integrated human and cultural potential and embrace our combined power as a diasporic nation from the roots up and out.
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As Canada’s indigenous peoples work to rebuild strong identity by revisiting their roots, it creates golden opportunities to ponder connection points and strengthen bridges in the interest of collectivistic and individualistic fusion at the same time when Canada’s inhabitants become more globally mobile with sustained international contact and exponentially adopt multiple national and/or international identities also.
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The presence of a diaspora associated with a country is a powerful economic and social source of knowledge and ownership. When smartly managed, it creates opportunities to connect, circulate information and create new knowledge, and to build trust and co-responsibility through confidence in the spirit of cross-cultural unison. While the discussion in this chapter focuses on Canada, highlighted implications can be inferred around the globe.
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2. Intramural diaspora
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Although referenced as far back as 1594, the term diaspora originally referred to colonies of Jews who settled in a scattered fashion outside ancient Palestine (i.e., present-day Israel) after the Babylonian exile thousands of years ago in 586 BC [2]. Diaspora effectively refers to a physical dispersion or spreading of people with a common origin, background, type, or ethos for reasons of religion or eschatology, philosophy, or politics, where the attachment to the original remains and the original ideology of nationalism or “one nation” is fraught for all practical purposes. Today the term refers to any people who were forced to or live by choice in places away from their ancestral or established homelands [3]. Often diaspora is irrevocable, so that new and creative means need to be found to address its implications effectively.
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Canada’s historical actions related to settler colonization as Europeans took lands from its indigenous peoples, combined with the practice of removing approximately 150,000 native children from their communities to be assimilated via residential schools between 1840 and 1996 and concerted efforts to outnumber them, render this group a diasporic culture within its national borders. The dispersion by the interventions of Europeans convinced of their superiority, and the later displacement of native families by putting large numbers of indigenous children in foster care in the 1960s (called the Sixties Scoop) by state authorities, resulted in alienation [4]. This led to distorted and sometimes romanticized memories of indigenous homeland with an understandable desire to return to what was before rather than to assimilate midair, and a wedging of heightened consciousness of past experiences. The historical events left them marginalized, and many suffered broken or different identities defined by these experiences [5].
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The past actions left wounds still in process of healing no matter how many Canadian government officials and Catholic Church representatives have apologized and if government officials started to act on their duty as a principled part of the Honor of the Crown to consult with natives in any industry activities that may potentially adversely affect them. In response, the complexity of resulting feelings due to separation and banishment is expressed in variable and unique ways [6]. Yet, the ignorant and those not directly affected by diaspora still lack insight and cannot relate, so that these profound emotions become epistemic and part of the diasporic character of those negatively impacted.
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In other words, indigenous peoples as a group contain all critical diasporic markings even when living within the vast geographical boundaries of Canada. These trends heighten the necessity to expand on the simple, extramural nature in which we conventionally define diaspora. We coin the term intramural diaspora for this purpose, as it has application value for multiple groups internationally also. Intramural diaspora opens the door for looking at marginalized and minority groups within a country that might otherwise fall through the cracks and allows for learning about diasporic implications specific to groups and their circumstances such as Canadian natives.
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3. Indigenous peoples in Canada as a diasporic group
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Canadian natives, also called indigenous peoples, are categorized into three distinctive groups of First Nations (60.0% with more than 600 bands of which some live on reserves), Métis (36.1%), and Inuit (4.0%) as recognized in the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, Sections 25 and 35 especially [7]. According to the 2016 National Census, indigenous peoples are comparatively young in age and represent 4.9% of the total Canadian population [8]. Natives are growing in numbers for natural reasons (particularly based on fertility rate and life expectancy) and, importantly, also via self-reported identification. Indigenous peoples grow by more than four times the rate of the non-aboriginal population in Canada.
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3.1 Reserves as diasporic launch
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While the number of indigenous peoples living in metropolitan areas within Canada is growing due to increased mobility and acculturation, significant population growth is evident both off reserve (+49.1%) and on reserve (+12.8%) where currently 44.2% of First Nations people with registered or treaty Indian status live [8].
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An Indian reserve in Canada is specified by the Indian Act (another Canadian Act of Parliament [9]) as a tract of land with a legal title that has been set apart and held in trust for exclusive Indian band use by specifically Her Majesty, the Queen of England, as the sovereign in this country as a matter of constitutional law since February 6, 1952. Long before 1876, region-specific colonial authorities with the consent of some Canadian natives informally acted on the reasoning that reserves may be a viable solution to land disputes and other cultural conflicts between the natives and European settlers and numerous treaties were signed over the years.
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Today’s Indian reserves are federally regulated through administrative and political structures, which continue to typically cater for non-reserve communities. Existing gaps in services and infrastructure identified through environmental audits, such as the regulation of waste disposal, water monitoring, and air pollution, are noted and a concern, as these are typically handled provincially and municipally for non-reserve communities with efficient systems in place.
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Soon after indigenous peoples signed the treaties, pragmatic issues associated with reserves were born from the fact that they understood that lands and resources would be shared and that traditional practices such as food gathering and ceremonial interventions, among others, could continue undisturbed. Instead, natives were indefinitely confined or forced to develop the land into more modern agricultural practices. This issue was exacerbated by native displacement to lands on which housing was designed for nuclear family units rather than extended family systems, which forcibly disrupted social networks and broke up long-established kinship systems that regulated traditional practices.
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Furthermore, natives were displaced onto lands that were generally less fertile and poorly suited for agriculture, which later became the grounds for the government taking away lands and engaging in discriminating legislating practices. This occurred on top of marginalization from the capitalist immigrant workforce, overt racism, urban centralization of industry accompanied by its technological advances lying far away from reserves, and later cultural genocide instigated by implementing assimilation programs such as the residential schools [10]. It is no wonder that poverty with associated socioeconomic, environmental, abuse, and mental problems raised their ugly heads as a result. Conflict between natives and others in Canada originated from land and still is centered around land today.
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3.2 Intramural diaspora as an opportunity for progress
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The uninformed may not realize that the borders of allotted reserves are often different from original, indigenous territories, which are often larger and which house ancestry and the ceremonial sites for cultural and spiritual practices, as well as socioeconomic activities. Entry into the larger territories is vital for native wellness as a whole and specifically for maintaining roots for a strong indigenous identity. These are difficult to uphold when traditional territories are lost or inaccessible for indigenous peoples in Canada, but with resilience they survived in spite of generations of struggle, ironically thanks to segregation. This is not totally surprising as diasporic groups are known to stick together through shared experience [4, 10].
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For national progression it means though that indigenous peoples’ original connection to their land needs to be honored as a critical step in representing Canada cross-culturally as one nation. Advances made in this respect will signal recognition and acknowledgment of the complex relationship we have with each other through this land. Land offers sustainability, and when subsistent ways of life are lost, a collective dependence is created on governments. One-directional proposals such as abolishment of reserves (and thereby Canadian governments’ obligations to indigenous peoples) or the assimilation of natives into non-aboriginal diverse society are largely uninformed suggestions for oversimplified solutions. Collaborative work with a shared goal of striving toward effective solutions includes opportunities to capitalize on diaspora. For instance, we could find commonality and unique strength between collectivistic and individualistic philosophies and ways of life and cultivate healthy roots for what it means to have cross-cultural identity. This term refers to a mutual embracing [11] of seemingly opposing cultural identities, the lesser known of which needs to be put under the magnifying glass and explored in verifiable ways as we will do in the next sections of this chapter.
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4. Diaspora creates cultural identities
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Canadians may identify as native or indigenous in two parallel and not always complementary ways. The more known and arguably expected way relies on law and state regulation [12]. The second way is more intricate to track down as it looks at long-standing family tradition and community practice as it pertains to cultural identity. This chapter gravitates toward the latter, less traveled road in the context of diaspora.
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Like culture, identity is a complex concept to define precisely, as it contains both the personal self and the self in interaction or relation with others. The emphasis on either self or group may be different depending on the theory, methodology, or philosophy followed as the boundaries that each draws provide a different framework in which to describe the meaning of the concept of identity. Both culture and identity are often featured in communication, psychological, sociological, anthropological, philosophical, ecological, and related disciplines, each providing different lenses for study.
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Broadly speaking, cultural identity has to do with shared experiences, enactments, and negotiations of social identifications by group members within particular settings [13]. The settings may include important qualities delineated by human rights, such as gender, age or generation, race, ethnicity, ethno-linguistics, nationality, social class, and disability. They may also take other contextual directions, such as (social) media, politics, environmental issues, health and healing, as well as technological advancements (think artificial intelligence) and globalization. In either event, the settings are socially constructed to show and teach group members expected ways of being and acting [14].
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The different settings enable us to look at cultural identity using different approaches. When dynamic interaction and developing properties are brought into the discussion of cultural identity, an interpretive approach is at stake [15]. This line becomes more critical in nature when this discussion is contextualized in history, politics, religion, and the like [16] to help crystalize the cultural identity of a group. A third position concerns the strength of psychological and emotional attachment between group members, including cultural values, norms, customs and practices, and beliefs, which lends a social-scientific approach to cultural identity, recognizing that individual identity lies at its core [17].
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Given these approaches, cultural identity can be defined as a fact of unwavering being by close similarity or affinity, which characterizes who or what a particular group of people is, remains, and becomes in spite of life experiences and changes. Within cultural identity lie choices and rights that are shaped over time by co-creating, reinforcing, and morphing features.
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While we look at cultural identity as a single diasporic entity in this chapter, it should be noted that it is possible and plausible for individuals and groups to possess multiple cultural identities given different boundaries that can be drawn. The different cultural identities may intersect, communally adapt and evolve, and morph into hybrids. Identification with one culture may act as a support when identification with another culture is damaged. At the base though, all cultural identities contain elements of the personal and social, expressed through dynamic communicative systems.
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4.1 Implications of cultural identity in the context of diaspora
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Cultural identity heightens awareness and encourages reflection; it is the seeking answer to the essential question of “Who are we really?” from which also flows “How do we want to empathically live?” A willingness to stand by found answers as it defines the present and orients groups toward a sustainable future with ties to the past is intrinsically mixed into cultural identity. It is observable through specific behavioral trends, chosen lifestyles, and esthetically expressed markers. Cultural identity encompasses the total of how the group continually construes itself through multiple behavioral and societal roles, which allows for descriptions of aspects of identity, and for determining which of these aspects may be whole or broken and in need of healing.
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Dysphoria of cultural proportions can be an ill-fated result from traumatic diasporic experiences. For example, indigenous cultural identity is shaped through generations inhabiting land in Canada. When a double blow occurs by taking these inhabitants away from the land and by taking the land away from the inhabitants, cultural identity suffered severely. Loss of any group’s cultural identity can erode a sense of collective self and make communities dysfunctional. In drawing parallels with other forms of dysphoria, likely symptoms of cultural dysphoria may include any one or combined depression, suicidal tendencies, anxiety, maladaptive behaviors such as agitation, social isolation, and disgust at their own or assimilated culture. These symptoms may appear at early or late onset in the diasporic experience.
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It follows that cultural dysphoria is the emotional distress a nation or society experiences as a result of dissonance in social and ontological expectations. In the context of diaspora, cultural dysphoria may occur with or after displacement from the geographical space of establishment or ancestry with which the group strongly identified, perpetuated by a newly assigned environment and lifestyle that do not match the original identity.
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4.2 Setting the stage for dispatching diaspora
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In order to channel the presence of intramural diaspora and address possible cultural dysphoria, the first step is to accept that we need (cultural) identity and cannot do without it [18]. Identity is a life-anchoring stabilizer that is forged in the social domain and that helps shape a sense of self through psychosocial processes. Description of cultural identity is a structured process whereby differences and similarities are ascertained not only through methods of contrasting and comparing but also through a synthesis of (indigenous) cultural description with (Eurocentric, Western) critical, interpretive, and social-scientific approaches.
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The intramural diaspora of indigenous peoples as a minority culture within Canada is deliberately chosen as a fresco for mapping onto a theoretical platform marked by first-world, Western, and Eurocentric thinking that the majority of Canadians subscribe to. In particular, by choosing a strength-based subject matter such as native wellness descriptions, it serves as a powerful constructive springboard for discussing cultural identity in diasporic context. The objective is to open the door for fostering better blending and fusion between different worldviews so that Canada may move confidently toward a strong cross-cultural identity.
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Since cultural identity is constantly evolving, it is imbued by unavoidable accuracies and inaccuracies as temporary points of attachment between what is described and who describes it, making it contextually and time-specific. Herein also lies a gem: cultural identity is never complete and should be described by multiple scholars and through different lenses. Ideally, not all scholars will be outsiders respectfully learning about another’s culture, but some of them will speak effectively from within their own cultural teachings and actions, conveying the meaning and translations of their daily lived experiences in keeping with good validation practices.
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When considering indigenous roots from a diasporic perspective, it is necessary to anchor ourselves in a methodology that will expose our own unique social perspectives and value systems, as these have a significant bearing on how we develop cross-cultural identity. The proposed approaches are used to guide the discussion in an attempt to further the achievement of cross-cultural identity for Canada and thereby help bridge the current diasporic divide that continues to persist in the minds of many.
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4.3 Anchoring diaspora in constructionist theory
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Ideally, cross-cultural identity is developed at ground level within a country, where active involvement in a process of meaning and knowledge construction can occur. In an increasingly globalized word, a representative cross-cultural identity is critical for success in productive inter-cultural relations at higher and broader levels. Hence, in this chapter Western theoretical perspectives on native wellness as rooted in indigenous culture are offered via meaning-oriented, critical, interpretive, and social-scientific approaches outlined below [13]. These approaches and the flow between them are constructionist by nature, and each can be broken down further by different underlying theories.
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4.3.1 Critical approaches
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Critical approaches in Western thinking set out to tackle the proverbial elephant in the room. Proponents uncover actualities that may have been missed otherwise. They pick apart, are suspicious of, or question specific assumptions or conclusions made about a culture. This is established by using critical thought to expose the possible existence of flaws or faulty claims and findings, especially when they are absolute. This careful analysis may also entail that said assertions are placed in a broader context that facilitate neutrality, which opens up the possibility of further discourse and brings about a deeper understanding of the issues at stake.
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4.3.2 Interpretive approaches
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Interpretive approaches call for Western thinking to shift away from the observation and measurement of facts with a subsequent drawing of conclusions (also called positivism). Here the focus is on verstehen, a German concept denoting an understanding of subjective human experiences. Existing or found facts are decoded and explained through recognizing that there are many, equally valid points of view to be considered and to collectively draw meaning from. Claims based on facts alone may not always be correct or provide the full picture.
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4.3.3 Social-scientific approaches
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Social-scientific approaches are systematic methods that aim to understand relationships by observing behavior of individuals or groups within a social environment marked by changes in time. The social environment under consideration may relate to shifts in gender role and identity, human inequality, power, politics, historical events, socioeconomics, and other factors that may be prominent characteristics in certain behaviors. These approaches look to understand social processes as outcomes of tension, usually felt between two seemingly opposing, coexisting groups.
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These approaches also recognize that within the tension and mistrust, the separate cultural identities partially depend on each other to continue their existence; collectivism is understood in contrast to individualism, and the domination of Western culture enabled the marginalization of the smaller groups of indigenous peoples. Importantly, the acknowledged strain and unease existing between opposing groups also pave the way for democratic, central discourses that may facilitate cross-cultural identity.
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5. Using diaspora to create cross-cultural identity
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The overlay of Western theoretical approaches with indigenous descriptions of cultural identity is embedded in the concept of two-eyed seeing. The latter is an indigenous-based guide to arriving at cross-cultural identity by lacing seemingly opposing sides ascribed to different philosophies, shifting focus to bring about a unified perspective [19].
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5.1 Critical race theory as a critical approach
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When differential racialization or racial injustice and domination are at play in ways that may predict or determine systemic bias, critical race theory is relevant for cultural identity in the context of diaspora. In Canada where a diversity of races abounds, race is best understood in an ethnic sense, where a substantial number of Canadian citizens and permanent residents identify with two or more ethnicities.
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Bias and inequity can be counterbalanced in three different manners under critical race theory [20]. First, demonstrations and references are sought to indicate that the racialized processes are ever-changing as time passes, as contexts and circumstances change, as experiences and needs shift, and as group objectives adapt. Another valued, constructive practice acknowledged by this theory is counter-storytelling, whereby cultural experiences are legitimized as sources of knowledge that can be used to challenge other (Western, Eurocentric) forms of knowing. A third practice is to act on verbal deeds of aggression against the culture to maintain the status quo, which may range from planned to subconscious behaviors and include name-calling, stereotyping, invalidations, and similar ploys targeted at the minority group.
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In the first manner under critical race theory, it is important to pay attention to the fact that indigenous peoples are culturally heterogeneous. Different nations (called tribes in the USA) and smaller clans may be distinguished based on geographical area, lineage, language, art, and music. There are multiple systems of how culture is practically expressed, even when some similarities exist in what they symbolize and represent, and how they purposefully facilitate cultural meaning.
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Picking up on the second manner under critical race theory, wellness as an indigenous form of knowing is centered in family and environmental relations. The creation story, as different native groups tell it to convey meaning, underscores the belief in one’s connection to land, language, ancestry, and all beings of creation. Connections unfold in various degrees of balance between spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical quadrants of well-being within individual and communal personhood [21]. This view offers a holistic understanding of wellness wherein all that is needed to live life to its fullest is available to us so that it may be possible to create a meaningful cultural identity.
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The holistic view rounds out conventional Western thinking that wellness denotes a state of being associated with health and fulfillment of individual life. However, modern views of wellness, regardless of indigenous or Western cultures, tend to agree that wellness is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but that it encompasses different aspects such as those captured by the above four quadrants.
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The third manner under critical race theory provides an opportunity to make explicit that while the indigenous way of life is directed by spirit, there is nothing magical or mystical about it [22]. The spirit is placed central in life and is motivational and energizing and hence is critical to wellness and to a healthy way of being in the world. Spirit is best understood through creation stories where native knowledge is founded. Spirit creates order in relational space [23].
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5.2 Postcolonial theory as a critical approach
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The critical characteristics of postcolonial theory are particularly relevant after a group underwent experiences of decolonization that significantly impacted their cultural identity. This theory seeks not only to expose Eurocentrism and Western imperialism but also to point out cultural intersections, hybrids, and diasporas [24]. As inter-cultural identity offers strength in globalization and suffers strength and quintessence in each one of perhaps multiple cultural identities to which individuals may belong, postcolonial theory is concerned with those caught in between, who find themselves on the margin in conflicted and fractured states of identification, i.e., those in diasporic states.
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In Canada, there is a distinct movement toward the restrengthening of cultural beliefs, traditions, and sacred knowledge in the National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program (NNADAP) and Youth Solvent Addiction Program (YSAP) treatment centers, as well as in community-based programs. This is enabled through cultural intervention practices (CIPs) such as smudging, prayer and the creation story, sweat lodge and healing ceremonies, talking circles, use of drums, pipes and shakers, use of sacred medicines, cultural language, dances and songs, and many others as appropriate to help foster the renaissance of indigenous identity [21].
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The movement is guided by a national framework, which places culture central to wellness and which is used to congregate and coordinate indigenous- and Western-oriented services and treatment methods among various systems and supports [22]. The thinking that supports this movement is that when indigenous culture becomes a way of life again through reflection and internalization, native wellness is realizable and sustainable. Transference of the meaning of cultural practices rather than the ritual and rule-based aspects of customs is critical in guiding the success of the movement.
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5.3 Co-cultural theory as a critical-interpretive approach
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Moving on to more interpretive approaches while keeping a critical slant, one focus involves social class, cultural type, or diasporic group size, for example, when indigenous peoples as a minority group and non-aboriginal Canadians as a dominant group interact. History reveals that it matters whether cultural identity developed to be dominant or non-dominant as institutionalized power, influence, resources, and privilege are slanted toward former groups, putting latter groups at a disadvantage. It is postulated that whereas dominant groups interact from a position of passive and/or active acceptance of and guilt about the situation, minority groups display conformity with and separation from the situation at different times in interaction before integration of the two groups is possible [25].
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Awareness of these prominent differences affects interactions among group members, which is the focus of co-cultural theory. The differences may be evident in hierarchies as associated with power, status, privilege, exclusivity, and assertive or even aggressive communication styles, all culminating in systemic bias in everyday life. Co-cultural theory promotes a mixing of several different factors to bring about effective communication and strong cultural identity, namely, (i) a focus on expectations and the preferred outcome to minimize ambivalence, (ii) acknowledgment of past experiences, (iii) a sharing of abilities, (iv) heeding of the situational context, (v) upfront consideration of perceived costs and rewards, and (vi) agreement on using an efficient communication approach [26].
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Progressive treatment centers and communities in Canada put cultural protocols in place to combat diaspora and meet relational dynamics between (Western) program requirements and (indigenous) cultural practices. These protocols look at expectations, accountabilities, recognition, and compensation of both parties, how their skills and knowledge base may complement each other in a collaborative environment, how record keeping can be respectfully done, cultural diversity of practice, human rights and the right to choose, and how the wider community can be involved through a continuum of care and capacity building and cultural identity strengthening [23].
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5.4 Cultural identity theory as a critical-interpretive approach
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Cultural identity theory as another critical interpretive approach focuses on five communication and relational properties classified as avowal (affirmation of membership to others), ascription (attribution of identity by individuals and groups outside the culture under study), scope (member size and generalizability), salience (importance and accommodation relative to other existing identities), and intensity (enforcement of cultural identity) [16].
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Statistics Canada found in 2016 that indigenous peoples have grown by 42.5% over the past decade [8]. In part, this figure accounts for natural growth, while identifying as indigenous may have an economic benefit as it enables organizations to increase employment numbers for natives through equitable human resource strategies. In an era of reconciliation, negotiation, and renewal, the above figure also accounts for a growing trend in new declarations of collective Aboriginal identity on the census survey (despite sentiments to move away from this term). Under the Canadian Human Rights Act, it is not discriminatory to ask about heritage, and Canadians feel safer than ever to change their perceptions, trace their origins, and claim their identity, whereby they give meaning to who they are culturally.
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5.5 Identity negotiation theory as an interpretive cultural approach
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Following a purely interpretive approach pertaining to cultural identity, individuals pay attention to satisfying their own needs and that of others in constructing their self-image according to the identity negotiation theory. Perception of interpersonal dynamics is key as it helps with fitting in with what the group deems appropriate and considers as the norm. Identity is presumably formed within five polar boundaries, namely, security versus vulnerability, inclusion versus differentiation, predictability versus unpredictability, connection versus autonomy, and consistency versus change [27].
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The continuums flanked by each set of boundaries remind of five primary, unified concepts that describe indigenous culture and underpin wellness [21, 28].
The circle, more than any other shape, is the most expressive of the indigenous worldview. The circle symbolizes energy and denotes a continuous life flow, moving out simultaneously in four directions. This is illustrative of wellness also; growth and well-being can be seen as running like a sinuous current between security and vulnerability.
Life on earth is fundamentally seen as centrally bonded though a caring spirit, which is in and throughout all life and creation. This bonding is inclusive, yet at the same time, the indigenous worldview that all life is motivated by spirit is differentiating as people live their lives.
Native beliefs that everybody is predisposed to have the desire to be respectfully harmonious and in balance with creation throughout continuous stages of life add predictability. Practical challenges to this belief in everyday life are associated with unpredictability, as hardship and discord display as imbalances.
All universal things (human and nature) are inclusively relational and connected as personhood, without measures of power and hierarchy. While personal autonomy is recognized in these interdependencies, respect is mutual as individual actions and decisions impact everyone.
Indigenous culture is virtuously voiced and transmitted through original language. Unlike other forms of life, humans have a gift of free will in fulfilling their purpose, i.e., their roles and responsibilities to all else, whereby their cultural identity may continuously unfold from a position of consistency, to that of change. The moving pattern of unfolding, growth, and change occurs primarily as a circle toward the creation and recreation of life.
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Identity negotiation is viewed as a critical method for effective assimilation, implying we can rise above diaspora. We should be aware that perceived differences and similarities between the cultures often comment on the product – cultural manifestations – rather than the relational process wherein the philosophical foundations of culture rest. This notion facilitates the immersion into another group and the internalization of the meaning of their culture. It is particularly relevant if the identity with their original culture is strong to begin with and/or when conflict between the two groups abound.
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5.6 Cultural contracts theory as an interpretive cultural approach
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Often an emphasis on cultural practices is not sufficient for different groups to adopt a shared cultural identity, in which case an interpretive approach of co-creating an agreement may be needed, as postulated by the cultural contracts theory. A slightly more formal tactic may open up acceptance of different viewpoints and promote assimilation [29].
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By better coordinating the member relationships around authority and power, rules and regulations, and a willingness to embrace equity and equality, disputes and long-standing feelings may become more negotiable. Flexible negotiation requires respect for each other, another foundational element of cultural identity [30].
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For example, First Nations is a general reference to indigenous groups who are dispersed across Canada and differ significantly in customs and native languages: 614 First Nations bands consist of 11 language families broken down into 55 languages [22]. However, despite these distinctions, cultural values are commonly shared between different generations, such as the presence of spirit as a physical reality, and an animate creation that contains relations between all beings, human and other-than-human.
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Cultural values are also preserved as sacred knowledge, which is kept in the indigenous peoples—wisdom keepers, elders, ceremonial practitioners, traditional doctors, sacred societies, and other cultural institutions—themselves. Knowledge is left by ancestors and rooted in patterns of meaning that emerge from different creation stories. Acquisition of indigenous knowledge is ongoing, a coming toward knowing, characterized by being first transformational in nature and second by bearing the responsibility to extend the knowledge through translation of its meaning for others [23].
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This meaningful knowledge feeds all else that is derived and understood in indigenous worldview because the structure, processes, and patterns of creation are repeated in all aspects of life in the universe. Indigenous intelligence then constitutes the transformation of holistic knowledge into something that carries relational meaning and is useful in responsible and beneficiary ways. Indigenous communities assert a self-determined right to be the keepers of their knowledge, which contractually can be respected in understanding of its coming-toward-knowing character, and as a part of their cultural identity.
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5.7 Communication theory of identity as a social-scientific approach
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According to the communication theory of identity, communication has a prominent role in forming strong cultural identity. Communication is exercised in four localized layers of group membership: the personal level (where individuals define themselves), the enacted level (where individuals communicate their personal definition through messages), the relational level (where individuals make the personal definition mutual through social interaction), and the communal level (where the personal identity definition is extended so it can be shared by others as a collective also and which in turn can influence individual identity at the personal level as an incessant feedback loop). Cultural identity is formed and maintained through a network of these layered enactments.
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As we build and shape cultural identity through lifelong, active participation in watching, learning, and doing in continuous cycles in social and reflective ways, communication itself evolves. Both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication enable us to not only express ourselves but also to continuously negotiate learned patterns that convey our values and beliefs, attitudes and intentions, thoughts and feelings, and behaviors and expectations.
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In applying this communication theory of identity as it resides within a social-scientific approach, social behavior is part of an individual group member’s identity. Symbolic meaning is enabled through active involvement in social interaction whereby cultural identity is shaped. Individual group members have the right to and can choose the relevant layer in which communication is to occur at different times in forming cultural identity [31].
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In individualistic cultures such as the Greek and European, “I” (self) stands firmly in opposition to “We” (others) and has evolved into modernist and postmodernist perspectives. At best, the interplay between I and We is a snapshot in time and a glimpse of the static status of self-adapting to different occasions in daily life [32]. While cultural identity is rooted in the individual according to this theory, it is also possible that the multilayered, fluid qualities of individuals make it impossible to think about a true self given that identity dynamically changes over time and in space.
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In collectivistic cultures such as the African, Asian, and indigenous, the emphasis is on individuals trying to infuse themselves into the collective level and thereby minimizing their impact on the community. This manifests in the ways in which Asian civilizations root the self in tradition through discipline, restraint, and harmony. It is demonstrated by how Africans traditionally focus on the end result of the I-We connection by striving to balance it and emphasizing ubuntu (meaning all humanity is connected through virtues of goodness and referring to the notion of “I am because we are”). It can be seen in how indigenous peoples inclusively anchor all to spirit and creation and that the incorporation of plant, animal, mineral medicines, spiritual ceremonies and therapies, manual techniques, exercises, and native language is culturally practiced in vehicular pursuit of wellness.
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Native wellness is expressed as holistic and encompassing all aspects of life. In it, an inextricable link exists between four directional quadrants, tied to generational knowledge and teachings about culture [21]. All beings—human and other-than-human—share this holistic structure through a living past and living future, with the current generation the living connection in between. While each quadrant is recognizable in human beings, animals, plants, earth and its elements, and planets and cosmos, it only has meaning in relationship to the circular whole.
The spirit (from the spiritual quadrant) gives vision and hope in kindness and caring and is central to vitality, mobility, purpose, and quality of life, as well as the overcoming of challenges, loss, and despair.
The heart (from the emotional quadrant) is nurtured by consciously living in personal, reciprocal relation to all human and other-than-human beings, as well as environmental forces (wind, thunder, water, fire, and unseen) in creation, whereby a sense of belonging is felt and hardship can be withstood.
The intuitive and rational mind (from the mental quadrant) consciously gives reason for being and becoming, giving meaning to life and experiential learning, and communicating about all aspects of it.
The body (from the physical quadrant) purposefully actualizes intentions and desires through behavior as related to spirit and culture; when strong and whole, it can overcome physical weaknesses and damage.
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Hence, when indigenous people talk about their connection to mother earth and land as an example, this expression needs to be understood in a holistic sense: the land provides shelter and food but also a place of belonging and active learning with hope for the future. People were not only shaped by the land, but they were also created from the land. Land gives a sense of place and is historical; hence natives are inseparable from the land. Talk about land is a diasporic comment on cultural identity, which currently manifests in dispirited native wellness.
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5.8 Identity management theory as a social-scientific approach
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Identity management, as a social-scientific approach, is the final theory proposed in this chapter, which postulates that cultural identity is about competence in relations that are exercised via direct contact to the mutual satisfaction of the individuals concerned and whereby self-esteem, self-image, and self-efficacy are confirmed and individual autonomy is established. The social relations follow three steps marked by (i) strong relationship development trials for forming the sharing of identity along cultural lines, (ii) enmeshment and symbolic convergence based on shared commonality, and (iii) renegotiation of earlier enmeshments to clarify the relationship and to establish a truly interdependent and personal relationship [33].
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In indigenous culture, identity is managed through the concept of wholeness. This concept signifies that all things work together interdependently through an interconnected web of parts that have meaning only in relation with the whole. Human beings are only one connective part in wholeness, along with other creatures. The circular wholeness of life is all-embracing, an entirety that incorporates time while also being timeless, which makes it complete [23]. In a Western deficit sense, wholeness is a state of being undamaged or unbroken, i.e., by not being in ill health [34]. This view can be expanded with a Western constructionist perspective where wholeness is considered a state of being complete, sound, and harmonious, synonymous with unison.
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6. In conclusion: making the most of intramural diaspora
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In using Western theoretical approaches to help make sense of the cultural identity of indigenous peoples as a diasporic group in Canada, a national vision is shared to change the way in which we think about each other. Fundamentally this involves having universal knowledge of the different dimensions of ourselves involving the spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical in connection with and interdependency of each other and to let a cross-cultural identity unfold and grow in the relational space that exists around us. It appears that wellness, in a whole and holistic sense, offers a valuable and worthy conduit in order to achieve cross-cultural identity.
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Under the leadership of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who has become a standard bearer for internationalism in a time of major changes and turbulence, this country celebrated its 150th anniversary after British French settlers confederated to form the Dominion of Canada in 2017. Since the 1970s previous assimilation efforts are recognized as failures, compelling Canadians to act on a decolonization agenda by seeking changes in our relationships through healing wounds caused by unequal power and low self-esteem, through consultation and dialog, and through negotiation and regaining of greater control over own affairs.
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Deep-rooted inequity marked by unbalanced power relations still persists in Canada. Successful negotiations by indigenous governments occur selectively and in narrow contexts. However, in recent years some land claim agreements were reached in exchange for extracting resources from which locals may share revenue and receive other benefits. This is a good start, while the need to diversify opportunities for local economic development among indigenous peoples remains dire.
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While Canadian inhabitants are proud of many accomplishments in reflection on 150 years, we tread lightly on how we wear our identity. Responses to what sets Canadians apart are comfortably rife with nostalgic symbols representing:
Sport (ice hockey, curling, lumberjacking, and lacrosse)
Environmental activities (portaging (carrying of a canoe between navigable waters) and moose hunting)
Rich demonstrations of heritage (inukshuks (a structure of rough tones stacked in the form of a human figure), dream catchers (small hoops containing mesh and decorated with feathers and beads), moccasins (leather shoes with decorative beading and fur), and Pow Wows (a feasting ceremony with singing and dancing))
Distinctive beverages (maple syrup, beaver tails (hand-stretched, deep-fried wheat-dough sweet indulgence) and Tim Hortons coffee with Timbits (mini-donuts))
Several musicians and artists whose works are internationally acknowledged and enjoyed
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Of course, these unique cultural characteristics are shifting in popularity over time too. In the same breath, Canadians take pride in diversity and stay politely away from defining ourselves on human equity grounds, but we will acknowledge scars from the recent past and point to the sharing of common values, aspirations, and dreams as we embody the spiritual, mental, physical, and emotional parts of self and culture. In preparing ourselves for being ready for the foreseeable future while other countries address their own identity crises and capitalize on their diasporas, it is imperative that Canadians, in unison, will need to be assertive in carving out a deeply distinctive voice.
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Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest to be declared with respect to the scientific work submitted.
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Historical culture, ways of knowing and language support strength-based approaches, alongside which relational structures—elders, families, communities, creation—play essential roles in native whole health. A comprehensive Continuum Framework guides federal, provincial, and territorial stakeholder efforts toward native wellness, supported by engaging indigenous communities. Indigenous wellness balances the physical, spiritual, emotional, and mental quadrants of whole health. Balanced well-being is enriched by (i) purpose in individuals’ daily lives through education, employment, caregiving, and cultural ways of being and doing; (ii) hope for the future grounded in a sense of core identity, indigenous values, and spirit; (iii) a sense of belonging and connectedness with all relations and culture; and (iv) understanding and deriving meaning from individual, family, and community lives as part of creation and rich history. Indigenous philosophy can be understood and appreciated through the lenses of various Western theoretical approaches that are constructionist by design, whereby Canadians may get one step closer toward achieving a cross-cultural identity. 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Using diaspora to create cross-cultural identity",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.1 Critical race theory as a critical approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.2 Postcolonial theory as a critical approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.3 Co-cultural theory as a critical-interpretive approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.4 Cultural identity theory as a critical-interpretive approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"5.5 Identity negotiation theory as an interpretive cultural approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.6 Cultural contracts theory as an interpretive cultural approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.7 Communication theory of identity as a social-scientific approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"5.8 Identity management theory as a social-scientific approach",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"6. In conclusion: making the most of intramural diaspora",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mendelsohn M. Canada is Now a Diaspora Nation. 2014. Available from: http://newcanadianmedia.ca/item/13327-diaspora-nation [Accessed: August 15, 2018]\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Encyclopaedia Britannica. Diaspora. 2018. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diaspora-Judaism [Accessed: July 14, 2018]\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Merriam-Webster. Definition of Diaspora. 2018. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diaspora [Accessed: July 14, 2018]\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Haig-Brown C. Decolonizing diaspora: Whose traditional land are we on? Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry. 2009;1(1):4-21. ISSN 1916-3460\n'},{id:"B5",body:'FemNorthNet. Colonialism and Its Impacts. Resource Development in Northern Communities: Local Women Matter, Fact Sheet #3. Ottawa: The Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; 2016. p. 10\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Werbner P. The materiality of diaspora—Between aesthetic and “real” politics. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies. 2000;9(1):5-19. DOI 10.1353/dsp.2000.0010\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Canada Constitution Act, 1982. Parts I and II. 2018. Available from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html#h-38 [Accessed: August 10, 2018]\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Statistics Canada. Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Key Results from the 2016 Census. 2018. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm [Accessed: August 16, 2018]\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Indian Act. 1985. Available from: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-5/ [Accessed: August 16, 2018]\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Hanson E. Reserves. First Nations and Indigenous Studies; University of British Columbia. 2009. Available from: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/reserves/ [Accessed: August 16, 2018]\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Ben-Zaken A. From incommensurability of cultures to mutually embraced zones. In: Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean 1560-1660. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010. pp. 163-167\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Kesler L. Identity. First Nations and Indigenous Studies; University of British Columbia. 2009. Available from: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/reserves/ [Accessed: August 16, 2018]\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Chen YW, Lin H. Cultural identities. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. 2016. pp. 1-22. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.20\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Yep GA. My three cultures: Navigating the multicultural identity landscape. In: Martin JN, Flores LA, Nakayama TK, editors. Intercultural Communication: Experiences and Contexts. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill; 2002. pp. 1-61\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Jackson RL. The Negotiation of Cultural Identity: Perceptions of European Americans and African Americans. Westport, CT: Praeger; 1999\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Collier MJ. Theorizing cultural identifications: Critical updates and continuing evolution. In: Gudykunst WB, editor. Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2005. pp. 235-256\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Berry JW. Introduction to methodology. In: Triandis HC, Berry JW, editors. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol. 1. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 1980. pp. 1-28\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Kehily MJ. What is identity? A sociological perspective. In: ESRC Seminar Series, the Educational and Social Impact of New Technologies on Young People in Britain. London: London School of Economics; 2009\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Bartlett C, Marshall M, Marshall A. Two-eyed seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 2012;2(4):1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Delgado R, Stefancic J. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press; 2001\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Fiedeldey-Van Dijk C, Rowan ML, Dell CA, Mushquash C, Hopkins C, Fornssler B, et al. Honoring indigenous culture-as-intervention: Development and validity of the native wellness assessment™. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2017;16(2):181-218. DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2015.1119774\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Health Canada. First National Mental Wellness Continuum Framework. Ontario: Ottawa; 2015. p. 64\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Hopkins C, Dumont J. Cultural healing practice within National Native Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program/Youth Solvent Addiction Program Services. In: Discussion Pater for the Mental Health and Addictions Division, Community Programs Directorate, Fist Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Health Canada. 2010. p. 52\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Shome R. Postcolonial interventions in the rhetorical canon: An “other” view. Communication Theory. 1996;6(1):40-59\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Martin JN, Nakayama TK. Intercultural Communication in Contexts. 5th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill; 2010. p. 166\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Orbe MP. Continuing the legacy of theorizing from the margins: Conceptualizations of co-cultural theory. Women and Language. 2005;28(2):65-66\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Ting-Toomey S. Identity negotiation theory: Crossing cultural boundaries. In: Gudykunst WB, editor. Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2005. pp. 211-233\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Dumont J, National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation (NNAPF). Definition of Wellness. 2014. Available from: http://www.addictionresearchchair.ca/creatingknowledge/national/honouring-our-strengths-culture-as-intervention/ [Accessed: March 16, 2016]\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Lamsam TT. A cultural contracts perspective: Examining American Indian identity negotiations in academia. Journal of Cultural Diversity. 2014;21(1):29-35\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Jackson RL. Cultural contracts theory: Toward an understanding of identity negotiation. Communication Quarterly. 2002;50(3-4):359-367\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Hecht ML. 2002—A research odyssey: Toward the development of a communication theory of identity. Communication Monographs. 1993;60(1):76-82\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Hecht ML, Warren J, Jung E, Krieger J. The communication theory of identity. In: Gudykunst WB, editor. Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2005. pp. 257-278\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Imahori TT, Cupach WR. Identity management theory: Facework in intercultural relationships. In: Gudykunst WB, editor. Theorizing about Intercultural Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2005. pp. 195-210\n'},{id:"B34",body:'English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Definition of Wholeness. 2018. Available from: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wholeness [Accessed: August 28, 2018]\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Carina Fiedeldey-Van Dijk",address:"carina@epsyconsultancy.com",affiliation:'
ePsy Consultancy, Aurora, Canada and University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"435274",title:null,name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid Khan",slug:"muhammad-shahid-khan",fullName:"Muhammad Shahid Khan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Islamia University of Bahawalpur",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/271624",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"271624"},fullPath:"/profiles/271624",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()