Characteristics of used disintegrators and classifiers.
\r\n\tThe development of the interpersonal model and the Kleinian school in the second half of the last century allowed the emergence of an original understanding of the unconscious mind. Within the intersubjective paradigm, the psychoanalytic situation is conceptualized as an interpersonal field to which both the analyst and the patient contribute substantially. We have shown elsewhere how the failure to give a full account of such an intersubjective dimension in both psychoanalytic theory and practice amounts to a core liability in contemporary psychoanalytic discourse.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book will focus on a few areas where the insufficient development of our discipline is currently apparent: five wounds that mark the body of the psychoanalytic enterprise.
\r\n\r\n\tNew contributions are particularly needed in the following areas: Current conceptualization of the unconscious mind is mechanistic and not suited to incorporate the full network of interpersonal exchanges which unfolds in the analytic room; Furthermore, the development of interpersonal psychoanalysis and the theory of the object relations warrants a greater appreciation of the impact of extratranference relations (e.g., couple, family, peers) on the patient's inner life both within and without the psychoanalytic situation.
\r\n\r\n\tAn integration of theories and models from other psychological paradigms is clearly in order here; the book will also focus on Barangers’ theory of the bi-personal field that makes traditional unipersonal models of the psychoanalytic process untenable. Also, it will help in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions of the two partners in the psychoanalytic dyad in most psychoanalytic institutes the training format relies naively on models from the academic or the professional domains. This fosters rigidity, conformism, and a hierarchical organizational style in the institutional life; e) all over the long span of his creative life Freud showed consistent interest in the application of psychoanalysis to literature, the arts, religion, and politics. Contemporary psychoanalysis is getting more and shyer and is pressed at the margins of social and political debate. The psychoanalytic theory includes unique lore of knowledge about the conscious and unconscious mind. Without it, a comprehensive understanding of human reality will stay out of the reach of contemporary culture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-882-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-881-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-883-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",keywords:"Unconscious, Repression, Conformism, Intersubjective Paradigm, Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, Object Relation Theory, Couple Therapy, Family Therapy, Psychoanalytic Process, Transference Interpretation, Resistance, Controtransference",numberOfDownloads:3,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"18 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Paolo Azzone, M.D., is a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst with over 20 years of experience in mental health topics. 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Among numerous genomic alterations, the
The presence of an
Besides,
The discovery of
In astrocytic tumors, most of the tumor cells have co-mutations in
Two recent large scale single cell RNA-sequencing studies revealed a developmental hierarchy in
Although
Genomic alteration and tumor microenvironment in
The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) integrated phenotypic and genotypic parameters for CNS tumor classification. According to this classification, all diffusely infiltrating gliomas are grouped as diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. These tumors were histologically and genetically classified based on the presence of
According to some statistical analyses, the
Parsons et al. [2] initially demonstrated that
Suzuki et al. [28] distinguished lower grade gliomas on the basis of the presence of
Among
In humans, IDH is composed of three types of isozymes (IDH1, IDH2, and IDH3). IDH1 is located in the cytoplasm and peroxisomes, whereas IDH2 and IDH3 are localized in the mitochondria and are involved in the TCA cycle. IDH1 and IDH2 are NADP+ dependent, whereas IDH3 is NAD+ dependent. IDH converts isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). No mutation in
Since the structure of 2-HG is similar to that of α-KG, 2-HG inhibits a variety of α-KG-dependent dioxygenases [59, 60]. Among them, 10–11 translocation-2 (TET2) induces global demethylation of DNA by catalyzing the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). Forced mutant
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) performed comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Accordingly, GBM was classified into four groups (classic, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural groups). Aberrations and gene expression of
Biological role of
In addition to the epigenetic changes,
While several studies demonstrated that the
Cancer cells are known to depend on reductive carboxylation (RC) of glutamine-derived α-KG for
Altered amino acids, glutathione, choline derivatives, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were observed in
Importantly, branched-chain amino acid transaminase (BCAT), which catalyzes the α-KG to glutamate conversion, was expressed at lower levels in
There is a huge amount of evidence showing that surgical resection has a pivotal role in survival benefit of glioma patients. Extensive resection is known to prolong survival in low grade glioma and also in GBM (
In addition, Beiko et al. [97] reported that extensive resection, including nonenhancing area, prolonged survival in
To establish
It has been shown that there is a higher relative sensitivity to radiotherapy and concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) in
Current standard management of GBM consists of surgical tumor resection, following local radiotherapy with temozolomide treatment [125]. Additionally, adjuvant TMZ prolonged survival in anaplastic astrocytoma [126]. Several studies demonstrated
Cytotoxicity of TMZ is provoked by the formation of O6-methylguanine (O6G)-DNA adducts. O6G-DNA adducts induce DNA strand break and apoptosis through the O6G-thymine-mediated mismatch repair pathway [129, 130]. It has also been established that the activation of DNA repairing pathways, including methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) repair enzyme, together with mismatch repair (MMR) system proteins deficiency, such as mutation-induced MSH2 and MSH6, result in drug resistance [131, 132, 133].
Some preclinical studies demonstrated that forced
In contrast, TMZ-induced hypermethylation is a critical problem. Long-term TMZ exposure induces MMR inactivation, followed by DNA hypermutation phenotype. Among numerous mutations, gene alterations in RB and AKT-mTOR pathways promoted malignant progression in
Sulkowski et al. [144] demonstrated that 2-HG inhibits KDM4A and KDM4B, histone demethylases that play a critical role in double strand repair. As a result,
In 2013, specific inhibitors for
In
In addition to IDH1 inhibitor treatments, other strategies to control
Since 2-HG suppresses the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondrial complex IV, the mitochondrial threshold for apoptosis was decreased after BCL-2 inhibition in
Because PLK1 activation provokes a rapid bypass through the G2 checkpoint after TMZ treatment in
Since Notch ligand DLL-3 is overexpressed in
Schumacher et al. [165] reported an immunological approach to control
Mutant
Because of the relationships between
In summary, investigations on
Plastics are inexpensive, easy to mold, and lightweight. These and many other advantages make them very popular candidates for commercial applications. In many areas, they have suppressed traditional materials. However, the problem on recycling still is a major challenge [1, 2]. There are both technological and economic issues that restrain progress in this field. Different types on recycling, primary, secondary, chemical, and biological recycling are discussed with related issues [3, 4].
Global introduction of waste utilization techniques to polymer market is currently not fully developed, but has an enormous potential [5]. Before reintegration of used material into a new product, it normally requires grinding, that is shredding, crushing, or milling. These processes make the material more homogeneous and easier to blend with additives. In traditional grinders like jaw crushers, roller mills, vibration and ball mills the generated stresses in material to be grinded are equal to or less than strength of material. If by traditional methods, the stresses generated are compressive + shift, so by milling based on collision are tension + shift.
Due to the high stress-material strength ratio at collision, it is possible to crush not only brittle materials but also ductile materials.
In current study the mechanical recycling of following groups of polymer materials were studied:
pure plastics as examples of brittle (ABS and PMMA) and soft materials (HDPE);
blends of ABS + PMMA, and PC + ABS plastics;
glassfibre reinforced plastics, (PMMA + GFP);
compounded plastics - circuit boards, (PCB);
pure rubber and tyres.
In traditional grinding using traditional jaw crushers, ball mills etc., the grindable material remains between the two grinding bodies (Figure 1a) and will be crush by pressure or shear stresses [6]. The generated stresses in the particle are equal to or less than the strength of the material.
Stresses in material: (a) Traditional milling; (b) Impact milling (image based on [
At traditional grinding methods, will take place uniform size reduction. The selectivity of process is low. It means that by bring weak and strong particles in the active grinding zone both, the strong and weak pieces will be broken up.
In the disintegrator, grinding occurs when piece collides with the moving working blades. This collision is an unlimited hit with some speed. The speeds used in the disintegrator range from 30 to 200 m/s [7].
At the moment of impact of the moving piece on the grinding body, an intensive wave of compression stress begins to propagate in the piece from the area of contact with the working body. The piece remains as a whole, intact during the propagation of the compression wave, until it reaches the opposite side of the piece, where it is reflected as a stretching wave of the same intensity from which the destruction of the piece to particles occurs [8]. The stresses arising in the material in this case (Figure 1b) exceed its strength by an order of magnitude.
Only by impact milling in the disintegrator, i.e. at a certain speed of impact, allows to implement a mode in which a less robust piece will collapse, and a more robust (or defect - free) one will remain intact, and selective size reduction occurs. The degree of selectivity of grinding depends on the materials properties (density, strength) and on the defectivity of the material crystallographic structure. It enables to grind selectively with disintegrator mills and is suitable for processing multicomponent materials and components, like polymer composites, blends and PCBs.
The DS series of multi-functional disintegrators were developed at Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech) for the processing of various materials, including polymer materials and plastic scrap [9]. The disintegrators of this series include:
Special multipurpose disintegrator milling system – the laboratory disintegrator DSL-175 with a combined inertial-centrifugal classifier;
Semi-industrial multi-functional disintegrator milling system DSL-115 of direct, separative and selective modes of treatment;
DSA-series industrial disintegrators (DSA-2, DSA-158);
Device SD-15 – an experimental module for studying the processes of the high-speed grinding of complexly deformed rubber composite;
Device SD-25 – a module for simulating the processing of solid car tyres into rubber chips, with simultaneous separation of textile and metal cord at room temperature.
These systems are designed for processing various types of materials and are characterized as follows (Table 1):
treats materials by collision at high rate velocities,
operates on direct, separative or selective systems in portional or steady conditions,
is flexible in transfer from one system to another,
increases a material’s chemical activity.
Disintegrators | Purpose | Productivity t/h |
---|---|---|
DSA-158 | Precrushing | up to 1.5 |
DSA-2 | Multistage direct milling | up to 5.8 |
DSL-115 | Direct / Separative / Selective milling | up to 1.3 / 0.25 / 1.3 |
Separators/classifiers | ||
Inertial (IC) | For separation of ground product | 0.25a |
Centrifugal (CC) | The same, higher sensitivity to compare with IC | 0.15a |
Characteristics of used disintegrators and classifiers.
Set for separative milling by disintegrator DSL-115.
The developed disintegrators can work in the system of direct, separative (closed) or selective milling (Figure 2).
Schematic representation of disintegrators DSA-2 (a), DSL-115 (b) and DSA-158 (c): Disintegrator equipment: 1 – Rotors; 2 – Electric drives; 3 – Material supply; 4 – Grinding elements; 5 – Output (authors image).
In the direct milling system, all the material passes through the disintegrator, undergoes a series of high-intensity impacts and flies out into the collector of the final product. Direct grinding is intended for the: testing the properties of materials, production of materials with a wide granularity, processing dry, wet or liquid materials, to combine the impact effect with other technological operations, such as mixing, homogenizing, cleaning and drying.
To obtain a product with a very fine grain, it is necessary to use the separative milling mode of disintegration, in which the crushed mass repeatedly passes the disintegrator and a classifier separates the product with the required grain size. Switching from one grinding mode to another requires only one simple operation - changing the classifier. An example of separative milling is the final operation of recycling acrylic waste – pre-crushed scrap is milled into particles of an adjustable size from 2 mm to 50 microns. The resulting powder can be effectively used as a starting material for creating new powder mixtures and for electrostatic spraying as a new coating.
Selective milling is a variant of separation in process, in which small and large particles are sent to different collectors. It allows to separate (enrich) materials with different density, strength, or get rid of microdefects in the structure of the material (Figure 3).
Modes of disintegrator milling (authors image).
The purpose of this option is:
treating multicomponent materials by refining one component mainly while leaving the other components as intact as possible,
industrial wastes in order to extract valuable components.
The plates of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plastic preliminarily cut into pieces with the dimensions of length 100 mm, width 100 mm and thickness 3–5 mm were reprocessed by the disintegrator milling.
The reprocessing technology of the PMMA plastic in the disintegrators consisted of three stages:
preliminary milling by the DSA-158 disintegrator in the conditions of direct milling;
intermediate milling for the size reduction in the DSA-2 disintegrator in the conditions of multi-stage milling;
final milling by the DSL-115 disintegrator system applying the direct or/and separative milling conditions.
The main kinetic parameter when processing the material in disintegrators is the specific treatment energy of
The powder particles size after preliminary, intermediate multi-step and final millings of the PMMA plastic are briefly given in Figure 4.
Dependence of the median particle size d50 of the PMMA plastic powder on the specific energy of treatment ES [
Ion-exchange resins (ion exchangers – ionites, IER) are polymers of spatial three-dimensional structure and are divided into cationites and anionites.
By chemical nature, ionites are high-molecular “weight” “crosslinked materials” (polymers such as phenol-formaldehyde resins or “copolymers” of styrene and divinylbenzene), having functional groups-carriers of ion-exchange catalytic properties.
Resins that exchange positive ions are called cation - exchanging (cationites), and those that exchange negatively charged ions are called anion-exchanging (anionites).
Due to the ability to reversibly exchange their ions for an equivalent amount of other ions in solution, ionites have found wide application in various fields of technology (in hydrometallurgy for the separation and purification of rare elements, in the processing of radioactive waste, in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, to eliminate water hardness; as catalysts for organic reactions of various types: alkylation, esterification, condensation, cyanethylation, hydrolysis, etc.)
In particular, cationides with a particle size of 1.5 mm ÷ 300 μm (Figure 5) are widely used as a component of water purification filters, and the remains of this material can be used as a catalyst in petrochemistry, provided that at least 90% of the material has a particle size of less than 125 μm.
Ion exchange resin (IER): Initial granules (authors image).
The study of the possibility of obtaining a cationide powder with a dimension less than 125 μm by disintegrator grinding is the topic and task of this part. To obtain such a material, it is proposed to use a disintegrator mill with a separation mode of operation. The results of separative milling is presented in Figure 6a,b.
Dependence of the particles size of the IER on the specific energy of treatment ES and the grinding scheme: (a) Direct multistep milling, (b) results of separative milling with a centrifugal separator (authors image).
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is an example of thermoplastics.
Representing widespread polyethylene applications, HDPE offers excellent impact resistance, lightweight, low moisture absorption, and high tensile strength. HDPE is non-toxic with a high strength-to-density ratio. HDPE is used in the production of plastic bottles, corrosion-resistant piping, geomembranes, and plastic lumber.
Milling experiments to assess the grindability of HDPE (grade 277–73) were conducted in a semi-industrial disintegrator DSL-115. The parameter of grinding – the specific treatment energy
Initial HDPE granules with sizes from 1 to 10 mm were used as initial material for the following millings (Figure 7 and Table 2).
HDPE particles: (a) initial; (b) disintegrator milled.
Sieves, mm | 11.2 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.710 | 0.355 | < 0.355 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt % | 0 | 15.3 | 75.6 | 6.3 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
Granule size distribution of initial HDPE [9].
The studied HDPE is difficulty to process with traditional disintegrator mills due to its plasticity, because most of the kinetic energy will be consumed in the deformation and heating of the material. However, still, there is a grinding method that allows obtaining a powder of the desired size and will turn out to be much less energy-consuming than melting.
Small particles of material are formed through low cyclic fatigue fracture, in which they peel off the surface in places of repeated plastic deformations formed during impact, therefore, this process requires a large number of impact cycles. Despite this, a fine fraction <355 μm of polyethylene can be obtained using separation grinding. It has been found that the size of the product can be adjusted within the required limits.
The reprocessing technology of the HDPE in disintegrators consisted of two stages:
intermediate direct multi-step milling for the size reduction in the semi-industrial disintegrator DSL-115,
final separative milling by the DSL-115 disintegrator with an inertial classifier.
Considering that the reason for the formation of small particles of the material is low-cycle fatigue failure, and the fact that small particles peel off from large ones in the places of repeated plastic deformations formed upon impact, it was assumed that a preliminarily strongly plastically deformed material could exhibit the property of easier formation of small particles. It is proposed to preliminarily pass the raw material through the rollers. The testing scheme will look like this in Figure 8.
Modes for treatment of HDPE by disintegrator DSL-115: I – Direct multiple grinding; II – Direct multiple grinding of single-deformed material; III – Direct multiple grinding of repeatedly deformed material (authors image).
Particle size and shape are given in Figure 9. The dependence of the particle size of multiple direct milling on the specific energy of treatment
Particles size and shape of HDPE after milling in DSL-115: Mode II (a – c) – Direct multiple milling at a single plastic deformation by rolls (a – 6.7 kWh/t, b – 33.5 kWh/t and c – 107.2 kWh / t; mode III (d – f) – Direct multiple milling after a multiple plastic deformation by rolls (e – Initial granules, f – Deformed by roll mill granules, g – Deformed and milled powder – 33.5 kWh/t) (authors image).
Dependence of the average size of the HDPE particles on the specific energy of treatment ES and the grinding scheme: I, II, III – Modes of treatment (see
Dependence of fine fraction of crushed HDPE at different milling modes on the specific energy of treatment ES: (a) fraction −355 + 180 μm; (b) fraction <180 μm (authors image).
Classifier type and specific energy of treatment | Sieves, mm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.4 | 0.710 | 0.355 | 0.180 | 0.090 | < 0.090 | |||
IC mode1 | 450 | 0 | 18.1 | 24 | 44 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 0.26 |
IC mode 2 | 690 | 0 | 5.5 | 12.5 | 30.7 | 31.9 | 19.4 | 0.13 |
CC mode 1 | 1350 | — | 0 | 6 | 32 | 39 | 23 | 0.11 |
HDPE powder particles distribution at disintegrator milling DSL-115 with an inertial (IC) and centrifugal (CC) classifiers.
The production of powders of a given fine fraction is a process with an energy consumption of the order of
A specific problem, arising at milling is the heating of the material during processing (on average 0.25 C° / kWh/t), which significantly reduces productivity. Possible options for solution of problem and increasing productivity may be:
Cooling of material to be treated
air cooling (open-loop system of inertial or centrifugal separation, when air after separation of fine material does not return back to the working chamber) or
adding water or dry ice to the material or
pre-cooling of polyethylene in liquid nitrogen (perhaps the most effective option, which can notably increase the productivity of milling by an order of magnitude, since it will lead to embrittlement of a viscous particles).
Combination of disintegration with forming, for example, rolling between rolls (in this work the thickness reduction ratio R was 6:1). Increase in the yield of fraction −355 + 180 μm was up to 200%.
Effective non-impact (shear) crushing of material using compressive and friction loads. For this purposes was designed an experimental setup SD-25. The treatment is highly efficient and productive (50–75 kg/h with an energy consumption of 2–5 kWh/t); is technically easier to realize, but requires mandatory cooling (for example, with water). Results of shear crushing of HDPE are given at Figure 12.
Shear crushing of HDPE by the SD-25 with the gap of the cones: (a) 1 mm; (b) 0.5 mm (authors image).
Compounded plastics of the waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) subjected to recycling from dismantled personal computers (Figure 13a) are forming from processors (4 wt%), monitors (21 wt%) and keyboards (79 wt%). Physical and mechanical properties of the compounded plastics are given in Table 4.
Compounded plastics from dismantled personal computers: (a) initial material; (b) precrushed by disintegrator DSL-158 with the specific energy of treatment ES = 1.4 kWh/t; (c) multistage milled by disintegrator DSA-2 with the specific energy of treatment ES = 20.6 kWh/t [
Plastic | Tensile strength | Modulus of elasticity | Impact strength kJ/m2 | Density | Elongation after fracture |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDPE | 25 | 1.03 | 20 | 0.96 | 500 |
PMMA | 78 | 3.33 | 12 | 1.2 | 4 |
ABS | 56 | 3.40 | 17.5 | 1.17 | 30 |
PC + ABS | 88 | 3.40 | 34 | 1.20 | 150 |
Physical and mechanical properties of the studied plastics of the WEEE at RT [9].
Compounded plastics polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC + ABS) and polyphenylene ether – polystyrene (PPE + PS) from monitor housings, forming 21 wt% of the monitors, were used as the compounded plastic waste.
The compounded plastics were cut into pieces and then preliminarily milled for the feed of DSA-158 (Figure 13b). The multistage milling (up to 16x) of the compounded plastics was performed in the DSA-2 disintegrator (Figure 13c). The final milling was performed in the semi-industrial disintegrator system DSL-115 with an inertial separator. The results of the preliminary and final milling of the compounded plastics from different parts of computers are given in Table 5. The photos of different precrushed and milled compounded plastics are given in Figure 13b and c.
Milling step and type of disintegrator | Precrushing | Preliminary multi-stage milling | Final separative milling | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiplicity of milling | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 1 |
Median size | ||||||||
PC + ABS monitors | 12.0 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.1 | — | 3.6 | 2.2 |
ABS processors | 9.9 | — | — | — | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 2.3 |
ABS+ HIPSa keyboards | 15.0 | — | — | — | 6.0 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 1.7 |
PS + ABS+PPE monitors | 9.7 | — | — | — | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.4 |
Specific energy of treatment | 1.4 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 11 | 20.6 | 30.2 | 39.8 | 67.0 |
Dependence of the milled compounded plastic powder particle medium size d50 on the disintegrator type and the specific energy of treatment ES.
High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS).
Regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the plastics to be milled, the tensile strength and impact strength of the ABS plastics are lower than those of the compounded plastics PC + ABS (Table 5). After the fracture, the elongation of the PC + ABS plastics exceeds that of the ABS plastics for five times. These PC + ABS plastics were easy to cut with the guillotine shears for feeding the DSA-158 (100–150 mm). After the precrushing in the DSA-158, it was obvious that the material has a ductile fracture mechanism. The crushed material was appropriate for the feed of the DSA-2.
The multistage preliminary milling of the compounded material was performed by the DSA-2 disintegrator in the direct milling condition. The results of the preliminary crushing and milling of the compounded plastic PC + ABS in the disintegrator are shown in Figure 14.
Dependence of the median particle size d50 of compound plastic PC + ABS on the specific energy of treatment ES after precrushing (a) and final multistage milling (b): 1 – PC + ABS monitor housings; 2 – ABS processors; 3 – ABS+HIPS keyboards after precrushing (a) and final multistage milling (b); 4 – PS + ABS+PPE monitor housings [
As follows from Table 5 and Figure 14a, the best results of size reduction were achieved after the two-stage preliminary milling in the DSA-158 when the mean particle size was about 11 mm, and after milling in the DSA-2 – particles size was about 5 mm. During the next stages of milling in DSA-2 (from stage 4 to 8), the size reduction is less effective (from 5 mm to 4 mm only). Thus, for fracturing the particles of the ductile material, the number of collisions must be more than ten.
After eight stages of preliminary milling in the DSA-2, the particle size was in the range of 4–6 mm (Figure 13c). The final direct milling in the DSL-115 disintegrator reduced the particle size by 40–50% (from 3.6–3.8 to 2.4–1.7 mm).
As follows from Table 6, the shape parameters (roundness and aspect) of powder particles milled PC + ABC compounded plastics are slightly increasing when the size of particles is decreasing.
Parameter | Fraction, mm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ 1.25 | + 0.63 | + 0.315 | < 0.315 | ||
Median size | 1.88 | 0.94 | 0.47 | 0.16 | |
Mean size | 2.63 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 2.63 | |
3.60 | 0.46 | 0.74 | 3.60 | ||
Aspect, | 1.52 | 1.55 | 1.62 | 1.67 | |
Roundness, | 1.32 | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.57 |
The size, aspect and roundness of the milled PC + ABS powder fractions [9].
Different types of plastics have their own dynamics of size reduction with the same applied crushing energy. If this dynamics are considerably different, it is possible to separate different types of plastics during grinding from each other in one-step.
Different particle size reduction rates allow to separate soft/ductile and hard/brittle plastics from each other in a single operation. When the viscous plastic pieces is crushed into relatively large pieces, at same time the brittle plastic pieces has time to reduce considerably in size and can be separated by a separation system (Figures 15 and 16).
Difference in particle size of the different types of plastics at the same crushing energy ES = 4.8 kWh/t: (a) sheets of material; (b) ductile (ABS); (c) brittle (PMMA) plastics (authors image).
The result of simultaneous grinding-separation of a mixture of ductile (ABS) and brittle (PMMA) plastics: (a) ground mixture of ABS+PMMA; (b) separated ABS; (c) separated PMMA (authors image).
Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFP) scrap consisted of acrylic plastic (PMMA) with glass fiber reinforcement in polyester resin matrix.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheets were formed in vacuum (shower trays and bathtubs) and reinforced with fiberglass in a polyester resin matrix. At the end of the life cycle, the product was disassembled (cut into pieces). A scrap of this composite was used for experiments (Figure 17).
Initial plastic composite scrap of PMMA+GFP (authors image).
For the milling of composite scrap, different disintegrator mills were used. To treat composite plastic scrap, the focus was on the size reduction of the acrylic plastic constituent and on the separation of the glass fiber constituent.
Disintegrator milling enables size reduction with simultaneous separation of components of low toughness. Composite plastic strips (PMMA+GFP) with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 5 mm were retreated.
The reprocessing technology of composite plastic scrap in disintegrators consisted of two steps:
Preliminary direct milling of reinforced acrylic strips with the disintegrator DSL-158 with following separation of glass fiber from the milled material by sieving or multi-stage milling with the semi-industrial disintegrator DSA-2. Sieve analysis were taken and the percentage of the separated glass fiber was determined;
Direct or separative final milling with the DSL-115 disintegrator milling system to remove glass fiber from the milled material.
The results of separation glass fiber and acrylic plastic are presented in Figures 18–20.
Dependence of the particle size d50 of the milled composite plastic PMMA+GFP on the specific energy of treatment ES [
Separation of glass fiber from acrylic plastic [
The results of milling-separation of the glass fiber and acrylic plastic: (a) pre-crushed plastic scrap, (b) separated GFP large fraction, (c) finally milled mixture, (d) separated GFP fine fraction (authors image).
The results obtained during the preliminary grinding of PMMA + GFP composite plastic in disintegrator mills are shown in Figures 18 and 20 a, b. The particle size at the outlet of the DSA-158 disintegrator was approximately 13–25 mm. The precrushed material is suitable for direct grinding in the DSA-2 disintegrator.
Before the separation, the curve of mixed plastics has two modes (Figure 19). After separation the acrylic plastic has two main fractions: 46% of 1.4 mm and 25% of 0.355 mm and glass fiber has one main fraction 0.180 mm, which is more than 85%. The results of separating glass fiber from scrap of composite plastic are shown in Table 7.
Milling stage | Milling device | Separation method | Separated GFP, wt.% |
---|---|---|---|
I | DSA-158 | Sieving | 16.3 |
DSA-2 | Sieving | 12.2 | |
II | DSL-115 | Air classifying | 16.5 |
Results of GFP separation during selective milling by different disintegrators [13].
As follows from Table 7, the total amount of separated GFP was 45 wt%. As a result, 55% of acrylic plastic from composite plastic scrap can be reused. GFP can be reused as reinforcement in the production of polymer concrete products.
Plastic powder with a particle size of about 1–2 mm can be obtained by two-stage grinding, and 95% by weight of the glass fiber content can be separated by final selective grinding.
The recovered material can be reused in the same production process in which it was obtained. The crushed PMMA powder is applicable as a filler in the casting technology.
Tyres can be utilized by disintegration in two ways (Figure 21):
preliminary cutting of the tyres to the pieces of 50–150 mm, and size reduction to pieces of 10–30 mm by special devices, or
direct milling of whole tyres to the rubber powder of size 1–2 mm by special units.
Principal scheme of utilization of tyres at room temperature (authors image, based on [
Collars with wires will be removed before cutting-off in both cases.
At the first stage, the pieces of tyres sized 50 to 150 mm can be used in the pyrolysis technology for oil production. The pieces sized 10 to 50 mm can be used as additional fuel in furnaces. Fine powder of fraction 1–2 mm can be used for producing asphalt-concrete of road pavement, which is most beneficial.
At the second stage, further milling of rubber assumes separation of pure rubber from textile and wire fiber. The technology of treatment pure rubber to reclaimed rubber, used instead of caoutchouc, is cost-effective. The ultra-fine rubber powder with particles less than 100 μm can be used as carbon black in the production of new rubber. However, this rubber powder is more expensive than carbon black.
Direct milling of whole tyres to the powder of 1–2 mm is more effective. In this case, the disintegrator system consists of two special devices - units for milling and post-grinding.
The granularity of the product depends on the pressure of the tyres against the milling tool. The mean size of the product after milling is shown in Figure 22a.
Dependences of particles size on the feed pressure:(a) of tyre strips in the process of milling and post-grinding; (b) of rubber particles at different feed pressures: 1–0.5 MPa; 2–1.0 MPa; 3–1.5 MPa; 4–2.0 MPa (d0 = 5 mm) [
The dependence of particle mean size on the pressure is notable. Post-grinding evens the size of the particles. The granularity of the final product is shown in Figure 22b. It can be seen that the distribution function is two-modal.
Comparative grinding of pure rubber at normal and low temperatures was also conducted. The results are shown in Figures 22 and 23. The effectiveness of grindability of pure rubber at normal temperature is very low but as it follows from Figure 23a, the cryogenic grinding is more effective. Results of normal and low temperature grindings for comparison are grouped together graphically in Figure 23b.
Dependence of the granularity (a) and specific surface area (b) of ground rubber particles on the specific energy of treatment ES at normal temperature and cryogenic treatment: 1 – Milling at normal temperature with energy 25 kWh/t; 2 – Cryogenic milling with energy 8.3 kWh/t and 3–27 kWh/t (d0 = 5 mm), (authors image).
As can be seen, the relative mean particle size dm/dm0 and the relative increase in the specific surface area ΔS/ΔS0 of rubber particles depend on the specific energy of treatment
Highly alloyed steel wire found in car tyre collars may have its own value. To find out this value, it was necessary to study first the possibility of separating the wires.
Selective collar size reduction was achieved by using cryogenic grinding in disintegrator DS-158, during which the separation of wire, textile and rubber particles will take place (Figure 24).
Cryogenic grinding by the disintegrator DS-158: (a) initial pieces of collar; (b) ground and separated rubber; (c) textile; (d) steel wire (authors image).
The amount of rubber in the collars is relatively low, so the main value is probably in the metal. In addition, the amount of liquid nitrogen needed for cryogenic grinding has been determined theoretically and experimentally.
However, the economic efficiency of selective grinding has not been determined. It depends on the market value of alloy steel, amount of tyre collars to be treated and methods used to separate materials. The alternative is disposing collars to landfills, which is currently allowed.
Grinding of pure rubber and composites using classical disintegrator mills at normal temperatures is much (by orders of magnitude) less effective than grinding in liquid nitrogen (Figures 22 and 23). This is due to high elastic properties of rubber. Under impact, kinetic energy leads to strong elastic deformations of rubber pieces, which preferentially heat the material but do not destroy it.
Therefore, it is rational to use such a grinding method for the following:
precrushing of rubber agglomerates (Figure 25) and
changing in material properties.
Dependence of the mean diameter dm (a) and shape (b, c) of treated at normal temperature pure rubber on the specific energy of disintegrator milling ES: b – Pure rubber particles before and c – After milling [
Changing in material properties consists:
creation of interstitial composites (e.g., rubber-iron powder);
spheroidizing to reduce the surface and improve the free-flow properties of the powders (Figure 25c);
changing chemical properties under the influence of strong shear shock loads (devulcanization).
The degree of grinding is directly related to the energy consumption of the process. Thus, the feasibility of energy costs for the rubber grinding process is associated with the minimum particle size obtained during grinding. Figure 25 shows the dependence of the average diameter of rubber particles on the specific grinding energy.
Disintegrator milling as a prospective recycling method to relieve metallic components of current generation of printed circuit boards (PCB) (Figure 26).
Initial PCB plates (authors image).
The PCBs stands out with one of the highest concentrations of the rare and precious metals (RPMs). Therefore, the PCBs can/should be become a sustainable source of the RPMs for future generations of technology.
Traditionally, PCBs are processed using cutting processes (shredder mills) and a combination of low intensity impacts with shear and abrasion (hammer mills).
Both methods have disadvantages. During cutting, the knife must pass through all layers of material, which consist not only of epoxy resins and glass fiber, but also of strong and ductile metals and alloys, as well as ceramics (Figure 27a,b). This leads to high wear on the cutting edges. The cutting process also does not effectively separate into its constituent components. During abrasion and shearing, the largest and most protruding pieces are affected, and these are basically the same metal and ceramic components. As a result, a lot of extra energy is wasted on grinding media wear, unnecessary grinding of metal and ceramic components and unnecessary movement of the entire mass of material.
Structure of the PCBs plate: (a) initial material, (b) after cutting with a shredder and (c, d) ground by the disintegrator DSA-2 (author’s image).
The high-intensity impact that is used in disintegrator mills generates high stresses in the composite materials, breaking primarily the weakest constituents of them. This should lead to the fact that in the first place the bonds between metallic fraction (MF) and non-metallic (NMF) phase will be destroyed, which will allow further classification to achieve high-quality metal concentrate (Figure 27c,d). Thus, due to the selectivity of the impact action, a high level of fragmentation can be achieved – this is the main factor for mechanical enrichment. Such selective disassembly is less energy consuming, relieves the rest of the components of the PCB composite from excessive grinding, and, consequently, transformation into technological emissions.
In this part, the integration of a high-energy impact milling for PCBs recycling comminution state-of-the-art was reviewed from the fragmentation (relieving) process perspective. Modifying PCBs wastes through delamination and fragmentation turning it to MF and NMF mixture and makes it possible to further efficient classification into enriched concentrates (Figure 28).
Example of possible PCB disintegration degrees with existing disintegration systems (a) and PCB milling and separation stages (b): raw PCB (A), metal- (B), plastic- (C) and foil- (D) enriched components after disintegration and separation (author’s image).
A printed circuit board is a multicomponent metal-plastic multilayer composite material that has a complex structure with brittle and plastic components. The mechanisms for reducing the particle size of plastic and brittle materials are different.
At the pre-crushing stage, large pieces of the composite plates quickly disintegrate into their component parts. The result of milling is a direct fracture. Each separated component is then crushed at its own different speed.
Then each of these components is crushed at a different speed:
slow reduction in the size of metallic parts as a result of fatigue failure and
rapid reduction in the size of brittle non-metallic components as a result of direct fracture.
Based on the study of impact milling by disintegrators different polymer materials the following conclusions may be drawn:
Impact milling an effective way for retreatment of polymeric materials due to the stresses initiated in materials due be ground. For impact milling DS-series of multi-functional disintegrators and milling systems operating at direct, separation and selective modes were developed.
Impact milling is effective way for treatment as brittle as well soft plastic wastes. The grindability of ABS, PMMA, HDPE plastics, based on different fracture mechanisms (direct fracture, low cyclic fatigue), and characteristics of ground product were clarified. Disintegrator retreatment of blends of plastics (e.g. WEEE components) enables to ground and separate plastics of different mechanical properties due to the considerably different dynamics of size reduction.
Retreatment of multicomponent materials (e.g. polymeric-metallic PCBs) enables to relieve the valuable metallic components, grind and separate plastic components; by tyres pretreatment (at room and cryogenic temperatures) ways/possibilities were studied and different components (rubber, textile, wire) will be separated.
The potential areas of application retreated plastics wastes are shown. The recovered polymer materials can be used in the same process in which they were obtained; valuable metals will be separated and enriched, and used in new PCBs production.
This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council grants PRG643 and PRG1145 and by the Environmental Investment Centre Foundation grant KIK19019.
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\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
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\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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This opening chapter reviews the projected gist of FCEV status; considers the factors that are going to affect how FCEVs could enter commercialization, including the importance of fuel cells for EV technologies; the degradation diagnoses using accelerated stress test (AST) procedures; FCEV hybridization; and the contribution of an energy storage device for charging EVs. The article also addresses case studies relating to material degradation occurring from driving behavior. Information about material degradation can be compiled into a database for the improvement of cell component performance and durability, leading to the creation of new materials and new fuel cell hybridization designs. To support the growth of EV technologies, an energy storage is required for the integrated alternative electricity generations. A redox flow battery is considered as a promising candidate in terms of attractive charging station for EVs or HEVs.",book:{id:"10385",slug:"advanced-applications-of-hydrogen-and-engineering-systems-in-the-automotive-industry",title:"Advanced Applications of Hydrogen and Engineering Systems in the Automotive Industry",fullTitle:"Advanced Applications of Hydrogen and Engineering Systems in the Automotive Industry"},signatures:"Rungsima Yeetsorn and Yaowaret Maiket",authors:[{id:"328663",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Rungsima",middleName:null,surname:"Yeetsorn",slug:"rungsima-yeetsorn",fullName:"Rungsima Yeetsorn"},{id:"328848",title:"Ms.",name:"Yaowaret",middleName:null,surname:"Maiket",slug:"yaowaret-maiket",fullName:"Yaowaret Maiket"}]},{id:"72960",title:"Adaptive Load Frequency Control in Power Systems Using Optimization Techniques",slug:"adaptive-load-frequency-control-in-power-systems-using-optimization-techniques",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"At present, simple and classical tuned controllers are widely used in the power system load frequency control (LFC) application. Existing LFC system parameters are usually tuned based on experiences, classical methods, and trial and error approaches, and they are incapable of providing good dynamic performance over a wide range of operating conditions and various load scenarios. Therefore, the novel modeling and control approaches are strongly required, to obtain a new trade-off between efficiency and robustness. Thus, the proposed techniques in this chapter are referred to be an adaptive control technique based on new optimization methods such as Jaya, Practical Swarm Optimization Algorithm, etc., which are used to make an on-line tuning of the LFC parameters in order to face the previous challenges in LFC. The system under study is a small microgrid with a renewable energy source and variable demand load. Digital simulation results are discussed.",book:{id:"9423",slug:"ai-and-learning-systems-industrial-applications-and-future-directions",title:"AI and Learning Systems",fullTitle:"AI and Learning Systems - Industrial Applications and Future Directions"},signatures:"Tarek Hassan Mohamed, Hussein Abubakr, Mahmoud M. Hussein and Gaber S. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. 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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"82362",title:"Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105706",signatures:"Simona Ghiță, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan",slug:"studies-on-the-short-term-effects-of-the-cease-of-pesticides-use-on-vineyard-microbiome",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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