\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3337",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications Bringing Research to Practice",title:"Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:"Bringing Research to Practice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The number of different applications for RFID systems is increasing each year and various research directions have been developed to improve the performance of these systems. 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Arias, Natalia S. Buzzi, Marcelo T. Pereira and Jorge E. Marcovecchio",authors:[{id:"14663",title:"Dr.",name:"Andres",middleName:"Hugo",surname:"Arias",fullName:"Andres Arias",slug:"andres-arias"},{id:"41468",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Buzzi",fullName:"Natalia Buzzi",slug:"natalia-buzzi"},{id:"41469",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Marcelo Tomas Pereira",slug:"marcelo-tomas-pereira"},{id:"41470",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Marcovecchio",fullName:"Jorge Marcovecchio",slug:"jorge-marcovecchio"}]},{id:"13018",title:"Bioconcentration of Pesticides in Fish from Rivers and Lakes",slug:"bioconcentration-of-pesticides-in-fish-from-rivers-and-lakes",signatures:"Taizo Tsuda",authors:[{id:"15361",title:"Dr.",name:"Taizo",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuda",fullName:"Taizo Tsuda",slug:"taizo-tsuda"}]},{id:"13019",title:"Organochlorine Pesticides Residues for some Aquatic Systems in Albania",slug:"organochlorine-pesticides-residues-for-some-aquatic-systems-in-albania",signatures:"Aurel Nuro and Elda Marku",authors:[{id:"14427",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurel",middleName:null,surname:"Nuro",fullName:"Aurel Nuro",slug:"aurel-nuro"},{id:"16425",title:"Prof.",name:"Elda",middleName:null,surname:"Marku",fullName:"Elda Marku",slug:"elda-marku"}]},{id:"13020",title:"Distribution Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil and Groundwater of Different Irrigation Areas in Southeast Suburb of Beijing",slug:"distribution-characteristics-of-organochlorine-pesticides-in-soil-and-groundwater-of-different-irrig",signatures:"He Jiang-tao, Ma Wen-jie, Jin Ai-Fang and Wei Yong-Xia",authors:[{id:"15351",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiang-Tao",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Jiang-Tao He",slug:"jiang-tao-he"},{id:"16616",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Wen-Jie Ma",slug:"wen-jie-ma"},{id:"16617",title:"Dr.",name:"Ai-Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Ai-Fang Jin",slug:"ai-fang-jin"},{id:"16618",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong-Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Yong-Xia Wei",slug:"yong-xia-wei"}]},{id:"13021",title:"Efficacy of Management Practices to Mitigate the Off-Site Movement and Ecological Risk of Pesticides Transported with Runoff from Agricultural and Turf Systems",slug:"efficacy-of-management-practices-to-mitigate-the-off-site-movement-and-ecological-risk-of-pesticides",signatures:"Pamela J. Rice, Brian P. Horgan, Cathleen J. Hapeman and Laura L. McConnell",authors:[{id:"16961",title:"Dr.",name:"Pamela J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rice",fullName:"Pamela J. Rice",slug:"pamela-j.-rice"},{id:"16963",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian P.",middleName:null,surname:"Horgan",fullName:"Brian P. Horgan",slug:"brian-p.-horgan"},{id:"16964",title:"Dr.",name:"Cathleen J.",middleName:null,surname:"Hapeman",fullName:"Cathleen J. Hapeman",slug:"cathleen-j.-hapeman"},{id:"16965",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura L.",middleName:null,surname:"McConnell",fullName:"Laura L. McConnell",slug:"laura-l.-mcconnell"}]},{id:"13557",title:"Endosulfan in China: Usage, Emissions, and Residues",slug:"endosulfan-in-china-usage-emissions-and-residues",signatures:"Hongliang Jia, Liyan Liu, Yeqing Sun and Yi-Fan Li",authors:[{id:"15603",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yi-Fan Li",slug:"yi-fan-li"},{id:"16711",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongliang",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Hongliang Jia",slug:"hongliang-jia"}]},{id:"13022",title:"Hexachlorocyclohexanes in Arctic and Antarctic Marine Ecosystems",slug:"hexachlorocyclohexanes-in-arctic-and-antarctic-marine-ecosystems",signatures:"Alessandra Cincinelli, Tania Martellini and Simonetta Corsolini",authors:[{id:"16767",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Cincinelli",fullName:"Alessandra Cincinelli",slug:"alessandra-cincinelli"}]},{id:"13023",title:"Sublethal Effects of Pyrethroids on Insect Parasitoids: What We Need to Further Know",slug:"sublethal-effects-of-pyrethroids-on-insect-parasitoids-what-we-need-to-further-know",signatures:"Patrícia Garcia",authors:[{id:"15046",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Patrícia Garcia",slug:"patricia-garcia"}]},{id:"13024",title:"Pesticide Exposure and Health Related Issues in Male and Female Reproductive System",slug:"pesticide-exposure-and-health-related-issues-in-male-and-female-reproductive-system",signatures:"Stavros Sifakis, Mihalis Mparmpas, Offie P. 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Laura Ortiz-Hernández, Enrique Sánchez-Salinas, Angeluz Olvera-Velona and Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol",authors:[{id:"15059",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma. Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Hernandez",fullName:"Ma. Laura Ortiz-Hernandez",slug:"ma.-laura-ortiz-hernandez"},{id:"16717",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Salinas",fullName:"Enrique Sanchez-Salinas",slug:"enrique-sanchez-salinas"},{id:"16718",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeluz",middleName:null,surname:"Olvera-Velona",fullName:"Angeluz Olvera-Velona",slug:"angeluz-olvera-velona"},{id:"16719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Folch.Mallol",fullName:"Jorge Luis Folch.Mallol",slug:"jorge-luis-folch.mallol"}]},{id:"13027",title:"Fate of Pesticide Residues on Raw Agricultural Crops after Postharvest Storage and Food Processing to Edible Portions",slug:"fate-of-pesticide-residues-on-raw-agricultural-crops-after-postharvest-storage-and-food-processing-t",signatures:"Elpiniki G. Amvrazi",authors:[{id:"14627",title:"Dr.",name:"Elpiniki",middleName:"G.",surname:"Amvrazi",fullName:"Elpiniki Amvrazi",slug:"elpiniki-amvrazi"}]},{id:"13028",title:"Analytical Methods for Performing Pesticide Degradation Studies in Environmental Samples",slug:"analytical-methods-for-performing-pesticide-degradation-studies-in-environmental-samples",signatures:"Zenilda L. Cardeal, Amauri G. Souza and Leiliane C.A. Amorim",authors:[{id:"16970",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenilda",middleName:"L.",surname:"Cardeal",fullName:"Zenilda Cardeal",slug:"zenilda-cardeal"},{id:"16984",title:"Dr.",name:"Leiliane",middleName:"C.A.",surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Leiliane Amorim",slug:"leiliane-amorim"},{id:"16985",title:"Prof.",name:"Amauri",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Amauri Souza",slug:"amauri-souza"}]},{id:"13029",title:"Micropollutant Degradation Mechanism",slug:"micropollutant-degradation-mechanism",signatures:"Brigita Tepuš, Irena Petrinić and Marjana Simonič",authors:[{id:"15110",title:"Dr.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Petrinic",fullName:"Irena Petrinic",slug:"irena-petrinic"},{id:"15704",title:"Dr.",name:"Brigita",middleName:null,surname:"Tepuš",fullName:"Brigita Tepuš",slug:"brigita-tepus"},{id:"16583",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjana",middleName:null,surname:"Simonič",fullName:"Marjana Simonič",slug:"marjana-simonic"}]},{id:"13030",title:"Bacterial-Degradation of Pesticides Residue in Vegetables during Fermentation",slug:"bacterial-degradation-of-pesticides-residue-in-vegetables-during-fermentation",signatures:"Aslan Azizi",authors:[{id:"15701",title:"Dr.",name:"Aslan",middleName:null,surname:"Azizi",fullName:"Aslan Azizi",slug:"aslan-azizi"}]},{id:"13107",title:"Interpretation and Modelling of Environmental Behaviour of Diverse Pesticides by Revealing Photodecomposition Mechanisms",slug:"interpretation-and-modelling-of-environmental-behaviour-of-diverse-pesticides-by-revealing-photodeco",signatures:"Attila Kiss and Diána Virág",authors:[{id:"14950",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Kiss",fullName:"Attila Kiss",slug:"attila-kiss"},{id:"14973",title:"Dr.",name:"Diána",middleName:null,surname:"Virág",fullName:"Diána Virág",slug:"diana-virag"}]},{id:"13031",title:"Degradation of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides by Photocatalysis: Chlorpiryfos and Endosulfan Case Study",slug:"degradation-of-organochlorine-and-organophosphorus-pesticides-by-photocatalysis-chlorpiryfos-and-end",signatures:"Rosalina González Forero",authors:[{id:"14241",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Forero",fullName:"Rosalina Gonzalez Forero",slug:"rosalina-gonzalez-forero"}]},{id:"13032",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Removal of Pesticides from Aqueous Media",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-aops-for-removal-of-pesticides-from-aqueous-media",signatures:"Marco A. Quiroz, Erick R. Bandala and Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle",authors:[{id:"15324",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Quiroz Alfaro",fullName:"Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro",slug:"marco-antonio-quiroz-alfaro"},{id:"16897",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bandala González",fullName:"Erick Roberto Bandala González",slug:"erick-roberto-bandala-gonzalez"},{id:"16898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Huitle",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Martínez Huitle",slug:"carlos-alberto-martinez-huitle"}]},{id:"13033",title:"Low-Cost Sorbent for Removing Pesticides during Water Treatment",slug:"low-cost-sorbent-for-removing-pesticides-during-water-treatment",signatures:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",authors:[{id:"15053",title:"Prof.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Ignatowicz",fullName:"Katarzyna Ignatowicz",slug:"katarzyna-ignatowicz"}]},{id:"13034",title:"Influence of the Activated Carbon Nature and the Aqueous Matrix on the Pesticides Adsorption",slug:"influence-of-the-activated-carbon-nature-and-the-aqueous-matrix-on-the-pesticides-adsorption",signatures:"Natividad Miguel, María P. Ormad, Rosa Mosteo, Jorge Rodríguez and José L. Ovelleiro",authors:[{id:"14648",title:"Dr.",name:"Natividad",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Natividad Miguel",slug:"natividad-miguel"},{id:"14649",title:"Prof.",name:"María P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ormad",fullName:"María P. Ormad",slug:"maria-p.-ormad"},{id:"14650",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Mosteo",fullName:"Rosa Mosteo",slug:"rosa-mosteo"},{id:"14651",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez",fullName:"Jorge Rodríguez",slug:"jorge-rodriguez"},{id:"14652",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ovelleiro",fullName:"José L. Ovelleiro",slug:"jose-l.-ovelleiro"}]},{id:"13035",title:"Adsorption Properties of Sediments for Pesticides: Investigation with Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry",slug:"adsorption-properties-of-sediments-for-pesticides-investigation-with-supercritical-fluid-extraction-",signatures:"Hiroaki Chikushi, Natsuko Yoshida and Kei Toda",authors:[{id:"14786",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",fullName:"Kei Toda",slug:"kei-toda"},{id:"16534",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Chikushi",fullName:"Hiroaki Chikushi",slug:"hiroaki-chikushi"}]},{id:"13036",title:"Sorption of Pesticides on Natural Geosorbents",slug:"sorption-of-pesticides-on-natural-geosorbents",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Gagné, Bruno Gouteux, Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh, and Jean-Rock Brindle",authors:[{id:"14741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Gagné",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Gagné",slug:"jean-pierre-gagne"},{id:"14761",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Rock",middleName:null,surname:"Brindle",fullName:"Jean-Rock Brindle",slug:"jean-rock-brindle"},{id:"16683",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssouf Djibril",middleName:null,surname:"Soubaneh",fullName:"Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh",slug:"youssouf-djibril-soubaneh"},{id:"16684",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Gouteux",fullName:"Bruno Gouteux",slug:"bruno-gouteux"}]},{id:"13037",title:"Pesticides as a Waste Problem with Examples from Norway",slug:"pesticides-as-a-waste-problem-with-examples-from-norway",signatures:"Ketil Haarstad",authors:[{id:"16783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ketil",middleName:null,surname:"Haarstad",fullName:"Ketil Haarstad",slug:"ketil-haarstad"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2965",title:"Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass",subtitle:"Techniques, Applications and Commercialization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79f3af7841253f5e3e67f53245c121d6",slug:"sustainable-degradation-of-lignocellulosic-biomass-techniques-applications-and-commercialization",bookSignature:"Anuj K. Chandel and Silvio Silvério da Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76898",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuj",surname:"Chandel",slug:"anuj-chandel",fullName:"Anuj Chandel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3251",title:"Biodiesel",subtitle:"Feedstocks, Production and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b2be3bdff49ff76b474e85cbfaeb236",slug:"biodiesel-feedstocks-production-and-applications",bookSignature:"Zhen Fang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63891",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhen",surname:"Fang",slug:"zhen-fang",fullName:"Zhen Fang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3525",title:"Biofuels",subtitle:"Economy, Environment and Sustainability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c96c437f720c3cd5fec55f29198625c9",slug:"biofuels-economy-environment-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Zhen Fang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63891",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhen",surname:"Fang",slug:"zhen-fang",fullName:"Zhen Fang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3526",title:"Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels",subtitle:"Conversion Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27e5fc2ee32eebf66804d16b48e3545f",slug:"liquid-gaseous-and-solid-biofuels-conversion-techniques",bookSignature:"Zhen Fang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3526.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63891",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhen",surname:"Fang",slug:"zhen-fang",fullName:"Zhen Fang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3858",title:"Technology and Application of Microbial Fuel Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba52ca9aad923c7d602fd9e8585e798a",slug:"technology-and-application-of-microbial-fuel-cells",bookSignature:"Chin-Tsan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27537",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Tsan",surname:"Wang",slug:"chin-tsan-wang",fullName:"Chin-Tsan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"582",title:"Biodiesel",subtitle:"Feedstocks and Processing Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6515b40c0b7f5abd126e0325263a581c",slug:"biodiesel-feedstocks-and-processing-technologies",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Gisela Montero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/582.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6375",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77502",title:"New Technologies and Decision-Making for the Military",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98849",slug:"new-technologies-and-decision-making-for-the-military",body:'If the qualities required of a leader to be a good commander and a good decision maker remain constant in human history in the face of the complexity of the battle, the leader of tomorrow will have to adapt to the uses of new technologies. This will allow him to be better informed, and consequently to be more reactive in order to keep the initiative in the manoeuvre, but also to carry his action further and delegate certain tasks to the machines he will have at his disposal. Such adaptations are not trivial, because they reconsider the existing military doctrines, and can call into question the very principle of the hierarchy that makes the strength of armies. It is therefore necessary for the military to know how to use these new technologies through training, but also to know how to keep control of the use of new systems integrating a certain form of autonomy. Above all, it is important for the military leader to preserve the very essence of his very identity: to give meaning to military action and command to achieve his goals.
Primarily, a military leader must command, which implies legitimate decision-making authority and a responsibility towards the soldiers entrusted to him for the mission which he must ensure.
The command is the very expression of the personality of the leader. It depends on the tactical situation which includes the risk and the obligations of the mission to be carried out.
To be a good military leader implies several additional qualities: to be demanding, to be competent, to have a high moral strength in the face of the difficulties of war, to have confidence in his own abilities and in those put at disposal, to be in responsibility to assume his decisions and for that to put in responsibility his subordinates, and finally to be able to decide in complete freedom.
He is the one who decides and commands. He is the one to whom all eyes turn in difficulty [1], but the exercise of his command requires a demanding discernment between reflection and action.
The military world is very demanding and dangerous. Having to take into account the danger for his soldiers, the danger for himself and the responsibility of the mission he has been given, the military leader should:
discern in complexity (deploy true situational intelligence);
decide in uncertainty (have the strength of character to accept calculated risks);
act in adversity (to unite energies, encourage collective action and make conscious decisions);
This forms the basis of the educational project of the Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan military academy, and perfectly synthesises the objectives of a training system adapted to the officers of the 21st century. However, this initial training must take into account the technological evolutions allowing military decision-makers of today and tomorrow to reduce the fog of war.
What is decision-making for a military officer? It consists of choosing between different possibilities and opting for a conclusion among the different possible solutions, while having analysed all effects that this decision implies.
In order to decide, the leader must master the various areas listed below: a perfect knowledge of the mission entrusted to him, of the means at his disposal and of his troops. Nothing is worse than indecision when the lives of soldiers are in danger. His decision must call for moral and intellectual courage.
“The unknown is the governing factor in war” said Marshal Foch. However, the role of the leader is above all to be able to adapt and modify his analysis and the behaviour of his troop in order to respond to unforeseen situations. This ability to adapt is essential to maintain the freedom of action that allows for initiative on the battlefield, and to be able to innovate according to the constraints.
The leader must show discernment in action, to appreciate facts according to their nature and their fair value. This implies being cautious in his choices and the scope of his choices.
Finally, the leader must be lucid, and control his stress, pressure and emotions. These to preserve his “esprit d’initiative”.
To meet all these requirements, information is one of the major foundations for the exercise of the command of the chief. It is the keystone of all military action, to keep the initiative and maintain supremacy on the ground [2].
In fact, information allows the chief to plan the military action, taking into account the means at his disposal, ensuring the transport logistics, and confronting the possible friendly and enemy modes of action in order to determine the manoeuvre that he will conduct.
The management of the information received is reflected “en conduite1” by the regular rhythm of reports and situation updates to higher or subordinate levels, in order to anticipate threats and maintain a capacity to react as quickly and efficiently as possible in the face of adversity or any obstacle hindering the manoeuvre.
For the decision-making process to run smoothly, the information must be updated regularly because the situation can change very quickly and the leader will have to adapt his analysis accordingly.
Thus, there is no single decision of the military commander in operation, but a continuum of decisions, some of which are almost routine or implicit, while others require extensive analysis. Some decisions are ultimately critical, as they can result in a favourable or tragic outcome to a given situation.
This chapter addresses the change in the art of decision-making for a military officer, implied by the use of some technologies that will gradually invade the battlefield.
Indeed, some technologies will allow the leader to be better informed, but also to be more reactive in order to keep the initiative. Their management requires a mastery of new data management processes resulting from the digitisation of the battlefield, in particular the possible influx of operational data from the field and their synthesis for the military leader.
The one who sees further and before the others is the one who dominates the military manoeuvre. This is what enables him to gain a tactical advantage because the one who acts first with determination is most often the one who wins. Moreover, the ability to see further and more accurately thanks to remote sensors or cameras brings an undeniable advantage to the military leader, enabling him to react faster than his enemy.
Today, spaces are getting tighter, and information can be transmitted in a few milliseconds to any point on the planet, provided that the sensor capturing the information is available. This is done through cyberspace which must be secured for military forces so that they can be sure of the veracity of the data they use. This immediacy of information is a new parameter in the art of command. It forces the leader to make a quick analysis and to be reactive in his response.
It also raises the question of his capacity to process the information, if there is too much data to process. In this case, it will be necessary to process automatically the data as soon as it is received by the systems, to extract only the relevant information. And if these systems are unable to do this, the leader will have to be assisted in the analysis and decision-making by a third party, which may also be a machine. This raises the question of the control of these decision aids provided and which he must rely on.
One of the major military revolutions that began at the start of the 21st century in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars is the robotisation of the battlefield. It is unavoidable and will gradually be introduced into the battlefield because the use of unmanned robots (UAV, USV, UUS and UGV) offers many advantages to the armies that will use them on the ground.
Firstly, it avoids exposing our own combatants, which is all the more important in our modern armies where the latter are a scarce and expensive resources to train.
Secondly, it extends the area of perception and action of a military unit. In a sense, they are the “5 deported senses” of the fighter, i.e. his eyes (camera), his ears (reception), his mouth (transmission), his touch (actuator arm) and even his sense of smell and taste (detection of CBRN products).
As tools placed at the disposal of the combatant, robots will allow him to control the battlefield by deporting effectors or sensors allowing a control of the various dimensions and spaces of the battlefield, on land, in the air, at sea and even electromagnetically. These will thus progressively move the combatant behind the contact zone, in order to move him away from the dangerous area and reduce the risks, or allow him to dive in with the maximum of means at his disposal, thus significantly reducing the vulnerability of the combatants [3].
Finally, the ability to act remotely while preserving the lives of his men will allow the leader to act even the enemy can even deploy his forces for his manoeuvre.
Robotic systems will thus become new tactical pawns that the military leader will now use to prepare his action, to facilitate his progress, allowing him new effects on the enemy, the terrain, the occupation of space and on the rhythm of the action. Especially since these machines will eventually be more efficient, more precise and faster for specific tasks than a human being can be. This is currently evident in industrial manufacturing and assembly plants.
This military revolution of deporting action with robotic systems is accompanied by another, no less disruptive, that of the autonomy of these systems. Autonomy will allow for omnipresence of action in the area, 24 hours a day, subject to energy sufficiency. It will allow the machines to adapt to the terrain and its unforeseen events in order to carry on the mission entrusted to them by the military leaders. Autonomous systems will allow them to react to complex situations by adapting their positioning strategy, and even adapting the effects it produces on the battlefield. For example, it may be an automatic reorganisation of the swarm formation adopted by a group of robots to follow an advancing enemy, followed by the decision to block an axis of progression with smoke or obstacles to hinder enemy progression.
However, autonomy is not fundamentally new for a leader. A section or a platoon leader has combat groups under his command, whose group leader who receives a mission has full autonomy to carry it out. The new fact is that if robots are tactical pawns at the disposal of the combatant, and if they can have a certain form of autonomy in the execution of their action, they do not have and will never have the awareness of their action and the capacity of discernment which are characteristics of the human being. This opens up a number of ethical questions regarding the opening of fire that will not be addressed in this chapter (See [3]).
These upheavals are based on technologies that create new opportunities in military decision-making processes.
The digitisation of the battlefield stems from the constant trend towards the integration of electronic components in all future military equipment, which, coupled with a means of transmission, allow for their interconnection and the dissemination of the information collected. It affects all systems deployed in the field (from weapons systems to military vehicles), right down to the disembarked combatant who, just like any civilian with a smartphone, will be connected to the great digital web of the battlefield and therefore traceable and reachable. Just like every individual in the civil society, every actor on the battlefield is traceable and able to communicate.
As explained above, technology will enable a faster detection of threats on the battlefield. The Law of Moore has sometimes been used to describe the increase in the capabilities of digital cameras, according to a ratio of “twice as far” or “twice as cheap” or “twice as small” every 3 years. In fact, each innovation allows to see further for a smaller footprint. The digital zoom allows high magnifications but at the cost of algorithmic processing of the image which causes lesser definition quality. It is often paired with the optical zoom, which consists of adapting the focal length to the target you want to look at. Cameras can now merge data from multiple sensors of different types. In particular, thermal imaging allowing you to see a large fraction of the spectrum and to view and measure the thermal energy emitted by an equipment or a human. To which one can add light intensification processes to amplify the existing residual light to recreate an image usable by the human eye, in low light conditions.
All of this fused data can enrich the field of vision of the combatant by superimposing additional data that completes his knowledge of the tactical situation. This is the principle of augmented reality.
If data acquisition and transmission is possible, the information should nevertheless be processed. However processing it requires easily accessible hardware and software resources offering the necessary computing capacity to react as quickly as possible, particularly in order to be extremely reactive in situations where the analysis time is too short for a human to do it by himself. Embedded computer software can provide such capacity at the core of deployed systems, but this capability can also be moved to a secure cloud, which can be both a tactical cloud, i.e. a cloud deployed on the battlefield in support of the manoeuvre, or to a further away, highly sovereign and secure cloud.
This immediacy of information processing allows a hyper-reactivity of systems, foreshadowing the concept of “hyperwar” formulated by General John Allen & Amir Hussain Allen in 2019, which puts forward the idea that the advent of hyperwar is the next fundamentally transformative change in warfare.
“What makes this new form of warfare unique is the unparalleled speed enabled by automating decision-making and the concurrency of action that become possible by leveraging artificial intelligence and machine cognition… In military terms, hyperwar may be redefined as a type of conflict where human decision-making is almost entirely absent from the observe-orient-decide-act (OODA) loop. Consequently, the time associated with an OODA cycle will be reduced to near-instantaneous responses. The implications of these developments are many and game changing2”.
For information processing, the volume of data produced increases exponentially and the accuracy and granularity of the data produced by sensors grows. This trend will become more and more pronounced over time [4].
Military experts usually process observation data retrieved from the battlefield by satellites, reconnaissance aircraft, drones or sensors abandoned on the ground. However, as human resources are scarce and the volume of data is constantly increasing, it will be necessary to delegate the processing of this amount of data to AI algorithms in support of the human being, at the risk of not being able to process all of them without this technology.
On the ground, the deployed combatant will be increasingly charged cognitively by the complexity of the systems to operate and the amount of information to process. It will be vital to automate the processing of certain information in order to unload it, so that only what is really necessary will be presented. This needs to be done in an extremely ergonomic way. This requires defining which data can be subjected to artificial processing, and up to what hierarchical level their processing can be automated.
Automated management of routine, repetitive and time-consuming procedures could emerge. In a headquarters, for example, reports management and automatic production of summaries adapted to the level of command would immediately make the chain of command more fluid. The AI could take the form of a dashboard to stimulate the reflection of the commander and his advisers by dynamically delivering relevant information and updated statements [5].
During operational preparation, depending on the tactical situation, the leader must confront the possible modes of action he envisages with the reference enemy situation and the possible enemy modes of action. Very often he does not have the material time to confront his action with several enemy modes of action, and he only anticipates certain non-compliant cases that he considers probable. Artificial intelligence could be more exhaustive in confronting more possible modes of action of the enemy, and thus present a more complete analysis of possible options to the military leader who could then decide accordingly.
The field is wide, and even more infinite. A new question then arises: for new technologies, is a new way of command needed?
The technologies listed above have a direct effect on the OODA decision cycle, which will be profoundly impacted by the new technologies.
This concept was defined in 1960 by an American military pilot by the name of John Boyd to formalise the decision cycle in air combat. It has since been used to schematise any decision cycle. The author will use it here in the light of the potential offered by the technologies detailed above (Figure 1).
OODA cycle time reduction: A better reactivity.
“Seeing without being seen” is essential in military operations, and remains a common adage. Technology is helping, with the extended distances made possible by long-range cameras and their deportation to robotic systems. It can now also help to overcome several natural detection constraints such as night, fog or walls.
Moreover, digitised systems can operate 24 hours a day with great consistency, where humans are subject to fatigue and inattention, avoiding the risk of missing information.
For surveillance or patrol missions, where human resources are often lacking, the leader can delegate to systems the analysis of images of the area for the detection of movements and the potential presence of enemies. It should be noted that this detection should filter out false alarms as much as possible, such as the movement of leaves in the trees when the wind picks up.
Remotely seeing will make it possible to identify a potential target from afar, to discriminate it (is the target a combatant) and to characterise its behaviour (is it hostile or not). If these criteria are met, the target becomes a potential target that can easily be geolocated, this information will then be transmitted to the decision-making levels. The gain here is that of anticipating the analysis for better decision-making.
The leader will also be able to rely on the automatic processing of data acquired within the digital environment of the battlefield. Faced with the potential ‘infobesity’ of the battlefield, artificial intelligence will enable massive data processing, subject to the availability of a computing capacity directly embedded in remote robotic platforms, or by remote processing of information via long-distance communications. It will allow constant monitoring of the analysis of captured images or sounds, a task that the best human experts can only supervise because they are subject to fatigue and inattention. This is particularly the case with satellite images or images captured by surveillance drones, which can monitor an area 24 hours a day. Finally, it will also enable the detection of weak signals that would be invisible to humans, by correlation between several distinct events, or by cross-checking.
There are still two essential components to the analysis of the situation that a machine can never integrate. Firstly, instinct and intuition, which a machine cannot have and which are the fruit of a life-long learning of human experience, and secondly, the transcendence of military action which only a metaphysical dimension in the literal sense can provide.
The military commander is the decision-maker for military action. It is therefore up to him to take the decision according to the information at his disposal. He can of course rely on a deputy or on operational advisers who help him analyse the situation, if time permits.
For example, France is intervening in Mali and the Sahara as part of the
This example clearly shows the drastic reduction in the OODA decision cycle offered by the new technologies: the chief detects and is informed as soon as possible by an automatic detection of a suspicious movement of an enemy vehicle. He confirms with his image operator the Positive identification (PID) of the target as an enemy. He then reports it to his hierarchy and receives the order to open fire. He can thus, in compliance with IHL, open fire from a distance. The enemy has not even spotted him.
There are still situations where time is critical and the leader will not have time to make a decision due to the rapidity of the attack. The automation of response processes then becomes a possible option, i.e. he can delegate to a machine the possibility of giving an appropriate response to a situation by itself. This is already the case with missiles or ballistic threats, which require armies to use automatic systems to counter them. This requires automatic systems that are faster and more precise than human beings (e.g. coupling weapons and radar). Tomorrow, faced with future systems that will develop unpredictable trajectory strategies (enemy missiles with AI), faced with saturating threats that risk overwhelming our defences, faced with swarms of offensive robots, our systems will have to adapt in real time to counter the threat. Only a certain autonomy of the defensive systems will make it possible to face them, an autonomy which will have to remain under the control of the leader having these systems at his disposal.
A quicker reaction: A man reacts in a few seconds, the machine in a few milliseconds or less. Where a human thinks in a few seconds for the best, the machine will analyse parameters in a few milliseconds and propose a response in near real time.
A more accurate action: A human shooter who moves, breathes and shakes is less accurate than a machine that does not move, breathe or shake because it is not subject to emotion. Precision in action will therefore increasingly be the prerogative of the machine.
The outcome of a fight or a counter-measure may depend on these factors 10 or 100 seconds to a thousand seconds.
Military decision-making is centred on the military leader, because he is at the heart of the command situation. He takes responsibility for military action, a mission given to him by the legitimately elected political power.
The leader must therefore control the decisions taken within the framework of military action because he is the guarantor and he assumes the consequences.
What lessons can one learn from the opportunities offered by new technologies for military decision-making and the possible resulting changes in the art of command?
The leader must rely on technology to reduce the uncertainty and fog of war. It will allow him to be more aware of his tactical situation by searching for intelligence. Furthermore, it will enable him to delegate to machines the management of repetitive tasks that do not require constant situational intelligence.
Depending on the circumstances and if he has time to reflect, the digitisation of battlefield information will also allow the leader to replay certain possible scenarios before taking a decision. Finally, it will give him the possibility to select the information he has received that he deems important, to view it several times (especially if the information is imprecise) before making a decision.
A digital aid will be welcome to synthesise the multiplication of digital actors on the ground with whom he is in contact, or whom he must command or coordinate as a leader.
One of the consequences of the digitization of the battlefield is that it may lead to information overload for the leader who is already very busy and focused on his tasks of commanding and managing. It is already accepted in the military community that a leader can manage a maximum of seven different information sources at the same time, and even less when under fire.
Delegating is one way to avoid cognitive overload. Thus, one possible solution is to create a “digital assistant” who can support the leader in the information processing steps.
His digital deputy can be a digital assistant, an autonomous machine that will assist the leader in filtering and processing information, which will help the leader in the decision-making process.
Nevertheless, the leader will have to fight against the easy way out, take a step back, allow himself time to reflect, and reason with a critical sense when faced with machines that will think for him. This process will help him fight against a possible inhibition of human reasoning. Artificial intelligence does not mean artificial ignorance if it is used as an intellectual stimulant, although it can have this flaw.
The chief will be able to entrust machines with the execution of certain time-consuming and tedious tasks, such as patrols or the surveillance of sectors, and thus conserve his human resources for missions where they will have a higher added value.
The same applies to missions that require reactivity and precision, especially if there is a need to be extremely quick to adapt to the situation. For example, it will be useful in the case of saturating threats, where targeted destruction or multi-faceted and omnipresent threats such as swarms of drones must be dealt with.
Delegation of tasks to increasingly autonomous machines raises the question of the place of humans who interface with these systems and should stay in control.
At first, the military will not use equipment or tools that they do not control, regardless of the army in the world. Every military leader must be in control of the military action, and for this purpose, must be able to control the units and the means at his disposal. He places his confidence in them to carry out the mission, which is the basis of the principle of subsidiarity.
For this reason, it is not in his interest to have a robotic system that governs itself with its own rules and objectives. Moreover, this system could be disobedient or break out of the framework that has been set for it. Thus, machines with a certain degree of autonomy must be subordinate to the chain of command, and subject to orders, counter orders, and reporting [6].
The military will never use equipment or tools that they do not trust. This is the reason why a leader must have confidence in the way a machine behaves or could behave. For that, military engineers should develop autonomous systems capable of explaining their decisions.
Automatic systems are predictable, thus, one can easily anticipate how it will perform the task entrusted to it. However, this becomes more complex with autonomous systems, especially self-learning systems where one may well know the objective of the task to be performed by the machine, but has no idea how it will operate. This raises a serious question of trust in this system. As an example, when I ask an autonomous mowing robot to mow my lawn, I know my lawn will be mowed, but I do not know exactly how the robot will proceed.
The best example to focus on are the expectations of the soldier about Artificial Intelligence embedded in autonomous systems.
AI should be trustable. This means that adaptive and self-learning systems must be able to explain their reasoning and decisions to human operators in a transparent and understandable manner;
AI should be explainable and predictable: one must understand the different steps of reasoning carried out by a machine that delivers a solution to a problem or an answer to a complex question. For this, a human-machine interface (HMI) that explains its decision-making mechanism is needed.
One must therefore focus on more transparent and personalised human-machine interfaces for the operator and the leader [6].
Easy access to information or possible information overload both favour a possible tunnel effect. This effect, due to a sudden rise in adrenaline, causes a failure in the analysis of signals and data received by a brain that is no longer able to step back and analyse the situation. For the military, this tunnel effect is clearly the enemy of the soldier who has to concentrate on a screen, on a precise task, forgetting to look at the enemy threat around him and thus exposing himself seriously. It is also the enemy of the leader who, because he focuses on a piece of information that he finds crucial, becomes unable to step back and fulfil his role as a leader, which is to take into account the globality of the military action, and not one of its particular aspects highlighted by this information. Too much information should not prevent the commander from stepping back and reflecting.
The question of the gender of the soldier operator may be an avenue of exploration here, as women may have the capacity to manage several tasks simultaneously better than men.
Easy access to information encourages another possible flaw in decision-making. That of not deciding anything until one has all the information at his disposal. This flaw can probably become a major concern in the future. With the responsibility of the soldier at stake, he may hesitate until the last moment to take a decision because he lacks information that he can hope to recover by technological means. This is the death of daring, of manoeuvre by surprise, which often ensures a victory for the leaders who dare to practice them.
Stress is an inherent component of taking responsibility. It is common for a military leader to have the feeling of being overwhelmed in a complex (military) situation. In such contexts, the leader will most often be inclined to trust an artificial intelligence because it will appear to him, provided he has confidence in it, as a serious decision-making aid not influenced by any stress, having superior processing capabilities, and able to test multiple combinations for a particular effect.
The modelling of human intelligence by duly validated but very fixed algorithmic processes can lead to the inhibition of human intelligence. In particular, there will be a risk that military thinking will be locked into decision-triggering software. In other words, the formatting of military thought into controlled and controllable decision-making processes, developed by the need to respect the rules of engagement and international rules, particularly those of the decision to open fire. The processes will certainly be validated, but once activated, these processes may become completely rigid technological gems, admirably designed, but incorporating doctrinal biases that cannot be challenged in the face of unpredictable enemy behaviour [7]. By the time, these systems and their uses are adapted, it will be too late and the battle will be lost.
Another major risk is the predictability of the behaviour of these systems by the enemy. As these systems are known, their vulnerability will also be known. It will therefore be easy for the enemy to circumvent them by manoeuvres combining cunning and opportunity, with victory only reflecting the inability of these highly technical systems to adapt to an unpredictable or simply illegal conflict.
The leader must therefore anticipate these pitfalls and use the means at his disposal with intelligence. On these aspects, the French army has developed the concept of “major effect” to be achieved. This major effect conceptualises the way in which the leader intends to seize the initiative in the execution of his mission and which makes it possible to adapt the means and methods of execution to the final effect sought [8].
As a corollary to the extraordinary potential of the digitisation of the battlefield, namely to allow all levels of the hierarchy to access information in real time and simultaneously, there is also a new risk at every level of the military hierarchy: that of the leader having the possibility of directly accessing ‘target information’, thus breaking the principle of subsidiarity, which requires him to delegate to his subordinates the responsibility for and the use of the means made available to him. The temptation to interfere in the decisions of subordinates and to decide in their place will be great, given his experience and his position. In order to avoid this possible risk, it will be necessary to define precisely the right level of information to be communicated for the right strategic level, in order to respect the freedom of action of each level and to avoid a general and systematic dissemination of information without intermediate processing and filtering.
“The philosophy of war does not change. It will not change as long as it is men who make war” said General Charles de Gaulle.
In spite of everything, new technologies bring new equipment to the forces in operation. They are transforming the art of waging war through the opportunities they offer and by the new uses they bring to the battlefield.
With these new means at his disposal, the leader must continue to ensure the delicate balance between reflection and action. Without real and concrete commitment, there can be no good understanding of the situation, and without hindsight, there can be no good decisions [9].
This balance can only be achieved through advanced training. Firstly, human learning, to know how to command his men and respect the opponent. Secondly, intellectual learning, because he must understand the technologies he will use on the battlefield. Military training, because war is an art that leaves no room for the unexpected and requires skills and qualities that are acquired through effort, courage and performance training.
It is this leader of tomorrow that the French Military Academy of Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan is training in Brittany, in the western part of France.
Artificial Intelligence Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Human-Machine Interface Observe-Orient-Decide-Act Positive Identification Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unmanned Ground Vehicle Unmanned Surface Vehicle Unmanned Underwater Vehicle
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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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