Summary of the main uses of CV in chemistry.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"766",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Periodontal Diseases - A Clinician's Guide",title:"Periodontal Diseases",subtitle:"A Clinician's Guide",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'"Periodontal diseases" is a web-based resource intended to reach the contemporary practitioners as well as educators and students in the field of periodontology. 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[1]
Bilateral PA banding was described by Norwood based on his early experience of surgical palliation for HLHS before he established the \'Norwood procedure [2] and has been an option to stabilize critically ill neonates with HLHS.[3] This procedure, however, did not become a hybrid procedure until ductal stenting became clinically available.
The Norwood procedure has been the sole option to achieve these purposes for nearly 20 years. [4], [5] Despite a significant improvement in survival after stage I palliation, early mortality remains as high as 20-30% [6], [7] with significant morbidity, including neurologic injury. [8], [9], due to deep hypothermia, cardiocirculatory arrest, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass, sternum delayed closure, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) and prolonged Hospital stay.
Survivors Norwood op. are showing suboptimal neurological development. (Figure 1)
Causes of suboptimal neurologic development
In the last decade the hybrid procedure has emerged as an alternative stage I palliation in neonates with HLHS. (Gibbs et al) [10].: Stenting of the arterial duct combined with banding of the pulmonary arteries and atrial septectomy or septostomy: a new approach to palliation for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome
This review discusses the historical aspect, surgical and interventional techniques, current outcomes and future direction of this procedure.( Figure 2 )
Vantages of Hybrid Procedures in patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Hybrid palliation yields equivalent but not superior stage I palliation survival and comparable 1-year survival to conventional Norwood palliation, comparable pre-stage II hemodynamics and pulmonary artery growth, and preserved ventricular function in stage II palliation. Hybrid palliation utilizes significantly less resource and shortens postoperative recovery. In comprehensive stage II palliation the impact of pulmonary artery reconstruction on subsequent pulmonary artery growth has not been determined and should be further investigated. A prospective, randomized trial is warranted to compare these two surgical strategies for neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
The high mortality and morbidity stems from the following two components: an essentially unstable “in-parallel” circulation of Norwood physiology with a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, and surgical stress driven by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), and the subsequent systemic inflammatory response.
Aortic atresia
Severe non-cardiac anomalies
Low body weight (<2.5 kg)
Intact or highly restrictive atrial septum
Prematurity
Poor ventricular function
Diminutive aortic arch
Stenotic aortic isthmus
The HLHS variants, such as tricuspid atresia with transposed great arteries, unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect with aortic arch obstruction, or double inlet left ventricle with transposed great arteries, are all considered an indication for the hybrid procedure. [11]
Staged surgical palliation with the standard Norwood approach, hybrid approach, and primary transplantation are equally offered to the patient\'s family by the cardiologist, and no specific decision-making protocol is applied
In patients with aortic atresia, the coronary and cerebral circulations are entirely dependent on retrograde blood flow through the aortic isthmus. If there are any signs of pre-operative obstruction at the aortic isthmus or retrograde aortic arch, deployment of a ductal stent can result in acute or chronic obstruction of the aortic isthmus, leading to coronary and cerebral ischemia.[12] This specific anatomic feature can be a relative contraindication for a \'conventional\' hybrid procedure [13] unless specific measures are applied to secure the coronary and cerebral circulations:
Prophylactic main PA to innominate artery shunt during stage I palliation: Reverse Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt
Stent placement in the stenotic aortic isthmus
Avoidance of the hybrid procedure in favor of the Norwood procedure or transplantation.
Operative Techniques
Hybrid procedure for the treatment of HLHS is preferably indicated in the following situations (Figure 3)
Indication Hybrid procedure
The first hybrid procedure for the palliative treatment of HLHS,was held in São Paulo Federal University, was held in 1995 in a patient 30 days, weight 3,800 grams by reason of the refusal of parents to the procedures offered: Op Norwood or heart transplant [14]
Palliation has been previously described. [9, 10] Herein, the current techniques used in The Hospital for Sick Children are described. The procedure is performed in the catheterization laboratory, which is referred to as the \'hybrid suite\'. Under general anesthesia, a median sternotomy is made and the thymus is resected. Bilateral PA banding is achieved using a 3.5 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, which is divided longitudinally and wrapped around the branch PAs for a width of approximately 3 mm.
The bands are then secured to the adventitia of the main PA with 5-0 or 6-0 non-absorbable polypropylene sutures to avoid distal dislodging. A vascular clip is placed at the proximal edge of the left PA band to guide the interventionist for ductal stenting.
The patient is partially heparinized, a purse-string suture is placed on the main PA, and a 6-Fr sheath is inserted. The ductal stent is deployed through the sheath under fluoroscopic guidance, achieving stage I palliation (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8). We currently use a self-expanding stent, 20 mm in length and 8-10 mm in diameter
Surgical view – Case with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Surgical draw of hybrid procedure: A purse-string suture is placed on the main PA, and a 6-Fr sheath is inserted. The ductal stent is deployed through the sheath under fluoroscopic guidance, achieving stage I palliation
Angiographic study during stent deployment in hybrid stage I palliation. The lateral view showing the sheath and guide wire inserted via the main PA through the Arterial Duct. (arrow)
Angiographic sequence of stent deployment in hybrid stage I palliation. The lateral view showing the stent into arterial duct (thin arrow) and bilateral banding of the Pas (large arrow).
Post-operative Chest X Ray showing the stent into the Arterial Duct (arrow)
Milrinone is commonly used in post-operative care to optimize cardiac output and provide systemic vasodilatation. This management strategy stems from our early observation that patients who underwent a hybrid procedure had diminished cardiac output, high systemic vascular resistance, and a high pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) despite avoiding CPB/DHCA.
In our early experience, atrial septectomy was typically performed as part of the same procedure; currently atrial septectomy and stenting are deferred until the intra-atrial communication becomes restrictive.
In patients with aortic atresia or those thought to have severely restricted prograde aortic flow, a revered BT shunt is prophylactically placed from the main PA to the innominate artery.. After bilateral PA banding is achieved, a side-biting clamp is placed on the main PA and proximal anastomosis is made using a 3.5 or 4 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft on the anterior wall of the main PA. Distal anastomosis is then performed to the proximal innominate artery with a standard anastomotic technique. [11].The flow in the shunt is directed from the main PA to the innominate artery. Ductal stenting is then performed.
Close monitoring with weekly or biweekly clinic visits and echocardiograms are performed. The arm-leg blood pressure difference is measured at every clinic visit to exclude any signs of aortic arch obstruction. Echocardiographic follow-up is particularly focused on the presence or absence of flow acceleration in the aortic isthmus, indicating progression of retrograde aortic arch obstruction. The status of the atrial septum is also carefully monitored, determining the timing of atrial septectomy. There are no certain criteria for intervention on the atrial septum. The decision is made based on the balance between the patient\'s clinical status and the pressure gradient across the intra-atrial communication. A mild-to-moderate pressure gradient up to 8-10 mmHg is acceptable as long as the patient is thriving. Prompt intervention is required when the patient has symptoms of left atrial hypertension, such as poor feeding, an increased respiratory rate, and a decrease in arterial saturation.
Ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation are of great importance during the follow-up echocardiographic examination. Depressed ventricular function can be a result of retrograde aortic arch obstruction in the setting of minimal or no antegrade aortic flow, or stenosis of a reverse BT shunt. The patency and flow pattern of the reverse BT shunt is documented. Anti-platelet and/or anti-coagulation is indicated only if the patient has a reverse BT shunt. Anti-platelet therapy is initiated if the patient has a stent across the atrial septum. Pre-stage II cardiac catheterization is electively performed at 3-4 months of age unless intervention for the atrial septum is necessary at an earlier age.
Thus, it remains of outmost importance to determine the outcome of children treated with hybrid procedure in comparison to that of the Norwood procedure to establish the best treatment strategy for this most vulnerable population.
This can only be achieved by performing a large multicenter randomized trial, in which the effect size can be based on the results of our study and in which all potential risk factors such as preoperative delayed brain development and brain injury, intra- and postoperative factors and socio-demographic factors need to be considered.
Cyclic voltammetry has long been well known for its versatile applications in a number of areas involving electron transfer process, both directly and indirectly. It should be recognized at first that the techniques are normally not the main or the most important one in the research. Rather, their data are really useful in fulfilling the work as an essential complementary technique. It has been well applied in monitoring electrochemical behavior of a great variety of substances due to the fact that it can provide the insights into the relationship of structure, potential, and characteristic activities. The technique is prominent with its advantages of simplicity, sensitivity, speed, and low costs, among others, which results in a wide range of applications so far. Only important cases of previous studies are presented. Brief information for examples of recent applications is focused here along with corresponding references for further studies in specific area of interest. Furthermore, due to the fact that there have been a large variety of applications, it is not easy to categorize. Therefore, the content has been arranged to suit its further use, vision extension, and initiation of new research. Finally, it has to be emphasized that at this point, readers are supposed to be familiar with basics of this technique as well as involving theories (for example, ref. [29] and [30]). If not, available pertaining literature can be very useful. In discussing the application of cyclic voltammetry, we are going to talk about the three main uses of cyclic voltammetry first for different types of compounds, then continue with involving areas that cyclic voltammetry is considered useful. CV is used starting from here instead of cyclic voltammetry for convenience.
\nGeneral concepts on using CV for the characterization of polymers as well as inorganic materials can be found elsewhere [1].
\nCV has been proved to be helpful in characterizing xanthone, a bioactive compound, revealing that catechol is the key moiety to make it an effective scavenger for reactive species [2]. CV in methanol of antibiotic named amoxicillin revealed quasi reversible behavior and the change of redox potential upon the interactions with both metal ions and amino acids, which helps guiding in prescribing the medicine that they should not to be used together with the antibiotic [3, 4, 5]. Electrochemical behavior of ibuprofen and its degradation could be monitored closely by CV and found to be different for various types of electrode; for example, adsorption was observed on silver composite electrode, providing the insights into selecting the suitable electrode for removing this pollutant [6]. Together with EIS, CV is also found to be very useful in characterizing redox designing biosensors their behaviors depend on diffusion and capacitance, which might well shed the light on designing biosensors [7]. N-dodecylacrylamide (DDA) can form copolymer well with ferrocene derivatives on ITO to be applicable in the catalytic and sensor devices [8]. Its electron transfer characteristic is determined by the formation of monolayer or multilayer on the surface. A polymer-modified electrode namely poly(vinylferrocenium) on Pt was investigated and developed successfully by CV technique to make it applicable in analyzing organic compounds such as adenine [9]. The film of ruthenium complex can be synthesized via electropolymerization and then modified onto Pt electrode as a sensor for hydrazine with the characterization by CV [10]. Due to the fact that pyrrole is electroactive, the behavior of various types of polypyrrole can be conveniently followed by electrochemical methods, especially CV, and they were widely investigated in the 1990s and beyond [11, 12, 13, 14]. CV could also be applied well in characterizing polyaniline to get suggestion in film preparations that its kinetic behaviors have the influence from the dopant acid [15]. Our work has also proved that CV can be used in electrografting born-doped diamond (BDD) surface via CV cycling without the use of reducing agent to prepare ex-situ working electrode for Cd determination [16]. With its advantage of speed, fast scan CV has been used to recommend the use of paraffin wax as a sealant instead of epoxy in making electrode for both in vivo and in vitro applications [17]. For natural polymers, CV has paved its way in analyzing specific electroactive compounds such as quinones in natural rubbers, which is very helpful in understanding their properties [18]. It is therefore clear that CV will still be greatly used for organic synthesis and characterizations for a number of years to come.
\nDue to the fact that complex formation involves electron transfer, understanding the behavior of metal-ligand interaction can be studied well by CV and proven satisfactorily for simulations for both higher and lower ligand concentrations as well as for obtaining overall formation constants [19]. Our contribution has shown the use of CV to support the results from X-ray crystallography to explain the behavior of copper-thiourea-halide complexes [20]. Redox potential and reversibility obtained by CV have been proved to be useful in studying metalloenzymes with cofactor of molybdenum complexes as a model to describe its physiological role [21]. The characterizations of metal complexes have also been indicated to help investigate the catalytic activities of complexes for the removal of toxic phenolic substances, especially dyes [22]. At quantum level, redox potentials from CV can be used in calculating LUMO and HOMO as well as the gaps of new organic semiconductors, which are applicable in everyday life [23]. CV has been proved to be advantageous in characterizing quantum dots (QDs), particularly in terms of their stabilities in vivo [24]. CV has been shown to be effective in following molecular imprinting of copper complexes [25]. CV can also be used in tracing activated iridium oxide film (AIROF) microelectrode via the variation of scan rate during the steps of fabrications and animal implantation [26]. In particular, CV from gold rotating disk electrode (Au RDE) has also been proved to be useful in determining surface coverage of silica microparticle monolayer and revealing that the adsorption is stronger with increasing diameter and surface coverage, which sheds the light on the deposition of a variety of particles onto the surface [27]. In terms of fuel cells, CV has been used to characterize the synthesized Pt-Ru catalysts and their catalytic activities [28]. CV has been used in the characterization of metal hydride. Using NaOH instead of KOH reduces hydrogen adsorption/desorption, resulting in better performance of nickel-metal hydride batteries [29].
\nGenerally, CV has been widely recognized to be able to identify the mechanism of coupled chemical reaction [30, 31, 32]. For recent applications, cyclic voltammetry was applied together with voltabsorptometry in understanding the reaction of lumazine [33]. Special technique of fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry was developed to be used well in investigating the mechanism of 4-nitrocatechol and its electrochemical synthesis [34]. This technique is also used in investigating proteolysis of milk protein by the research group in the same country [35]. The nontriangular waveform of CV has also been adopted with the advantage of convenient determination of transfer coefficient and electron transfer rate constant [36]. Additionally, staircase was compared with linear scan to assist in investigating adsorbed species [37]. Surprisingly, CV can also be used in studying the mechanism of surface coating [38]. Cyclic voltammetry was used together with potentiometry in understanding interactions between nicotine and metal ions [39]. The mechanism of electropolymerization and catalytic reaction of phenol red can be explained well by CV in order to analyze acetaminophen and dopamine [40]. The technique is also helpful in interpreting Ni electrodeposition for extending methanol oxidation [41]. Additionally, it can be used in understanding the mechanism of synthesizing graphene-coated graphene-coated electrode conveniently and fast in only one step [42]. The technique has been proved to be a helpful tool for mechanistic modeling for biosensors [43].
\nCV can be used extensively for a wide range of both inorganic and organic compounds. In addition, it can be applied indirectly to analyze other types of characteristics, for example, microorganisms or antioxidant properties. Here the focus is on recent examples for analysis applications.
\nFor the analysis of organic compounds, cyclic voltammetry can be considered versatile in terms of a great variety of compounds. The technique has been used in the detection of glucose with graphene modified electrode [44]. Due to the overlapping of redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry, mathematical operation such as deconvolution has been applied in analyzing electroactive species including explosives, especially nitro compounds. With modern technology in data analysis, the techniques can be used in the determination of pesticides [45]. Separation technology, for example, electromembrane is also helpful in eliminating interferences in diclofenac analysis [46]. Carbon black-modified GCE was used in estradiol by voltammetry in cooperation with FIA and amperometry [47]. Another important natural compound that has been widely used is curcumin, and its characteristics from CV can shed the light for its analysis in various corresponding products [48, 49]. CV was also proved to be supersensitive for hydrazine sensing [50]. Boron-doped diamond also exhibits its performance as an electrode with superb sensitivity for metronidazole in the analysis by CV [51], whereas bismuth electrode proved its specific characteristic in monitoring thiol content in fossil fuel [52]. The determination of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in cork stoppers to reduce the wine defect can be accomplished satisfactorily with CV [53]. Recently, CV has played very important role in the analysis of juice [54] and wine [55] with particular analytes such as phenolic compounds. The analysis by CV helps in investigating perspective ionic liquids (ILs) to be used as solvents and electrolytes with their specific properties of cation and anion dependence [56]. It is also important to state here that CV can be used in analysis with the increase or decrease of the current signals of indicator compounds such as quinones [57] or ferricyanide [58]. Analyses of organic compounds by CV are sure to appear extensively in the near future in the analytical literature.
\nCyclic voltammetry can be used well with numerous inorganic compounds. It is normally applied to simple inorganic compounds probably because their electrochemical behavior is less complicated. It is worth mentioning here that metal ions are normally monitored by stripping voltammetry, so it is not going to delve into details here. Certainly, voltammetry is sensitive to metal ions, but its specificity can be enhanced by electrode modifications and stripping potential. Those who are interested in this area are suggested to get more details elsewhere [59, 60, 61]. An example of application of cyclic voltammetry to complicated inorganic compounds is the case of nanostructured iron oxides [62]. Additionally, corrosive impurities can be monitored closely in molten chloride by CV, which is very useful for energy storage [63]. With the use of chitosan and silver nanocomposite modified electrode, hydrogen peroxide can be detected [64], and this can be further extended to the determination of other compounds involving hydrogen peroxide such as glucose.
\nWith electrochemical characteristics of CV, various analytical aspects of applications in analysis can be achieved as well. It was used in the valuation of antioxidant potential, which is very important in making wine [65]. The technique, along with EIS, CV can be used in assessing emulsion stability [66]. Furthermore, CV can be used in determining HOMO and LUMO levels with an acceptable accuracy [67]. Surprisingly, it can be applied in monitoring the formation of biofilms [68]. With its sensitivity for antioxidant, CV can be used in classifying black tea [69]. It is clear that indirect uses of CV can be used in the future in a variety of applications.
\nElectron transfer definitely plays an important role in all reactions; therefore, electrochemistry and CV in particular have an essential part in all aspects of chemistry as summarized in Table 1. Typical examples have already been mentioned in the previous text.
\nAreas of chemistry | \nTypical applications | \n
---|---|
Analytical chemistry | \nPreparation and synthesis | \n
Analysis | \n|
Mechanism | \n|
Inorganic chemistry | \nMetal interactions and reactions | \n
Structure characterizations | \n|
Analysis | \n|
Organic chemistry | \nSynthesis | \n
Analysis | \n|
Characterization | \n|
Mechanism | \n|
Physical chemistry | \nThermodynamic studies | \n
Kinetic studies | \n|
Theoretical equations | \n|
Surface and adsorption | \n|
Analysis | \n|
Mechanism | \n|
Biochemistry (and biology) | \nMetabolic processes | \n
Continuous monitoring | \n|
In vivo and in vitro analysis | \n|
Kinetic of enzymes | \n|
Biosensors | \n
Summary of the main uses of CV in chemistry.
Due to the fact that CV provides essential information for better understanding and the instrument is quite cost-effective now, thanks to modern technology, not to mention the way that it is easy to access, cyclic voltammograph in the form of potentiostat and specific programs is a must in most research and development labs. Table 2 summarizes the use of CV in other areas besides chemistry.
\nAreas | \nReference for typical example | \n
---|---|
Paint | \n[70] | \n
Medical | \n[71] | \n
Engineering | \n[72] | \n
Pharmaceutical sciences | \n[73, 74, 75] | \n
Polymer and polymer films | \n[76] | \n
Material sciences \n
| \n[77] | \n
Surface science and interface | \n[78] | \n
Corrosion | \n[79] | \n
Energy | \n[80] | \n
Battery | \n[81] | \n
Fuel | \n[82] | \n
Fuel cell and microbial fuel cell | \n[41] | \n
Processing and production | \n[83] | \n
Flow detection | \n[84] | \n
Food \n
| \n[85] | \n
Environment | \n[86] | \n
Catalysis | \n[87] | \n
Forensics | \n[88] | \n
Summary of the main uses of CV in other areas besides chemistry.
Cyclic voltammetry has long provided essential information in a number of areas and obviously will continue to facilitate research work as an analytical tool. The technique gives researchers an insight into the systems they are working on. For chemistry, the technique has shed the light on the mechanism of electron transfer reactions as well as their quantitative and synthetic relevance. The way that the electron transfer responses to the parameters of the surrounding environment leads scientists to be able to follow the behavior of target substances and therefore supports their characterizations. With smaller and cheaper instruments in addition to the ease the ease to operate, the technique can be available anywhere to serve all types of needs. The given examples are just only a handful of its usefulness in applications to initiate the understanding and further search. It is hoped that this review can form fundamental database to be implemented for further uses in the areas of individual interest. The opportunity is still there to investigate as well as to develop beneficial innovations. The more newly things are discovered and invented, the greater role the CV data play in feeding the world with much more meaningful scientific prosperity.
\n"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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At the beginning of humification, the significant decrease in the intensity of the band located at 1735 cm–1 shows that lignin is affected at the first stage of the composting process. At the end of the humification, the band located toward 3450–3420 cm–1 at the beginning of the process undergoes a systematic shift (Δν of the order of 10 cm–1) toward lower wave numbers. The band located at 1660–1650 cm–1 on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra before composting shifts systematically toward 1640 cm–1 at the end of humification. This phenomenon can be used as index of compost maturity. Measuring the band at 1035 cm–1 as an internal standard, it is possible to quantify the degradation rate of organic matter.",book:{id:"4645",slug:"biodegradation-and-bioremediation-of-polluted-systems-new-advances-and-technologies",title:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems",fullTitle:"Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polluted Systems - New Advances and Technologies"},signatures:"Loubna El Fels, Mohamed Zamama and Mohamed Hafidi",authors:[{id:"164092",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Hafidi",slug:"mohamed-hafidi",fullName:"Mohamed Hafidi"},{id:"175610",title:"Dr.",name:"Loubna",middleName:null,surname:"El Fels",slug:"loubna-el-fels",fullName:"Loubna El Fels"},{id:"175611",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zamama",slug:"mohamed-zamama",fullName:"Mohamed Zamama"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42059",title:"Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater",slug:"adsorption-technique-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollutants-from-water-and-wastewater",totalDownloads:29861,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:201,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"42294",title:"The Investigation and Assessment on Groundwater Organic Pollution",slug:"the-investigation-and-assessment-on-groundwater-organic-pollution",totalDownloads:4364,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongqi Wang, Shuyuan Liu and Shasha Du",authors:[{id:"161340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongqi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"hongqi-wang",fullName:"Hongqi Wang"}]},{id:"77370",title:"Conventional and Contemporary Techniques for Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil",slug:"conventional-and-contemporary-techniques-for-removal-of-heavy-metals-from-soil",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"One of the most important components of the natural environment is soil. 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This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/246137",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"246137"},fullPath:"/profiles/246137",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()