Antibiotic effects of some endogenous fungal species.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10050",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Corrosion",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Corrosion is a global threat and a burning topic for new and innovative research. Corrosion causes shut downs, economic losses, delays, failures, accidents, losses of life, and losses in productivity. “Wherever metal is, there corrosion will occur” – this is a general concept as not many protection methods are available to mitigate corrosion. The available methods can only delay the process but cannot stop or protect the metal completely. So there is always a need for good research and inventions in this field. This book includes the recent research work done in the field of corrosion. The chapters are written by reputed authors in the field of corrosion and have been reviewed extensively before acceptance. The chapters focus on different aspects of corrosion to provide readers with a good idea of the overall process. The diversification of the chapters will keep the readers interested and motivated for new innovations in the field of corrosion. It will be very useful to scholars, academicians, researchers, and industrialists.",isbn:"978-1-78985-256-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-255-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-738-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87880",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"corrosion",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cf66006063d4d72349fb33cc056095c1",bookSignature:"Ambrish Singh",publishedDate:"October 21st 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10050.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7284,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 16th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 2nd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 31st 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215348/images/system/215348.png",biography:"Dr. Ambrish Singh is a professor in the School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, China. He leads the Corrosion Research Group (CRG) with master’s and Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers. His research interests include corrosion, electrochemistry, green chemistry, quantum chemistry, smart coatings, polymers, nanomaterials, composites, and petroleum engineering. He is the recipient of several awards, including the prestigious Sichuan 1000 Talent Award from the Sichuan Government, China, the President’s Award for exceptional post-doctoral research work, and the Young Scientist Award from UPCST(Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh), Lucknow, India. Before moving to China, Dr. Singh worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, India.\n\nHe has published more than 150 SCI peer-reviewed research papers in high-impact journals. He is a reviewer, editor, and board member for more than forty journals. Dr. Singh has been invited to present his work at several national and international conferences, seminars, and workshops. He received an award for the best oral presentation at the CMSE(Conference on Materials Science and Engineering) international conference. He has drafted and filed five patents. He has completed several state and provincial projects in China and India. He is also a consultant for a project on corrosion inhibitors for the CO2 environment in Saudi Arabia. Dr. Singh is a member of the National Association for Corrosion Engineers (NACE), Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and American Chemical Society (ACS).",institutionString:"Southwest Petroleum University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Southwest Petroleum University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"160",title:"Surface Science",slug:"surface-science"}],chapters:[{id:"71994",title:"Corrosion Mitigation by Planar Benzimidazole Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92276",slug:"corrosion-mitigation-by-planar-benzimidazole-derivatives",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The corrosion has a considerable amount of impact on the economics of every nation, and ultimately it affects the GDP. In the present era, the challenge given by corrosion can be easily mitigated using organic compounds as corrosion inhibitor in different corrosive media. The important property of an inhibitor is the presence of the metal interacting with heteroatoms and a planar structure. In this regard, benzimidazoles (BI) with a fused bicyclic ring consisting of benzene and imidazole moiety in their structural framework making them a potential candidate for anti-corrosion work. In addition to this, bezimidazole derivatives are classified as green inhibitor due to different kinds of biological activities. Their higher potency to mitigate corrosion is because of the planar molecular structure, nitrogen atom and sp2 hybridized carbon, which provide them an ability to strongly interact with the metal. The focus of this book chapter is to investigate briefly the anti-corrosion ability of benzimidazole (BI) and their derivatives as a potential corrosion inhibitor for various industrially useful metals in different aggressive media.",signatures:"Ambrish Singh, Kashif R. Ansari, Dheeraj S. Chauhan, Mumtaz A. Quraishi, Savas Kaya, Hua Yu and Yuanhua Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71994",authors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"},{id:"178751",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanhua",surname:"Lin",slug:"yuanhua-lin",fullName:"Yuanhua Lin"},{id:"255635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",surname:"Ansari",slug:"kashif-ansari",fullName:"Kashif Ansari"},{id:"313736",title:"Dr.",name:"Mumtaz Ahmad",surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mumtaz-ahmad-quraishi",fullName:"Mumtaz Ahmad Quraishi"},{id:"313737",title:"Dr.",name:"Dheeraj Singh",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"dheeraj-singh-chauhan",fullName:"Dheeraj Singh Chauhan"},{id:"320856",title:"Dr.",name:"Savas",surname:"Kaya",slug:"savas-kaya",fullName:"Savas Kaya"},{id:"320857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",surname:"Yu",slug:"hua-yu",fullName:"Hua Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71456",title:"Green Inhibitors to Reduce the Corrosion Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91481",slug:"green-inhibitors-to-reduce-the-corrosion-damage",totalDownloads:767,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Over the last years, corrosion phenomenon is an important economical and lives lost, which calls in the last decades researches on its final resolution by various techniques. Through this book chapter, we present one of the most used methods to protect the metals: the corrosion inhibitor. We have presented the classification (liquid and gas phase), action mode (adsorption, barrier, reinforcing of the oxide layer, passivation, and formed insoluble complex), the application fields (water treatment, petroleum industry), and some particular inhibitors. In addition, we present a case study using a green corrosion inhibitor (GCI) prepared from the oil of Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds.",signatures:"Said Abbout",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71456",authors:[{id:"313613",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",surname:"Abbout",slug:"said-abbout",fullName:"Said Abbout"}],corrections:null},{id:"72487",title:"Introduction of Inhibitors, Mechanism and Application for Protection of Steel Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92374",slug:"introduction-of-inhibitors-mechanism-and-application-for-protection-of-steel-reinforcement-corrosion",totalDownloads:730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete due to environmental factors has been studied through numerous approaches and the reduction of corrosion has been managed by various methods; however, among the protection techniques, the use of corrosion inhibitors has gained encouragement. In this chapter, nitrites and nitrates of sodium and calcium and sodium molybdates and sodium tungstates (oxyanions of group VI) were studied and have gained sufficient scientific coverage. However, their exact role of inhibition was studied by simple polarization technique. In this chapter, we compare the inhibitive efficiency of nitrites and nitrates of sodium and calcium and also that of molybdates and tungstates. The results, however, indicate that among nitrites and nitrates, the calcium salts are more efficient and molybdates and tungstates are comparable in their inhibitive efficacy.",signatures:"Anil Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72487",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72487",authors:[{id:"318402",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",surname:"Kumar",slug:"anil-kumar",fullName:"Anil Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"71406",title:"Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coatings for Active and Passive Corrosion Protection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91464",slug:"organic-inorganic-hybrid-coatings-for-active-and-passive-corrosion-protection",totalDownloads:794,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic-inorganic coatings based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-silica and PMMA-cerium oxide hybrids provide effective and active corrosion protection of metallic surfaces. For both hybrid materials, the covalent conjugation of inorganic silica or ceria nanodomains with the PMMA matrix, provided by molecular coupling agents, leads to homogenous and highly cross-linked nanocomposites, which act in the form of coatings as an efficient diffusion barrier. The addition of lithium salts (500–2000 ppm) into PMMA-silica hybrid and optimized ceria fraction in PMMA-cerium oxide coatings results in active corrosion inhibition by the self-healing effect. Results of electrochemical assays of aluminum- and steel-coated samples, performed in a 3.5% NaCl solution, show an excellent corrosion resistance (impedance modulus up to 100 GΩ cm2) and durability (up to 350 days) of the 10-μm-thick passive barrier layer. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies evidenced the self-healing ability of coatings induced by lithium/cerium ion leaching toward corrosion spots or artificial scratches, which are restored by a protective layer of precipitated phases. Results presented in this book chapter evidence the active role of lithium and cerium species in improving the hybrid structure and providing through self-healing a significantly extended service life of metallic components.",signatures:"Andressa Trentin, Samarah V. Harb, Thiago A.C. de Souza, Mayara C. Uvida and Peter Hammer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71406",authors:[{id:"96950",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Hammer",slug:"peter-hammer",fullName:"Peter Hammer"},{id:"179334",title:"Dr.",name:"Samarah",surname:"Harb",slug:"samarah-harb",fullName:"Samarah Harb"},{id:"317761",title:"Dr.",name:"Andressa",surname:"Trentin",slug:"andressa-trentin",fullName:"Andressa Trentin"},{id:"317762",title:"Mr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"A. C. De Sousa",slug:"thiago-a.-c.-de-sousa",fullName:"Thiago A. C. De Sousa"},{id:"317763",title:"Ms.",name:"Mayara",surname:"C. Uvida",slug:"mayara-c.-uvida",fullName:"Mayara C. Uvida"}],corrections:null},{id:"68236",title:"The Arrhenius Acid and Base Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88173",slug:"the-arrhenius-acid-and-base-theory",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Swedish Svante Arrhenius, in 1884 proposed the concept of acid and base based on the theory of ionization. According to Arrhenius, the acids are the hydrogen-containing compounds which give H+ ions or protons on dissociation in water and bases are the hydroxide compounds which give OH− ions on dissociation in water. This concept is only applicable to those compounds which dissolved in aqueous solution (or you can say where water is the solvent). It covers many common acids, bases and their chemical reactions, but there are also other compounds that have the characteristics of acids and bases but they do not fit into Arrhenius concept.",signatures:"Shikha Munjal and Aakash Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68236",authors:[{id:"290524",title:"Ms.",name:"Shikha",surname:"Munjal",slug:"shikha-munjal",fullName:"Shikha Munjal"}],corrections:null},{id:"71974",title:"Corrosion Wear of Pipelines and Equipment in Complex Stress-Strain State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92188",slug:"corrosion-wear-of-pipelines-and-equipment-in-complex-stress-strain-state",totalDownloads:621,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An analytical approach is described to determine the resource of structural elements of hydropower, the nuclear industry, etc., under difficult stress conditions when exposed to a corrosive environment with certain parameters (degree of chemical activity, temperature, humidity, flow rate, etc.). The initial-boundary problem for structural elements (bimetallic pipelines, centrifugal pumps) is considered with a decrease in the thickness of the element due to the influence of a corrosive environment. In this case, the effect of a corrosive medium on an element is described by a differential equation with certain initial conditions. Equations describing the stress-strain state of an element are added to this equation. As the first object, the corrosion wear of bimetallic pipelines of nuclear energy is considered. The solution to the problem is to integrate the ordinary differential equation. The criterion for terminating the step-by-step process in time is the condition σijmaxmin≤σT, where σT is the yield strength of the material of the structural element. As the second object, the corrosion wear of the working blades of centrifugal pumps is considered. The stress-strain state of the blade is described by a system of partial differential equations of the 12th order, to the solution of which the method of integral relations by Dorodnitsyn is applied. At the next stage, the system of ordinary differential equations is integrated by the modified method of successive approximations developed by Professor V.A. Pukhliy. At each stage, the corrosion equation is attached to the solution of this problem. For bimetallic pipelines, a specific example of calculation according to the described algorithm has been implemented.",signatures:"Vladimir A. Pukhliy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71974",authors:[{id:"318248",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir A.",surname:"Pukhliy",slug:"vladimir-a.-pukhliy",fullName:"Vladimir A. Pukhliy"}],corrections:null},{id:"73405",title:"Spectroscopy in Oilfield Corrosion Monitoring and Inhibition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93387",slug:"spectroscopy-in-oilfield-corrosion-monitoring-and-inhibition",totalDownloads:509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Interaction of surfaces of metals and alloys with electromagnetic radiation produces several interesting phenomena, including electronic transitions, molecular rotation and vibration within bonds, polarisation, or photochemical reactions. Spectroscopy is an essential tool that provides some structural information about these interactions. In corrosion, spectroscopic techniques are often employed for mechanistic determinations, especially in the presence of corrosion inhibitors. In this chapter, we have examined some spectroscopic methods that are useful for corrosion monitoring and corrosion inhibition. More emphasis is placed on sample preparation, output parameters, interpretation of results and possible deductions/predictions, which could be made from obtained results than on the underlying principles and mode of equipment operation. Attempts are also made to critically examine some literature, hence readers (early career researchers) and experts in the field will find this chapter very resourceful and a ready reference material.",signatures:"Ekemini Ituen, Lin Yuanhua, Ambrish Singh and Onyewuchi Akaranta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73405",authors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"},{id:"178751",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanhua",surname:"Lin",slug:"yuanhua-lin",fullName:"Yuanhua Lin"},{id:"321587",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekemini",surname:"Ituen",slug:"ekemini-ituen",fullName:"Ekemini Ituen"},{id:"328521",title:"Dr.",name:"Onyewuchi Akaranta",surname:"Onyewuchi Akaranta",slug:"onyewuchi-akaranta-onyewuchi-akaranta",fullName:"Onyewuchi Akaranta Onyewuchi Akaranta"}],corrections:null},{id:"72373",title:"Kinetics and Structure Aspects of the Dissolution of Stainless Steels in Phosphoric Acid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92619",slug:"kinetics-and-structure-aspects-of-the-dissolution-of-stainless-steels-in-phosphoric-acid",totalDownloads:540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The dissolution of metals in acids is a heterogeneous electrochemical reaction, taking place at the interface between a solid and a liquid, described in terms of energy and configuration of the species involved. The energy of activation for two stainless steels (SSs) in phosphoric acid (PA) was determined from their corrosion rates in the temperature range of 20–120°C, applying the Arrhenius equation. Energy of activation values for the overall process of anodic metal dissolution and cathodic hydrogen release is in the 10–20 Kcal mol−1 range. Metal corrosion is a structure-sensitive process; its mechanism and rate are related to the density of surface defects, based on the Boltzmann expression. A model for the activated complex is proposed based on considerations of energy and configuration. This work is an integration of a theoretical analysis and an experimental investigation of metal corrosion in acids.",signatures:"Michael Schorr, Benjamín Valdez, Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72373",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"},{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"},{id:"128534",title:"Dr.",name:"Roumen",surname:"Zlatev",slug:"roumen-zlatev",fullName:"Roumen Zlatev"},{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],corrections:null},{id:"72000",title:"Production of Hydroxyapatite on the Surface of Ti6Al7Nb Alloy as Compared to Ti6Al4V Alloy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92314",slug:"production-of-hydroxyapatite-on-the-surface-of-ti6al7nb-alloy-as-compared-to-ti6al4v-alloy",totalDownloads:537,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ti6Al4V is very commonly used for the production of dental implants. Titanium alloys whose mechanical and corrosion properties are equal or better than those of Ti6Al4V might present interest as plausible future materials, too. Ti6Al7Nb alloy was tested and compared to Ti6Al4V in this work. Samples of both alloys were oxidized in a water solution containing calcium acetate (Ca(CH3COO)2) and calcium glycerophosphate (Ca(PO4CH(CH2OH)2)) by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) for 20 min. After that, the samples were hydrothermally treated (HTT) in water (pH = 7) and in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution (pH = 11) for 2 hours at 200°C in a pressurized reactor. The content and morphology of hydroxyapatite (HA) layers formed on the surface of both alloys after the PEO and subsequent HTT treatments were studied. The surface morphologies, elemental composition, and phase components were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The surface roughness was measured by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and thickness measurements were made by SEM and thickness gauge. Corrosion measurements were performed for the comparison of the corrosion behavior of the two alloys.",signatures:"Elinor Nahum, Svetlana Lugovskoy and Alex Lugovskoy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72000",authors:[{id:"181564",title:"Prof.",name:"Alex",surname:"Lugovskoy",slug:"alex-lugovskoy",fullName:"Alex Lugovskoy"},{id:"319670",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Lugovskoy",slug:"svetlana-lugovskoy",fullName:"Svetlana Lugovskoy"},{id:"319671",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elinor",surname:"Nahum",slug:"elinor-nahum",fullName:"Elinor Nahum"}],corrections:null},{id:"72278",title:"Biotribology of Mechanically and Laser Marked Biomaterial",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92564",slug:"biotribology-of-mechanically-and-laser-marked-biomaterial",totalDownloads:578,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of present work is to study the biotribological behavior of a mechanically and laser marked biomaterial. Sliding wear tests were conducted on ASTM F139 austenitic stainless-steel specimen, with polypropylene and AISI 316 L austenitic stainless-steel balls, as counterbodies. During wear experiments, a liquid chemical composition was continuously fed between the specimen and the ball. The coefficient of friction acting on the tribological system “specimen – liquid chemical composition – ball” and the wear volume of the wear craters were calculated, and results were analyzed. The results have shown that the biotribological behavior of ASTM F139 austenitic stainless steel was influenced by mechanical or laser marking process, and its wear resistance was dependent on the kind of counterbody.",signatures:"Marcelo de Matos Macedo, Vikas Verma, Jorge Humberto Luna-Domínguez and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72278",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72278",authors:[{id:"283058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronaldo",surname:"Câmara Cozza",slug:"ronaldo-camara-cozza",fullName:"Ronaldo Câmara Cozza"},{id:"317808",title:"BSc.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"de Matos Macedo",slug:"marcelo-de-matos-macedo",fullName:"Marcelo de Matos Macedo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7550",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d09bcd91e393d15a578f1b632f118e7",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors",bookSignature:"Ambrish Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215348",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrish",surname:"Singh",slug:"ambrish-singh",fullName:"Ambrish Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7471",title:"Advanced Surface Engineering Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4c1a23accacc46fd18b49f2e5c6d303e",slug:"advanced-surface-engineering-research",bookSignature:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185329",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mohammad-asaduzzaman-chowdhury",fullName:"Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98b8dfac28575877f1846a661c9150bc",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. 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Dipteran insects have 4 stages in their life cycle (adult, pupae, larvae and egg). Name of larval stages of these insects is “maggot”. Adults of this order are recognized according to wing types. Front wings are developed for flying. Other pairs of wings are undeveloped and they have balancing function when insects fly. These type wings give order its name: two (di-), wings (ptera). One pair of wing provides flying of insects and other pair developed into balancing stuructures. The name of other pair of wings which provide balancing during flight, called “halteres”. Except mosquitoes, dipteran insects have sponging-sucking mouthparts. Mosquitoes and some other have piercing-sucking mouthparts. The Diptera order is divided into two or three subclasses: Nematocera and Brachycera, the second being Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha [1]. There are approximately 152.000 identified species in this order which are distributed about 130 families [2]. Houseflies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and fruit flies are the most important species which belong to the diptera order. Houseflies carry diseases such as cholera and dysentery. The fly cause serious problems by carrying disease organisms onto food. They take disease organisms from leg hair or eat them and then feed them to other foods. The adults of hoverflies feed mainly on pollen grains. The larvae of some species eat rotten plant and animal materials in the soil or in ponds, lakes and streams.
Another species of hoverflies’s larvae are predators and feed on some harmful insects such as aphids and thrips etc. So, the larvae of these species are important for biological control as natural enemies.
The females of mosquitoes suck the blood of human and several animals such as farm animals and wild animals. Mosquitoes are vector insects and cause the spread of serious illnesses such as malaria and leishmaniasis etc. [3]. Fruit flies are the most destructive pests in horticultural growing. For example, Olive fruit fly are the main pest in growing areas where table and olive oil production are made throughout the world.
General objectives of this chapter is to provide information about the habitats, feeding patterns and life cycles of insects belonging to the order Diptera, and the stages in which they exist in their life cycle; However, it is to provide information on the characteristics of each stage (adult, egg, larva and pupa) in the life cycle of these insects. In addition, to give information about the role of insects in this order for human and animal health and agricultural production.
Dipteran order has 125.000 insect species and is one of the biggest order throughout the world and is highly diverse. Our world score is based on data from higher than 152.000 known species and higher than 130 identified families and these data are from the“World Diptera’s Bio Systematic Database” [2]. Diptera order has the fourth place after the Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Many species belonging to the order Diptera are found in almost all zoogeographic regions of the world. These species are well adapted to a broad range of habitats. Except the depth of oceans, they can live many habitats on earth [1]. Maximum nutrient and biomass formation occurs in the maggots of Dipteran order, and the adult this order usually receives the energy which they need to feed their muscles which have functions for flying. Widely the broad range of insects (flies) looking for food, the food of those insects includes honey extract or nectar, blood of vertebrate, pollen, hemolymph of other insects, and another liquefied or liquefied biological resources which are suspended or dissolved in vomiting fluid or saliva. Few groups of adults are predators. Other few groups are completely devoid of mouthparts, so they do not receive food. Therefore, they have short life span. Larval stage of many species, as they exist, live in water, alive plant tissues and rotten organic matter. Moreover, they live as parasites or parasitoids of several animals. These larvae need a humid and wet atmosphere. In addition, the eggs these species hatch in water surfaces and larval stage occurs on the water surfaces. Maximum larvae live freely, also can be found in water, sediments, trees, fruits or decaying biological material, while other larvae are found in the tissues of living beings [2].
Diptera insects are holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) which means that they have 4 stages in their life cycles (adult, egg, larvae and pupae). Adult females lay their eggs and the amounts of eggs vary according to species. The females of some species lay a few eggs, some other lay thousands of them. Generally, females lay their eggs near the water and lay them as a group or singly.
The eggs are laid grouped or individually by adult females, and the females usually lay their eggs in water and are sometimes attached to materials. Except for diapause eggs, eggs tend to stand only last for a few days, which are used to prevent lack of water or unwanted temperatures in the ecosystem [4].
Mosquitoes which belong to the order of diptera and Culicidae family, lay their eggs in bunches or can lay singly in or near water (Figure 1). In contrast, some dipteran insects such as Olive fruit fly (
Standing water mosquito and eggs.
Egg of olive fruit fly inside olive fruit.
Usually, adult flies lay their eggs, which will pass into the larval stage within a few hours or days after hatching. Amounts of eggs which are laid by adult females vary between 1 and 250.However, multiple sequential egg batches can be made. Females of Medfly lay 300 eggs in her lifetime. Besides, the Green bottle fly (
Larvae of dipteran insects are easily known by the absence of thoracic structures (legs). This type of larvae is called Apod larvae. Body parts of larvae are usually fleshy (thorax and abdomen). The whole body of larvae is tubular and long. Larvae are approximately 2 0r 25 mm, but some species can be reached about 10 cm length. There are 12 segments in the bodies of larvae and that segmentation pattern is most common. 3 of them is found in thorax and 9 of them in the abdomen [4]. Some true midges, commonly seen in anoxic habitats such as blood worms, have an pigment which has invertebrate form and respiration function. This is called “hemoglobin” that helps to capture oxygen molecules [4] (Figure 3). After the eggs hatch, the larvae of the maximum species pass 3 to 4 stages on land or close to the bottom or above the water surface. For instance, females of Olive fruit fly And Spotted wing Drosophila lay their eggs inside the developing fruit [5] (Figures 4 and 5). After the emerging of larvae, they consume the rotten material in which they are laid. They eat more foods to store energy and nutrients for pupa stage [1]. Larval period is completed from nearly 2 weeks to several months. Larvae of Diptera insects do not have wing pads but are found in pupae [4]. Respiration process takes place above the skin of many larvae of dipteran insects. There are small gills above the skin of some taxa. Other larvae of dipteran insects have spikes and they absorb oxygen from atmosphere by using long or short breathing tubes.
Places of respiratory spikes in Diptera larva. (A) Peripneustic, (B) Amphipneustic, (C) Metapneustic, (D) Apneustic.
Larva of the olive fruit fly.
Spotted wing drosophila: (A) egg-laying areas and (B) larvae of spotted wing drosophila.
Pupae of dipteran insects have a non-functional mandible (adecticeous). Their appendages can be independent from their body (externally) or attached to the body (obtect). Pupae of exarate types are hidden inside the hardened skin (puparium) of the final stage of larvae [2].
The pupae stage of dipteran insect varies significantly in shape. The pupae of some flies look like cross shape between larvae and adult, while other pupae shape of flies are featureless and they have a structure similar to seeds. The first forms are typical for Nematocera and are defined as having obtect or body-attached appendages. For example, the pupae of a Crane fly (Tipulidae) have identifiable head, thorax and abdomen, but covers of antennae, legs and wing pads attach to the body of pupae. The exterior of the Nematocera pupa can be decorated with spines, breathing apparatus which are similar to gill or locomotory paddles.
Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha form the pupal stage in a different and more discreet way. The so-called higher Diptera family produces pupae that are described as coarctates, meaning “compressed” or “constricted”. These taxa (eg Syrphidae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae) form a puparium consisting of hardened skin of the late larval stage [6] (Figure 6). The pupation of some flies occurs in the olive fruit or under the soil [5]. After the oviposition, the eggs hatch and the larvae feed on the fleshy part of the fruit, but leaves the fruit when ripe and some continue to appear inside the fruit. Larvae fall to the ground and pupation takes place in the soil [7].
Female, serrate ovipositor, male with typical black spots, larvae inside the fruit and pupae of
Adults of dipteran insects have segmented body which includes head, thorax and abdomen parts. They have compound eyes which are found both side of head [1]. The size and shape of compound eyes are highly variable.
Adults have dark reddish to black color compound eyes. Some families of dipteran insects have crossbands or spots of different colors such as Tabanidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, Sciomyzidae families [8].
There is small space in front of the head of adult dipterans. The function of this small space is to help the adults to see wider area when insects fly. Body color of adults changes from brown to black, orange or yellow, depending on the dipteran species [1]. For instance, body color of adults of
General view of fruit fly adults.
Thorax color of Spotted wing Drosophila is pale brown and there are horizontal black lines in the abdomen. Males have spots on their wings. Adult males of the
Spotted wing drosophila: (A) the black spots in the wings of male, (B) female, (C) egg laying organ (ovipositor) of female.
Length range varies of adults varies according to dipteran species between 1 to 12 mm, but relative huge species are between 25–60 mm [4]. Sensory organ is found in front of the head of adults which is called antennae. Antennae are filiform and front wings are developed to fly and hind wings are undeveloped (halteres) to balance when insects fly and tarsi 5-segmented [2].
Dipteran order has 125.000 insect species and is one of the biggest order throughout the world and is highly diverse. Diptera order has the fourth place after the Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Houseflies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and fruit flies are the most important species which belong to the diptera order. Fruit flies cause destructive damages in agricultural production. Besides, houseflies transmit serious diseases transmits diseases by carrying disease organisms onto food such as cholera and dysentery. Mainly, adult hoverflies consume pollen grains. Larvae of some species feed on rotten plant and animal materials in lakes, streams and ponds or inside the soil. Another species of hoverflies’s larvae are predators and feed on some harmful insects such as aphids and thrips etc. So, the larvae of these species are used in the biological control of harmful insects as natural enemies. The females of mosquitoes have piercing-sucking mouthparts and suck the blood of human, livestock and animals by using their mouthparts. Mosquitoes are vector insects and cause the spread of serious illnesses such as malaria and leishmaniasis etc. Many of the flies which belong to Tephritidae and Drosophilidae families, cause serious damages in the agricultural production such as Olive fruit fly, Medfly, Peach fruit fly, Celery fly Spotted wing drosophila. Dipteran insects can be recognized by some features such as developed membranous front wings and hind wings are undeveloped and called “halteres” which have functions as balancing when insects fly. Dipteran insects have complete metamorphosis (holometabolous) life cycle which means that there are 4 stages (egg, larvae, pupae, adult). Females of the adults lay their eggs into the food source or water. Eggs hatch and larvae complete their development. Pupation occurs under the soil, plant and animal tissues and water. The richness of the species in this order, the living in different ecological conditions and the morphological differences show people that this order is economically important and externalizes the diversity of invertebrate creatures in the world. There are insects in the Diptera order that cause serious problems in human, animal health and agricultural production. It is important to know the life cycles and habitats of these insects. Accordingly, the issues are followed (life cycle and habitats) to minimize disease transmission and damage in agricultural production. Another studies which will do in the future, will be useful in determining the economic effects of diptera insects on human health and agricultural production.
Author has no conflict of interest.
Endophytic microorganisms are microorganisms that live in the plant tissue beneath the epidermal cell layers without harming or infecting the host plant, endophytic microorganisms that live in the intercellular space of tissues and thereby they can invade living cells [1].
Endophytic fungi account for a high percentage of the current group of endophytic plant microorganisms. They are considered a source of many new substances, including many active substances with interesting biological effects. These fungal forms can be detected incidentally in the deep tissues of normally growing host plants. They are endogenous to the host plant and, thanks to their strong biosynthetic capacity, are able to produce a large number of metabolites. This may lead to the emergence of new bioactive substances and promises to develop production on an industrial scale. In addition, the substances produced by endophytic fungi are considered as an agent to help balance the microflora on the host plant to prevent pathogens [2, 3].
Endophytic fungi can be easily isolated from a surface-sterilized piece of plant tissue. The number of endophytic fungi found was also very variable when examining different plant samples, this number can range from one to several hundred strains.
The presence of endophytic fungi in plant tissues can be explained in many different ways. But perhaps the most plausible is the hypothesis that endophytic fungi arose from some plant pathology in the evolution of plants. The tree also has a microflora, in which there are strains that exist dormant and cause disease only when the tree is old and weak or facing adverse living conditions. The interaction between the host plant and the pathogenic microorganism during long-term development has resulted in genetic mutations from the pathogenic microorganisms to yield useful strains of endophytic fungi without causing disease [1].
Between endophytic fungi and host plants there is a symbiotic relationship, mutualism or mutualism, etc. The symbiotic or mutualistic relationship between endophytic fungi and plants is shown quite closely. At times they are closely linked as a single individual and contribute to the distinctive character of the tree.
Endophytic fungi promote ecological adaptation of host plants. In some plant species with endophytic fungi, it has been found that they have increased drought tolerance or tolerance of aluminum toxicity in water sources, in habitats, etc. In addition to protecting plants against a number of factors detrimental to the host such as herbivores or insects, many natural products produced by endophytic fungi have also been observed, monitored and concluded on the ability to prevent, inhibit or kill many different pathogens that invade plant tissues. That is also the reason why some endogenous fungal strains can produce phytochemicals that give the host plant a unique and distinctive character [3, 4].
For example: in the early 1990s, a novel taxol-producing endophytic fungus,
Young plant tissues are more suitable for isolating endophytic fungi than mature tissues because adult tissues often contain many different types of fungi, making isolation difficult. Collected plant samples should be stored at 4°C until endophytic fungi are isolated, and isolation should be carried out as soon as possible to avoid airborne bacterial contamination.
To obtain endophytic fungi with biological activity, it is necessary to select plant species that are outstanding in terms of biology, age, endemism, botanical history, and habitat of the host plant. Many studies have shown that medicinal plants and plants living in special environments are frequently studied to screen for endophytic fungi that produce antibiotic substances [1].
With these plants, the unusual environment and harsh natural conditions force the tree to survive, a special element is needed to make the plant highly resistant. And one would expect that factor to be beneficial endophytic fungi [4].
A number of plants have been used according to folk experience, from generation to generation for wound healing, antifungal, antibacterial, etc.
Plants with unusually long lifespans, growing in areas of great biological change, or living in ancient soils are also ideal research subjects to provide endogenous fungi new. Plants surrounded by plants infected with the pathogen, but not infected, are more likely to harbor endophytic fungi with antimicrobial activity than other host plants.
For example: 2008, Tuntiwachwuttikul et al., found an endogenous fungal that was active against pathogens on banana plant
Endemic plant species that have a normal lifespan, or occupy a certain area of land in the wild.
Endophytic fungi are very abundant, according to a study by Matsushima in 1971 conducted on some angiosperms and conifers in North America and Panama, which suggested that most of the endophytic fungi belong to the
2008, Huang et al. also found endogenous fungi present in 27/29 surveyed medicinal plants. The frequency of occurrence of endophytic fungi is relatively high, mainly the genera
Strains of class
According to the statistics of scientists studying three plant families in Southeast Arizona - USA, forests in North Carolina and Northern forests shows that:
Surveying the host plant representing the Fagaceae family obtained 44 endogenous fungal strains in which the genus
Surveying
Surveying plants
Many endogenous fungi in plants have been isolated, they have the ability to produce biologically active substances such as antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, tumor suppressor, antioxidant and other biological activities.
Many studies on antibacterial and antifungal activities are produced from endogenous fungi, mainly belonging to the following groups: alkaloids, peptides, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines and flavonoids, etc. These compounds account for only a part small in the total number of active substances produced by endophytic fungal species, they are clearly an excellent and novel potential source for the production of new antibiotics. This holds great promise for solving the problem of drug resistance in bacteria because these antibiotics are novel and highly active compounds Table 1.
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Antibiotic | Antimicrobial effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pestalopyrone Hydroxypestalopyrone | Plant antibiotics | [4, 7] | ||
Trees that grow in the rivers of Papua New Guinea | Hydroxyl jesterone | Antifungal plant disease | [6] | |
Acid colletotric | Antimicrobial | [4] | ||
Metabolites | Antibacterial, anti-fungal that causes diseases for humans and plants | [4] | ||
Volatile matter | Inhibits bacteria and fungi | [4] | ||
CR 337: New pentaketide | [4] | |||
Pyrrocidines A, B | Fungi | [4] | ||
Cryptocandin Cryptocin | [4] | |||
8 types of medicinal plants found in 3 different regions of western India | Extract from fermented juice | [4] | ||
Lead of | Chaetoglobosin A and C | [4, 7] | ||
Mangroves | 7-epiaustdiol Stemphyperylenol Secalonic A | [4, 6] |
Antibiotic effects of some endogenous fungal species.
Besides,
Since 1990,
Many studies have demonstrated the importance of endophytic fungi in the production of insect repellents, which have many implications for crop protection and increase in agricultural yields Table 3.
Antioxidants are substances that react with free radicals generated during oxidation, thus preventing or slowing down this process. Antioxidants prevent and treat diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia), diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson’s disease), arthritis and aging, etc. Endophytic fungi in higher plants are a source of many new antioxidant active substances Table 4 [10, 11].
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pestacine Isopestacine | Strong anti-oxidant Anti-fungal | [12] | ||
Graphislactone A | Stronger antioxidant than BHT and ascorbic acid | [13] | ||
Phenolic, flavonoid | Strong anti-oxidant | [13] | ||
Metabolites | Strong anti-oxidant | [13] |
Antioxidant effects of some endophytic fungal species.
Endogenous fungi are also known as a source of many other biological metabolites, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, immunosuppressive, etc. used to prevent rejection in organ transplants and can be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, insulin dependent diabetes also known from endogenous fungi.
Endophytic fungi of the genus
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plants in the African Rainforest | Nonpeptidal (L-783,281) | Lowers blood sugar with a mechanism similar to insulin but taken orally | [4] | |
Subglutinol A Subglutinol B | Decreased B and T lymphocytes (immunosuppression) | [4] | ||
NF-B inhibitor | Reduce the incidence of cancer | [4] | ||
Acid torreyanic | Anti-cancer agent | [4] | ||
Camptothecin | Anti-cancer compounds | [4] | ||
Cytoskyrin | Antimicrobial Potential agent for cancer treatment | [4] | ||
New isoflavone | Inhibits the growth of Hep-2 and Hep G2 cancer cells | [4] | ||
Hexaketide γ-lacton Oblongolides Z | Anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 | [4] | ||
Phomopsis-H76 A, B and C | Formation of vessels in the sub-intestinal vasculature | [4] |
Endogenous fungi producing other biologically active substances.
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Trichocomaceae
Genus:
The characteristics of color (black, brown, yellow, red, white, blue, etc), growth rate, edge of mushroom cluster and surface texture of mushroom cluster vary depending on species and growing conditions. The mycelium of
The spore-bearing head includes the spores: spore, flask, vesicle and spore stalk. The properties of each component vary from species to species and are characteristics that help identify species. Most species have the same shape, size, and color of spore-bearing heads as the cluster Figure 2.
Structure of the asexual reproductive organs of
Some common
Endophytic fungi | Isolation source | Metabolites | Biological impact | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenolics, total proteins contents | To improve the growth and the secondary metabolites contents of tomato | [16] | ||
Kojic acid | Antibacterial ( | [17] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Antifungal ( | [18] | ||
Lectin | Anti-cancer MCF7 | [19] | ||
Antibacteria ( | [20] | |||
Tropical Tree Species of India, Tectona | Duroquinone, Adamantine derivative, Dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and Myristic acid | Insecticidal | [21] | |
The ethyl acetate extract | Antifungal ( | [22] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Anticancer Promoted plant growth | [23] | ||
Gibberellins, indoleacetic acid | Antibacteria | [24] | ||
R7 | Linoleic acid | Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities | [25] | |
(Z)-N-(4-hydroxystyryl) formamide (NFA) | Improves drought resistance in rice as an antioxidant | [26] | ||
Flavonoid, terpenoid and saponin | Antibacteria | [27] | ||
The compounds into the fermentation broth under specific culture conditions | Antibacteria | [28] | ||
A new antibacterial polyketide (−) palitantin | Antibacteria ( | [29] | ||
KC 582297 | The seaweed | The ethyl acetate extract | [30] | |
(JAS-2) | The ethyl acetate extract | Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant | [31] | |
Terrequinon A Terrefuranon Na-Acetyl aszonalemin | Anti-cancer | [32] | ||
Dehydrocurvularin 11-methoxycurvularin 11-hydroxycurvularin | ||||
Improved plant biomass and other growth features under high temperature stress (40∘C) | Modulate host plants growth under heat stress | [33] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Increases biomass production, increases synthesize different enzymes | [34] | ||
Silymarin | [35] | |||
Secalonic acid | Anticancer (TNBC) cells. | [36] | ||
The ethyl acetate extract | Against | [37] | ||
Seven antibiotics | Antimicrobial | [38] | ||
Taxus yew barks | Taxol | Antitumor | [39] | |
The ethyl acetate extract | Antimicrobial | [40] |
Endophytic
In many plants, the microflora is entirely endophytic fungal. This suggests that endophytic fungi may have a more favorable biological interaction than endophytic bacteria with respect to host plants. The strains of endogenous fungi with active substances are very diverse in both morphology and reproduction, and some strains have very special forms of reproduction.
Identification of
Conditions affecting the biological activity of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus
pH: Importantly affects the growth, metabolism of fungi, enzyme activity, intermediate products, dissociation, dissolution, etc., thus affecting the biosynthesis of active ingredients antibacterial of fungi.
Temperature: Like other microorganisms, the temperature of the environment also greatly affects the growth and development of fungi.
Oxygen concentration: Oxygen concentration is very important and necessary for the survival and growth of aerobic microorganisms.
Carbon source-nitrogen source: The choice of carbon and nitrogen sources greatly affects the activity of secondary substances. Different carbon sources such as dextrose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, starch, molasses and glycerol are believed to be suitable carbon sources for metabolism in various fungi. Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources such as NaNO3, yeast extract, meat extract and soybean meal, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, etc. can help increase biological activity in fungi [2, 41, 42].
All the optimization was performed based on % inhibition of bacterial growth when challenged with 10 μg/μl metabolite concentration. Among different media used, potato dextrose broth (PDB) and sabouraud’s dextrose broth (SDB) proven to be better media for growth of fungus as well as metabolites production 1% yeast extract and 4% dextrose resulted in higher cell inhibition. Ethyl acetate served as good extracting solvent [19].
Addition of vegetable oil to the environment: Vegetable oil can be used to supplement the carbon source during lovastatin production in
Trace elements: Fe and Zn are necessary for the biosynthesis of some antibiotics. It is possible that these two minerals have a positive effect on the antibiotic biosynthesis of
Salt concentration: Salt concentration affects the antibacterial activity of
Endophytic fungal populations of the genus
In the world, there are many studies on the role and application of biologically active substances produced by endogenous fungi. Some endophytic fungal strains have the ability to produce important antibiotics to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms to host plants, which are significant in the control of plant diseases and insect pests. Some endogenous fungi are able to synthesize biologically active substances used as anticancer drugs, produce tumor suppressor antibiotics, immunostimulants, and antioxidants, and have biological activities. These compounds mainly belong to the groups of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and terpenoid derivatives and other substances, etc. Endogenous fungi also perform a resistance mechanism against plant diseases by producing substance with antibacterial activity. Screening for antimicrobial compounds from endogenous fungi is a way to kill resistant bacteria in humans and plants. In addition, the natural metabolites of endogenous fungi also help to protect natural resources and meet the requirements of pharmaceutical production from plant origin by fermentation. Many biologically active substances are produced by endogenous fungi during growth and development. Finding and discovering those active ingredients is the goal that biopharmaceutical researchers are constantly reaching for.
There is a complex relationship between endophytic fungi and host plants, the interaction between host and endophytic fungi can be endogenous or symbiotic depending on genetic predisposition, developmental stage, nutritional status and environmental factors.
Commensalism helps the endogenous fungi to survive by being supplied with nutrients without affecting the host plant. Mutual beneficial relationships of endophytic fungi and host plants through the provision of energy, nutrients, shelter as well as protection under environmental stress. On the other hand, endophytic fungi indirectly benefit from host plant growth by producing secondary metabolites that help host plants adapt to abiotic factors such as light, drought and stress such as herbivores, insect and nematode attacks or pathogens.
Schulz and Boyle in 2005, the authors proposed that the endophysis of endophytic fungal is a balanced antagonism between host and endophytic fungi, and provided endogenous virulence and protective capacity of the balanced host plant showed no significant symptoms.
Once the host-endophytic interactions become imbalanced, or disease in the host plant or host defense tissues kills the pathogenic endophytic fungi. Whether the interaction is balanced or unbalanced depends on the host-endophytic condition, virulence of the fungi, host defenses, toxicity, environment, and nutritional status and growth stages of the host plant and endophytic fungi.
Therefore, commensal relationships require a balance between the defense responses of the host plant and the nutritional requirements of the endophytic fungi. In agreement with the 2006 study by Kogel et al., endophytic fungi share structural similarities with pathogens and both have many similar virulence factors, such as production of Metabolites and exoenzymes are required to infect and colonize the host plant, so endophytic fungi are subject to self-recognition, the host plant can respond to defensive responses as a disease agent. In addition, the cell wall of endogenous fungi is often associated with the production of macromolecular compounds in plants. Thus, endogenous fungi avoid or overcome nonspecific resistance to invasion by programming the invading cells to harbor pathogenic structures and to maintain integrity in the host cell for a long time [4, 46].
Isolation of endophytic fungi from medicinal and other plants may result in methods to produce biologically active agents for biological utilization on a large commercial scale as they are easily cultured in laboratory and fermentor instead of harvesting plants and affecting the environmental biodiversity.
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\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
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\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Whizar-Lugo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11238",title:"Hernia Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1663b79cce4c6cddb688a027bd0cd34d",slug:"hernia-surgery",bookSignature:"Selim Sözen and Hasan Erdem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11238.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"selim-sozen",fullName:"Selim Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine 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Bahm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10447",title:"The Art and Science of Abdominal Hernia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3ace0f00ca1fdef094c105930ad353a",slug:"the-art-and-science-of-abdominal-hernia",bookSignature:"Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10492",title:"Advances in Minimally Invasive Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99d1149818bdb9bfa83675488599529c",slug:"advances-in-minimally-invasive-surgery",bookSignature:"Andrea 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Guillaumon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10537",title:"Frontiers in Clinical Neurosurgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"908c7edd9fcb3cbafbf42d30232db9a0",slug:"frontiers-in-clinical-neurosurgery",bookSignature:"Xianli Lv, Guihuai Wang, James Wang and Zhongxue Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",middleName:null,surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9818",title:"Bariatric Surgery",subtitle:"From the Non-Surgical Approach to the Post-Surgery Individual Care",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6083018185852f95759958b4d9e5e33b",slug:"bariatric-surgery-from-the-non-surgical-approach-to-the-post-surgery-individual-care",bookSignature:"Nieves Saiz-Sapena and Juan Miguel Oviedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204651",title:"Dr.",name:"Nieves",middleName:null,surname:"Saiz-Sapena",slug:"nieves-saiz-sapena",fullName:"Nieves Saiz-Sapena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9790",title:"Surgical Management of Head and Neck Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ae195fe1164fd55b69b775d596f1e8a",slug:"surgical-management-of-head-and-neck-pathologies",bookSignature:"Ho-Hyun (Brian) Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184302",title:"Dr.",name:"H. Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"h.-brian-sun",fullName:"H. Brian Sun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:142,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26862",doi:"10.5772/27413",title:"Titanium as a Biomaterial for Implants",slug:"titanium-as-a-biomaterial-for-implants",totalDownloads:16268,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:128,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Carlos Oldani and Alejandro Dominguez",authors:[{id:"70012",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Oldani",slug:"carlos-oldani",fullName:"Carlos Oldani"},{id:"73445",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:"Anibal",surname:"Dominguez",slug:"alejandro-dominguez",fullName:"Alejandro Dominguez"}]},{id:"58199",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71963",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality in Medical Education",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-in-medical-education",totalDownloads:3099,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:41,abstract:"Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are two contemporary simulation models that are currently upgrading medical education. VR provides a 3D and dynamic view of structures and the ability of the user to interact with them. The recent technological advances in haptics, display systems, and motion detection allow the user to have a realistic and interactive experience, enabling VR to be ideal for training in hands-on procedures. Consequently, surgical and other interventional procedures are the main fields of application of VR. AR provides the ability of projecting virtual information and structures over physical objects, thus enhancing or altering the real environment. The integration of AR applications in the understanding of anatomical structures and physiological mechanisms seems to be beneficial. Studies have tried to demonstrate the validity and educational effect of many VR and AR applications, in many different areas, employed via various hardware platforms. Some of them even propose a curriculum that integrates these methods. This chapter provides a brief history of VR and AR in medicine, as well as the principles and standards of their function. Finally, the studies that show the effect of the implementation of these methods in different fields of medical training are summarized and presented.",book:{id:"6211",slug:"medical-and-surgical-education-past-present-and-future",title:"Medical and Surgical Education",fullTitle:"Medical and Surgical Education - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Panteleimon Pantelidis, Angeliki Chorti, Ioanna Papagiouvanni,\nGeorgios Paparoidamis, Christos Drosos, Thrasyvoulos\nPanagiotakopoulos, Georgios Lales and Michail Sideris",authors:[{id:"211650",title:"M.D.",name:"Panteleimon",middleName:null,surname:"Pantelidis",slug:"panteleimon-pantelidis",fullName:"Panteleimon Pantelidis"},{id:"211654",title:"Ms.",name:"Angeliki",middleName:null,surname:"Chorti",slug:"angeliki-chorti",fullName:"Angeliki Chorti"},{id:"220557",title:"Ms.",name:"Ioanna",middleName:null,surname:"Papagiouvanni",slug:"ioanna-papagiouvanni",fullName:"Ioanna Papagiouvanni"},{id:"220558",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Paparoidamis",slug:"georgios-paparoidamis",fullName:"Georgios Paparoidamis"},{id:"220559",title:"Mr.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Lales",slug:"georgios-lales",fullName:"Georgios Lales"},{id:"220560",title:"Mr.",name:"Thrasyvoulos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagiotakopoulos",slug:"thrasyvoulos-panagiotakopoulos",fullName:"Thrasyvoulos Panagiotakopoulos"},{id:"220561",title:"Mr.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Drosos",slug:"christos-drosos",fullName:"Christos Drosos"},{id:"220562",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Sideris",slug:"michail-sideris",fullName:"Michail Sideris"}]},{id:"50915",doi:"10.5772/63266",title:"Doped Bioactive Glass Materials in Bone Regeneration",slug:"doped-bioactive-glass-materials-in-bone-regeneration",totalDownloads:3499,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"In the arena of orthopaedic surgery, autograft is considered to be the gold standard for correction of fracture repair or other bone pathologies. But, it has some limitations such as donor site morbidity and shortage of supply, which evolved the use of allograft that also has some disadvantages such as immunogenic response to the host, low osteogenicity as well as possibilities of disease transmission. Despite the benefits of autografts and allografts, the limitations of each have necessitated the pursuit of alternatives biomaterials that has the ability to initiate osteogenesis, and the graft should closely mimic the natural bone along with regeneration of fibroblasts. A variety of artificial materials such as demineralised bone matrix, coralline hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate-based ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bioactive glass have been used over the decades to fill bone defects almost without associated soft tissue development. Most of them were having only the properties of osteointegration and osteoconduction. Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3434,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9526,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1299,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82020",title:"Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Novel Technique and Technology with Case Series",slug:"minimally-invasive-transforaminal-lumbar-interbody-fusion-a-novel-technique-and-technology-with-case",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105187",abstract:"Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) has been utilized to treat a variety of spinal disorders. Like other minimally invasive spine surgery techniques and technology, the MI-TLIF approach has the potential to limit the morbidity associated with larger exposures required for open surgery. The MI-TLIF approach has a number of advantages over many other minimally invasive spine surgery approaches including direct decompression of neural elements, collection of morselized autograph from the surgical site to achieve high fusion rates, restoration of spinal canal diameter, foraminal diameter, disk height, and reduction of spondylolisthesis. In this chapter, we discuss a novel technique for performing MI-TLIF developed by the senior author who is a leading minimally invasive spine surgeon. The technique and technology illustrated in this chapter were developed out of a recognition of a need to reduce the learning curve for performing MI-TLIF, as well as need for a cost-effective method that provides a high fusion rate, excellent clinical outcomes, and low complication rate. The indications, surgical planning, postoperative care, complications, and patient outcomes in a large series will be reviewed using this novel MI-TLIF technique.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"78335",title:"Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers",slug:"safety-and-efficiency-of-cervical-disc-arthroplasty-in-ambulatory-surgery-centers",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99589",abstract:"Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Richard N.W. Wohns"},{id:"82255",title:"Minimally Invasive Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis with Case Series of Patients with Multi-level (3 or More Levels) Stenosis",slug:"minimally-invasive-laminectomy-for-lumbar-stenosis-with-case-series-of-patients-with-multi-level-3-o",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105186",abstract:"Lumbar stenosis is the most common pathology seen and treated by spine surgeons. It is often seen in the elderly population who frequently have multiple medical co-morbidities. Traditional approaches remove the spinous process and detach paraspinous muscles to achieve adequate canal decompression. This approach can damage the posterior tension band leading to permanent muscle damage, scar tissue formation, iatrogenic flatback syndrome, and increase risk of adjacent segment disease requiring reoperation. Performing lumbar laminectomy in a cost-effective manner is critical in effectively treating patients with lumbar stenosis. This chapter reviews a minimally invasive muscle-sparing approach to treating lumbar stenosis. The technique is performed through a tubular retractor. Direct decompression of the spinal stenosis is achieved while preserving the paraspinous muscle attachments and spinous process. This technique has multiple advantages and can potentially reduce load stress on adjacent levels and subsequent adjacent level pathology leading to further surgical intervention. In addition, the procedure shows how facet fusion is performed using the patient’s own locally harvested drilled morselized autograph to achieve bilateral facet fusion. By fusing the facets, we have shown that restenosis at the operative level is less likely to occur. This chapter will review a case series of multilevel lumbar stenosis including clinical outcomes.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Mick Perez-Cruet, Ramiro Pérez de la Torre and Siddharth Ramanathan"},{id:"80705",title:"Cervical Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-arthroplasty",totalDownloads:37,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102964",abstract:"Technological advances have allowed spine surgery to follow the trend toward minimally invasive surgery in general. Specifically, we have seen a corresponding rise in the popularity of cervical arthroplasty. For the treatment of cervical disc disease, arthroplasty is a less invasive option than the gold standard of cervical discectomy and arthrodesis, which by nature is more disruptive to surrounding tissues. Arthroplasty preserves the facets, maintains motion, and reduces the rate of adjacent segment breakdown. These factors counteract the negative impacts of fusion while maintaining the benefits. Arthroplasty implants themselves have become more streamlined to implant as well with less native bone destruction, and biomechanics more compatible with the native disc. While initial implants were ball and socket devices with complex fixation and plane-specific movements, later devices incorporated such motions as translation and compression. Viscoelastic components and materials more closely resembling native tissues afford a more biocompatible implant profile. Until cell-based therapies can successfully reproduce native tissue, we will rely on artificial components that closely resemble and assimilate them.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Jason M. Highsmith"},{id:"80605",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Spinal Metastasis",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-spinal-metastasis",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102485",abstract:"Advancements in the treatment of systemic cancer have improved life expectancy in cancer patients and consequently the incidence of spinal metastasis. Traditionally, open spinal approaches combined with cEBRT (conventional external beam radiation therapy) allowed for local tumor control as well as stabilization and decompression of the spine and neural elements, but these larger operations can be fraught with one complications and delayed healing as well as additional morbidity. Recently, minimally invasive spine techniques are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of spinal metastasis for many reasons, including smaller incisions with less perioperative complications and potential for expedited time to radiation therapy. These techniques include kyphoplasty with radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous stabilization, laminectomy, and epidural tumor resection through tubular retractors, as well as minimally invasive corpectomy. These techniques combined with highly conformal stereotactic radiosurgery have led to the advent of separation surgery, which allows for decompression of neural elements while creating space between neural elements and the tumor so adequate radiation may be delivered, improving local tumor control. The versatility of these minimally invasive techniques has significantly improved the modern management of metastatic disease of the spine by protecting and restoring the patient’s quality of life while allowing them to quickly resume radiation and systemic treatment.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Eric R. Mong and Daniel K. Fahim"},{id:"76620",title:"Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach for Anterior Spinal Cord Decompression in Thoracic Myelopathy",slug:"minimally-invasive-lateral-approach-for-anterior-spinal-cord-decompression-in-thoracic-myelopathy",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97669",abstract:"Myelopathy can result from a thoracic disc herniation (TDH) compressing the anterior spinal cord. Disc calcification and difficulty in accessing the anterior spinal cord pose an operative challenge. A mini-open lateral approach to directly decompress the anterior spinal cord can be performed with or without concomitant interbody fusion depending on pre-existing or iatrogenic spinal instability. Experience using stand-alone expandable spacers to achieve interbody fusion in this setting is limited. Technical advantages, risks and limitations of this technique are discussed. We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with thoracic and upper lumbar myelopathy treated with a lateral mini-open lateral approach. Review of the literature identified 6 other case series using similar lateral minimally invasive approaches to treat thoracic or upper lumbar disc herniation showing efficient and safe thoracic disc decompression procedure for myelopathy. This technique can be combined with interbody arthrodesis when instability is suspected.",book:{id:"10634",title:"Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery - Advances and Innovations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10634.jpg"},signatures:"Edna E. Gouveia, Mansour Mathkour, Erin McCormack, Jonathan Riffle, Olawale A. Sulaiman and Daniel J. Denis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"