Sub‐families, number of genera and species, distribution and examples of tree and shrub legumes (adapted from LPWG [11]).
\r\n\tRecent advances regarding pathogenesis, cardiovascular risk assessment, prediction of damage, and recent advances in treatment, including tolerogenic and biological agents, are welcome to be included in this book. Relevant contributions regarding standard therapies and their optimal use, as well as the role of new therapeutic options, either in combination with previous agents or alone are of interest.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-348-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-347-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-349-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7005f26b225e5923d4ce4cd7c52f6fe9",bookSignature:"M.D. Sophia Lionaki and Dr. Minas Karagiannis",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11726.jpg",keywords:"Epidemiology, Genetics, Clinical Picture, Physical Examination, Pathogenesis, Histopathology, Nomenclature, Clinical Syndromes, Clinical Picture, Evaluation, Pregnancy Planning, Risk Assessment",numberOfDownloads:20,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 17th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher devoted to clinical research related to autoimmune diseases of the kidney and especially ANCA vasculitis and lupus nephritis. Dr. Lionaki obtained her MD from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and has a Ph.D. degree in \"Membranous Nephropathy”. She is an expert in the field of 'Glomerular Diseases' as a result of a fellowship for more than 2 years at the Nephrology Department of the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill in the USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"213115",title:"M.D.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Lionaki",slug:"sophia-lionaki",fullName:"Sophia Lionaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213115/images/system/213115.png",biography:"Sophia Lionaki, MD, PhD is an Assistant Professor In Nephrology in the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. She obtained her MD from National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece in 1996 and has a Ph.D degree on \"Membranous Nephropathy”. 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Firstly, it is estimated that crop production must increase more than 60% by the year 2050 to fulfil the needs of the world’s population [1]. Secondly, drought and soil salinization are expected to result in losses of up to 50% of arable lands by the middle of this century [1, 2]. Thirdly, the spreading of agriculture to arid and semi‐arid regions under intensive irrigation management will promote secondary soil salinization [3]. Thus, the future of agriculture must rely on the sustainable intensification of crop production to feed the increasingly growing population, as well as on the use of tolerant cultivars that are able to cope with extreme environmental conditions, i.e. low fertility and saline soils, increasing water shortage periods as well as raising air temperatures and CO2 [4, 5].
These challenges will be particularly critical in the developing countries, which have the highest rates of population growth and where most of the farmland is managed by smallholders [6]. It is estimated that in these countries one of five persons still live on less than $1.25 a day [7]. In this context, intensive agriculture based on agro‐chemicals and mechanization is not sustainable and the systems must rely on appropriate cropping and post‐harvest practices, preferably based on local ecosystem‐based resources. Such practices include, for example, the implementation of integrated agroforestry systems, crop‐livestock integration and crop‐aquaculture production, that concomitantly have the potential to promote the conservation and the rational use of biodiversity and other ecosystem services.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), sustainable agriculture lies at the core of the 2030 Agenda [7]. Indeed, 6 of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) concentrate on this issue. These are as follows: (i) SDG 2—
Since 2014, FAO has supported over 80 initiatives in Africa to promote sustainable agricultural production practices [8]. To achieve that, three intertwined pillars are considered essential: (i)
Legume fixing trees and shrubs play a crucial role in biodiversity dynamics. From the ecological point of view, their introduction in cropping systems may contribute to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and to ecosystems stability.
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae family is the third largest group of flowering plants and the second most important in agriculture [9]. According to recent molecular and morphological studies, Fabaceae is a single monophyletic family [9, 10], comprising more than 18,000 species distributed over ca. 800 genera and six sub‐families (Table 1) [11]: (i) Cercidoideae and (ii) Detarioideae, both comprising mainly tropical species; (iii) Duparquetioideae, a sub‐family from western and central Africa, with only one species identified; (iv) Dialioideae, widespread throughout the tropics; (v) the pantropical Caesalpinioideae, with more than 4000 species (including the former sub‐family Mimosoideae) and (vi) the cosmopolitan and largest legume sub‐family, Faboideae (Papilionoideae), with ca. 14,000 species, mainly herbs and small shrubs.
Subfamily | Genera (number) | Species (number) | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Cercidoideae | 12 | ca. 335 | Mainly tropical, e.g. |
Detarioideae | 84 | ca. 760 | Mainly tropical, e.g. |
Duparquetioideae | 1 | 1 | West and Central Africa, |
Dialioideae | 17 | ca. 85 | Widespread throughout the tropics, e.g. |
Caesalpinioideae* | 148 | ca. 4400 | Pantropical, e.g. |
Faboideae (Papilionoideae) | 503 | ca. 14,000 | Cosmopolitan, e.g. |
Sub‐families, number of genera and species, distribution and examples of tree and shrub legumes (adapted from LPWG [11]).
Includes the former sub‐family Mimosoideae.
Varying in habit from annual herbs to large trees, legumes are conspicuous and well represented throughout temperate and tropical regions [9, 12, 13]. The family is particularly diverse in tropical forests and temperate shrub lands with a seasonally dry or arid climate. Such preference for semi‐arid to arid habitats seems to be related to a nitrogen‐demanding metabolism [9]. The vast majority of legume species (ca. 90%) is able to establish symbiosis with nitrogen‐fixing diazotrophic bacteria of the genera
Nitrogen is among the key elements for plant growth and production, being decisive to the adequate plant response to environmental stresses [17]. It is a major component of chlorophyll (photosynthesis), purines and pyrimidines (nucleic acids), amino acids (proteins) and ATP (energy). Although it is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth, its predominant form, i.e. N2 (g), cannot be directly assimilated by the plants, which need reduced forms of this element (NH4+, NO2− and NO3−) [18, 19]. This conversion can be achieved chemically through the Harber‐Bosch process, or biologically through bacterial nitrogen fixation [20]. While chemical nitrogen fixation is cost intensive and 40–50% of the nitrogen applied as fertilizer is lost via denitrification, runoff or leaching, only 10–20% of the biologically fixed nitrogen is lost that way [21]. Besides that, the use of chemical fertilizers has a series of ecological impacts, such as air, soil and water pollution [22]. Thus, there is a strong interest in symbiotic N2 fixation between legumes and rhizobia towards the improvement of agricultural systems, i.e. better productivity with the least ecological impact [23, 24].
In Africa, tree and shrub legumes provide a wealth of goods and services (e.g. wood, food, medicines, energy and housing) to millions of rural and urban dwellers (Table 2 and Figure 1) [25, 26]. The interest on this group of legumes has increased tremendously in the last decades, particularly regarding soil erosion control [27, 28] and farming systems (e.g. windbreaks, shade trees, nitrogen fertilizers, forage, fruits and vegetables) [29, 30, 31, 32].
Details from
Species | Applications | Origin | kg.N.ha−1. yr−1 |
---|---|---|---|
Poles, household, agriculture crafts, firewood, charcoal (stem and branches); tannin, ropes (bark); food (pods and seeds); forage (foliage and pods); honey (flowers); gum Arabic (Gum), medicine (various); erosion control; nitrogen fixation; fertilizer; fencing; intercropping [90, 91] | Drier tropical Africa, from Senegal and Mauritania (west) to Eritrea and Ethiopia (north‐east) and South Africa (south); Oman, Pakistan and India [92] | 28.7–46.7 [33] 7–12 [93] less than 20 [94] | |
Small articles, firewood (stem and branches); ropes, twine, cloth and fishing nets, tanning, beehives (bark); food for edible larvae (leaves); medicinal (various) [25, 95, 96, 97] | Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe [13] | Not available | |
Construction, furniture, household items, firewood, charcoal (stem and branches); tannin, beehives, ropes, sacks (bark); forage (foliage and pods); honey (flowers); medicinal (various); nitrogen fixation, shading [91, 98, 99] | Angola, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe [13] | Not available | |
Light construction, baskets, fuel (stems and branches); forage (vegetative parts); honey (flowers); food (seeds and pods); medicinal (various); erosion control; shading, sheltering, nitrogen fixation; fertilizer; intercropping [91, 100] | Unknown origin, probably Indian and African [13, 101]; India [100] | 260 [91] 86 [94] 96 [102] 142 [103] | |
Farm implements, furniture, posts, firewood, charcoal (stem and branches); forage (foliage and pods); honey and food (flowers); medicine and rodenticide (various); erosion control; shading; nitrogen fixation; fertilizer; fencing [91] | Central America, Caribbean, South America, Asia (Java and Peninsular Malaysia) [13] | 210 [104] 35–38 [105] 108 [106] | |
Timber, firewood (stems and branches); forage (leaves); food (seeds); similar to gum Arabic (Gum); shading; nitrogen fixation; fertilizer; fencing; intercropping [91] | Mexico and Guatemala [13, 91] | Not available | |
(Figure 1D) | Building, furniture and handicrafts (stem); fish poison (bark); body anointment (root bark); tannin, dyestuff (Sap); forage (foliage); honey (flowers); medicine (various); erosion control; nitrogen fixation [91] | Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia [13] | Not available |
Firewood, charcoal (Stem and branches); tannin, ropes (Bark); forage (leaves and young branches); food (flowers), ropes, fishnets (fiber); gum (seeds and bark); medicine (various); shading; fencing; fertilizer; nitrogen fixation; intercropping [91] | Africa, Asia, Australia [13] | 84 [102] 100 [103] | |
Firewood (stem and branches); forage and insecticide (leaves); erosion control, shading; land reclamation; nitrogen fixation; fertilizer; fencing; intercropping [91] | India, SE Asia [13] | Not available | |
Fish poison, insecticide and molluscicide (leaves); medicine (various); shading; fencing; nitrogen fixation; fertilizer [91] | Tropical Africa, SE Asia [13, 91] | 150 [103] |
Examples of tree and shrub legumes and their applications in formal and informal economies.
Most tree and shrub legumes are resilient to extreme environments, e.g. erosion, low fertility, salinity, drought, fire and other adverse conditions [33, 34, 35, 36]. Such abilities seem to be innate and enhanced by the symbiosis with N2‐fixing rhizobia [30, 37]. According to Diabate et al. [30] and Sprent [38], the use of nitrogen‐fixing tree and shrubs (NFTSs) constitute a promising strategy to recover soil fertility, representing a sustainable agricultural approach to smallholder farmers. This is particularly important in sub‐Saharan Africa where 80% of the farmland is managed by smallholders whose livelihoods depend strongly on the agricultural sector [6]. Most of these households live below the poverty line and therefore cannot afford the use of fertilizers. For example, smallholders from Niger, Namibia and Mozambique use less than 1 kg.N.ha−1.yr−1, i.e., 100 times less than the average fertilizer needs for most crops [1, 34].
The rates of N2 fixation by NFTS depend on the species, climate and soil type, ranging from 0.1 to 700 kg.N.ha−1.yr−1 (Table 2) [33, 39, 40]. Despite the fact that many genera from the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae do not always establish root‐nodule symbiosis, under proper environmental conditions, many species nodulate and fix atmospheric N at rates closer to those obtained with the traditional legumes belonging to the Papilionoideae [33]. Additionally there is also evidence that NTFS are also able to increase P availability in the soil, mostly due to mycorrhizal associations [41].
The use of fertilizer tree legumes (
Another interesting NFTS‐based agroforestry system is the tree cropping system, like those used for coffee production (Figure 2). Such system is very popular in Latin America [48, 49, 50, 51] and less exploited in Africa. In Mexico, the rates of N2 fixation obtained by
Agroforestry system with
Legume research has been mainly focused on annual grain crops [34, 52, 53, 54]. Instead, a limited amount of knowledge has been produced in perennials. In this section, we will discuss the potential of the two promising strategies to analyse nitrogen mineralization and metabolism in tree legumes, i.e. stable isotopes and, briefly, systems biology.
The use of stable isotopes at natural abundance levels has brought a new dimension to our understanding of plant physiology and ecology. Analyses of the relative natural abundances of stable isotopes of carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and deuterium (D/H) have been used across a wide range of scales, from cell to community and ecosystem level, contributing much to our understanding of the interactions between biosphere, pedosphere and atmosphere.
In general terms, processes such as diffusion and enzymatic incorporation favour the lighter isotope and lead to depletion of the heavier isotope as compared to source material. Natural abundance of 15N can provide valuable information about N sources used by plants and fluxes of N in the ecosystems [e.g. 55, 56, 57]. There has been some debate on the interrelationship between nitrogen natural abundance (15N/14N) in soils and plants, and the use of a tracer or indicator of fractionation during N‐uptake, assimilation and transport [58, 59]. Indeed, a variety of fractionations may occur during processes related to nitrogen transformation in soils [60, 61] and plants [59], which may complicate source‐sink relationships. For example, nitrification discriminates against 15N more than N mineralization, which makes NH4+ isotopically heavier than the organic N from which it is derived [60]. Additionally, the δ15N of a particular compound may change and, together with the complexity of the N geochemical cycle, the use of δ15N should be carefully evaluated when applied to natural ecosystems.
However, there are substantial evidence that the natural abundance ratios for 15N/14N in soil and plants are useful integrators of the types and turnover rates of N cycling [62, 63, 64]. These ratios can indicate whether a range of plants have access to the same N source [59]. For instance, differences in leaf δ15N can indicate differences in rooting depth or root characteristics, such as mycorrhizal or N‐fixing root associations [59, 65]. Also, nitrification and plant uptake properties (such as timing and type of uptake) can be determined by the leaf δ15N signatures [66, 67]. Robinson [59] developed a mixing model to account for contrasting N sources which provided useful insights on the quantification of biological N fixation in tree legumes [68, 69]. Since N2‐fixing species typically have δ15N signatures close to the atmospheric value (0%), which strongly differ from the δ15N signature of non‐fixing species, δ15N can be used as a sensitive tracer of N flow within an ecosystem. This approach was successfully used in the oligotrophic Portuguese primary dunes utilizing foliar δ15N of the non‐leguminous native shrub
Systems biology is an emerging approach applied to biological scientific research that focuses on the complex interactions within biological systems, frequently associated with the environmental conditions. The best known example is the
In our laboratory, we have recently initiated an integrated approach, combining eco‐physiology and system’s biology to understand the responses of two tree legumes (
Agriculture has a primordial role to fight poverty and hunger and increase crop resilience to climate changes. The introduction of tree and shrub nitrogen‐fixing trees into cropping systems is the most straightforward approach to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, improving the soil ecosystem and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Additionally, agroforestry may improve ecosystem services such as, soil organic matter, biodiversity and N‐retention. However, it is not devoid of environmental consequences, specifically N‐leaching. Therefore, the implementation of agroforestry systems with NFTS should be preceded by experimental assays, in order to identify the factors promoting N‐losses and design appropriate management strategies that synchronize legume‐N availability with the crop demand.
The authors like to acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the research units UID/AGR/04129/2013 (LEAF), UID/GEO/04035/2013 (GeoBioTec), CE3C, Fundo para a Investigação Aplicada e Multissectorial. The authors thank Luís Catarino (CE3C), and Mark Stalmans (E.O. Wilson Biodiversity, Lab. Gorongoza National Park) for kindly providing the photographs.
Any human being needs the water as the second most important fluid after air to be able to live on the Earth. Actually, around two-thirds of the Earth is covered by water (~ 71%), but more than 7% of this water cannot be used because they are in the form of ocean, ice caps, glaciers, ground, and aquifers [1]. Therefore, the freshwater that is available to use by the people is only around 1% all over the globe. So, the need for desalinated freshwater arises day by day [2]. In addition, the applications of freshwater such as cooking, drinking, and farming make it in a difficult situation. As a result, providing safe drinking water is a major challenge all over the world [3, 4]. The predicted freshwater shortage problem in 2030 is illustrated in Figure 1.
Estimated global water scarcity in 2030 [
The simplest well-known cycle for the water is the hydrological cycle, which had sequentially the steps of water surface evaporation, condensation, cloud creation, runoff, and rain. So, the water controls the ecosystem of any society [6, 7]. This is because the potable water shortage is a problem of both the remote and urban communities [8].
The thermal desalination processes follow the same principles of the natural hydrological cycle, but they use huge energy amounts. Distillation is accomplished by introducing saltwater into the process, which produces two output streams: one of freshwater and the other of brine water. Distillation of seawater produces freshwater [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Distillation becomes a key source of freshwater for most of the world’s regions. Because of the ample water, the distillation procedure is mostly considered in coastal places. The most significant feature of this procedure is that it is completely safe for everyone involved—in other words, it has no negative consequences for the environment [14]. According to a survey conducted in the preceding decade, roughly 75 million people around the world rely on distillation for their everyday requirements. Distillation is the only source of freshwater for many countries. Saudi Arabia, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Spain, and Kuwait are the top five countries in terms of desalination plant capacity, with 17.4, 16.2, 14.7, 6.4, and 5.8%, respectively [15]. The capacity of distillation processes for various countries is depicted in Figure 2; for (a) the globe, (b) USA, and (c) Middle East countries in 2002.
Capacity of distillation processes for (a) the globe, (b) USA, an (c) Middle East countries in 2002 [
Till 2015, the total capacity of desalinated freshwater is 86.55 million cubic meter a day, which were obtained from around 18,000 plants for desalination around the globe. The Middle East and North Africa account for almost 44% of the above total capacity. Over the last 20 years, 80% of the energy utilized for freshwater producing has been lowered because of contemporary advancements in distillation technologies [16].
Desalination of brackish/saline water can be done in a variety of ways. Among the distillation methods, multistage flash desalination (MSFD), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO) are considered the most commercial and economic viable technologies for distillation. These techniques are the most effective, and they will continue in the future [17]. Desalination can be done in several ways, as listed below.
MSFD is based on flashing of evaporation. Evaporation of saltwater occurs as a result of a decrease in pressure rather than a rise in temperature. Broadly speaking, regenerative heating is used to achieve a maximal production and best MSFD’s economics. The seawater flashing in the flashing chamber regenerates and transfers its thermal energy to the saltwater passing
Multistage evaporators, with roughly 19–28 stages, are utilized in recent MSFD plants [20]. The MSFD operating temperatures are between 90 and 120°C. The more the operating temperature of unit, the higher the efficiency of the system. Also, the pressure should be controlled under the water saturation temperature.
In the unit (see Figure 3), various devices or accessories such as demisters, decarbonators, and vacuum deaerators are employed for various reasons. Demisters are used to prevent the carryover of saline water into condensed distillate. Removing the dissolved gases in brine is the function of decarbonator and vacuum deaerator [22].
Illustration of processes of MSFD [
MED method is the earliest of all distillation techniques. Thermodynamically, it is the most constitutional technique among all other distillation methods. The term “effect” of the MED name refers to how many evaporators’ series. Then, the main fundamental of MED is the decrease in ambient pressure through various effects. In this process, no additional heat is required after the first effect. This is due to that MED automatically makes the saline water to be boiled many times through the corresponding pressure.
In this process, the saline water temperature is increased to its boiling value at the first effect through the heat exchanger tubes. The entering saline water is sprayed over the evaporator surface for better vapor generation. The created vapor is condensed on the other side of tubes. On the second hand, the condensation process is utilized on the same time to heat up the saline feedwater. Figure 4 illustrates the desalination with solar energy.
Desalination by solar energy [
MED economy relies on its effects number regarding its chained processes [8]. So, the first effect has some generated vapor from the seawater entering the effect. After that, the remaining water is fed to the next effect. The amid tubes are warmed up using the first-effect created vapor. Also, that vapor is condensated to produce potable water. Besides, the generated vapor heats up the remaining saline water of the next effect. This action is repeated from one effect to another under low pressure and temperature till the end of process with around 4–21 effects [23].
As it is known, raising the pressure of steam vapor leads to increase its temperature, and hence, the heat released from this vapor is increased. This concept is utilized in the VCD method, where the vapor-increased heat is utilized to evaporate the incoming saline water. So, the main key of VCD is reducing the medium pressure, which leads to decrease the boiling temperature of water [24]. This process can be achieved by either steam jet technique (thermo-compressor technique) or mechanical compressor device (electrically driven technique), and these techniques are utilized to condense vapor content into distillate and use the corresponding latent heat as a heat source for evaporating the incoming saline water.
In the technique of thermo-compressor, a venturi orifice is used in the stream of steam jet to create low pressure. After that, the vapor content is compressed
In addition, there is another kind of VCD, which depends on lowering the temperature inside the VCD, and hence, this kind needs only power to run. This technique of VCD is useful for small desalination units due to its simple construction, better efficiency, and process reliability [25]. As a result, VCD is applicable in resorts, industries, and drilling sites.
It is known that the water flows naturally from the freshwater direction to saltwater direction. RO depends mainly on a critical parameter called osmotic pressure, which should force the saltwater to flow in the opposite direction of natural flow. As a result, we need an external source of pressure to overcome the osmotic pressure. That external pressure must be more than the osmotic pressure. Hence, the name of this method (reverse osmosis) refers to the process meaning reversing the direction of normal water flow through the membrane. By applying this process, the salts in the saline water are left behind and not allowed to cross the membranes [26]. This process produces potable water (permeate) and brine water (concentrate) as illustrated in Figure 5. Also, Figure 5 illustrates the main components of RO unit such as the pretreatment, membranes, high-pressure pumps, and post-treatment.
Schematic of RO desalination technique [
The pretreatment process is important for eliminating the undesirable materials that damage the membrane [27]. It relies on the membrane kind and configuration, properties of feedwater, recovery ratio, and required permeate quantity and quality. According to those parameters, the pretreatment process has different techniques to be applied such as chlorination, coagulation, acid addition, micron cartridge filtration, multimedia filtration, and dechlorination. Moreover, to overcome the osmotic pressure, high-pressure pumping system such as the centrifugal pump is utilized. Additionally, the different membrane configurations such as the spiral wound and hollow fine fiber (HFF) strongly affect the performance of the RO unit [28]. Besides, adjusting the pH and adding H2S and CO2 are performed in the post-treatment process [29].
Another type of desalination processes is nominated freezing, which is simple to conduct and operate. This process depends mainly on the fact that the dissolved salts are removed while forming the ice crystals from the saline water. First, we clean and wash the saline water mixture to leave the salt in the left water behind before freezing the whole water. Then, we can get the freshwater
Freezing units have the merits of low power consumed, few corrosions, and eliminated scaling factors. But it has the demerits of handling water and ice mixtures because it is mechanically hard to treat. Unfortunately, this method still needs numerous improvements to be applied on the commercial level. Limited freezing stations exist all over the globe such as that was built in Saudi Arabia [31].
Here, the sun energy is the driving force for such solar desalination systems, which actually are alike the natural hydrological cycle. The natural hydrological cycle takes every day in the form of heating the seawater using the solar radiation to produce vapor, and this vapor content is condensated due to the low temperature in the heights. An application on the solar distillation systems is the greenhouse solar distiller [25, 32].
This process is almost linked to MSFD systems. This is because MSFD produces distillate with small impurities amounts, and then, the potabilization is utilized to eliminate these impurities [33]. The potabilization process can be conducted
The economics of any system determine its success. In desalination stations, the parameters of fixed cost, running costs, station location, maintenance cost, and energy consumption are the controlling factors of the station economics. There are two opposite directions for determining the economics of the desalination systems. First is the improvements in desalination systems, which leads to reduce the cost of the system as a whole. Second is the pollution and contamination of water, which raises the cost of the desalination system.
The economics and technical properties of the desalination method with the targeted quantity of freshwater are the factors based on which we select the distillation technique. The technical properties include the energy-driving source, consumed energy, freshwater specifications, land space of unit, station reliability, operational aspects, plant size, and the maintenance of spare parts, while the economic parameters include the fixed costs of the station, operating costs, interest rate, life cycle of station, and maintenance costs …etc. [37]. The cost of distilled freshwater is described by $/m3. The cost of desalinated water is determined using the following equation.
As explained before, solar distillation is one of the desalination techniques. Solar distiller is one of the solar distillation devices’ family. It is a simple in construction, cheap, and easy to maintain device [38]. But it has the demerit of few freshwater production. As a result, the scientists do their best to improve the yield of solar distillers [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The solar distiller has the parts of glazing cover, basin, collecting trough, and some instruments as shown in Figures 6 and 7. The basin is fed by saline water to be heated and vaporized inside the distiller. Then, the vapor is condensed on the inner glazing surface. After that, the condensated droplets are taken out using a hose into the calibrated flasks. The surfaces of the solar distiller are painted with black for maximizing the absorbed solar radiations. Also, the device body is insulated by saw dust or fiberglass for avoiding the thermal losses. Moreover, the measuring instruments are utilized to be able to evaluate the solar distiller performance.
Single-basin distiller [
Solar still with simple basin [
One of the biggest problems of the twenty-first century is the global freshwater scarcity, which has numerous side effects on the mankind [47, 48]. The widespread of the water problem on a global level has made more impacts on the lives of people who live far from urbanization and remote areas, and more and more on the lives of the poor who do not have the costs of using high technology to produce water. As a result, the science developed various high and low water desalination technologies to be used at the level of industrial and commercial production and at the level of individuals and families [49]. The water desalination technologies can be categorized by membranes or thermal processes. Nevertheless, the high technologies demand building complex and large central installations, which causes them to be infeasible for developing regions such as distributed, poor, and remote areas. In addition, the rural, arid, and remote areas need desalination methods with no or minimum maintenance, supervising, and operating requirements [41, 45]. Consequently, the solar-powered desalination units such as solar distillers meet all these conditions, which make them as an efficient candidate to provide drinkable water in these regions [42, 43].
Nevertheless, the solar distillers have low output productivity (1.5–2.5 L/m2 day) and low thermal efficiency (≈ 30%), which are the main bottlenecks of this distillation technique [50, 51, 52]. As a result, numerous investigations focused on improving the performance of solar distillers. Consequently, the solar stills such as stepped type [53, 54, 55] (the absorber of the basin takes the steps shape), disk type [56] (the main effective absorber is a rotating disk), vertical type [57] (the distiller horizontal width is very small compared to its vertical height), tubular type [58, 59, 60] (the outer shape of the distiller is tubular/cylindrical), drum type [61, 62] (the absorber is a rotating drum inside the basin still), PV/T active type [63, 64] (distiller powered by PV panels), finned type [65] (the absorber of the distiller is a collection of fins), trays type [66, 67, 68, 69] (the main effective absorber has trays to enlarge the surface area), inclined type [70] (the absorber is inclined), wick type [10, 71, 72] (the wick material is spread over the absorber of distiller), corrugated type [73, 74] (the absorber of the distiller is a collection of corrugated shapes), spherical type [75] (the distiller takes the shape of sphere), double-effect type [76, 77, 78] (the distiller has two stages of water basins), multistage type [79] (the distiller has multistages of water basins), inverted absorber type [80] (the distiller has inverted absorber inside it), hemispherical type [81] (the distiller takes the shape of sphere), convex type [82, 83] (the absorber has a convex shape), and pyramid type [84, 85, 86] (the distiller takes the form of pyramid) are found in the literature. In addition, numerous modifications were performed to improve the distiller performance. These modifications included the use of condensation unit [87, 88, 89], nanofluids [90, 91], heat exchanger [92], floating aluminum sheet [93], desiccant [94], solar ponds [95], glass cooling [44], volcanic rocks [96], wick materials [71], rotating parts [97, 98, 99], coated absorbers [100, 101], phase change materials (PCM) [102, 103, 104], fins [105], half barrel and corrugated absorbers [106], solar collectors [107], sun-tracking systems [108], multiple-effect basins [109], reflectors [110], vapor extraction [111, 112, 113], and reusing latent heat of evaporation [114].
The solar distillers can be classified into single-effect and multi-effect distillers (according to the number of effects of distiller) with a subcategory of active and passive distillers (according to the vaporization heat source) inside every classification [2]. In the passive distillers, the vaporization occurs directly without external sources of heat, while using external heat sources such as collectors and concentrators are used in the active solar distillers.
This is the traditional solar distiller (or conventional distiller) without any modifications [115]. Also, it is used as a reference for the other modified distillers’ performances. Here, in this type of distillers, there is just one glass cover over the basin water. Also, the thermal losses in this type of distiller are large due to the single glass cover, which hence decreases its performance. Therefore, the efficacy of this distiller is low around 30–40% [2]. As a result, numerous experimental and empirical investigations were performed to augment the distiller performance. This type of distillers (single-effect solar distillers) is categorized into active and passive distillers.
The word “active” means that the solar distiller is integrated with somewhat external source of heat such as the solar concentrators and collectors [2]. Then, the active distillers include the following items:
Regenerative distillers
Air bubbled distillers
Waste heat recovery distillers
Distiller with heat exchangers
Distiller integrated with concentrators
Distiller incorporated with hybrid units
Distiller incorporated with heaters
Figure 8 shows the active distiller integrated with evacuated collector.
Active distiller integrated with evacuated collector [
Here, the heat source for basin water vaporization is only from inside of distiller [2]. Then, the passive solar distillers include the following kinds.
Basin distiller (conventional distiller).
Wick distiller.
Weir-type distiller.
Spherical distiller.
Tubular distiller.
Pyramid distiller.
Diffusion distiller.
Greenhouse combination distiller.
Stepped distiller.
For example, Figure 9 obtains a passive distiller incorporated with condenser, and Figure 10 reveals a passive distiller incorporated with internal and external mirrors.
Passive distiller integrated to condenser [
Passive distiller integrated with mirrors: Schematic and photo diagrams [
Multi-effect solar distillers are different in design from the single-basin distillers. Also, the modified design of multi-effect distillers helped enhancing the performance of the distillers. Here, in these types of distillers, the condensation latent heat is utilized as a recovery source of heat to obtain more vaporization through the effect of the distillers, and hence, the freshwater production is augmented [119]. Now, multi-effect solar distillers are categorized into two main sections: active and passive distillers as the following.
It is the same concept of the single-effect distiller. The word “active” means that the solar distiller is integrated with somewhat external source of heat such as the solar concentrators and collectors. Various distiller kinds can be found in the literature under the category of active distiller-based multi-effect distillers.
Multistage evacuated active distiller.
Multi-basin inverted absorber active distiller.
Waste heat recovery active distiller.
Multi-effect condensation–evaporation desalination unit.
Distiller integrated with collectors such as flat plate and tube collector.
A multi-effect active distiller with collector is illustrated in Figure 11. Also, Figure 12 shows a condensation-evaporation active distiller.
Double-effect single-slope active still: a coupled with solar collector in thermosiphon mode and b coupled with solar collector in forced circulation mode [
Condensation–evaporation active distiller [
Here, the passive multi-effect distillers include the following designs of distillers.
Wick distillers.
Conventional distillers.
Weir-type distillers.
Diffusion distillers.
Figure 13 illustrates a passive wick distiller, and Figure 14 shows a double-basin double-effect passive distiller.
Wick-passive distiller [
Double-effect double-basin passive distiller [
Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly progressing every day. Computers can easily perform the difficult tasks for the humans to do. AI is first contrived in 1950. AI passed with steps and stages; some failed and others succeeded. Deep learning with powerful computers is the main keys of the success of AI. With time, AI can solve numerous industrial problems including the image processing, recognition of speech, language processing, optimization, prediction, robotic automation, categorization, self-driving cars …etc. AI is of numerous branches, and we will focus, in this chapter, on the neural networks (NNs). NNs help the computers to teach themselves from observing the data to predict the system performances. Preparing data for neural network processing is typically the most difficult and time-consuming task you will encounter when working with neural networks. In addition to the enormous volume of data that could easily reach millions and even billions of records, the main difficulty is in preparing the data in the correct format for the task in question.
Contemporary experience indicates that artificial neural networks (ANN’s) may be specifically appropriate to offer tools to assist desalination plant operators in day-to-day operations. Prediction of the productivity of the desalination units is an essential consequence to evaluate its potentiality to provide potable water with involving in conducting more experiments. AI-based methods are stated as robust tools to obtain the correlation between the process parameters and responses [123, 124, 125, 126, 127]. This chapter suggests that ANNs are particularly appropriate as the basis for the development of tools to aid in the various phases of operating a desalination plant. In solar energy applications, different kinds of ANNs predicted and optimized the performance of collectors, cells, distillers, etc. [128]. The most application of ANNs is solving the issues of designing and procedures in electric power systems. Due to the similarities between power plants and desalination plants, the methods of ANNs can be used to predict the performance of desalination plants [129]. The merits of applying ANN included that it handles large amounts of datasets, can discover complex nonlinear relationships among all parameters (dependent and independent), and can find all interactions among all tested parameters.
Zarei and Behyad [130] introduced an ANN to test the effective parameters of the greenhouse on water productivity such as width, length, height of evaporator, and roof transparency. The method obtained an acceptable agreement with the experimental results. Tayyebi and Alishiri [131] used a nonlinear inverse model control strategy based on neural network for predicting the performance of MSF desalination plant. The proposed NNs consisted of three layers identified from input–output data and trained with a descent gradient algorithm. The set point tracking performance of the proposed method was studied when the disturbance is present in MSF unit. Three controllers were provided for checking the saline temperature, last stage level, and salinity. The results obtained that a neural network inverse model control strategy is robust and highly promising to be implemented in such nonlinear systems. An ANN model based on field data was built to investigate the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) performance at various factors [132]. The introduced model could accurately predict the unseen data of VMD. The correlation coefficient of the overall agreement between ANN predictions and experimental data was found to be more than 0.994. Aish et al. [133] utilized ANN to forecast reverse osmosis performance in Gaza Strip through predicting the next week values of total dissolved solids (TDS) and permeate flow rate of the product water. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks were trained and developed with reference to feedwater parameters including the pressure, pH, and conductivity to predict permeate next week values of flow rate. MLP and RBF neural networks were used for predicting the next week TDS concentrations. Both networks are trained and developed with reference to product water quality variables including the water temperature, pH, conductivity, and pressure. The prediction results showed that both types of neural networks are highly satisfactory for predicting TDS level in the product water quality and satisfactory for predicting permeate flow rate.
Santos et al. [134] simulated the distiller yield based on local weather data such as the solar irradiance, air temperature, glass temperature, and air speed and direction by ANNs. Essa et al. [51] introduced an enhanced ANNs incorporated to Harris Hawks optimizer to anticipate the distiller yield. The optimizer was utilized to get the optimal structure and network factors. Nevertheless, traditional artificial neural networks suffer from trapping in local optima problem during learning process. To overcome this problem, RVFL is proposed as it determines the output weights without involving in time-consuming learning process. Besides, RVFL has a direct connection among the input and output nodes, which is of a substantial impact on the network performance. This aids in avoiding the overfitting issue occurring in other ANNs. Using these merits, the conventional RVFL networks has some restrictions like that there are various conformations can be utilized, and this can affect the quality of water productivity final prediction. Then, Ensemble Random Vector Functional Link Networks (EnsRVFL) [135], which relies on RVFL as a basic modeling, were utilized to eliminate these restrictions of RVFL. A random vector functional link (RVFL) network integrated with artificial ecosystem-based optimization (AEO) algorithm was introduced to predict the seawater greenhouse (SWGH) performance [52]. Power consumption and yield of SWGH were predicted
Based on the above explained sections, the following points can be concluded. The most economic and efficient method to get freshwater is desalination. Demisters are the main component of MSFD technique to prevent mixing the distillate by brine. The thermal performance of MED is better than that of MSFD. For example, GOR is 10 and 15 for MSFD and MED, respectively. RO is considered as the most commercial, economic, and efficient techniques of distillation. The economics and technical properties of the desalination method with the targeted quantity of freshwater are the factors based on which we select the distillation technique. Solar distillers are the simplest and easiest way to get potable water, but they suffer from the few yields. The solar distillers can be classified into single-effect and multi-effect distillers (according to the number of effects of distiller) with a subcategory of active and passive distillers (according to the vaporization heat source) inside every classification.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Now, it is possible to produce parts that previously were either very difficult to produce using the subtracting technology and joining technology, or it was not at all feasible. In the manufacture of parts of complex shape, it is necessary to use a supporting structure, which is necessary to place such a way that they can be easily removed. Additionally, they must necessarily be absent in certain places. In this regard, the preparation model can take significant time to satisfy all of these, often conflicting, requirements. In this paper, we show optimization examples of the model preparation with support structures for parts manufactured at the facility EOSINT M270 and used in medicine and engineering. Additional emphasis is on the fact that, during the manufacture of parts, solidification’s modes of massive parts differ from those of the thin-walled portions of parts. 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Though not all advanced materials and alloys, can be automatically layered by a rapid prototyping system or machine, several interesting application have seen the light of publicity in many sectors. Efforts are underway to apply the automated layering technologies in as many materials as possible, mostly nowadays plastics, reinforced-polymers, and metals can be processed by such systems in order to produce three-dimensional parts. The work is underway internationally in order to promote more and more applications of additive manufacturing or automated layering and to lower the costs in such systems. This paper aims at presenting a review of the additive manufacturing history presenting the major steps that lead to the explosion of this technology, and with a special focus on advanced 3D structures in aerospace and defense applications. An insight is also given on the four dimensions of manufacturing concept.",book:{id:"5759",slug:"lamination-theory-and-application",title:"Lamination",fullTitle:"Lamination - Theory and Application"},signatures:"Dionysios E. Mouzakis",authors:[{id:"107011",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dionysios",middleName:"E.",surname:"Mouzakis",slug:"dionysios-mouzakis",fullName:"Dionysios Mouzakis"}]},{id:"61242",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76860",title:"Theory and Technology of Direct Laser Deposition",slug:"theory-and-technology-of-direct-laser-deposition",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Presently the additive technologies in manufacturing are widely developed in all industrialized countries. Replacing the traditional technology of casting and machining with additive technologies, one can significantly reduce material consumption and labor costs. They also allow obtaining products with desired properties. The most promising for manufacturing large-sized products is the additive technology of high-speed direct laser deposition. Using this technology allows to create complex parts and construction to one technological operation without using addition equipment and tools. This technology allows decreasing of consumption of raw materials and decrease amount of waste. Equipment for realization of DLD technology is universal and based on module design principle. DLD is based on layer-by-layer deposition and melting of powder by laser beam from using a sliced 3D computer-aided design (CAD) file. The materials used are powders based on Fe, Ni, and Ti. This chapter presents the results of machine design and research HS DLD technology from various materials.",book:{id:"6306",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Gleb Turichin and Olga Klimova-Korsmik",authors:[{id:"212068",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Klimova-Korsmik",slug:"klimova-korsmik",fullName:"Klimova-Korsmik"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72209",title:"Multifunctional Clay in Pharmaceuticals",slug:"multifunctional-clay-in-pharmaceuticals",totalDownloads:822,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Clay has its widespread applications in pharmaceuticals from ancient world to modern era. It is one of the excellent excipients present in the commercially available pharmaceuticals. Its use in many of dosage forms viz. in suspension, emulsion, ointments, gels, tablet and as drug delivery carrier as suspending agent, emulsifying agent, stiffening agent, binder, diluent, opacifier, and as release retardant have been explored in many studies. Variety of minerals is used as both excipient and as an active ingredient; among that kaolinite, talc, and gypsum are important. Their inertness, low toxicity, versatile physiochemical properties and cost effectiveness has increased its usage in pharma industries. Many minerals have its own pharmacological action as antacid, anti-bacterial, anti-emetic, anti- diarrheal agent and as skin protectant etc. Their unique structure which helps them to absorb material onto their layered sheets has opened a wide variety of applications in drug delivery. The understanding of surface chemistry and particle size distribution of clay minerals has led the pharmaceutical field in many directions and future perspectives.",book:{id:"9313",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",title:"Clay Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Clay Science and Technology"},signatures:"Nandakumar Selvasudha, Unnikrishnan-Meenakshi Dhanalekshmi, Sekar Krishnaraj, Yogeeswarakannan Harish Sundar, Nagarajan Sri Durga Devi and Irisappan Sarathchandiran",authors:[{id:"317602",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nandakumar",middleName:null,surname:"Selvasudha",slug:"nandakumar-selvasudha",fullName:"Nandakumar Selvasudha"},{id:"319654",title:"Dr.",name:"Unnikrishnan-Meenakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanalekshmi",slug:"unnikrishnan-meenakshi-dhanalekshmi",fullName:"Unnikrishnan-Meenakshi Dhanalekshmi"},{id:"319655",title:"Dr.",name:"Sekar",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnaraj",slug:"sekar-krishnaraj",fullName:"Sekar Krishnaraj"},{id:"319656",title:"Mr.",name:"Yogeeswarakannan Harish",middleName:null,surname:"Sundar",slug:"yogeeswarakannan-harish-sundar",fullName:"Yogeeswarakannan Harish Sundar"},{id:"319657",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nagarajan Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Sridurga Devi",slug:"nagarajan-sri-sridurga-devi",fullName:"Nagarajan Sri Sridurga Devi"},{id:"319658",title:"Dr.",name:"Irisappan",middleName:null,surname:"Sarathchandiran",slug:"irisappan-sarathchandiran",fullName:"Irisappan Sarathchandiran"}]},{id:"80125",title:"Perspective Chapter: Additive Manufactured Zirconia-Based Bio-Ceramics for Biomedical Applications",slug:"perspective-chapter-additive-manufactured-zirconia-based-bio-ceramics-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:185,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Zirconia was established as one of the chief vital ceramic materials for its superior mechanical permanency and biocompatibility, which make it a popular material for dental and orthopedic applications. This has inspired biomedical engineers to exploit zirconia-based bioceramics for dental restorations and repair of load-bearing bone defects caused by cancer, arthritis, and trauma. Additive manufacturing (AM) is being promoted as a possible technique for mimicking the complex architecture of human tissues, and advancements reported in the recent past make it a suitable choice for clinical applications. AM is a bottom-up approach that can offer a high resolution to 3D printed zirconia-based bioceramics for implants, prostheses, and scaffold manufacturing. Substantial research has been initiated worldwide on a large scale for reformatting and optimizing zirconia bioceramics for biomedical applications to maximize the clinical potential of AM. This book chapter provides a comprehensive summary of zirconia-based bioceramics using AM techniques for biomedical applications and highlights the challenges related to AM of zirconia.",book:{id:"10974",slug:"advanced-additive-manufacturing",title:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing"},signatures:"Sakthiabirami Kumaresan, Soundharrajan Vaiyapuri, Jin-Ho Kang, Nileshkumar Dubey, Geetha Manivasagam, Kwi-Dug Yun and Sang-Won Park",authors:[{id:"246235",title:"Prof.",name:"Geetha",middleName:null,surname:"Manivasagam",slug:"geetha-manivasagam",fullName:"Geetha Manivasagam"},{id:"426610",title:"Prof.",name:"Park",middleName:null,surname:"Sangwon",slug:"park-sangwon",fullName:"Park Sangwon"},{id:"429162",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthiabirami",middleName:null,surname:"Kumaresan",slug:"sakthiabirami-kumaresan",fullName:"Sakthiabirami Kumaresan"},{id:"442019",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundharrajan",middleName:null,surname:"Vaiyapuri",slug:"soundharrajan-vaiyapuri",fullName:"Soundharrajan Vaiyapuri"},{id:"442021",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",slug:"jin-ho-kang",fullName:"Jin-Ho Kang"},{id:"442023",title:"Prof.",name:"Nileshkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"nileshkumar-dubey",fullName:"Nileshkumar Dubey"},{id:"442024",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwi-Dug",middleName:null,surname:"Yun",slug:"kwi-dug-yun",fullName:"Kwi-Dug Yun"}]},{id:"72560",title:"Limestone Clays for Ceramic Industry",slug:"limestone-clays-for-ceramic-industry",totalDownloads:677,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Limestone clays are used in the ceramic segment in the manufacture of bricks, ceramic tiles, and in the production of cement, among others. Limestone can be present in soils in pure form or as a contaminant, but always from marine environments. The limestone after burning can present a high loss of mass (35–45%), which can cause serious problems with the sintering of ceramic products such as bricks, tiles. The calcium or magnesium carbonate once dissociated forms calcium oxide (CaO) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). CaO in contact with water subsequently experiences very high expansions that can cause cracks in the materials. Researchers have studied procedures to inhibit limestone action on clays as well as to set the correct temperature for firing. In this chapter, examples of clays with different percentages of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that are used in the ceramic segment and their characteristics will be given.",book:{id:"9313",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",title:"Clay Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Clay Science and Technology"},signatures:"Herbet Alves de Oliveira and Cochiran Pereira dos Santos",authors:[{id:"316552",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbet",middleName:null,surname:"Alves de Oliveira",slug:"herbet-alves-de-oliveira",fullName:"Herbet Alves de Oliveira"},{id:"320536",title:"Dr.",name:"Cochiran",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira dos Santos",slug:"cochiran-pereira-dos-santos",fullName:"Cochiran Pereira dos Santos"}]},{id:"60707",title:"Processing Parameters for Selective Laser Sintering or Melting of Oxide Ceramics",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a detailed introduction to the factors which influence laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) on oxide ceramics. These factors can be in general divided in three main categories: laser-related factors (wavelength, power, scanning speed, hatch distance, scan pattern, beam diameter, etc.), powder- and material-related factors (flowability, size distribution, shape, powder deposition, thickness of deposited layers, etc.), and other factors (pre- or post-processing, inert gas atmosphere, etc.). The process parameters directly affect the amount of energy delivered to the surface of the thin layer and the energy density absorbed by the powders; therefore, decide the physical and mechanical properties of the built parts, such as relative density, porosity, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, strength, etc. The parameter-property relation is hence reviewed for the most studied oxide ceramic materials, including families from alumina, silica, and some ceramic mixtures. Among those parameters, reducing temperature gradient which decreases the thermal stresses is one of the key factors to improve the ceramic quality. Although realizing crack-free ceramics combined with a smooth surface is still a major challenge, through optimizing the parameters, it is possible for LPBF processed ceramic parts to achieve properties close to those of conventionally produced ceramics.",book:{id:"6306",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization"},signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc"},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang"}]},{id:"60683",title:"MPFEM Modeling on the Compaction of Al/SiC Composite Powders with Core/Shell Structure",slug:"mpfem-modeling-on-the-compaction-of-al-sic-composite-powders-with-core-shell-structure",totalDownloads:980,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Uniaxial die compaction of two-dimensional (2D) Al/SiC core/shell (core: SiC; shell: Al) composite powders with different initial packing structures was numerically reproduced using DEM-FEM coupled MPFEM modeling from particulate scale. The effects of external pressure, initial packing structure, and SiC content on the packing densification were systematically presented. Various macro and micro properties such as relative density and distribution, stress and distribution, particle rearrangement (e.g. sliding and rolling), deformation and mass transfer, and interfacial behavior within composite particles were characterized and analyzed. The results show that by properly controlling the initial packing structure, pressure, and SiC content, various anisotropic and isotropic Al/SiC particulate composites with high relative densities and uniform density/stress distributions can be obtained. At early stage of the compaction, the densification mechanism mainly lies in the particle rearrangement driven by the low interparticle forces. In addition to sliding, accompanied particle rolling also plays an important role. With the increase of the compaction pressure, the force network based on SiC cores leads to extrusion on Al shells between two cores, contributing to mass transfer and pore filling. During compaction, the debonding between the core and shell of each composite particle appears and then disappears gradually in the final compact.",book:{id:"6737",slug:"powder-technology",title:"Powder Technology",fullTitle:"Powder Technology"},signatures:"Xizhong An, Yu Liu, Fen Huang and Qian Jia",authors:[{id:"114055",title:"Prof.",name:"Xizhong",middleName:null,surname:"An",slug:"xizhong-an",fullName:"Xizhong An"},{id:"237739",title:"Mr.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"yu-liu",fullName:"Yu Liu"},{id:"237740",title:"Ms.",name:"Fen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fen-huang",fullName:"Fen Huang"},{id:"242885",title:"Ms.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",slug:"qian-jia",fullName:"Qian Jia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"292",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82676",title:"Electrospinning of Fiber Matrices from Polyhydroxybutyrate for the Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"electrospinning-of-fiber-matrices-from-polyhydroxybutyrate-for-the-controlled-release-drug-delivery-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105786",abstract:"The submission provides an overview of current state of the problem and authors’ experimental data on manufacturing nonwoven fibrous matrices for the controlled release drug delivery systems (CRDDS). The choice of ultrathin fibers as effective carriers is determined by their characteristics and functional behavior, for example, such as a high specific surface area, anisotropy of some physicochemical characteristics, spatial limitations of segmental mobility that are inherent in nanosized objects, controlled biodegradation, and controlled diffusion transport. The structural-dynamic approach to the study of the morphology and diffusion properties of biopolymer fibers based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is considered from several angles. In the submission, the electrospinning (ES) application to reach specific characteristics of materials for controlled release drug delivery is discussed.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Anatoly A. Olkhov, Svetlana G. Karpova, Anna V. Bychkova, Alexandre A. Vetcher and Alexey L. Iordanskii"},{id:"81249",title:"Electrospun Polymeric Substrates for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Fabrication, Application, and Challenges",slug:"electrospun-polymeric-substrates-for-tissue-engineering-viewpoints-on-fabrication-application-and-ch",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102596",abstract:"Electrospinning is the technique for producing nonwoven fibrous structures, to mimic the fabrication and function of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissue. Prepared fibrous with this method can act as potential polymeric substrates for proliferation and differentiation of stem cells (with the cellular growth pattern similar to damaged tissue cells) and facilitation of artificial tissue remodeling. Moreover, such substrates can improve biological functions, and lead to a decrease in organ transplantation. In this chapter, we focus on the fundamental parameters and principles of the electrospinning technique to generate natural ECM-like substrates, in terms of structural and functional complexity. In the following, the application of these substrates in regenerating various tissues and the role of polymers (synthetic/natural) in the formation of such substrates is evaluated. Finally, challenges of this technique (such as cellular infiltration and inadequate mechanical strength) and solutions to overcome these limitations are studied.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Azadeh Izadyari Aghmiuni, Arezoo Ghadi, Elmira Azmoun, Niloufar Kalantari, Iman Mohammadi and Hossein Hemati Kordmahaleh"},{id:"82145",title:"Slope Casting Process: A Review",slug:"slope-casting-process-a-review",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102742",abstract:"Semi solid processing is a near net shape casting process and one of the promising techniques to obtain dendritic free structure of metals. Semi solid casting gives numerous advantages than solid processing and liquid processing. Semi solid casting process gives, Laminar flow filling of die without turbulence, Lower metal temperature, Less shrinkage, Less porosity, Higher mechanical properties. Semi solid casting process is industrially successful, producing a variety of products with good quality. Slope Casting process is a simple technique to produce semi solid feed-stoke with globular microstructure and dendrite free structure castings. Slope casting process depends on different process parameters like slope length, slope angle, pouring temperature etc. The present study mainly focuses on review of various explorations made by researchers with different process parameters of the Slope casting process and explain the mechanisms that lead to microstructural changes which leads to good mechanical properties.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Mukkollu Sambasiva Rao and Amitesh Kumar"},{id:"81611",title:"Biomass Electrospinning: Recycling Materials for Green Economy Applications",slug:"biomass-electrospinning-recycling-materials-for-green-economy-applications",totalDownloads:40,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103096",abstract:"The development and advancement of electrospinning (ES) presents a unique material technology of the future achieved by fabricating novel nanofibrous materials with multifunctional physical (three-dimensional [3D] structure, nanoscalable sizes) and chemical characteristics (functional groups). Advancing the possibility of preparing various classes of novel organic and inorganic electrospun fiber composites with unique features such as polymer alloys, nanoparticles (NPs), active agents, and devices. This feature gives provision for internal access of the setup parameters such as polymer precursor material, polymer concentration, solvent, and the method of fiber collection that consequentially improves the intrinsic control of the construction mechanism of the final nanofibrous architecture. In synthetic electrospinning, the nanofibrous material processing allows for internal control of the electrospinning mechanism and foster chemical crosslinking to generate covalent connections between polymeric fibers. Comparing technologies according to materials of the future revealed that electrospinning supports the formation of micro-scale and in some cases nano-scale fibers while the formation of thin films is facilitated by the electrospraying system. Recent innovations point to various biomass waste streams that may be used as an alternative source of polymeric materials for application in electrospinning to produce materials for the future.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Farai Dziike, Phylis Makurunje and Refilwe Matshitse"},{id:"81245",title:"Functional Nanofibers for Sensors",slug:"functional-nanofibers-for-sensors",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102597",abstract:"Electrospun nanomaterials and their applications have increasingly gained interest over the last decade. Nanofibers are known for their exceptional surface area and wide opportunities for their functionalization. These properties have been attractive for various sensing applications; however, mostly electric sensing principles have been reported. An overview of most frequently studied concepts will be presented. A novel approach based on optical detection will be described. Various functionalized nanofiber materials have been used to demonstrate feasibility of realization of miniature sensors of biomedical and chemical values (enzymes reactions, metal ions content, concentration, etc.). Compactness and sensitivity of the sensors are significantly enhanced through original hybrid fiber-optic/nanofiber design. The potential of the new detection principle for various applications (bio-medical, chemical, forensic, automotive, etc.) will be discussed.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Stanislav Petrík and Mayza Ibrahim"},{id:"80458",title:"Production of Nanofibers from Plant Extracts by Electrospinning Method",slug:"production-of-nanofibers-from-plant-extracts-by-electrospinning-method",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102614",abstract:"The fact that different plants grow in each climate type, that each plant has different and many benefits, and that it can obtain bio-structured, sustainable, economic, and ecological products has increased the work of researchers in this field. The long-term toxicity and harmful side effects of herbal extracts are generally less compared to synthetic drugs. Studies on the production of nanofibrous membrane structures from plant extracts are relatively limited and are an emerging field. Herbal extracts have a positive effect in electrospinning applications with their biodiversity, ability to maintain biological functionality, and wound healing effects against pathogenic microorganisms. With the creation of nanofiber structures of plants obtained from natural sources, applications in fields such as wound healing, tissue engineering, drug release are increasing day by day.",book:{id:"11127",title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg"},signatures:"Nilşen Sünter Eroğlu"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:11},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of 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