\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5087",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Alternative Fuels, Technical and Environmental Conditions",title:"Alternative Fuels",subtitle:"Technical and Environmental Conditions",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The presented book provides an overview of the most widely used alternative fuels in the power supply systems in spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines, such as LPG, CNG and RME, including the assessment of their operational usefulness, especially in terms of environmental impact in urban traffic. The possibilities of optimizing the ignition processes in engines fueled by gas are presented. The monograph also contains the results of exploitation tests with an assessment of the environmental impact of fuels containing oxygen additives in diesel engines. The possibilities of producing a wide range of advanced alternative fuels (biofuels) with the use of microorganisms as raw materials are also presented.",isbn:"978-953-51-2269-2",printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5426-6",doi:"10.5772/60628",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"alternative-fuels-technical-and-environmental-conditions",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"d384e15f7ac163a7323b08fede906b7a",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",publishedDate:"March 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5087.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11959,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 13th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 13th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/155009/images/system/155009.jfif",biography:"Krzysztof Biernat Ph.D. (Mech.Eng.) is a professor of the Automotive Industry Institute (PIMOT), acting as President of the Polish Biomethane Council, a Coordinator of Polish Technology Platform for Biofuels, and a member of the Coordinating Committee of Society Cluster of Bioeconomy. He is also a lead expert of the International Renewable Energy Agency and an expert in many operational programs. He specializes in chemical thermodynamics of environmental processes as well as obtaining technologies, quality evaluation, and the use of exploitative liquids, including biofuels, and biorefinery systems. He is an author of above 200 publications in the area of properties and exploitative conditionings of fuels, biofuels, and other liquids as well as environmental protection. He is a member of many national and international scientific societies including the American Chemical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science.",institutionString:"Łukasiewicz R&D Network - Automotive Industry Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"885",title:"Bioenergy",slug:"sustainable-energy-bioenergy"}],chapters:[{id:"50143",title:"Environmental Aspects of the Use of CNG in Public Urban Transport",doi:"10.5772/62978",slug:"environmental-aspects-of-the-use-of-cng-in-public-urban-transport",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jerzy Merkisz, Michał Dobrzyński, Miłosław Kozak, Piotr Lijewski\nand Paweł Fuć",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50143",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50143",authors:[{id:"176955",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Miloslaw",surname:"Kozak",slug:"miloslaw-kozak",fullName:"Miloslaw Kozak"},{id:"176956",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",surname:"Merkisz",slug:"jerzy-merkisz",fullName:"Jerzy Merkisz"},{id:"176957",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Fuc",slug:"pawel-fuc",fullName:"Pawel Fuc"},{id:"176958",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Lijewski",slug:"piotr-lijewski",fullName:"Piotr Lijewski"},{id:"177898",title:"MSc.",name:"Michal",surname:"Dobrzynski",slug:"michal-dobrzynski",fullName:"Michal Dobrzynski"}],corrections:null},{id:"49937",title:"Rapeseed Oil Methyl Esters (RME) as Fuel for Urban Transport",doi:"10.5772/62218",slug:"rapeseed-oil-methyl-esters-rme-as-fuel-for-urban-transport",totalDownloads:1547,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jerzy Merkisz, Paweł Fuć, Piotr Lijewski and Miłosław Kozak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49937",authors:[{id:"176955",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Miloslaw",surname:"Kozak",slug:"miloslaw-kozak",fullName:"Miloslaw Kozak"},{id:"176956",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",surname:"Merkisz",slug:"jerzy-merkisz",fullName:"Jerzy Merkisz"},{id:"176957",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Fuc",slug:"pawel-fuc",fullName:"Pawel Fuc"},{id:"176958",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Lijewski",slug:"piotr-lijewski",fullName:"Piotr Lijewski"}],corrections:null},{id:"49715",title:"The Study on the Influence of Diesel Fuel Oxygenates on Exhaust Emissions",doi:"10.5772/62005",slug:"the-study-on-the-influence-of-diesel-fuel-oxygenates-on-exhaust-emissions",totalDownloads:1284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Miłosław Kozak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49715",authors:[{id:"176955",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Miloslaw",surname:"Kozak",slug:"miloslaw-kozak",fullName:"Miloslaw Kozak"}],corrections:null},{id:"49555",title:"Combustion of Gaseous Alternative Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines",doi:"10.5772/61663",slug:"combustion-of-gaseous-alternative-fuels-in-compression-ignition-engines",totalDownloads:2125,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mikulski Maciej, Wierzbicki Sławomir, Ambrosewicz-Walacik Marta,\nDuda Kamil and Piętak Andrzej",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49555",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49555",authors:[{id:"176488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Mikulski",slug:"maciej-mikulski",fullName:"Maciej Mikulski"},{id:"176864",title:"Dr.",name:"Sławomir",surname:"Wierzbicki",slug:"slawomir-wierzbicki",fullName:"Sławomir Wierzbicki"},{id:"176865",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Ambrosewicz-Walacik",slug:"marta-ambrosewicz-walacik",fullName:"Marta Ambrosewicz-Walacik"},{id:"176866",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Duda",slug:"kamil-duda",fullName:"Kamil Duda"},{id:"177676",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Piętak",slug:"andrzej-pietak",fullName:"Andrzej Piętak"}],corrections:null},{id:"49697",title:"Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines",doi:"10.5772/61736",slug:"liquefied-petroleum-gas-lpg-as-a-fuel-for-internal-combustion-engines",totalDownloads:3919,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Maciej Paczuski, Marcin Marchwiany, Ryszard Puławski, Andrzej\nPankowski, Kamil Kurpiel and Marcin Przedlacki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49697",authors:[{id:"176510",title:"Dr.",name:"Maciej",surname:"Paczuski",slug:"maciej-paczuski",fullName:"Maciej Paczuski"},{id:"177762",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Marchwiany",slug:"marcin-marchwiany",fullName:"Marcin Marchwiany"},{id:"177763",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Pankowski",slug:"andrzej-pankowski",fullName:"Andrzej Pankowski"},{id:"177764",title:"Mr.",name:"Ryszard",surname:"Puławski",slug:"ryszard-pulawski",fullName:"Ryszard Puławski"},{id:"177765",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Kurpiel",slug:"kamil-kurpiel",fullName:"Kamil Kurpiel"},{id:"177766",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Przedlacki",slug:"marcin-przedlacki",fullName:"Marcin Przedlacki"}],corrections:null},{id:"49976",title:"Microorganisms as Direct and Indirect Sources of Alternative Fuels",doi:"10.5772/62397",slug:"microorganisms-as-direct-and-indirect-sources-of-alternative-fuels",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna Matuszewska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49976",authors:[{id:"176734",title:"Dr.",name:"Ph.D. Anna",surname:"Matuszewska",slug:"ph.d.-anna-matuszewska",fullName:"Ph.D. Anna Matuszewska"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6784",title:"Biofuels",subtitle:"State of Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a31143f106bba91ce8430f49d3339af",slug:"biofuels-state-of-development",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6784.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4542",title:"Biofuels",subtitle:"Status and Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cbcf6eb3ffef503058cdf579d9d7fc63",slug:"biofuels-status-and-perspective",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4751",title:"Storage Stability of Fuels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc73beb5dc74410e15c8ee19ee4de722",slug:"storage-stability-of-fuels",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"8150",title:"Elements of Bioeconomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5a930b0695ff23259fe96f219ff9a15",slug:"elements-of-bioeconomy",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155009",title:"Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Biernat",slug:"krzysztof-biernat",fullName:"Krzysztof Biernat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6665",title:"Advances In Hydrogen Generation Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99ccb9f2118953ff45f33ec391868157",slug:"advances-in-hydrogen-generation-technologies",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6665.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7514",title:"Biofuels",subtitle:"Challenges and opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8346cbab8dc0782736f2976dd8889f8",slug:"biofuels-challenges-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Mansour Al Qubeissi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"241686",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",surname:"Al Qubeissi",slug:"mansour-al-qubeissi",fullName:"Mansour Al Qubeissi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9184",title:"Biorefinery Concepts, Energy and Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b97398a8e5c5fef9494e8ef39361a7dd",slug:"biorefinery-concepts-energy-and-products",bookSignature:"Venko Beschkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9184.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191530",title:"Prof.",name:"Venko",surname:"Beschkov",slug:"venko-beschkov",fullName:"Venko Beschkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7828",title:"Alcohol Fuels",subtitle:"Current Technologies and Future Prospect",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c951982f9176ae38f87c0a978c8f7541",slug:"alcohol-fuels-current-technologies-and-future-prospect",bookSignature:"Yongseung Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144925",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongseung",surname:"Yun",slug:"yongseung-yun",fullName:"Yongseung Yun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7608",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",subtitle:"Recent Trends and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3ab762a09c87e3f3fc697f9be6c1a39",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7608.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abd El-Fatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abd-el-fatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abd El-Fatah Abomohra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66301",slug:"corrigendum-to-denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",title:"Corrigendum to: Denim Fabrics Woven with Dual Core-Spun Yarns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66301.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66301",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66301",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66301",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66301",chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63209",slug:"denim-fabrics-woven-with-dual-core-spun-yarns",signatures:"Osman Babaarslan, Esin Sarioğlu, Halil İbrahim Çelik and Münevver\nArtek Avci",dateSubmitted:"February 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 13th 2019",book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",email:"teksob@cu.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",fullName:"Halil Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",email:"hcelik@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"216179",title:"Dr.",name:"Esin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıoğlu",fullName:"Esin Sarıoğlu",slug:"esin-sarioglu",email:"sarioglu@gantep.edu.tr",position:null,institution:{name:"Gaziantep University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"245674",title:"Mrs.",name:"Münevver",middleName:null,surname:"Ertek Avci",fullName:"Münevver Ertek Avci",slug:"munevver-ertek-avci",email:"Munevver.ErtekAvci@calikdenim.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineered Fabrics",slug:"engineered-fabrics",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6679",leadTitle:null,title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"My scientific journey brought me from Lanzhou in China, Leuven in Belgium, Bethesda in the USA, all the way to San Diego. Sometimes I pick up an assortment of scattered seashells while walking along the beautiful Torrey Pines Beach in San Diego. Likewise, this book contains an assortment of discussions of different aspects of serotonin to enrich our knowledge and understanding of this neurochemical. The book contains four different chapters: 1. Introductory chapter: From Measuring Serotonin Neurotransmission to Evaluating Serotonin Post-Receptor Signaling Transduction; 2. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Role in Chronic Pain Management; 3. Serotonin and Emotional Decision-Making; and 4. Clinical Aspects Related to Plasma Serotonin in the Horse.",isbn:"978-1-78985-236-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-235-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-026-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72010",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"serotonin",numberOfPages:74,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2038,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 20th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 11th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94028/images/5914_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ying Qu is a multi-disciplinary scientist, currently working in Leulan Bioscience, USA. She received her BS and MS in Chemistry from Lanzhou University, China and her PhD in Neuroscience from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Dr. Qu has spent part of her career at the National Institutes of Health, USA, studying depression mechanisms underlying serotonin post-receptor regulated signaling transduction. She is also involved in a drug discovery program at Johnson and Johnson in the USA developing novel dual-acting antidepressants with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In 2002, she received a Sevier Young Investigator Award from the Serotonin Club at the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) Satellite Meeting on Serotonin. She has published over 30 peer-reviewed papers, 40 abstracts and two book chapters in the fields of neuropsychopharmacology and bioanalysis.",institutionString:"Leulan Bioscience",position:"Senior Scientist",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1115",title:"Neuropharmacology",slug:"neuropharmacology"}],chapters:[{id:"65286",title:"Introductory Chapter: From Measuring Serotonin Neurotransmission to Evaluating Serotonin Post-Receptor Signaling Transduction",slug:"introductory-chapter-from-measuring-serotonin-neurotransmission-to-evaluating-serotonin-post-recepto",totalDownloads:487,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}]},{id:"63750",title:"Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Their Role in Chronic Pain Management",slug:"serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-and-their-role-in-chronic-pain-management",totalDownloads:647,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64092",title:"Serotonin and Emotional Decision-Making",slug:"serotonin-and-emotional-decision-making",totalDownloads:472,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"61898",title:"Clinical Aspects Related to Plasma Serotonin in the Horse",slug:"clinical-aspects-related-to-plasma-serotonin-in-the-horse",totalDownloads:433,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7256",title:"Dopamine",subtitle:"Health and Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e46d08f526c35d787be15bcb17126fb8",slug:"dopamine-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6404",title:"Drug Addiction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f432d0ab93a06628d3592b4c0fea44ae",slug:"drug-addiction",bookSignature:"Fang Zhao and Meng Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207525",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang",surname:"Zhao",slug:"fang-zhao",fullName:"Fang Zhao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5894",title:"Neurotoxins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ed24b0789b6d0bf230c24637f2f7575",slug:"neurotoxins",bookSignature:"J. Eric McDuffie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161246",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Eric",surname:"McDuffie",slug:"j.-eric-mcduffie",fullName:"J. Eric McDuffie"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8166",title:"Receptors P1 and P2 as Targets for Drug Therapy in Humans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"546c9abc8145b3a3ecf13557a03f7590",slug:"receptors-p1-and-p2-as-targets-for-drug-therapy-in-humans",bookSignature:"Robson Faria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7116",title:"Antidepressants",subtitle:"Preclinical, Clinical and Translational Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bd4340dfebb60697e12fc04a461d9ac",slug:"antidepressants-preclinical-clinical-and-translational-aspects",bookSignature:"Olivier Berend",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20546",title:"Lipid Droplets and Very Low Density Lipoproteins; Their Relation to Insulin Resistance",doi:"10.5772/21559",slug:"lipid-droplets-and-very-low-density-lipoproteins-their-relation-to-insulin-resistance",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20546.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20546",totalDownloads:2725,totalViews:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 15th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20546",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20546",book:{slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes"},signatures:"Sven-Olof Olofsson, Linda Andersson, Jeanna Perman, Mikael Rutberg, Lilliana Håversen, Li Lu, Emma Lu, Reza Mobini, Marcus Ståhlman, Susanna Myhre, Christina Olsson, Rosie Perkins,Thomas Larsson, Jan Borén and Martin Adiels",authors:[{id:"43705",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven-Olof",middleName:null,surname:"Olofsson",fullName:"Sven-Olof Olofsson",slug:"sven-olof-olofsson",email:"sven-olof.olofsson@wlab.gu.se",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1039",title:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Coleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1039.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20545",title:"The Sick Adipocyte Theory: The Forces of Clustering at Glance",slug:"the-sick-adipocyte-theory-the-forces-of-clustering-at-glance",totalDownloads:1648,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Valmore Bermúdez, Joselyn Rojas, Miguel Aguirre, Clímaco Cano, Nailet Arraiz, Carlos Silva Paredes,Marcos Lima, Raquel Cano, Eneida Fonseca and Manuel Velasco",authors:[{id:"41236",title:"Dr.",name:"Valmore",middleName:null,surname:"Bermúdez",fullName:"Valmore Bermúdez",slug:"valmore-bermudez"},{id:"58159",title:"MSc.",name:"Joselyn",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",fullName:"Joselyn Rojas",slug:"joselyn-rojas"},{id:"58160",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre",fullName:"Miguel Aguirre",slug:"miguel-aguirre"},{id:"58161",title:"Prof.",name:"Climaco",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",fullName:"Climaco Cano",slug:"climaco-cano"},{id:"58163",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Carlos Silva",slug:"carlos-silva"},{id:"58164",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco",fullName:"Manuel Velasco",slug:"manuel-velasco"},{id:"97049",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Marcos Lima",slug:"marcos-lima"},{id:"99029",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",fullName:"Raquel Cano",slug:"raquel-cano"},{id:"105794",title:"Dr.",name:"Nailet",middleName:null,surname:"Arraiz",fullName:"Nailet Arraiz",slug:"nailet-arraiz"},{id:"119255",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneida",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca",fullName:"Eneida Fonseca",slug:"eneida-fonseca"}]},{id:"20546",title:"Lipid Droplets and Very Low Density Lipoproteins; Their Relation to Insulin Resistance",slug:"lipid-droplets-and-very-low-density-lipoproteins-their-relation-to-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:2725,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sven-Olof Olofsson, Linda Andersson, Jeanna Perman, Mikael Rutberg, Lilliana Håversen, Li Lu, Emma Lu, Reza Mobini, Marcus Ståhlman, Susanna Myhre, Christina Olsson, Rosie Perkins,Thomas Larsson, Jan Borén and Martin Adiels",authors:[{id:"43705",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven-Olof",middleName:null,surname:"Olofsson",fullName:"Sven-Olof Olofsson",slug:"sven-olof-olofsson"}]},{id:"20547",title:"Role of Triglyceride/Fatty Acid Cycle in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"role-of-triglyceride-fatty-acid-cycle-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:2351,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chang-Wen Hsieh, David DeSantis and Colleen M Croniger",authors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger"},{id:"58749",title:"Mr",name:"Chang-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Chang-Wen Hsieh",slug:"chang-wen-hsieh"},{id:"58750",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"DeSantis",fullName:"David DeSantis",slug:"david-desantis"}]},{id:"20548",title:"Obesity and Systemic Inflammation: Insights into Epigenetic Mechanisms",slug:"obesity-and-systemic-inflammation-insights-into-epigenetic-mechanisms",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Perla Kaliman and Marcelina Párrizas",authors:[{id:"47814",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla",middleName:null,surname:"Kaliman",fullName:"Perla Kaliman",slug:"perla-kaliman"},{id:"56408",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelina",middleName:null,surname:"Párrizas",fullName:"Marcelina Párrizas",slug:"marcelina-parrizas"}]},{id:"20549",title:"Inflammatory Markers Associated with Chronic Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance",slug:"inflammatory-markers-associated-with-chronic-hyperglycemia-and-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:1805,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Denisa Margina",authors:[{id:"47029",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",middleName:null,surname:"Margina",fullName:"Denisa Margina",slug:"denisa-margina"}]},{id:"20550",title:"The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways Through L-Carnitine Homeostasis",slug:"the-regulation-of-energy-metabolism-pathways-through-l-carnitine-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Edgars Liepinsh, Ivars Kalvinsh and Maija Dambrova",authors:[{id:"47864",title:"Dr",name:"Edgars",middleName:null,surname:"Liepinsh",fullName:"Edgars Liepinsh",slug:"edgars-liepinsh"},{id:"52132",title:"Dr",name:"Maija",middleName:null,surname:"Dambrova",fullName:"Maija Dambrova",slug:"maija-dambrova"},{id:"92723",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivars",middleName:null,surname:"Kalvins",fullName:"Ivars Kalvins",slug:"ivars-kalvins"}]},{id:"20551",title:"Oxidative Stress in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the Role of the Endogenous Antioxidant Glutathione",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-type-ii-diabetes-mellitus-and-the-role-of-the-endogenous-antioxidant-glutathione",totalDownloads:2533,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Stephney Whillier, Philip William Kuchel and Julia Elizabeth Raftos",authors:[{id:"42308",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephney",middleName:null,surname:"Whillier",fullName:"Stephney Whillier",slug:"stephney-whillier"},{id:"94410",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia E.",middleName:null,surname:"Raftos",fullName:"Julia E. Raftos",slug:"julia-e.-raftos"},{id:"94411",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip W.",middleName:null,surname:"Kuchel",fullName:"Philip W. Kuchel",slug:"philip-w.-kuchel"}]},{id:"20552",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy: Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase Level in Relation to Peripheral Nerve Conduction in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-pathogenesis-of-diabetic-neuropathy-erythrocyte-superoxide-dismutase",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gordana M. Djordjević, Stojanka S.Djurić, Vidosava B. Djordjević, Slobodan Apostolski and Miroslava Živković",authors:[{id:"38910",title:"Prof.",name:"Vidosava",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Vidosava Djordjevic",slug:"vidosava-djordjevic"},{id:"56645",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Gordana Djordjevic",slug:"gordana-djordjevic"},{id:"56654",title:"Prof.",name:"Stojanka",middleName:null,surname:"Djuric",fullName:"Stojanka Djuric",slug:"stojanka-djuric"},{id:"56655",title:"Prof.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:"Apostol",surname:"Apostolski",fullName:"Slobodan Apostolski",slug:"slobodan-apostolski"},{id:"56656",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslava",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",fullName:"Miroslava Zivkovic",slug:"miroslava-zivkovic"}]},{id:"20553",title:"Interactions Between Total Plasma Homocysteine, Oxidized LDL Levels, Thiolactonase Activities and Dietary Habits in Tunisian Diabetic Patients",slug:"interactions-between-total-plasma-homocysteine-oxidized-ldl-levels-thiolactonase-activities-and-diet",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nadia Koubaa, Maha Smaoui, Sounira Mehri, Amel Nakbi, Sonia Hammami, Raja Chaaba, Khaldoun Ben Hamda, Fethi Betbout, Mohamed Ameur Frih and Mohamed Hammami",authors:[{id:"47965",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Chaaba",fullName:"Raja Chaaba",slug:"raja-chaaba"},{id:"49796",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Hammami",fullName:"Mohamed Hammami",slug:"mohamed-hammami"},{id:"57989",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Koubaa",fullName:"Nadia Koubaa",slug:"nadia-koubaa"},{id:"57995",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Smaoui",fullName:"Maha Smaoui",slug:"maha-smaoui"},{id:"57996",title:"Prof.",name:"Sounira",middleName:null,surname:"Mehri",fullName:"Sounira Mehri",slug:"sounira-mehri"},{id:"57997",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Nakbi",fullName:"Amel Nakbi",slug:"amel-nakbi"},{id:"57998",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hammami",fullName:"Sonia Hammami",slug:"sonia-hammami"},{id:"57999",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaldoun",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Hamda",fullName:"Khaldoun Ben Hamda",slug:"khaldoun-ben-hamda"},{id:"58000",title:"Dr.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Betbout",fullName:"Fethi Betbout",slug:"fethi-betbout"},{id:"58001",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameur",middleName:null,surname:"Frih",fullName:"Ameur Frih",slug:"ameur-frih"}]},{id:"20554",title:"Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance",slug:"obesity-induced-adipose-tissue-inflammation-and-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:3261,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Po-Shiuan Hsieh",authors:[{id:"39509",title:"Prof.",name:"Po-Shiuan",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Po-Shiuan Hsieh",slug:"po-shiuan-hsieh"}]},{id:"20555",title:"Assessment of Abdominal Adiposity and Organ Fat with Magnetic Resonance Imaging",slug:"assessment-of-abdominal-adiposity-and-organ-fat-with-magnetic-resonance-imaging",totalDownloads:3281,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Houchun H. Hu, Michael I. Goran and Krishna S. Nayak",authors:[{id:"39700",title:"Dr.",name:"Houchun",middleName:"Harry",surname:"Hu",fullName:"Houchun Hu",slug:"houchun-hu"},{id:"48087",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",fullName:"Krishna Nayak",slug:"krishna-nayak"},{id:"48088",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Goran",fullName:"Michael Goran",slug:"michael-goran"}]},{id:"20556",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Adipocytokines and Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-nafld-adipocytokines-and-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",authors:[{id:"39643",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhastagir",middleName:"Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sheriff"}]},{id:"20557",title:"Disturbed Chylomicron Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes - A Preventable Cause of Atherosclerosis?",slug:"disturbed-chylomicron-metabolism-in-type-2-diabetes-a-preventable-cause-of-atherosclerosis-",totalDownloads:1293,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gerald H. Tomkin and Daphne Owens",authors:[{id:"37768",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald",middleName:null,surname:"Tomkin",fullName:"Gerald Tomkin",slug:"gerald-tomkin"},{id:"50816",title:"Dr.",name:"Daphne",middleName:null,surname:"Owens",fullName:"Daphne Owens",slug:"daphne-owens"}]},{id:"20558",title:"The Role of Adipose Tissue in Diabetic Kidney Disease",slug:"the-role-of-adipose-tissue-in-diabetic-kidney-disease",totalDownloads:1943,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Young Sun Kang, Jin Joo Cha, Young Youl Hyun, Ji Eun Lee, Hyun Wook Kim and Dae Ryong Cha",authors:[{id:"55011",title:"Prof.",name:"Dae",middleName:null,surname:"Cha",fullName:"Dae Cha",slug:"dae-cha"},{id:"56097",title:"Prof.",name:"Young Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Young Sun Kang",slug:"young-sun-kang"},{id:"56098",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Cha",fullName:"Jin Cha",slug:"jin-cha"},{id:"56099",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Youl",middleName:null,surname:"Hyun",fullName:"Young Youl Hyun",slug:"young-youl-hyun"},{id:"56100",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Ji Lee",slug:"ji-lee"},{id:"56101",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyun Kim",slug:"hyun-kim"}]},{id:"20559",title:"The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathogeny of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-the-endocannabinoid-system-in-the-pathogeny-of-type-2-diabetes",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Robert Dinu, Simona Popa and Maria Mota",authors:[{id:"42642",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Dinu",fullName:"Robert Dinu",slug:"robert-dinu"},{id:"44559",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mota",fullName:"Maria Mota",slug:"maria-mota"},{id:"44560",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Popa",fullName:"Simona Popa",slug:"simona-popa"}]},{id:"20560",title:"Beyond Dietary Fatty Acids as Energy Source: A Point of View for the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"beyond-dietary-fatty-acids-as-energy-source-a-point-of-view-for-the-prevention-and-management-of-typ",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lourdes M. Varela, Almudena Ortega, Sergio Lopez, Beatriz Bermudez, Rocio Abia and Francisco J.G. Muriana",authors:[{id:"48465",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Muriana",fullName:"Francisco J.G. Muriana",slug:"francisco-j.g.-muriana"},{id:"57719",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Bermudez",fullName:"Beatriz Bermudez",slug:"beatriz-bermudez"},{id:"57720",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"Sergio Lopez",slug:"sergio-lopez"},{id:"57721",title:"MSc.",name:"Almudena",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Almudena Ortega",slug:"almudena-ortega"},{id:"57722",title:"MSc.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Varela",fullName:"Lourdes Varela",slug:"lourdes-varela"},{id:"57723",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Abia",fullName:"Rocio Abia",slug:"rocio-abia"}]},{id:"20561",title:"Minimizing Postprandial Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of Exercise and Selected Nutrients",slug:"minimizing-postprandial-oxidative-stress-in-type-2-diabetes-the-role-of-exercise-and-selected-nutrie",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Richard J. Bloomer, Cameron G. McCarthy and Tyler M. Farney",authors:[{id:"48399",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:"J",surname:"Bloomer",fullName:"Richard Bloomer",slug:"richard-bloomer"},{id:"50024",title:"MSc.",name:"Cameron",middleName:null,surname:"McCarthy",fullName:"Cameron McCarthy",slug:"cameron-mccarthy"},{id:"50025",title:"Mr.",name:"Tyler",middleName:null,surname:"Farney",fullName:"Tyler Farney",slug:"tyler-farney"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"341",title:"Medical Complications of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4288dc5cb2b73d4039d20c858003314e",slug:"medical-complications-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Colleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/341.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19813",title:"Insulin Secretion and Actions",slug:"insulin-secretion-and-actions",signatures:"Sarawut Jitrapakdee and Briony E. Forbes",authors:[{id:"44040",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarawut",middleName:null,surname:"Jitrapakdee",fullName:"Sarawut Jitrapakdee",slug:"sarawut-jitrapakdee"},{id:"57628",title:"Dr.",name:"Briony",middleName:null,surname:"Forbes",fullName:"Briony Forbes",slug:"briony-forbes"}]},{id:"19814",title:"The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: An Old but Irreplaceable Test to Evaluate Glucose Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk",slug:"the-oral-glucose-tolerance-test-an-old-but-irreplaceable-test-to-evaluate-glucose-metabolism-and-car",signatures:"Gian Paolo Fra, Ettore Bartoli and Gian Piero Carnevale Schianca",authors:[{id:"40917",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Fra",fullName:"Gian Paolo Fra",slug:"gian-paolo-fra"},{id:"56643",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Carnevale Schianca",fullName:"Gian Piero Carnevale Schianca",slug:"gian-piero-carnevale-schianca"},{id:"94892",title:"Prof.",name:"Ettore",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",fullName:"Ettore Bartoli",slug:"ettore-bartoli"}]},{id:"19815",title:"The Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHRP) in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-role-of-parathyroid-hormone-related-protein-pthrp-in-the-pathophysiology-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Ioannis Legakis",authors:[{id:"44923",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Legakis",fullName:"Ioannis Legakis",slug:"ioannis-legakis"}]},{id:"19816",title:"Impaired Vascular BK Channel Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"impaired-vascular-bk-channel-function-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Tong Lu and Hon-Chi Lee",authors:[{id:"46123",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Tong Lu",slug:"tong-lu"},{id:"54528",title:"Prof.",name:"Hon-Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Hon-Chi Lee",slug:"hon-chi-lee"}]},{id:"19817",title:"Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus Type-2: Focus on Nitric Oxide System",slug:"endothelial-progenitor-cell-dysfunction-in-diabetes-mellitus-type-2-focus-on-nitric-oxide-system",signatures:"Saher Hamed",authors:[{id:"39602",title:"Dr.",name:"Saher",middleName:null,surname:"Hamed",fullName:"Saher Hamed",slug:"saher-hamed"}]},{id:"19818",title:"Glycaemic Control and Protection of the Vasculature from Glucose Toxicity",slug:"glycaemic-control-and-protection-of-the-vasculature-from-glucose-toxicity",signatures:"Hong Ding and Chris R. Triggle",authors:[{id:"60015",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:"R",surname:"Triggle",fullName:"Chris Triggle",slug:"chris-triggle"},{id:"60991",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Hong Ding",slug:"hong-ding"}]},{id:"19819",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-and-therapeutic-intervention-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Fernando Grover Páez",authors:[{id:"40981",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Grover",fullName:"Fernando Grover",slug:"fernando-grover"}]},{id:"19820",title:"Using Gene Expression Signatures to Dissect Insulin Resistance Subtypes",slug:"using-gene-expression-signatures-to-dissect-insulin-resistance-subtypes",signatures:"Brad Hayward, Nicky Konstantopoulos and Ken R. Walder",authors:[{id:"49672",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Walder",fullName:"Ken Walder",slug:"ken-walder"},{id:"56946",title:"Mr.",name:"Brad",middleName:null,surname:"Hayward",fullName:"Brad Hayward",slug:"brad-hayward"},{id:"56947",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicky",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantopoulos",fullName:"Nicky Konstantopoulos",slug:"nicky-konstantopoulos"}]},{id:"19821",title:"The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Untranslated Regions (Utrs) in Insulin Resistance Pathogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-of-untranslated-regions-utrs-in-insulin-resistance-patho",signatures:"Małgorzata Małodobra",authors:[{id:"51663",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Małodobra",fullName:"Małgorzata Małodobra",slug:"malgorzata-malodobra"}]},{id:"19822",title:"Genetics of Endothelial Damage Associated to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2",slug:"genetics-of-endothelial-damage-associated-to-diabetes-mellitus-type-2",signatures:"Lorena García, Carlos Wolff, Verónica Araya, Gloria López, Sergio Lobos, Pilar Durruty and Daniela Seelenfreund",authors:[{id:"32331",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lobos",fullName:"Sergio Lobos",slug:"sergio-lobos"},{id:"39975",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Seelenfreund",fullName:"Daniela Seelenfreund",slug:"daniela-seelenfreund"},{id:"45325",title:"MSc.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Durruty",fullName:"Pilar Durruty",slug:"pilar-durruty"},{id:"56393",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"García",fullName:"Lorena García",slug:"lorena-garcia"},{id:"56394",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Araya",fullName:"Verónica Araya",slug:"veronica-araya"},{id:"56395",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"López-Stewart",fullName:"Gloria López-Stewart",slug:"gloria-lopez-stewart"},{id:"56396",title:"MSc",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Wolff",fullName:"Carlos Wolff",slug:"carlos-wolff"}]},{id:"19823",title:"Functional Context Network of T2DM",slug:"functional-context-network-of-t2dm",signatures:"Anja Thormann and Axel Rasche",authors:[{id:"58981",title:"Dr.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Rasche",fullName:"Axel Rasche",slug:"axel-rasche"},{id:"58991",title:"MSc.",name:"Anja",middleName:null,surname:"Thormann",fullName:"Anja Thormann",slug:"anja-thormann"}]},{id:"19824",title:"Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity and Insulin Resistance",slug:"sarcopenia-sarcopenic-obesity-and-insulin-resistance",signatures:"John A. Batsis and Silvio Buscemi",authors:[{id:"39980",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Buscemi",fullName:"Silvio Buscemi",slug:"silvio-buscemi"},{id:"41385",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Alexander",surname:"Batsis",fullName:"John Batsis",slug:"john-batsis"}]},{id:"19825",title:"Type 2 Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer – A Possible Reason",slug:"type-2-diabetes-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-possible-reason",signatures:"Parviz M Pour",authors:[{id:"69023",title:"Prof.",name:"Parviz",middleName:null,surname:"Pour",fullName:"Parviz Pour",slug:"parviz-pour"}]},{id:"19826",title:"Pathophysiology in Type 2 Diabetes – Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Sleep Apnea – Role of Adipocytokines",slug:"pathophysiology-in-type-2-diabetes-type-2-diabetes-and-sleep-disordered-breathing-sleep-apnea-role-o",signatures:"Ken Kishida",authors:[{id:"33837",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kishida",fullName:"Ken Kishida",slug:"ken-kishida"}]},{id:"19827",title:"Can Bariatric or Metabolic Surgery Cure Type 2 Diabetes?",slug:"can-bariatric-or-metabolic-surgery-cure-type-2-diabetes-",signatures:"Gustavo P. S. Miguel, Perseu Carvalho, João Luiz Azevedo, Murilo Hosken Júnior, Évelyn Zambrana, Otávio Azevedo and Isaac Abreu",authors:[{id:"48134",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Gustavo Miguel",slug:"gustavo-miguel"},{id:"106273",title:"Prof.",name:"Perseu",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Perseu Carvalho",slug:"perseu-carvalho"},{id:"106274",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"João Luiz Azevedo",slug:"joao-luiz-azevedo"},{id:"106278",title:"Dr.",name:"Murilo",middleName:"Oliveira",surname:"Hosken Júnior",fullName:"Murilo Hosken Júnior",slug:"murilo-hosken-junior"},{id:"106280",title:"Ms.",name:"Évelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Zambrana",fullName:"Évelyn Zambrana",slug:"evelyn-zambrana"},{id:"106281",title:"MSc.",name:"Otávio",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Otávio Azevedo",slug:"otavio-azevedo"},{id:"106283",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaac",middleName:"Walker",surname:"Abreu",fullName:"Isaac Abreu",slug:"isaac-abreu"}]},{id:"19828",title:"Nuclear Imaging of Glucose Transport/Metabolism – An Interesting Tool to Screen Insulin Resistance, Refine Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes, Understand Disease Mechanisms, and/or Evaluate New Therapies",slug:"nuclear-imaging-of-glucose-transport-metabolism-an-interesting-tool-to-screen-insulin-resistance-ref",signatures:"P. Perret, M. Henri, L. Slimani, D.Fagret and C. Ghezzi",authors:[{id:"47372",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascale",middleName:null,surname:"Perret",fullName:"Pascale Perret",slug:"pascale-perret"},{id:"57725",title:"MSc.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Henri",fullName:"Marion Henri",slug:"marion-henri"},{id:"57726",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Slimani",fullName:"Lotfi Slimani",slug:"lotfi-slimani"},{id:"57727",title:"Prof.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Ghezzi",fullName:"Catherine Ghezzi",slug:"catherine-ghezzi"}]},{id:"19829",title:"Targeting PKA Signaling to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome and Delay Aging",slug:"targeting-pka-signaling-to-prevent-metabolic-syndrome-and-delay-aging",signatures:"Linda C Enns and Warren C Ladiges",authors:[{id:"40938",title:"Prof.",name:"Warren",middleName:null,surname:"Ladiges",fullName:"Warren Ladiges",slug:"warren-ladiges"},{id:"111037",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Enns",fullName:"Linda Enns",slug:"linda-enns"}]},{id:"19830",title:"Targeting AMPK for Therapeutic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"targeting-ampk-for-therapeutic-intervention-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Mohamed Kodiha and Ursula Stochaj",authors:[{id:"41087",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",middleName:null,surname:"Stochaj",fullName:"Ursula Stochaj",slug:"ursula-stochaj"},{id:"60006",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kodiha",fullName:"Mohamed Kodiha",slug:"mohamed-kodiha"}]},{id:"19831",title:"Design and Evaluation of a Complex Phytoceutical Formulation for Circulatory Diseases",slug:"design-and-evaluation-of-a-complex-phytoceutical-formulation-for-circulatory-diseases",signatures:"J. Olalde, A. Antoshechkin, O. del Castillo, R. Guzmán and F. Améndola",authors:[{id:"54266",title:"Dr.",name:"Oswaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Castillo",fullName:"Oswaldo Del Castillo",slug:"oswaldo-del-castillo"},{id:"96862",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Olalde",fullName:"Jose Olalde",slug:"jose-olalde"},{id:"96864",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Antoshechkin",fullName:"Anatoly Antoshechkin",slug:"anatoly-antoshechkin"},{id:"96865",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Guzman",fullName:"Roberto Guzman",slug:"roberto-guzman"},{id:"96866",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Amendola",fullName:"Francis Amendola",slug:"francis-amendola"}]},{id:"19832",title:"Effectiveness of Fenugreek for Lowering Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Patients with Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial",slug:"effectiveness-of-fenugreek-for-lowering-hemoglobin-hba1c-in-patients-with-self-management-of-type-2-",signatures:"Rashid Ansari and Saiqaa Ansari",authors:[{id:"39621",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashid",middleName:"Muhammad",surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Rashid Ansari",slug:"rashid-ansari"},{id:"46456",title:"Dr.",name:"Saiqaa",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Saiqaa Ansari",slug:"saiqaa-ansari"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65737",title:"The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84432",slug:"the-role-of-radiotherapy-in-the-treatment-of-primary-central-nervous-system-lymphomas",body:'\n
Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) are rare disease entities. The brain, eyes, and the spinal cord could be affected without any systemic disease involvement [1]. PCNSL is an uncommon subtype of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that accounts for ≈ 3–4% of newly diagnosed central nervous system tumors [2]. The overall incidence rate of PCNSL is 0.47 per 100.000 person-years. Its incidence has increased during the last 3 decades and has been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Immunocompromised patients are affected at a younger age compared with immunocompetent patients. The incidence is significantly higher in males compared with females.
\nThe most significant increase in the incidence rates for PCNSLs over time has occurred in the oldest adults (aged 75+ years) [3]. There is an increase in incidence of PCNSLs in the elderly, and survival remains poor and is negatively dominated by factors associated with HIV infection and advanced age. Such changes were largely driven by PCNSL cases in men between the ages of 20 and 64 years [4]. There has been an overall decline in incidence of PCNSL from 1998 to 2008. Thus the trend has been attributed in large part to changes in HIV/AIDS incidence and management over the same time period. In contrast, the incidence rates continued to increase in women at all ages and men aged 65 and older (Figure 1).
\nThe incidence rates of PCNSLs by gender from 1973 to 2007 [4].
In immunocompetent individuals, they occur at a median age of about 55 years [5]. The incidence of this tumor in immunocompetent individuals has risen threefold during the last decades from 0.027 to 0.075; 100.000 person. Immunodeficient individuals, especially patients with AIDS, transplant recipients, and patients with congenital immunodeficiencies are at increased risk of developing PCNSLs. In patients with such severe immunodeficiencies, survival is heavily influenced by the underlying disease [6]. Autoimmune diseases that predispose to lymphoma include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, sarcoidosis, and vasculitis [6].
\nPresenting symptoms and signs vary, depending on the tumor location. Periventricular lesions and related symptoms are common in patients with primary cerebral lymphoma. The majority of the lesions are located in the periventricular area, whereas in a few, they are located in the supratentorial area. In about 60% of cases, PCNSLs originate from periventricular areas such as the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and the corpus callosum, which are followed by the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe (20, 18, 15, and 4%, respectively). Immunocompetent patients tend to present predominantly with solitary lesions in 70% of cases, compared with 50% in AIDS patients [1].
\nThe central nervous system normally lacks lymphoid aggregates. The cellular and molecular events leading to neoplastic lymphocytic infiltration of the central nervous system are seen in PCNSLs [7].
\nPrimary lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) is defined as diffuse large B cell lymphoma confined to the central nervous system. Morphology does not distinguish between PCNSLs and extra-cerebral DLBCL [7]. While most cases of PCNSLs are composed of aggressive lymphoma subtypes, a small number of patients show indolent CNS lymphomas. The median growth fraction is 4% [8]. Three major issues need to be addressed to understand the nature of PCNSLs and develop specific therapeutic regimens (Figure 2):
The histogenetic origin of the tumor cells.
The transforming events.
The role of the microenvironment of the CNS.
Model of pathogenesis for PCNSLs. Schematic presentations of several pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PCNSLs, SHM, somatic hypermutation; ASHM, aberrant somatic hypermutation; and CSR, class switch recombination [7].
The underlying molecular pathogenesis of PCNSL has yet to be elucidated.
\nBecause of the fact that PCNSL is closely associated with EBV infection in immunocompromised individuals, involving mechanisms in PCNSL development are directed toward the immunologic reactions against EBV infection. On the other hand, the EBV infected B cells are controlled by T cells in nonimmunocompromised individuals. Therefore, a decline in T cells leads to the proliferation and dissemination of abnormal B cells in immunodeficiency states [6]. In addition, occasionally, patients with EBV DNA in spinal fluid have PCNSL. But EBV DNA is often found together with other microbial findings in CSF of immunocompromised patients [9]. PCNSL may be a consequence of EBV-mediated clonal expansion and malignant transformation of B-lymphocytes, a process that may be regulated by immune mechanisms [10].
\nThe location of the lymphoma in the CNS determines the clinical presentation. Presenting symptoms and signs vary, depending on the site of involvement PCNSL can manifest in the brain, its coverings, spinal cord, and the eye. Distinct clinicopathologic entities have been described. In a large series with immunocompetent patients with PCNSL, focal neurologic deficits were found to be the most common sign that was seen in 70% of patients. Other important complaints include neuropsychiatric symptoms, the signs of raised intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, and vomiting, followed by seizures and ocular symptoms [1]. Presenting symptoms may include headaches, blurred vision, motor difficulties, and personality changes. Personality changes are most often associated with lesions of the frontal lobes, periventricular white matter, or corpus callosum. Visual hallucinations may result from infiltration of visual pathways or the brainstem or may result from ocular or leptomeningeal involvement. This may result in delayed diagnosis that usually prompts neurologic evaluation. Cranial neuropathies can occur as a result of either meningeal involvement, infiltration of the brainstem, or invasion of isolated cranial nerves or their roots. Headache, especially late, in the course of the disease, involving the leptomeninges may be indicative of increased intracranial pressure.
\nIn primary leptomeningeal lymphoma, up to 40% of patients with cerebral PCNSL may have evidence of meningeal involvement at the time of diagnosis based on analysis and imaging. The frequency of meningeal dissemination (MD) in primary CNS lymphoma, its prognostic impact, and optimal management have yet to be defined. But involvement of the leptomeninges by high risk systemic lymphoma is also a common relapse pattern. On the other hand, primary leptomeningeal lymphoma without synchronous cerebral/spine or systemic disease is very rare, making up less than 10% of all cases of PCNSLs. MD was concluded in the case of cytological detection of lymphoma cells, or light-chain restricted B cell population demonstrated by immunocytology or flow cytometry, or existence of a dominant amplicon in PCR analysis, or clear evidence of MD on MRI [11].
\nMajor patient’s characteristics and therapy did not significantly differ between patients with MD versus those without MD [12]. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were not significantly different in patients with MD versus without MD. Median OS, of MD+ and MD- patients, was 21.5 months versus 24.9 months (p = 0.98) [12]. Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma is a rare form of primary CNS lymphoma. Patients usually present with multifocal symptoms, with evidence of leptomeningeal enhancement and diagnostic CSF analysis. Presenting symptoms are multifocal in 68%. The most common presenting signs are cranial neuropathies 58%, especially of eye movements and with cranial nerve VI palsy 31%, presented with headache 44%. In another study, leptomeningeal enhancement was seen in 74% and the CSF profile was abnormal in all cases. CSF cytology detected malignant lymphocyte in 67% [13].
\nThe third process neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare clinical entity characterized by infiltration of peripheral nerves, nerve roots, plexus, or cranial nerves by malignant lymphocytes. Symptoms include loss of sensation or motor function, for example, weakness of the extremities [14]. These patients showed lymphomatous cell invasion that was more prominent in the proximal portion of the nerve trunk and induced demyelination without macrophage invasion and subsequent axonal degeneration in the portion distal from the demyelination site [14]. NL is poorly localized severe pain in the absence of parenchymal lesions of the brain or spinal cord or obvious lymphoma in the CSF. The process frequently spares the meninges.
\nThe International PCNSL Collaborative Group retrospectively analyzed 50 patients assembled from 12 centers in 5 countries over a 16-year period. NL was related to NHL in 90%. It occurred as the initial manifestation of malignancy in 26% cases. The affected neural structures included peripheral nerves 60%, spinal nerve roots 48%, cranial nerves 46%, and plexus 40% with multiple site involvement 58%. CSF cytology was positive in 40% and nerve biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in 88%. Thus, instead of insufficient CSF cytology studies, could be nerve biopsy [15].
\nThe baseline evaluation of any newly diagnosed patient with PCNSL should include a comprehensive physical and neurologic examination. Age and performance status are the two most widely documented prognostic variables and must be recorded in every patient. Evaluation of cognitive function is important at baseline, and follow-up assessments are critical both to determine the benefit of therapy as well as monitor for treatment-related neurocognitive decline.
\nBefore the initiation of therapy, a careful examination for the disease extension has to be carried out, in order to perform optimal treatment modality. The evaluation processes of patients suspected of having PCNSL should include:
Optimal imaging of the brain parenchyma requires a gadolinium enhanced MRI scan. Contrast enhanced CT scans may be substituted in patients in whom MRI is medically contraindicated (e.g., cardiac pacemaker) or unavailable. Involvement of the spinal cord parenchyma is sufficiently rare that gadolinium enhanced MRI of the total spine is warranted only in patients with spinal symptoms.
All patients should have a lumbar puncture for CSF cytology unless medically contraindicated due to elevated intracranial pressure. CSF should be sampled before or 1 week after surgical biopsy to avoid false positive results. CSF protein levels should only be assessed on lumbar puncture samples because ventricular CSF has a lower normal value. Additional CSF studies that may be helpful include cell count, beta-2 microglobulin, immunoglobulin H gene rearrangement, and flow cytometry.
A detailed ophthalmologic examination, including dilated fundus examination, should be done to exclude vitreous, retinal, or optic nerve involvement. Fluorescein angiography may be helpful to confirm lymphomatous involvement of the retina.
Testicular ultrasound may be considered in older men to exclude an occult testicular lymphoma metastatic to brain.
Complete systemic staging is warranted in every patient. CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and bone morrow biopsy with aspirate are the recommended staging procedures. Body positron emission tomography imaging may be incorporated into the evaluation of systemic disease.
\nThe diagnostic procedure of choice for PCNSL is a stereotactic needle biopsy because patients derive no clinical benefit from surgical resection, and deep seated nature of most lesions increases the risk of surgical complications. Histopathological diagnosis is strongly needed, because of the fact that some intracranial processes, such as multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, and occasional gliomas may mimic similar appearance and treatment response to corticosteroids [16]. In general, the use of corticosteroids prior to biopsy should be avoided, as these agents are lymphocytotoxic; a single injection is known to alter proper histopathological evaluation, and a short course of treatment may cause the tumor to disappear temporarily [17].
\nWhenever possible, the tumor should be characterized by immunophenotyping. Characterizing the basic molecular and genetic abnormalities of PCNSL will foster the future development and application of target specific therapies in this disease [16].
\nContrast-enhanced MRI of the brain is the preferred imaging modality. The radiographic lesion tends to be solitary nonhemorrhagic mass, situated in the deep white matter adjacent to the ventricular surface. The borders are sharply circumscribed and supratentorial location in the majority of lesions 87%, but may be ill defined in 15% [1, 18]. Mass effect and tumor edema are seen in over half of the cases. Contrast enhancement is encountered in all lesions but ring enhancement is uncommon [18]. Lesions appear isodense to hyperdense on CT images and isointense to hypointense on T2-weighted MRI images and enhance homogeneously after contrast administration. Diffusion weighted MRI images, sensitive to the intracellular water of masses of lymphoma cells, are frequently abnormal. The role of positron emission tomography scans in diagnosis is unclear. In a study, baseline PET imaging demonstrated hypermetabolism consistent with aggressive lymphoma in 75% of patients [19]. PET scans can be used to distinguish glucose-absorbing neoplastic lesions from areas of radiation necrosis, infection, or inflammation, which may also enhance on conventional CT/MRI [20]. Prompt initiation of therapy is important in patients with PCNSL. Intensive chemotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with PCNSL in study, treatment delay was the most important clinical variable associated with decreased survival, and its independent from baseline performance status or risk score [21].
\nPCNSL tends to be highly sensitive to both radiation and selected chemotherapeutic agents, which distinguishes it from most other malignant primary brain neoplasms. Surgery has a limited, mainly diagnostic role. Neurologic deficits and decreased functional status related to the tumor tend to improve rapidly with successful therapy, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The disease can be exquisitely sensitive to glucocorticoids as well and patients will allow functional status particularly if they show an early response to steroids. Methotrexate (MTX), given at sufficiently high dose to penetrate the CNS, is the most active single agent against PCNSL identified. High dose intravenous MTX should therefore be the backbone of induction therapy in most patients. The goal of induction chemotherapy is a radiographic complete response, which can be achieved in over half of the patients with MTX-based therapy and is generally associated with superior outcomes. Most patients, even those in complete response do not achieve long-term disease control or survival with induction chemotherapy alone. The optimal consolidation therapy has not been established, however, and all strategies have the potential for increased toxicity. The three main consolidation approaches being explored include high dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic cell transplant rescue, nonmyeloablative chemotherapy, and whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT).
\nHigh dose MTX-based chemotherapy is a standard component of initial therapy for PCNSL. The available data suggest that chemotherapy regimens that include high-dose systemic MTX are more effective against PCNSL than other regimens. WBRT may improve outcome, but is associated with increased risk for neurological side-effects in elderly patients [22]. The optimal high-dose MTX-based regimen for PCNSL is unknown, and there is variation in clinical practice. Most patients with a good performance status suggest using MTX-based combination regimen rather than MTX alone. Examples of reasonable regimens include MTX plus cytarabine, or temozolomide, or procarbazine, or vincristine. Rituximab is included in all regimens, except in rare cases of CD 20 negative or T cell PCNSL. The goal of induction therapy is to achieve a complete radiographic response before proceeding with consolidation therapy in eligible patients. Complete response is achieved in approximately 30 to 60% patients with high-dose MTX-based induction therapy. While high-dose MTX-based induction chemotherapy prolongs survival over WBRT alone, at least half of the patients with PCNSL who achieve a complete response will relapse within 5 years. This late relapse results from residual systemic malignant cell. WBRT remains an alternative consolidation approach in younger patients, particularly those with contraindications, which has been shown to improve PFS compared with induction chemotherapy alone. The consolidation approach in older adults, who are at increased risk for both relapse and toxicities of high dose chemotherapy and radiation, is unknown.
\nPCNSL is extremely sensitive to radiation therapy, but its use in the initial treatment of PCNSL has waned overtime as chemotherapy-based induction regimens have been optimized. Phase III trial patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL were randomly assigned therapy to six cycles of chemotherapy alone (intravenous MTX+ Ifosfamide) or the same chemotherapy with WBRT (45 Gy in 1.5 Gy fractions) [23, 24, 25] (Figure 3). A total of 13% patients died during initial chemotherapy; 551 patients were enrolled and randomized, of whom 318 were treated per protocol of these, and 90 patients had a major protocol violation. In the per protocol population, median overall survival was 32.4 months in patients receiving WBRT (n = 154) versus 37.1 months in those not receiving WBRT (n = 164) HR: 1.06. Thus primary hypothesis was not proven. Median progression-free survival was 18.3 months in patients receiving WBRT and 11.9 months in those not receiving WBRT. Treatment-related neurotoxicity in patients with sustained complete response was more common in patients receiving WBRT 49% by clinical assessment and 71% by neuroradiology than in those who did not 26% and 46% (Figure 4).
\nThe G-PCNSL-SG-1 trial. Abbreviations: WBRT: whole brain radiotherapy; HD-MTX: high-dose methotrexate; CR: complete response; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease; and HD-AraC: high-dose cytarabine. * Combined with ifosfamide 1.5 g/m2 daily, d3–5, since 2006 [23].
Progression-free survival in the per-protocol and intention-to-treat populations by treatment group PP = per protocol. ITT = intention to treat. HR = hazard ratio [24].
After a median follow up of 81.2 months, patients who received WBRT had a nonsignificant improvement in PFS (18.2 versus 11.9 month HR, 0.83) and significant PFS from last HDMTX (25.5 versus 12 month, HR, 0.65, p = 0.001) but without OS prolongation (Figure 5).
\nPFS from last high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy and overall survival analyzed as-treated in the ITT population. (A) Progression-free survival (PFS) from last high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX)-based chemotherapy (CHT) in patients with complete response (CR). (B) PFS from last HDMTX-based CHT in patients without CR. (C) Overall survival (OS) in patients with CR. (D) OS in patients without CR. The good outcome of the non-CR patients without further treatment can be explained by the fact that 6 of them probably did in fact have CR after HDMTX-based CHT. They were documented as having CR upon follow-up without further therapy. Moreover, one additional patient received whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) without progression 6 months after HDMTX-based CHT. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; and ITT = intent-to-treat [25].
This trial prospectively monitored Quality of Life (QoL), to determine whether WBRT might lead to quality of life relevant late neurotoxicity. In year 2 after randomization, cognitive functioning and global health status were reduced in the early WBRT arm as compared to the no early WBRT arm. Also, fatigue, appetite loss, and hair loss were more intense in the early WBRT arm. Mini mental state examination testing revealed lower values (p = 0.002) in the early WBRT arm [25] (Figure 6).
\nComparison of early-whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) with no early-WBRT with regard to global health, cognitive-emotional-social functioning using the time course of median scores, interquartile ranges (IQR) for EORTC-QLQ-C30, BN20 dimensions, and the mini mental state examination (MMSE) of the G-PCNSL-SG-1 trial *p < 0.05. (A) scores for emotional and social functioning, (B) symptom scores and (C) Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) [23].
As can be seen in Figure 6, G-PCNSL-SG-1 trial was the first PCNSL trial documenting a negative influence of early WBRT on QoL parameters. A phase II study combined modality therapy, based on high dose MTX, results in improved survival outcomes in PCNSL. The risk of neurotoxicity for patients aged >60 years is unacceptable with this regimen (1 g/m2 MTX on days 1 and 8 followed by WBRT 45–50.4 Gy), although survival outcomes for patients aged >60 years were higher than in many other series [26]. At these studies and other demonstrations, the major drawback in the use of WBRT in conjunction with chemotherapy for patients with PCNSL is the high incidence of cognitive worsening and white matter damage [27, 28, 29]. Neurotoxicity may present as a rapidly progressive dementia that develops after a variable delay from the end of combined modality treatment. Also, the 5 year cumulative incidence of neurotoxicity was found to be increased over time [27]. Radiological examinations showed diffuse white matter disease as well as cortical-subcortical atrophy. Older age, mental status, changes at diagnosis, and radiotherapy predicted neurotoxicity [27].
\nDifferent radiation field and reduced dose WBRT consolidation in responding patients have been explored in studies and appear to be associated with higher response and decreased neurotoxicity rates compared with higher dose WBRT [30, 31, 32, 33]. An example of the impact on the outcome and neurologic performance of different radiation fields and doses was assessed in a study in which 33 patients with PCNSL who achieved complete response after MTX-containing chemotherapy were referred to consolidation WBRT [30]. The study demonstrated that higher irradiation doses (≥40 Gy) were not associated with improved disease control compared to lower doses (30–36 Gy). Also, disease control does not significantly differ with regard to irradiation doses to the tumor bed, while functional impairment as assessed by mini mental status examination was significantly more common in patients treated with a WBRT dose ≥40 Gy. Thus, one can consider that consolidation with WBRT 36 Gy is advisable in patients with PCNSL in complete response after HD-MTX based chemotherapy. Higher doses do not change the outcome and could increase the risk of neurotoxicity. The findings of this important study are illustrated in Figure 7 [30].
\nPattern of relapse according to radiation therapy fields and doses. Graphics at the left: patients treated with a WBRT dose of 30–36 Gy. Graphics at the right: patients treated with a WBRT dose 40 Gy. Upper graphics: patients treated without a tumor bed boost. Lower graphics: patients irradiated with a tumor bed boost. Symbols: ο = irradiated lesion in continuous CR; ● = relapsed lesion; ●==● = relapse with lesions both within and outside the boosted volume; ▲: = relapse in nonirradiated central nervous system areas (i.e., meninges and spinal cord); ♦ = systemic extra-central nervous system relapse. (Adopted from ref. [30]).
As a different radiation fractionation, a phase I/II, NRG Oncology RTOG 0227 study of MTX, Rituximab and Temozolomide, plus hyperfractionated WBRT (36 Gy in twice daily 1.2 Gy fractions) in 66 patients with PCNSL was associated with an objective response rate of 85.7%. This study demonstrated that OS and PFS were improved compared with historical controls from RTOG-9310. Among patients, 66% had grade 3 and 4 toxicities before hWBRT, and 45% of patients experienced grade 3 and 4 toxicities attributable to post hWBRT chemotherapy. Cognitive function and QoL improved or stabilized after hWBRT [31].
\nOther consecutive prospective studies, the R-MPV (rituximab, MTX, procarbazine, and vincristine) induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation reduced dose WBRT (23.4 Gy/ 1.8 Gy fraction), and cytarabine were found to be feasible and effective. In these studies, patients with ocular involvement were irradiated without orbital shielding to the full dose 23.4 Gy (patients in complete response) or to a dose of 36 Gy (patients with less than a complete response). Response rates were high (79% complete response) allowing a large proportion of patients to receive rdWBRT. These patients achieved durable disease control (2 year PFS 77%) associated with favorable neurocognitive outcomes. Median overall survival could not be reached (median follow-up for survivors, 5.9 years); 3 year OS was 87%. Cognitive assessments showed improvements in terms of executive function and verbal memory after chemotherapy [32, 33].
\nThe mechanisms resulting in radiation-induced neurotoxicity remain to be clarified. However, tissue oxidative stress, vasculopathy, demyelination, and depletion of progenitor oligodendroglial/neural stem cells have been postulated [34].
\nIn addition to its ongoing role as an alternative to second line chemotherapy in younger patients who fail to achieve a complete response with first line systemic chemotherapy alone, WBRT is also a reasonable palliative option in patients who have contraindications to chemotherapy or relapsed, chemotherapy refractory disease.
\nStereotactic radiotherapy may be an option for patients who have received WBRT. Prognosis is also influenced by therapy, which may include WBRT or stereotactic radio surgery (SRS). In a study [35], patients who had recurred after WBRT were treated with salvage SRS. The study demonstrated acceptable local control and survival after SRS.
\nOn the other hand, WBRT remains a reasonable salvage therapy in patients who have not responded adequately to induction chemotherapy. In addition, WBRT plus corticosteroids may be used for the palliation of patients who are not candidates for chemotherapy. Complete responses can be obtained in most patients treated with standard fractionation to 20–40 Gy (for a 74% overall response rate). The median survival from initiation of WBRT was 16 months. The median time to PCNSL progression was 10 months. Treatment associated neurotoxicity is more common among those exposed to a total radiation dose >36 Gy, patients treated within 6 months of receiving MTX, and those older than 60 years of age [36, 37]. Treatment-related neurotoxicity was observed in 22% of patients. Salvage WBRT is effective for recurrent and refractory PCNSL.
\nAfter completion of the initially planned treatment of PCNSL, patients should be evaluated to determine the disease response to treatment and should be followed longitudinally for relapse and long-term treatment toxicities.
\nPatients should be evaluated no more than 2 months after the completion of planned therapy to determine their response to treatment. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI scans are the standard for the evaluation of bulky parenchymal brain disease. Detailed ophthalmologic examination and lumbar puncture for cytology are required only if these studies were initially positive or if clinically indicated by new symptoms or sign. An interdisciplinary, international consensus group has devised the fallowing response criteria [16].
\nThe following criteria were developed on the basis of anatomic and radiographic definitions.
\nComplete response requires the following:
Complete disappearance of all enhancing abnormalities on gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
No evidence of active ocular lymphoma as defined by the absence of cells in the vitreous and resolution of any previously documented retinal or optic nerve infiltrate.
Negative CSF cytology. If the CSF is examined, patients with an Ommaya reservoir should have samples taken for the reservoir and lumbar puncture.
At the time a complete response is determined, the patient should have discontinued use of all corticosteroids for at least 2 weeks. Patients who met the criteria for CR may have the following features/limitations:
Any patient who otherwise meet all criteria for CR but needs steroid therapy should be regarded as unconfirmed CR.
Some patients will have a small but persistent enhancing abnormality on MRI related to biopsy or focal hemorrhage.
Patients with a persistent minor abnormality on fallow-up ophthalmologic examination.
Partial response (PR) was concluded for patients who met all of the following criteria: equal or more than 50% decrease in the contrast enhancing lesion that was seen on MRI compared to baseline imaging and a decrease in the vitreous cell count or retinal cellular infiltrate. PR was thought to be irrelevant to corticosteroid dose. CSF cytological examination may be negative or continue to show persistent malignant or suspicious cell providing no new sites of disease.
\nProgressive disease was defined as the following; more than 25% increase in the contrast enhancing lesion that was seen on MRI as compared to the best response, the progression of ocular disease, and the appearance of any new lesion.
\nRelapsed disease was considered as the appearance of any new lesion. Stable disease is that which does not meet the criteria for CR, CRu, PR, or progressive disease.
\nUntreated PCNSL has a rapidly fatal course, with survival of approximately 1.5 month from the time of diagnosis. Survival increases with combined therapy. In population-based studies, among HIV uninfected cases, a 5-year survival increased from 19.1 (1992–1994) to 30.1% (2004–2006) [38]. Long-term survival is achieved in approximately 15–20% of patients treated with MTX-based therapy and radiation in contemporary clinical trial [39]. In a study on 41 patients treated with MATILDE chemotherapy regimen followed by WBRT, overall response rate was 76% after chemotherapy and 83% after chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. At a median follow-up of 12 years, approximately 75% patients experienced an event, with a 5-year PFS of 24%. At 10 years from diagnosis, no patient showed chronic toxicities, with a mini-mental state examination score of ≥29 in all cases but one.
\nThe most consistent prognostic factors are age and performance status. In order to adequately assess patients with disorder, standardized systems for prognosis have been proposed [40]. Age, PS, LDH serum level, CSF protein concentration, and involvement of deep structures of brain were independent predictors of survival. A prognostic score including these 5 parameters seems advisable in distinguishing different risk groups in PCNSL. The 2 year OS is seen in 80% for patients with zero to one, 48% for patients with two to three, and 15% for patients with four to five unfavorable features.
\nPrimary brain lymphoma is an uncommon variant of extranodal NHL. Therapeutic options include treatment with high dose MTX plus combined chemotherapy regimens and WBRT. Patients over age 60 generally succumb to a higher risk of treatment-related neurotoxicity. The optimal consolidation strategy in these patients has yet to be determined, and the best treatment modality should be individualized. By increasing the understanding of the molecular knowledge, and the clinical data originating from new researches, more effective treatment approaches and the best way to the integration of them into the treatment field of PCNSL would be determined.
\nFor the endless support, we are thankful to Medical Oncologist Ender KURT.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6091426454b1c484f4d38efc722d6dd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. László Babinszky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1182",title:"Clinical Pharmacology",slug:"clinical-pharmacology",parent:{title:"Drug Discovery",slug:"drug-discovery"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:123,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitations:100,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"clinical-pharmacology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7258",title:"Resveratrol",subtitle:"Adding Life to Years, Not Adding Years to Life",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b02655d4c4df83b50688fa1a22661d49",slug:"resveratrol-adding-life-to-years-not-adding-years-to-life",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"716",title:"Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8e4b699b914aa5fa2cf49f0ce8c42b9",slug:"clinical-use-of-local-anesthetics",bookSignature:"Asadolah Saadatniaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/716.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88079",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Asadoliah",middleName:null,surname:"Saadatniaki",slug:"asadoliah-saadatniaki",fullName:"Asadoliah Saadatniaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85270",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:4740,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"65331",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83731",title:"Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids as Potential Natural Antioxidants",slug:"flavonoids-and-phenolic-acids-as-potential-natural-antioxidants",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:25,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Biljana Kaurinovic and Djendji Vastag",authors:[{id:"142369",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Kaurinovic",slug:"biljana-kaurinovic",fullName:"Biljana Kaurinovic"},{id:"286918",title:"Prof.",name:"Djendji",middleName:null,surname:"Vastag",slug:"djendji-vastag",fullName:"Djendji Vastag"}]},{id:"62084",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78977",title:"Resveratrol and SIRT1 Activators for the Treatment of Aging and Age-Related Diseases",slug:"resveratrol-and-sirt1-activators-for-the-treatment-of-aging-and-age-related-diseases",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"resveratrol-adding-life-to-years-not-adding-years-to-life",title:"Resveratrol",fullTitle:"Resveratrol - Adding Life to Years, Not Adding Years to Life"},signatures:"Alessandra Stacchiotti, Gaia Favero and Rita Rezzani",authors:[{id:"175171",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Rezzani",slug:"rita-rezzani",fullName:"Rita Rezzani"},{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",middleName:null,surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"},{id:"245898",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Stacchiotti",slug:"alessandra-stacchiotti",fullName:"Alessandra Stacchiotti"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66259",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:4740,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"65067",title:"Diseases Related to Types of Free Radicals",slug:"diseases-related-to-types-of-free-radicals",totalDownloads:872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Narendra Maddu",authors:[{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu"}]},{id:"62579",title:"Where and How in the mTOR Pathway Inhibitors Fight Aging: Rapamycin, Resveratrol, and Metformin",slug:"where-and-how-in-the-mtor-pathway-inhibitors-fight-aging-rapamycin-resveratrol-and-metformin",totalDownloads:1603,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"resveratrol-adding-life-to-years-not-adding-years-to-life",title:"Resveratrol",fullTitle:"Resveratrol - Adding Life to Years, Not Adding Years to Life"},signatures:"Sage Arbor",authors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}]},{id:"62084",title:"Resveratrol and SIRT1 Activators for the Treatment of Aging and Age-Related Diseases",slug:"resveratrol-and-sirt1-activators-for-the-treatment-of-aging-and-age-related-diseases",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"resveratrol-adding-life-to-years-not-adding-years-to-life",title:"Resveratrol",fullTitle:"Resveratrol - Adding Life to Years, Not Adding Years to Life"},signatures:"Alessandra Stacchiotti, Gaia Favero and Rita Rezzani",authors:[{id:"175171",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Rezzani",slug:"rita-rezzani",fullName:"Rita Rezzani"},{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",middleName:null,surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"},{id:"245898",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Stacchiotti",slug:"alessandra-stacchiotti",fullName:"Alessandra Stacchiotti"}]},{id:"66504",title:"Antioxidants as a Double-Edged Sword in the Treatment of Cancer",slug:"antioxidants-as-a-double-edged-sword-in-the-treatment-of-cancer",totalDownloads:873,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Majid Asadi-Samani, Najmeh Kaffash Farkhad, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudian-Sani and Hedayatollah Shirzad",authors:[{id:"237542",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi-Samani",slug:"majid-asadi-samani",fullName:"Majid Asadi-Samani"},{id:"275475",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Reza Mahmoudian-Sani",slug:"mohammad-reza-mahmoudian-sani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Mahmoudian-Sani"},{id:"295230",title:"Dr.",name:"Najmeh",middleName:null,surname:"Kafash Farkhad",slug:"najmeh-kafash-farkhad",fullName:"Najmeh Kafash Farkhad"},{id:"295231",title:"Dr.",name:"Hedayatollah",middleName:null,surname:"Shirzad",slug:"hedayatollah-shirzad",fullName:"Hedayatollah Shirzad"}]},{id:"65331",title:"Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids as Potential Natural Antioxidants",slug:"flavonoids-and-phenolic-acids-as-potential-natural-antioxidants",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:25,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Biljana Kaurinovic and Djendji Vastag",authors:[{id:"142369",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Kaurinovic",slug:"biljana-kaurinovic",fullName:"Biljana Kaurinovic"},{id:"286918",title:"Prof.",name:"Djendji",middleName:null,surname:"Vastag",slug:"djendji-vastag",fullName:"Djendji Vastag"}]},{id:"65225",title:"Antioxidant Categories and Mode of Action",slug:"antioxidant-categories-and-mode-of-action",totalDownloads:967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Manal Azat Aziz, Abdulkareem Shehab Diab and Abeer Abdulrazak Mohammed",authors:[{id:"276717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Manal",middleName:null,surname:"Azat Aziz",slug:"manal-azat-aziz",fullName:"Manal Azat Aziz"},{id:"286369",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulkareem",middleName:null,surname:"Shehab Diab",slug:"abdulkareem-shehab-diab",fullName:"Abdulkareem Shehab Diab"},{id:"312155",title:"Dr.",name:"Abeer Abdulrazak",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"abeer-abdulrazak-mohammed",fullName:"Abeer Abdulrazak Mohammed"}]},{id:"62439",title:"Protective Activity of Resveratrol in Cardio- and Cerebrovascular Diseases",slug:"protective-activity-of-resveratrol-in-cardio-and-cerebrovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:689,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"resveratrol-adding-life-to-years-not-adding-years-to-life",title:"Resveratrol",fullTitle:"Resveratrol - Adding Life to Years, Not Adding Years to Life"},signatures:"Albino Carrizzo, Carmine Izzo and Carmine Vecchione",authors:[{id:"209420",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Vecchione",slug:"carmine-vecchione",fullName:"Carmine Vecchione"},{id:"210626",title:"MSc.",name:"Albino",middleName:null,surname:"Carrizzo",slug:"albino-carrizzo",fullName:"Albino Carrizzo"},{id:"219305",title:"Mr.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Izzo",slug:"carmine-izzo",fullName:"Carmine Izzo"}]},{id:"66809",title:"Dietary Antioxidants in the Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer",slug:"dietary-antioxidants-in-the-chemoprevention-of-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:465,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Dwayne Tucker, Melisa Anderson, Fabian Miller, Kurt Vaz, Lennox Anderson-Jackson and Donovan McGrowder",authors:[{id:"155804",title:"Dr.",name:"Donovan",middleName:null,surname:"McGrowder",slug:"donovan-mcgrowder",fullName:"Donovan McGrowder"},{id:"158092",title:"Mr.",name:"Lennox",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson-Jackson",slug:"lennox-anderson-jackson",fullName:"Lennox Anderson-Jackson"},{id:"280661",title:"Mr.",name:"Dwayne",middleName:null,surname:"Tucker",slug:"dwayne-tucker",fullName:"Dwayne Tucker"},{id:"280662",title:"Ms.",name:"Melisa",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"melisa-anderson",fullName:"Melisa Anderson"},{id:"280664",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabian",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",slug:"fabian-miller",fullName:"Fabian Miller"},{id:"291987",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz",slug:"kurt-vaz",fullName:"Kurt Vaz"}]},{id:"65762",title:"Antioxidants in Date Fruits and the Extent of the Variability of the Total Phenolic Content: Review and Analysis",slug:"antioxidants-in-date-fruits-and-the-extent-of-the-variability-of-the-total-phenolic-content-review-a",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Abdulameer Allaith",authors:[{id:"277441",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdulameer",middleName:null,surname:"Allaith",slug:"abdulameer-allaith",fullName:"Abdulameer Allaith"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"clinical-pharmacology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/23349/libor-zouhar",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"23349",slug:"libor-zouhar"},fullPath:"/profiles/23349/libor-zouhar",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()