Closing modes of the two check gates and their features.
\r\n\t
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"262be213941c1aaa0dd80896713f5e1f",bookSignature:"Dr. Thomas Heinbockel and Dr. Antonei B. Csoka",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7480.jpg",keywords:"Neurodegenerative Diseases, Neuropharmacology, Neurotransmitter, Epigenetics, Intracellular Trafficking, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuroimmunology, Cell Injury, Inflammation, Stem Cells, Sensory Transduction, Translational Neurochemistry, Optogenetics, Neuronal Cytoskeleton, Neural Membranes, Intracellular Signaling, Neural Processing, Intercellular Signaling, Development, Differentiation",numberOfDownloads:90,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 13th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/70569/images/system/70569.jpeg",biography:"Thomas Heinbockel, Ph.D., is currently Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Dr. Heinbockel’s laboratory engages in multidisciplinary research to elucidate organizational principles of neural systems in the brain, specifically the limbic and olfactory system. His research has been directed at understanding brain mechanisms of information processing and their relation to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Dr. Heinbockel studied biology at the Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. His studies of the brain started during his M.S. thesis work at the Max-Planck-Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Starnberg/Seewiesen, Germany. Subsequently, he completed a Ph.D. in Neuroscience at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. After graduating, he held a Research Associate position at the Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University School of Medicine, Magdeburg, Germany. Prior to his arrival at Howard University, Dr. Heinbockel held joint research faculty appointments in the Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and the Department of Physiology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.",institutionString:"Howard University College of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"245650",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonei B.",middleName:null,surname:"Csoka",slug:"antonei-b.-csoka",fullName:"Antonei B. Csoka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245650/images/6867_n.jpg",biography:"Antonei B. Csoka, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anatomy at Howard University, Washington DC, where he directs the Epigenetics Laboratory. Dr. Csoka received his B.S. in Genetics from the University of Newcastle, U.K., his M.S. in Molecular Pathology from the University of Leicester, U.K., and his Ph.D. in Cell and Molecular Biology from the University of Debrecen, Hungary. He performed postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco, where he cloned the human hyaluronidase genes. At Brown University, he was a member of a team that identified the causative gene for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria), a disease with many features of “accelerated aging.” At Howard, Dr. Csoka is studying the role of cellular senescence in human aging and the role of epigenetics in pharmacology and neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:"Assistant Professor",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Howard University",institutionURL:"http://www.howard.edu/",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1174",title:"Neurochemistry",slug:"neurochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"64031",title:"Trends of Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases",slug:"trends-of-protein-aggregation-in-neurodegenerative-diseases",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63793",title:"Targeting the NO/cGMP/CREB Phosphorylation Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"targeting-the-no-cgmp-creb-phosphorylation-signaling-pathway-in-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3846",title:"Neurochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671f065e6c1035adb042edc442626b8a",slug:"neurochemistry",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1657",title:"Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9a76a5d4740bdeefa66bb4cd6162964",slug:"neuroscience",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1657.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7329",title:"Histology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9af2e2fd8f28c4d1b8b9510c3d73e1ec",slug:"histology",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Vonnie D.C. Shields",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6089",title:"Sensory Nervous System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87928c04aaa3d4dc4117bd9bb6b599e7",slug:"sensory-nervous-system",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6089.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5521",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eea3c7f926cd466ddd14ab777b663d8",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7820",title:"The Neurobiology of the Amygdala",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c994510714cfc0b4ac2b69d9eb19f485",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7820.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5780",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatima",surname:"Shad Kaneez",slug:"fatima-shad-kaneez",fullName:"Fatima Shad Kaneez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26241",title:"Ocular Complications of Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/26929",slug:"ocular-complications-of-endocarditis",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26241.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26241",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26241",totalDownloads:6410,totalViews:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 14th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 13th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 20th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26241",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26241",book:{slug:"endocarditis"},signatures:"Ozlem Sahin",authors:[{id:"68307",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozlem",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",fullName:"Ozlem Sahin",slug:"ozlem-sahin",email:"ozlem1158@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"683",title:"Endocarditis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Endocarditis",slug:"endocarditis",publishedDate:"January 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Francisco Ramón Breijo-Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/683.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91997",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Breijo-Márquez",slug:"francisco-ramon-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco Ramón Breijo-Márquez"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26235",title:"An Overview on Endocarditis",slug:"an-overview-on-endocarditis",totalDownloads:1712,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Breijo-Marquez and M. Pardo Rios",authors:[{id:"91997",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Breijo-Márquez",fullName:"Francisco Ramón Breijo-Márquez",slug:"francisco-ramon-breijo-marquez"},{id:"127936",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Pardo Rios",fullName:"Manuel Pardo Rios",slug:"manuel-pardo-rios"}]},{id:"26236",title:"Infective Endocarditis in the Elderly",slug:"infective-endocarditis-in-the-elderly",totalDownloads:1939,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lucy Miller and Jim George",authors:[{id:"68841",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"George",fullName:"James George",slug:"james-george"},{id:"125003",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",fullName:"Lucy Miller",slug:"lucy-miller"}]},{id:"26237",title:"Pathogenesis of Endocarditis – Bacteraemia of Oral Origin",slug:"pathogenesis-of-endocarditis-bacteraemia-of-oral-origin",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Inmaculada Tomás-Carmona and M. Álvarez-Fernández",authors:[{id:"70085",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Tomás-Carmona",fullName:"Inmaculada Tomás-Carmona",slug:"inmaculada-tomas-carmona"},{id:"149434",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximiliano",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Fernández",fullName:"Maximiliano Álvarez-Fernández",slug:"maximiliano-alvarez-fernandez"}]},{id:"26238",title:"Platelet-Bacterial Interactions as Therapeutic Targets in Infective Endocarditis",slug:"platelet-bacterial-interactions-as-therapeutic-targets-in-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Steven W. Kerrigan and Dermot Cox",authors:[{id:"73961",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve W.",middleName:"W.",surname:"Kerrigan",fullName:"Steve W. Kerrigan",slug:"steve-w.-kerrigan"},{id:"77328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dermot",middleName:null,surname:"Cox",fullName:"Dermot Cox",slug:"dermot-cox"}]},{id:"26239",title:"NVS and Staphylococci in the Oral Cavity – A Cause of Infective Endocarditis",slug:"nvs-and-staphylococci-in-the-oral-cavity-a-cause-of-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuko Ohara-Nemoto, Shigenobu Kimura and Takayuki K. Nemoto",authors:[{id:"80105",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Ohara-Nemoto",fullName:"Yuko Ohara-Nemoto",slug:"yuko-ohara-nemoto"},{id:"82723",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigenobu",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",fullName:"Shigenobu Kimura",slug:"shigenobu-kimura"},{id:"82724",title:"Dr.",name:"Takayuki K.",middleName:null,surname:"Nemoto",fullName:"Takayuki K. Nemoto",slug:"takayuki-k.-nemoto"}]},{id:"26240",title:"Antibiotics Against Endocarditis – Past, Present and Future (Experimental Data)",slug:"antibiotics-against-endocarditis-past-present-and-future-experimental-data-",totalDownloads:1896,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cédric Jacqueline, Gilles Amador, Eric Batard, Virginie Le Mabecque, Gilles Potel and Jocelyne Caillon",authors:[{id:"61659",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Amador",fullName:"Gilles Amador",slug:"gilles-amador"},{id:"62607",title:"Ms.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Le Mabecque",fullName:"Virginie Le Mabecque",slug:"virginie-le-mabecque"},{id:"62610",title:"Dr",name:"Jocelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Caillon",fullName:"Jocelyne Caillon",slug:"jocelyne-caillon"},{id:"62612",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Potel",fullName:"Gilles Potel",slug:"gilles-potel"},{id:"62614",title:"Dr.",name:"Cedric",middleName:null,surname:"Jacqueline",fullName:"Cedric Jacqueline",slug:"cedric-jacqueline"},{id:"77380",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Batard",fullName:"Eric Batard",slug:"eric-batard"}]},{id:"26241",title:"Ocular Complications of Endocarditis",slug:"ocular-complications-of-endocarditis",totalDownloads:6410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ozlem Sahin",authors:[{id:"68307",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozlem",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",fullName:"Ozlem Sahin",slug:"ozlem-sahin"}]},{id:"26242",title:"Radiology in Infective Endocarditis",slug:"radiology-in-infective-endocarditis",totalDownloads:4238,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"C. Prados, C. Carpio, A. Santiago, I. Silva and R. Álvarez-Sala",authors:[{id:"68951",title:"Dr.",name:"Concha",middleName:null,surname:"Prados",fullName:"Concha Prados",slug:"concha-prados"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"949",title:"Cardiac Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4c87dc890fdeaa9301005f3bf6331d8e",slug:"cardiac-transplantation",bookSignature:"Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/949.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63413",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",surname:"Moffatt-Bruce",slug:"susan-moffatt-bruce",fullName:"Susan Moffatt-Bruce"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28046",title:"Immunosuppressive Therapy After Cardiac Transplantation",slug:"immunosuppressive-is-therapy-after-cardiac-transplantation",signatures:"Martin Schweiger",authors:[{id:"65315",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Schweiger",fullName:"Martin Schweiger",slug:"martin-schweiger"}]},{id:"28047",title:"Antibody Mediated Rejection of the Cardiac Allograft",slug:"antibody-mediated-rejection-of-the-cardiac-allograft",signatures:"Christopher R. Ensor and Christina T. Doligalski",authors:[{id:"66700",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Ensor",fullName:"Christopher Ensor",slug:"christopher-ensor"},{id:"118520",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:"Teeter",surname:"Doligalski",fullName:"Christina Doligalski",slug:"christina-doligalski"}]},{id:"28048",title:"Nutritional Intervention in Heart Transplant Recipients – Dietary Recommendations",slug:"nutritional-intervention-in-people-with-heart-transplant-dietary-recommendations-",signatures:"Paloma Posada-Moreno, Ismael Ortuño-Soriano, Ignacio Zaragoza-García, Mª Dolores Rodríguez-Martínez, José Luis Pacheco-del-Cerro, Carmen Martínez-Rincón and Antonio Luis Villarino-Marín",authors:[{id:"68029",title:"Dr.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Posada Moreno",fullName:"Paloma Posada Moreno",slug:"paloma-posada-moreno"}]},{id:"28049",title:"Physical Rehabilitation",slug:"physical-rehabilitation-",signatures:"Guilherme Veiga Guimarães, Lucas Nóbilo Pascoalino, Vitor de Oliveira Carvalho, Aline Cristina Tavares, and Edimar Alcides Bocchi",authors:[{id:"54196",title:"Prof.",name:"Edimar Alcides",middleName:null,surname:"Bocchi",fullName:"Edimar Alcides Bocchi",slug:"edimar-alcides-bocchi"},{id:"64604",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme Veiga",middleName:null,surname:"Guimaraes",fullName:"Guilherme Veiga Guimaraes",slug:"guilherme-veiga-guimaraes"},{id:"74928",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas Nobilo",middleName:null,surname:"Pascoalino",fullName:"Lucas Nobilo Pascoalino",slug:"lucas-nobilo-pascoalino"},{id:"74930",title:"Mrs",name:"Aline Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Aline Cristina Tavares",slug:"aline-cristina-tavares"},{id:"74931",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor Oliveira",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Vitor Oliveira Carvalho",slug:"vitor-oliveira-carvalho"}]},{id:"28050",title:"Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: An Ongoing Challenge in the Care of Heart Transplant Recipients",slug:"cardiac-allograft-vasculopathy-an-ongoing-challenge-in-the-care-of-heart-transplant-recipients",signatures:"Brian Clarke and Kiran Khush",authors:[{id:"70072",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiran",middleName:null,surname:"Khush",fullName:"Kiran Khush",slug:"kiran-khush"},{id:"74299",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Brian Clarke",slug:"brian-clarke"}]},{id:"28051",title:"Role of Matricellular Proteins in Cardiac Allograft Fibrosis",slug:"transplant-vasculopathy-and-development-of-graft-sclerosis-fibrosis",signatures:"Nadine Frerker, Monika Kasprzycka, Bjørg Mikalsen, Pål Dag Line, Helge Scott and Guttorm Haraldsen",authors:[{id:"74909",title:"Dr",name:"Guttorm",middleName:null,surname:"Haraldsen",fullName:"Guttorm Haraldsen",slug:"guttorm-haraldsen"}]},{id:"28052",title:"Potential of Heterotopic Cardiac Transplantation in Mice as a Model for Elucidating Mechanisms of Graft Rejection",slug:"potential-of-the-model-of-heterotopic-cardiac-transplantation-in-mice-for-elucidating-the-mechanisms",signatures:"Melanie Laschinger, Volker Assfalg, Edouard Matevossian, Helmut Friess and Norbert Hüser",authors:[{id:"69957",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert",middleName:null,surname:"Hüser",fullName:"Norbert Hüser",slug:"norbert-huser"},{id:"71480",title:"Dr.",name:"Melanie",middleName:null,surname:"Laschinger",fullName:"Melanie Laschinger",slug:"melanie-laschinger"},{id:"71482",title:"Dr.",name:"Volker",middleName:null,surname:"Aßfalg",fullName:"Volker Aßfalg",slug:"volker-assfalg"},{id:"80963",title:"Prof.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Friess",fullName:"Helmut Friess",slug:"helmut-friess"},{id:"122344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edouard",middleName:null,surname:"Matevossian",fullName:"Edouard Matevossian",slug:"edouard-matevossian"}]},{id:"28053",title:"Pre-Transplant Therapy in Experimental Heart Transplantation",slug:"preconditioning-therapy-in-experimental-heart-transplantation",signatures:"Tomislav Stojanovic, Andreas H. Wagner, Friedrich A. Schöndube and Markus Hecker",authors:[{id:"74231",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Stojanovic",fullName:"Tomislav Stojanovic",slug:"tomislav-stojanovic"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64626",title:"Emergency Operations of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82021",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",body:'When a sudden water pollution accident happens, control structures including check gate, pumping station, and dam can be utilized for emergency operation to reduce the harm caused thereby [1]. Regarding sudden water pollution accidents that are unforeseeable in the MRP, safety and stability are the ones of the key problems to which most attention are paid in an emergency regulation process. The main response characteristic parameters which reflect the safety and stability of a water transfer system are the response duration time from the transition of the steady water state to an emergency state of an open channel, as well as the change range and change speed of the water level in the channel during such response duration. The factors that affect these response characteristic parameters mainly include flow, check gate closing mode and time, and the use of drainage gate. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a complete set of operation rules to achieve safe and stable operation of a channel under emergency conditions. In addition, in order to make the operation process of the channel go with the aforesaid rules, emergency conditions often lead to great changes in the operating conditions of the channel. At present, the mainly conventional control algorithm of a channel is PI control algorithm. The control condition generally is a small change in water diversion and restores to the original water diversion process after lasting for a not very long period of time; or water diversion experiences a small change, but fails to restore to the original water diversion process [2]. In case of an emergency, the operating conditions of a channel pool undergo great changes. For this, the main characteristics of the channel, such as the lagged effect of the upstream of the channel on the downstream, as well as the cumulative impact of flow on the water level, will change [3]. At this time, it is difficult to achieve emergent adjustment by using a conventional automatic control system. Therefore, an automatic check gate control algorithm should be used for a change in an emergency to meet the fast smooth transition from a conventional process to an emergent process and then to a conventional process.
Schematic diagram of subsections of main canal of MRP.
In case of a sudden water pollution accident in the main canal in the MRP, channels are divided into three parts: accident pool, the upstream section of the accident pool, and the downstream section of the same, for which, joint emergency operations will be carried out (Figure 1).
In case of an emergency, related operation strategies should be developed at the first time. All check gate operation rules should fulfill the strategies. The following control strategies are put forward by referring to the control strategy of some large water transfer project and the experience of water diversion:
In the event of an emergency, cut off the accident section or reduce the flow of water that transfers downstream. If excess flow and storage volume occur in all channel pools at the same time, and if their reduction is not done as soon as possible, the channel pools will suffer overflow and water loss. Therefore, all upstream check gates of the accident section should have their flow reduced or even cut off. Not only should the “excess flow” be reversed but also the “excess storage volume” should be reduced.
Because the water volume in upstream pools tends to increase rather than decrease after an emergency, there is adequate water supply to the turnouts. Therefore, after the emergency, operation measures should not interfere with the water supply at upstream turnouts.
Use the regulation and storage capacity of channels and try not to waste and abandon water so as to reduce economic losses.
Maintain the volume of the canal pools as much as possible at the volume storage which the pools have in normal condition, so as to reduce the repeated adjustment of the storage volume and the operation and management costs.
A general water supply channel adopts a constant downstream depth mode. The response and the recovery characteristics of this mode lead to repeated adjustment of storage volume before and after channel pool flow switching, not only increasing the costs of operation and management but also taking a lot of time in storage volume regulation. Comparatively speaking, equal-volume operation has no defects. Therefore, equal-volume operation should be applied if a channel satisfies the condition for using an equal-volume operation mode.
Some research shows that the channel response and recovery time of synchronous gate operation is shorter than that of asynchronous gate operation, and synchronous operation should be preferred in emergency phase.
According to the channel pool where a water pollution event occurs and the control strategy thereof, a whole channel can be divided into accident pool, the upstream section of the accident pool, and the downstream section of the same. Use different operation rules for different control strategies.
The first main purpose of using a drainage gate is for clipping peak and reducing the maximum backwater height of a check gate; the second is for regulating the upstream water level of the check gate during fluctuation of the water level in the channel so as to make them come near to the target water level. The use of drainage gate, however, also results in water waste. Therefore, the drainage gate is not opened generally. It is only opened when the water level endangers the safety of a project. A warning level indicator is used here to judge whether to adopt drainage gate, and it is used when the warning level is above the warning level.
Drainage gate control rules for an accident pool: when the upstream water level of drainage gate is higher than the warning level, the drainage gate is used; when the volume stored in the channel pool comes near to the target volume, the drainage gate should be closed rapidly. After the water surface of the accident pool becomes steady, then decide whether to reuse the drainage gate to abandon water, according to the level of the accident. If water body in the channel pool fails to realize self-purification or too long duration of self-purification which has an effect on downstream water supply, the drainage gate should be reused to discharge polluted water body into a temporary water pool or an abandoned lake by the channel section for treatment. Close the drainage gate and restore water supply after the channel pool is drained.
Drainage gate control rules for the upstream section of an accident pool: when the upstream water level of all upstream check gates is above the warning level, use the drainage gate; for a channel section without drainage gate, when the upstream water level is above the warning level, do not close the check gate temporarily for current calculation. The purpose is for clipping peak and reducing the maximum backwater height of a check gate; the second is for regulating the upstream water level of the check gate during fluctuation of the water level in the channel so as to make them come near to the target water level.
The drainage gate is not used for the downstream section of the accident pool, because the downstream section is where inflow water is smaller than outflow water. When a reasonable check gate operation process is used, the situation that the upstream water level is above the warning level will not happen basically. Moreover, the drainage gate will not be used in order to keep water supply at the downstream section as much as possible.
Turnout control rules for an accident pool: the turnout closes rapidly as the check gate closes rapidly to reduce the impact of polluted water diversion.
The turnout at the upstream section of the accident pool does not involve emergency scheduling, keeping original normal scheduling opening, and ensuring normal water supply at the upstream section.
Turnout control rules for the downstream section of an accident pool: the flow of all turnouts at the downstream section is controlled according to the reduction ratio of the flow of the downstream check gate of the channel.
Check gate control rules for an accident pool: the two check gates should be closed rapidly to prevent clean water of the upstream channel pool from entering the accident pool and to avoid polluted water body from flowing into the downstream channel pool.
Check gate control rules for the upstream section of an accident pool: a relevant operation plan should be developed according to a water level control target in order to ensure normal water supply at the upstream section.
Check gate control rules for the downstream section of an accident pool: the check gate should be closed gradually depending on a water level control target.
The objective of gate emergency operations in the accident pool (Figure 2) is to confine the pollutants within the accident pool, and then the polluted water can be treated with other measures, for example, adsorption. In this situation, the discharge of the two gates in the initial and final state is known, but it remains unknown when the gate starts closing and how long it takes from the initial discharge to the final discharge (Figure 3). Therefore, there are four closing modes for the two check gates, as shown in Table 1.
A schematic of the accident pool.
The emergency operation of a gate.
Number | Mode | When the gate starts closing (T0) | Closing time (T1 − T0) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Synchronous with the same speed | T0up = T0down | (T1 − T0)up = (T1 − T0)down |
2 | Asynchronous with the same speed | T0up ≠ T0down | (T1 − T0)up = (T1 − T0)down |
3 | Synchronous with different speeds | T0up = T0down | (T1 − T0)up ≠ (T1 − T0)down |
4 | Asynchronous with different speeds | T0up ≠ T0down | (T1 − T0)up ≠ (T1 − T0)down |
Closing modes of the two check gates and their features.
Note: Up, upstream check gate; down, downstream check gate.
Emergency Scheduling Plan for Sudden Events under Main Route of South to North Water Diversion Project (Q/NSBDZX G014-2014) points out that the regulation method of the upstream section of an accident pool should be performed according to the control principle of constant downstream depth; and that the opening of check gates should be adjusted real time depending on the actual water level.
Constant downstream depth operation is an operation mode to keep relative steady the downstream water depth of each channel section. When the flow in the channel section changes, the water surface profile will rotate around the pivot point at the downstream end of the channel section, as shown in Figure 4. Wedge volume between different steady flowing water surface profiles is formed therefrom. When the flow increases, so do the water surface slope and wedge capacity volume; on the contrary, when it decreases, so do the water surface slope and wedge volume [4].
Operation mode of constant downstream depth.
At present, constant downstream depth is set as the operation mode used for emergency regulation. This mode features high capacity of water transfer but poor response and recovery characteristics, so it needs to be improved further.
On the basis of analysis of equal-volume operation mode features, this section demonstrates the feasibility of using equal-volume operation mode under emergency regulation in three steps: Step (1) determines the most unfavorable condition of equal-volume operation; Step (2) analyzes the free board margin; and Step (3) determines the flow interval suitable for equal-volume operation under the main route project.
Equal-volume control features “water retention capacity.” When in equal-volume operation mode, the volume in a channel section keeps unchanged at any time. When flow transits from one steady state to another one, water surface rotates around the pivot point by the middle point of the channel section. Sometimes, the equal-volume operation mode is also referred to as “a synchronous operation mode,” because this mode keeps a steady volume by synchronously controlling upstream and downstream check gates. The change of wedge volume in the channel section appears at both sides of the middle pivot point of the channel section, as shown in Figure 5. Providing a given flow change, the changes of wedge volume at the both sides of the pivot point equals and are different in direction. When the flow goes down, so does the upstream wedge volume, and the downstream wedge volume goes up; when the flow goes up, the upstream wedge volume goes up, and the downstream wedge volume goes down.
Equal-volume operation mode.
Advantages of equal-volume operation: the volume in the channel pool keeps unchanged during operating condition switching. Therefore, the equal-volume operation can change the state of water flow in the whole channel system rapidly. This is particularly suitable for operating conditions.
When analyzing the feasibility of the equal-volume operation, identify and test the most unfavorable operating condition.
During normal water transfer in the MRP, constant downstream depth mode is used and changed to the equal-volume operation mode during an emergency. In order to ensure fast, smooth switching, water makeup from adjacent channel sections, or to ensure water discharge should not be performed before such switching. For this, the volume in a channel during equal-volume operation should be equal to that of constant downstream depth operation.
In the constant downstream depth mode, the water volume stored in the channel changes with the flow: the greater the flow is, the volume is more and the operation safety margin of the corresponding channel is smaller. Similarly, the safety margin at the time when this operating condition is switched to equal-volume operation is the smallest. Therefore, when equal-volume operation is under test, the volume should be the one with the design flow of constant downstream depth.
If volume is the same, the water surface profile of equal-volume operation is not unique, but rotates with flow change, among which the most unfavorable situation is the horizontal water surface profile corresponding to zero flow. This is because that the water surface profile at the downstream position of the channel section (i.e., the upstream water surface profile of downstream check gate) comes nearest to the top of a dike. For this reason, the test flow for equal-volume operation mode is zero.
Based on the above analyses, the most unfavorable operating condition of the equal-volume operation is that the flow is zero, with a volume equal to the one under the design flow of constant downstream depth. Because of subcritical flow in the open water conveyance canal, the average of the water surface profile is a backwater-type water surface profile. The corresponding upstream water level of check gate can be based on the corresponding relation among channel section flow, upstream water level of check gate, and volume and is determined by using a trial method.
Under the most unfavorable operating condition of equal-volume operation, the rising maximum of the water level in all channel pools occurs upstream of check gate. First, by using a constant uniform flow program for calculating water surface profile, and via section integral, the volume V0 is obtained according to the upstream water depth Hd of check gate corresponding to the design flow and the constant downstream depth of all channel pools. Second, take the volume in a channel pool, V0 as a target and zero flow as a known condition, set different upstream water depths of check gate, and perform trial calculation by using a dichotomy until the respective Hd1 is determined, that is, the upstream water depth of check gate in each channel pool of the middle route under the most unfavorable operating condition of equal-volume operation. Calculate the water level rising value (Figure 6) and engineering safety margin under the most unfavorable operating condition of equal-volume operation (Figure 7).
Rising value of upstream water depth of check gate under equal-volume operation compared with constant downstream depth (the most unfavorable operating condition).
Safety margin of upstream water depth of check gate under equal-volume operation (the most unfavorable operating condition).
From these figures, we can see that the first 25 channel pools have sufficient margin to implement equal-volume operation, while more channel pools at the right section have no sufficient margin.
Emergency regulation algorithm module can be divided into a feedforward control module and a feedback control module as a whole, as shown in Figure 8.
Construction of emergency integrated control module at upstream of accident section of the middle route project.
The feedforward control module is based on the water diversion quantity and volume of a channel before and after a channel accident; determine the operation plan for upstream check gates from the channel head to the accident section in combination of the plan for water diversion at dividing gate, in a bid to ensure safe, smooth transition between normal operation and emergency operation, reduce water abandoned by drainage gate as soon as possible, and cut the operation cost. The main decision-making basis for feedforward control module is overall water amount balance relation of a channel, without detailed calculation of factors such as check gate mechanical dead band, channel hydraulic model, sensor measuring error, etc. The purpose is “rough regulation.”
The purpose of the feedback control module is to eliminate the water level control deviation arising from various types of perturb factors during a whole transition. By using a water level sensor, the module performs real-time measurement of the deviation in the upstream water level of check gate and converts it to a volume deviation; after that, it realizes the correction of feedforward control flow of check gate by changing the flow of water entering the channel, maintaining a target water level within a preset reasonable range.
The channel adopts conventional constant downstream depth operation mode, constant downstream depth, and equal-volume operation mode. The emergency integrated feedforward control module differs, so do the respective tradition process and control effect. This research carried out calculation, analysis, and comparison depending on different operation modes of the middle route project.
For easy explanation, assume that there is a generalized canal with three channel pools in series as shown in Figure 9, and that the accident section lies at the most downstream. In the figure, DV1–DV3 stand for the decrease of the volume in each channel pool before and after emergency control (i.e., normal operation and emergency operation); QG1–QG4, the flow of inflow or outflow check gate of each channel pool; q1–q3, the flow at the dividing gate of each channel pool.
Channels emergency regulated and controlled by using constant downstream depth operation.
On the basis of overall operation strategies and measures of the MRP, an integrated feedforward control module is designed in the constant downstream depth operation mode of the whole route. The detailed process description is shown in Figure 10.
After an accident occurs, rapidly close all check gates at the upstream accident section at the first time; if the water level is above the warning level, open the drainage gate until the water level falls back to the design level.
Determine a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow of each channel pool. Depending on the balance relation between inflow and outflow of channel pool, from the adjacent channel pools at the upstream accident section, accumulate the flow of all downstream turnouts to the upstream direction, taking the total flow as a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of this channel pool.
Calculate the regulation target value of volume in each channel pool. (1) Calculate the regulation target value of volume before and after emergency response of single channel pool. According to a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of each channel pool, calculate the volumes before and after emergency operations of each channel pool, respectively, by using a calculation program for constant nonuniform water surface profile of conventional open channel; the regulation target value equals to the difference of the two volumes; (2) calculate the regulation target value of accumulated volume of channel pools in series. Starting from adjacent channel pools at the upstream accident section to channel head, accumulate the regulation target value of single channel pool volume, channel pool by channel pool, and then obtain the regulation target value of accumulated volume of channel pools in series, and take it as the target volume for emergency operations of each channel pool.
Calculate the time when inflow of each channel pool is reduced. (1) Starting from the upstream channel section adjacent to accident section to upstream direction, accumulate the flow of dividing gates channel by channel, and then obtain the accumulated flow for emergency operations of each channel pool. (2) Divide the target volume for emergency operations of each channel pool by the accumulated flow for emergency operations of each channel pool, and then we obtain the change transient time of emergency operation volume in each channel pool.
Carry forward with time and make implementation, respectively, according to the new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of channel pool determined in Step (3), as well as the time when inflow of each channel pool is reduced (determined in Step (4)).
Schematic diagram of emergency control mode by using constant downstream depth operation mode.
For easy derivation and explanation, assume that there is a generalized canal with three channel pools in series as shown in Figure 11, and that channel pools 1 and 2 use the equal-volume operation mode. In the figure, DV1–DV3 stand for the decrease of the volume in each channel pool before and after emergency control; QG1–QG4, the flow of inflow or outflow check gate of each channel pool; q1–q3, the flow at the dividing gate of each channel pool.
Channels emergency regulated and controlled by using equal-volume operation.
On the basis of overall operation strategies and measures of the MRP, integrated feedforward control module is proposed by combining constant downstream depth and equal-volume operation mode. For the description of the detailed process, refer to Figure 12:
After an accident occurs, rapidly close all check gates at the upstream accident section at the first time. If the water level is above the warning level, open the drainage gate until the water level falls back to the design level.
Determine a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of each channel pool. Depending on the balance relation between inflow and outflow of channel pool, accumulate the flow of all downstream dividing gates channel section by channel section from the adjacent channel pools at the upstream accident section to the upstream direction, taking the total flow as a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of this channel pool.
Calculate the regulation target value of volume in each channel pool. (1) Calculate the regulation target value of volume before and after emergency response of single channel pool. For channel pools using equal-volume operation, let the regulation target value of volume in a single channel pool equal to 0. By adopting the channel pool using constant downstream depth operation and according to a new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of each channel pool, calculate the volumes before and after emergency operations of each channel pool, respectively, by using a calculation program for constant nonuniform water surface profile of conventional open channel; the regulation target value equals to the difference of the two volumes; (2) calculate the regulation target value of accumulated volume of channel pools in series. Starting from adjacent channel pools at the upstream accident section to channel head, accumulate the regulation target value of single channel pool volume, channel pool by channel pool, and then obtain the regulation target value of accumulated volume of channel pools in series, and take it as the target volume for emergency operations of each channel pool.
Calculate the time when inflow of each channel pool is reduced. (1) Starting from the upstream channel section adjacent to accident section to upstream direction, accumulate the flow of dividing gates channel by channel, and then obtain the accumulated flow for emergency operations of each channel pool. (2) Divide the target volume for emergency operations of each channel pool by the accumulated flow for emergency operations of each channel pool, and then we obtain the change transient time of emergency operation volume in each channel pool.
Carry forward with time and make implementation, respectively, according to the new target flow after emergency operations of inflow check gate of channel pool determined in Step (3), as well as the time when inflow of each channel pool is reduced (determined in Step (4)).
Schematic diagram of emergency channel integrated control mode by using constant downstream depth operation mode.
Feedback control is also called closed-loop control. It adjusts the input quantity of a controlled object by measuring the deviation between the state of the controlled object and the target state and makes the state of the controlled object meet actual demands. During the design of feedback control algorithm, perform in-depth analysis of the dynamic response characteristics of the controlled object, and then on such basis, design the control algorithm and calibration control parameters in order to improve the performance of the controller as much as possible. For example, reduce the response process of the controlled object and the fluctuation range of the controlled parameters, improve the stability of the controlled object, and so on.
In the field of channel control, PID feedback control algorithm is the algorithm that is applied most. This algorithm is characterized by simple structure, good stability, reliable operation, convenient adjustment, etc. [5]. The dynamic response characteristics of PID control algorithm are closely related with control parameters of the control algorithm. These parameters will change with time because of uncertainty of channel roughness, cross-section size, check gate overflow coefficient, etc., and for sediment deposition, aquatic weed growth, and other reasons. Therefore, the setting of controller parameters is very critical to control performance and safe operation of a water conveyance system. There is a lot of work to do for such setting. At present, there are three kinds of commonly used methods: theoretical analysis, empirical trial method, and on-line setting method.
In order to reduce controller setting workload, this research proposes a feedback control algorithm based on dynamic volume correction thinking. The core of the algorithm is real-time dynamic correction of volume in each channel pool to make the volume of the channel pool the same with that at the target water level. For the principle, see Figure 13. The specific process of implementation of dynamic volume feedback correction is as follows:
Perform real-time monitoring of upstream target water level of check gate
Calculate the real-time volume deviation
Calculate volume correction process parameters including volume correction duration
where
The action that check gate implements volume correction for the corrected control flow of check gate
Following the completion of this volume correction, go back to Step (1) and realize dynamic rolling correction.
Schematic diagram of emergency feedback control of upstream accident section.
It is important to note that in order to speed up the transition process of volume feedback regulation, the action of volume correction of each check gate (refers to
For constant downstream depth and equal-volume operation modes, the thinking for implementing the aforesaid feedback control algorithms is basically the same, and the main difference lies in presetting of the upstream target water level of check gate. The upstream target water level of check gate in constant downstream depth operation mode is its design value and keeps unchanged all the time, while the upstream target water level of check gate in equal-volume operation mode changes with flow dynamically. In this research, the upstream target water level of check gate changes linearly with the whole transition process in a preset equal-volume operation mode. That is to say that the upstream target water level of check gate changes linearly from the initial value to the final value during the whole time interval from the occurrence of a sudden event to the completion of feedforward control and regulation.
During the emergency operations of downstream section of an accident pool, it is considered that the flows passing through upstream and downstream check gates of all channel pools reduce linearly to 0 from normal operation condition of the project (Figure 14).
Upstream and downstream flow change processes of any channel pool at downstream accident pool.
In the figure,
All check gates of downstream accident pool take the downstream check gate as a boundary condition, and emergency operations is carried out. Therefore, during this process, the aforesaid
Therefore, the operation of downstream accident section generally is similar to volume control algorithm. The purpose of water level control is realized by regulating channel pool volume [6]. At present, we have obtained the operation strategy analysis of downstream check gate after an accident occurs upstream. The operation process is that the opening of check gate is performed according to conventional regulation opening at each step [7]. Actually, the operation of check gate under an emergency may not follow conventional opening change constraint, but be the maximum opening. Therefore, for the operation strategy of downstream accident section, an equation can be established according to water budget with a known change
The water discharge through all check gates at downstream accident pool reduces in an equal proportion, and the reduction of discharge is the same per unit time, as shown in Figure 15.
Schematic diagram of equal proportion reduction of water discharge through check gate. (a) Upstream and downstream flow change processes of channel pool. (b) Flow change process at the turnout of such channel pool.
By using this method, we obtain
During emergency operations, the volume of water body flowing into such channel pool through upstream check gate is
During such process, the volume of water body flowing out of such channel pool is
then, the volume change
Put Formulas (7) and (8) into Formulas (9), and then we obtain
From water budget, we know that
Put Formula (11) into Formula (10), and then we obtain
By combining Formulas (4)–(6) and (4)–(12), we can obtain
Because
Namely, the regulation start time of downstream check gate is later than that of upstream check gate.
The regulation of check gate of all channel pools of downstream accident pool and the check gate of downstream accident pool starts at the same time, but ends at different times, as shown in Figure 16.
Schematic diagram of equal proportion reduction of water discharge through check gate. (a) Upstream and downstream flow change processes of channel pool. (b) Flow change process at the dividing gate of such channel pool.
By using this method, we know that the regulation start time of each check gate
During emergency operations, the volume of water body flowing into channel pool through upstream check gate is
During such process, the volume of water body flowing out of such channel pool is
then, the volume change
Put Formulas (16) and (17) into (18), and then we obtain
From water budget, we know that
Put Formula (20) into Formula (19), and then we obtain
From this Formula, we can see that the regulation end time of downstream check gate is always later than that of upstream check gate.
The regulation start time of downstream check gate of the channel pool is controlled via the change of water body volume in the channel pool. In this chapter, assuming when the water body volume reduces
Schematic diagram of equal proportion reduction of water discharge through check gate. (a) Upstream and downstream flow change processes of channel pool. (b) Flow change process at the dividing gate of such channel pool.
In the figure, the water discharge through upstream check gate of channel pool corresponding to time
By time
The volume of water body flowing out of channel pool is
As described above, by time
From water budget, we know that
Put Formulas (22)–(25), and (27) into (26), and then we obtain
We obtain the following solution:
By time
The volume of water body flowing out of channel pool is
As described above, after time
Put Formulas (22), (23), (27), (30), and (31) into (32), and then we obtain
From Formula (29), we know that the regulation start time of downstream check gate
We obtain the following via solution
However, at
Schematic diagram of equal proportion reduction of water discharge through check gate. (a) Upstream and downstream flow change processes of channel pool. (b) Flow change process at the dividing gate of such channel pool.
Then by time
The volume of water body flowing out of channel pool is
By time
From water budget, we know that
Put Formulas (36), (37), and (39) into (38), and then we obtain
After time
Then we obtain
Put Formulas (40) and (41) into (42), and then we obtain
For this method, because the regulation start time of downstream check gate
We obtain the following by solution
From Formulas (44) and (45), we can see that for this method, the specific form of the operation method which takes volume as a control condition should be determined by comparing the magnitude relation between
Take the MRP for example. Assuming that 6th channel pool (from check gate for Shierli River to the check gate at the outlet of the inverted siphon for Baihe River) undergoes a sudden water pollution event, the control rules and algorithms proposed herein should be used immediately to control the check gates at accident section, and upstream and downstream sections of accident pool, to make emergency operations process realize rapidly and to ensure that water level thereafter reaches the target water level. In case of an accident under a simulated operating condition, the water diversion flow at the accident section is 126 m3/s.
Firstly, in order to test the effectiveness of the algorithm herein, assuming that current control is constant downstream depth operation mode, analyze whether the steady water level after control completion satisfies requirements by using emergency control algorithm adopted herein. Secondly, in order to compare the operation results of constant downstream depth and constant downstream depth + equal-volume operation modes, further assuming that the constant downstream depth operation mode is used for downstream sections of accident pool, and that equal-volume control mode is used for some pools of the upstream section of polluted channel section, here the upstream 2-5 pools were assumed to be under equal-volume control mode while upstream 1 pool was assumed to be under constant water level control mode (the farther away the pool is from the accident section, the larger the pool is numbered), then compare the results of upstream some sections of accident pool obtained by using constant downstream depth and constant downstream depth + equal-volume operation modes respectively.
In constant downstream depth operation mode, see Figures 19–25 for the operation process of accident pool, and upstream and downstream sections of accident pool.
Two check gates in accident pool were closed rapidly within 60 min (Figure 19), leading to violent water oscillation therein. Below we take the fluctuation process and initial water level deviation of upstream water level of check gate for example for display (Figure 20).
Change process diagram of water discharge through check gate in accident pool.
Deviation change process diagram of upstream water level of downstream check gate in accident pool.
For downstream section of accident pool, select the operation process of water discharge through five downstream check gates near to polluted channel section and the change process of upstream water level of check gate, as shown in Figures 21 and 22.
Change process diagram of water discharge through check gate at downstream section of accident pool.
Deviation change process diagram of upstream water level of check gate at downstream section in accident pool.
From Figure 22, we can see that the water level in accident pool meets constant downstream depth after stability. This is because that the water diversion flow change process at the downstream section was artificially determined and that the most upstream check gate at the downstream section was closed first. The feedforward analysis can be calculated by using the principle of volume compensation algorithm. And also, we can see that the fluctuation of the upstream water level of check gate is small, not more than 0.4 m. This is because that asynchronous closing operation was adopted at downstream section. This is reflected by the time when the change of water discharge starts in Figure 21.
For upstream section of accident pool, select the operation process of water discharge through five downstream check gates near to accident pool and the change process of the upstream water level of check gate, as shown in Figures 23 and 24.
Change process diagram of water discharge through check gate at upstream section of accident pool.
Deviation change process diagram of upstream water level of check gate at upstream section in accident pool.
From Figure 24, we can see that the water level at upstream section in accident pool meets constant downstream depth after stability. This is because feedback algorithm was used for the upstream section. Gradually regulate the flow of check gate to make channel pool volume come near to the target volume, making the upstream water level of check gate come near to the target water level. And from Figure 23, we can see that the synchronous closing method was used for check gate at upstream section. After check gate was closed completely for a period of time and then opened, the opening time was different. After stability, keep a certain flow unchanged to meet normal water supply at the upstream section. Because of nonuniform water discharge through check gate, discharge difference was used to regulate channel pool volume and to realize the control of the upstream water level of check gate.
In constant downstream depth and equal-volume check gate adding constant downstream depth operation modes, the operation result of channel section is shown in Figures 25–34.
Flow change of upstream check gate 1 under different operation conditions.
Figures 25 and 26 are the results of upstream check gate 1. From these figures, we can see that the results under two operating conditions are the same. This is because that the channel section corresponding to upstream check gate 1 was near to downstream and constant downstream depth was adopted under such two operating conditions.
Flow change of upstream water level of upstream check gate 1 under different operation conditions.
Figures 27 and 28 are the results of upstream check gate 2. From Figure 28, we can see the difference in the upstream water level of check gate under two operating conditions: steady upstream water level of check gate under equal-volume control is higher than the upstream water level in constant downstream depth operation mode. But from Figure 27, we cannot see the difference in opening and flow of check gate. Therefore, the reason that leads to nonuniform water level lies in nonuniform opening change of upstream check gate which is not reflected therein.
Flow change of upstream check gate 2 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream water level of upstream check gate 2 under different operation conditions.
Figures 29–34 are the results of upstream check gates 3, 4, and 5 under two operating conditions. After comparing the upstream water level, water discharge and opening of check gate, respectively, we can find out the difference between the two operating conditions. In equal-volume operation mode, all upstream water levels of check gate after stability are higher than that in constant downstream depth operation mode. Under such condition, the water level drop rate of check gate will be smaller, and it is more favorable to the safety of the project. In equal-volume operation mode, check gate is opened at an earlier time, so the emergency regulation time corresponding thereto becomes shorter. Moreover, this situation is more obvious when nearer to upstream. This is because that the nearer it is to upstream, the greater the cumulative difference between equal-volume operation and constant downstream depth operation modes becomes, and the greater the check gate operating difference becomes.
Flow change of upstream check gate 3 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream water level of upstream check gate 3 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream check gate 4 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream water level of upstream check gate 4 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream check gate 5 under different operation conditions.
Flow change of upstream water level of upstream check gate 5 under different operation conditions.
This chapter develops a complete set of check gate operation rules and automatic control algorithm for sudden water pollution events in the MRP. For great change in channel pool operating conditions due to emergency operating conditions, a set of operational thoughts different from conventional ones is put forward. Emergency operations are divided into operation rules development and automatic control algorithm research. Sudden water pollution accidents under emergency operations’ operating conditions of the main canal are divided into accident pool, joint emergency operations of upstream, and downstream sections of the accident pool. Different automatic control algorithms come up with different channel sections. The results of their applications indicate that the methods proposed can be used to guide safe, steady emergency operations of channel section, ensure steady water level in the final channel section, and keep it to the target water level.
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 3,900 books by more than 116,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 118 million downloads and more than 57,400 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Diana Olloni (diana@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 3,900 books by more than 116,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 118 million downloads and more than 57,400 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Diana Olloni (diana@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Vienna University of Technology",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:"Assist. Prof.",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:"Postdoctoral researcher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Joseph Fourier (Grenoble I)",country:null}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:null}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:451},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:604},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:199},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:1080},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:75},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:1470}],offset:12,limit:12,total:103407},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8285",title:"Acrylamide in Food",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d4d92604ea7a0f82d67b8377c15129da",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8285.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8776",title:"Polystyrene Foams",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9f6b23fa61f0b17de085ae904bcc860c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8773",title:"Halogen Bonding in Crystal Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"51469250bb45e68788d1c9e12eed413d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6867",title:"Hygiene and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8822409955307b3fca03816188d475e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8492",title:"Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b88bcf626ab525dbd67735ec3a6e2ba",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7666",title:"Crystallization Kinetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4f9a498964981e4be36e88a67d86e994",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7666.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Advantages of Chemoenzymatic Synthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb292a99e0f418e67ce81b905751eb03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8022",title:"Nitric Oxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"90863589c0465ef79f0ce04a4fd5df50",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8022.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8532",title:"Strontium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3caf4524deb8bdb23afc8f845d21814",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8532.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7702",title:"Electrolysis of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e12dd69b06a2b440c50a1282c4a12a6a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7702.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7423",title:"Hydrolysis of Cellulose",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c33aa8d9ca7b38bf5d5d36aa308d664d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8540",title:"Dehydration of Alcohols",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"55b9333e1c424d08555503e38b1c6279",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8540.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:92},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:105},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:65},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2175",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1667",title:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7be827d70aa0311258d658f729670887",slug:"a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1667.jpg",editors:[{id:"25632",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos C.",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Marin",slug:"carlos-c.-perez-marin",fullName:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1806},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6151",title:"Noninvasive Ventilation in Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e2fc8d909ac2458e0087490ea02a6d",slug:"noninvasive-ventilation-in-medicine-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:"Gyan",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7215",title:"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f824828c2212e79b75fa65b194c5007",slug:"recent-developments-in-photovoltaic-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Natarajan Prabaharan, Marc A. Rosen and Pietro Elia Campana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199317",title:"Dr.",name:"Natarajan",middleName:null,surname:"Prabaharan",slug:"natarajan-prabaharan",fullName:"Natarajan Prabaharan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7485",title:"Applied Modern Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a7be73f7232e08867ed81bdf9850c6",slug:"applied-modern-control",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180550",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",middleName:null,surname:"Anh Tuan",slug:"le-anh-tuan",fullName:"Le Anh Tuan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7488",title:"Analytical Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a667792c3a70b53d30fb6e9e1e7b4d",slug:"analytical-pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757cc326df7bcca72c8c850d9f4f71d1",slug:"engineered-fabrics",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"492",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry",parent:{title:"Inorganic Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:295,numberOfWosCitations:181,numberOfCrossrefCitations:70,numberOfDimensionsCitations:202},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7358",title:"Cerium Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Attributes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1cd9a9ecf46270e344d15f94bc66ef",slug:"cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6133",title:"Cobalt",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96be0c35234ae3c889e6ce68b218fe04",slug:"cobalt",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Maaz",slug:"khan-maaz",fullName:"Khan Maaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6407",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdb4aecdbffe5d2f4415d8b36d71143d",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6407.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5985",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d5a07758249f9e02ca1b83ee1f8efef",slug:"titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5829",title:"Rare Earth Element",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93922f185a0904a74542fd26ac1e241d",slug:"rare-earth-element",bookSignature:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Edgar Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Orjuela",slug:"jose-edgar-alfonso-orjuela",fullName:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5211",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Optical, Solar Cells and Solid State Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc03fdc6ad1c27ebfcb54e337cbf03ce",slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-optical-solar-cells-and-solid-state-devices",bookSignature:"Sudheer Neralla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128532",title:null,name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Neralla",slug:"s-neralla",fullName:"S Neralla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4783",title:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues",subtitle:"Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d435b3984fa4d5d2d6921679511fe384",slug:"apatites-and-their-synthetic-analogues-synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Petr Ptacek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4783.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"4531",title:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1b75a72987c71a8eb02ddb014b99882",slug:"advanced-topics-in-crystallization",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2779",title:"Tungsten Carbide",subtitle:"Processing and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0be5d1ab810ad901c2866bc030a903f",slug:"tungsten-carbide-processing-and-applications",bookSignature:"Kui Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137537",title:"Dr.",name:"Kui",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"kui-liu",fullName:"Kui Liu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1980",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:"Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b512238b6bad61510871f4871c41dafe",slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Marcello Rubens Barsi Andreeta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1980.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114928",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Andreeta",slug:"marcello-andreeta",fullName:"Marcello Andreeta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2283",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fbac03612cea22d52fd05bd8ebace89c",slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1509",title:"Supercooling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10935f2552a4b6f2c3045da88ebcb199",slug:"supercooling",bookSignature:"Peter Wilson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1509.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92584",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"peter-wilson",fullName:"Peter Wilson"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39143",doi:"10.5772/35844",title:"Thin Film Growth Through Sputtering Technique and Its Applications",slug:"thin-film-growth-through-sputtering-technique-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:6571,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",title:"Crystallization",fullTitle:"Crystallization - Science and Technology"},signatures:"Edgar Alfonso, Jairo Olaya and Gloria Cubillos",authors:[{id:"106069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Edgar Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Orjuela",slug:"jose-edgar-alfonso-orjuela",fullName:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela"},{id:"108488",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Olaya",slug:"jairo-olaya",fullName:"Jairo Olaya"},{id:"108490",title:"MSc.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Cubillos",slug:"gloria-cubillos",fullName:"Gloria Cubillos"}]},{id:"36355",doi:"10.5772/35347",title:"Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Materials",slug:"crystallization-kinetics-of-amorphous-materials",totalDownloads:7962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",fullTitle:"Advances in Crystallization Processes"},signatures:"Miray Çelikbilek, Ali Erçin Ersundu and Süheyla Aydın",authors:[{id:"104015",title:"Dr.",name:"Miray",middleName:null,surname:"Çelikbilek Ersundu",slug:"miray-celikbilek-ersundu",fullName:"Miray Çelikbilek Ersundu"},{id:"112542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Erçin",middleName:null,surname:"Ersundu",slug:"ali-ercin-ersundu",fullName:"Ali Erçin Ersundu"},{id:"112543",title:"Prof.",name:"Suheyla",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",slug:"suheyla-aydin",fullName:"Suheyla Aydin"}]},{id:"36368",doi:"10.5772/36540",title:"Synthetic Methods for Perovskite Materials; Structure and Morphology",slug:"synthetic-methods-for-perovskite-materials-structure-and-morphology",totalDownloads:5084,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",fullTitle:"Advances in Crystallization Processes"},signatures:"Ana Ecija, Karmele Vidal, Aitor Larrañaga, Luis Ortega-San-Martín and María Isabel Arriortua",authors:[{id:"108723",title:"Dr.",name:"Aitor",middleName:null,surname:"Larrañaga",slug:"aitor-larraaaga",fullName:"Aitor Larrañaga"},{id:"136538",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Ecija",slug:"ana-ecija",fullName:"Ana Ecija"},{id:"136539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karmele",middleName:null,surname:"Vidal",slug:"karmele-vidal",fullName:"Karmele Vidal"},{id:"136540",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega-San-Martín",slug:"luis-ortega-san-martin",fullName:"Luis Ortega-San-Martín"},{id:"136541",title:"Prof.",name:"María Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Arriortua",slug:"maria-isabel-arriortua",fullName:"María Isabel Arriortua"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"25145",title:"Crystallographic Studies on Autophagy-Related Proteins",slug:"crystallographic-studies-on-autophagy-related-proteins",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"current-trends-in-x-ray-crystallography",title:"Current Trends in X-Ray Crystallography",fullTitle:"Current Trends in X-Ray Crystallography"},signatures:"Nobuo N. Noda, Yoshinori Ohsumi and Fuyuhiko Inagaki",authors:[{id:"78180",title:"Dr",name:"Nobuo N.",middleName:"N.",surname:"Noda",slug:"nobuo-n.-noda",fullName:"Nobuo N. Noda"},{id:"84498",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshinori",middleName:null,surname:"Ohsumi",slug:"yoshinori-ohsumi",fullName:"Yoshinori Ohsumi"},{id:"84499",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuyuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Inagaki",slug:"fuyuhiko-inagaki",fullName:"Fuyuhiko Inagaki"}]},{id:"55276",title:"Mesoporous Titania: Synthesis, Properties and Comparison with Non-Porous Titania",slug:"mesoporous-titania-synthesis-properties-and-comparison-with-non-porous-titania",totalDownloads:734,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"titanium-dioxide",title:"Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Barbara Bonelli, Serena Esposito and Francesca S. Freyria",authors:[{id:"202875",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Bonelli",slug:"barbara-bonelli",fullName:"Barbara Bonelli"},{id:"203501",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Esposito",slug:"serena-esposito",fullName:"Serena Esposito"},{id:"203503",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Freyria",slug:"francesca-freyria",fullName:"Francesca Freyria"}]},{id:"51808",title:"Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition: Where we are and the Outlook for the Future",slug:"plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposition-where-we-are-and-the-outlook-for-the-future",totalDownloads:2863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-optical-solar-cells-and-solid-state-devices",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",fullTitle:"Chemical Vapor Deposition - Recent Advances and Applications in Optical, Solar Cells and Solid State Devices"},signatures:"Yasaman Hamedani, Prathyushakrishna Macha, Timothy J. Bunning,\nRajesh R. Naik and Milana C. Vasudev",authors:[{id:"181604",title:"Dr.",name:"Milana",middleName:null,surname:"Vasudev",slug:"milana-vasudev",fullName:"Milana Vasudev"}]},{id:"39143",title:"Thin Film Growth Through Sputtering Technique and Its Applications",slug:"thin-film-growth-through-sputtering-technique-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:6571,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",title:"Crystallization",fullTitle:"Crystallization - Science and Technology"},signatures:"Edgar Alfonso, Jairo Olaya and Gloria Cubillos",authors:[{id:"106069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Edgar Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Orjuela",slug:"jose-edgar-alfonso-orjuela",fullName:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela"},{id:"108488",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Olaya",slug:"jairo-olaya",fullName:"Jairo Olaya"},{id:"108490",title:"MSc.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Cubillos",slug:"gloria-cubillos",fullName:"Gloria Cubillos"}]},{id:"55258",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Assessment of TiO2 Nanoparticle Effects on Barley",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture-assessment-of-tio2-nanoparticle-effects-on-barley",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Application of Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Alessandro Mattiello and Luca Marchiol",authors:[{id:"163884",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Marchiol",slug:"luca-marchiol",fullName:"Luca Marchiol"},{id:"202041",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Mattiello",slug:"alessandro-mattiello",fullName:"Alessandro Mattiello"}]},{id:"41529",title:"Tungsten Carbide as an Addition to High Speed Steel Based Composites",slug:"tungsten-carbide-as-an-addition-to-high-speed-steel-based-composites",totalDownloads:5786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tungsten-carbide-processing-and-applications",title:"Tungsten Carbide",fullTitle:"Tungsten Carbide - Processing and Applications"},signatures:"Marcin Madej",authors:[{id:"144586",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Madej",slug:"marcin-madej",fullName:"Marcin Madej"}]},{id:"47969",title:"Advances in Lipids Crystallization Technology",slug:"advances-in-lipids-crystallization-technology",totalDownloads:1935,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advanced-topics-in-crystallization",title:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",fullTitle:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization"},signatures:"Maria Aliciane Fontenele Domingues, Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro,\nTheo Guenter Kieckbusch, Luiz Antonio Gioielli, Renato Grimaldi,\nLisandro Pavie Cardoso and Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"104048",title:"Prof.",name:"Lisandro",middleName:"Pavie",surname:"Cardoso",slug:"lisandro-cardoso",fullName:"Lisandro Cardoso"},{id:"172507",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:"Badan",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"ana-paula-ribeiro",fullName:"Ana Paula Ribeiro"},{id:"172508",title:"Dr.",name:"Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"lireny-aparecida-guaraldo-goncalves",fullName:"Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves"},{id:"172509",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Grimaldi",slug:"renato-grimaldi",fullName:"Renato Grimaldi"},{id:"172511",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gioielli",slug:"luiz-antonio-gioielli",fullName:"Luiz Antonio Gioielli"},{id:"172512",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo Guenter",middleName:null,surname:"Kieckbusch",slug:"theo-guenter-kieckbusch",fullName:"Theo Guenter Kieckbusch"},{id:"173134",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Aliciane",middleName:null,surname:"Fontenele Domingues",slug:"maria-aliciane-fontenele-domingues",fullName:"Maria Aliciane Fontenele Domingues"}]},{id:"64320",title:"Prototyping a Gas Sensors Using CeO2 as a Matrix or Dopant in Oxide Semiconductor Systems",slug:"prototyping-a-gas-sensors-using-ceo2-as-a-matrix-or-dopant-in-oxide-semiconductor-systems",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",title:"Cerium Oxide",fullTitle:"Cerium Oxide - Applications and Attributes"},signatures:"Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu, Gabriela Telipan, Ioana Ion and Virgil\nMarinescu",authors:[{id:"187612",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Pîslaru-Dănescu",slug:"lucian-pislaru-danescu",fullName:"Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu"},{id:"189137",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Telipan",slug:"gabriela-telipan",fullName:"Gabriela Telipan"},{id:"250006",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ion",slug:"ioana-ion",fullName:"Ioana Ion"},{id:"250007",title:"Mr.",name:"Virgil",middleName:null,surname:"Marinescu",slug:"virgil-marinescu",fullName:"Virgil Marinescu"}]},{id:"54811",title:"Hydrometallurgical Recovery Process of Rare Earth Elements from Waste: Main Application of Acid Leaching with Devised τ-T Diagram",slug:"hydrometallurgical-recovery-process-of-rare-earth-elements-from-waste-main-application-of-acid-leach",totalDownloads:706,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"rare-earth-element",title:"Rare Earth Element",fullTitle:"Rare Earth Element"},signatures:"Namil Um",authors:[{id:"198183",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Namil",middleName:null,surname:"Um",slug:"namil-um",fullName:"Namil Um"}]},{id:"64964",title:"Introductory Chapter: Cerium Oxide - Applications and Attributes",slug:"introductory-chapter-cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",title:"Cerium Oxide",fullTitle:"Cerium Oxide - Applications and Attributes"},signatures:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",authors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"},{id:"245469",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalsoom",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"kalsoom-akhtar",fullName:"Kalsoom Akhtar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},privacyPolicy:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8841",title:"Deterministic Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd65f564ea0b77f91dea36cfcbaa1da7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Timothy Sands",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8922",title:"Modelling of Artificial Intelligence Controller for Microgrid Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5a9f1298be5472f9e429f3ab47cd404",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. M Venkateshkumar, Dr. Umashankar Subramaniam and Dr. Cheng Siong Chin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108910",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Venkateshkumar",slug:"m-venkateshkumar",fullName:"M Venkateshkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8915",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19febde893f705494f2334d02977fd83",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Amira Abdelrasoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"151521",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelrasoul",slug:"amira-abdelrasoul",fullName:"Amira Abdelrasoul"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8899",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e19068f7f6c92b5643a3f8fbf2f895e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Esteves Esteves Araújo and Dr. José Roberto Camacho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8899.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31663",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui Esteves",middleName:"Esteves",surname:"Araújo",slug:"rui-esteves-araujo",fullName:"Rui Esteves Araújo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8919",title:"Environmental Impacts of Solar Panels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84b4f2c95c817552f02813474b074576",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdülkerim Gok",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8919.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"266161",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdülkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Gok",slug:"abdulkerim-gok",fullName:"Abdülkerim Gok"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8839",title:"Advanced Communication and Control Methods for Future Smartgrids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"272b87662ec87f859b72930758bce663",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8842",title:"Innovation in Energy Systems - New Technologies for Changing Paradigms in Operation, Protection, Business and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75fdfb0206f7d487c3ac8dbe21dcef16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:22},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/22950/fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"22950",slug:"fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag"},fullPath:"/profiles/22950/fernando-sebastian-garcia-einschlag",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()