\r\n\tThe purpose of the book is to bring together the latest knowledge about genetic diversity by presenting the studies of some of the scientists who are engaged in development of new tools and ideas used to reveal genetic diversity, often from very different perspectives. The book should prove useful to students, researchers and experts in the area of biology, medicine and agriculture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-945-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-944-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-946-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",keywords:"PCR Based Methods, Protein Based Methods, Sequencing, Conservation of Genetic Resources, Natural Variation, Molecular Markers, Genetic Manipulation in Animals, Resistance to Disease, Genetic Manipulation in Plants, Use of Microorganisms in Biotechnology, Genetic Differentiation, Gene Therapy and Gene Editing",numberOfDownloads:17,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor of genetics and molecular biology and Head of Biotechnology division at İstanbul University in Turkey whose main research areas include plant molecular genetics, microbial biotechnology and characterization and biotechnological use of halophilic archaeal strains.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Associate Professor of Biotechnology Division in Department of Biology at Istanbul University in Turkey whose main research areas include genetics, environmental biotechnology and bioengineering.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51528/images/system/51528.png",biography:"Mahmut Çalışkan is a Professor of Genetics and Molecular Biology in the Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, Istanbul University, Turkey. 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1. Introduction
Significant limitations to cereal crop production and productivity pose a threat to global food security since these crops are the main sources of calories that support the ever-growing human population. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the improvement of edible yield through classical breeding techniques, the current rates of increase in grain yield in several major cereal crops are still too slow to catch up with the increasing demand of the growing population [1, 2]. This is likely to get worse according to the projected climate change scenarios [3], as it also affects biotic stresses such as pests, diseases and weeds, and abiotic stresses including drought, extreme temperatures, salinity and nutrient deficiencies [4-6]. Although there are various strategies to cope with these constraints, Kole [7] suggested the use of genomics-assisted breeding as an effective and economic strategy.
Despite the sustainability of breeding resilient crops, there are still several genomic constraints to genome-based selection and stress resistance improvement, particularly for multigenic traits. A poor understanding of the genetic basis and the regulatory mechanisms of various stresses is among the major challenges for successful genetic manipulation through gene introgression, gene pyramiding, gene stacking or gene silencing. Additionally, more diagnostic genetic markers are necessary to improve the current limited success in marker application in both foreground and background selection. These challenges are related to the fact that genomes of some cereal crops are not yet fully sequenced and annotated, either because the crops have been under-researched or the genomes are huge and structurally complex. For instance, the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome is the largest (about 17 billion nucleotides) among cultivated cereals, and is multifaceted by repetitive DNA sequences [8]. Furthermore, dissection of the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of host plant resistance is complicated because most traits of interest are multigenic and thus influenced by several genes with additive and nonadditive gene effects. Hence, tools that detect the genetic variation at the genome sequence level allow all genes controlling particular traits to be investigated for various genetic applications to realize phenotypic gains from genetic manipulation.
Enhanced application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in cereal crops is revolutionizing and speeding up plant breeding. The advances that have been made so far in the use of NGS, particularly with the human genome in the field of medicine, and on various model crops through plant biotechnology, envisions the following in cereals and other crops: first, complete sequencing of small and less complex plant genomes is increasingly becoming possible as costs have dropped significantly and more sequences are being generated in a shorter time than before. Secondly, the genetic mechanisms of particular traits in huge and complex plant genomes can now be investigated using small and less complex genomes of related plants sharing conserved regions through comparative genomics. This will potentially identify genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) and putative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for genome-wide association mapping and annotation of genomes. This chapter discusses the advances made in improving sequencing technologies and how these advances can assist in generating complete sequences for the improvement of genome-aided selection. This will also assist in identifying the unique sequences responsible for the major differences existing among cereals.
2. The need for high-throughput genome and transcriptome sequencing
Since the discovery of the DNA molecule by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 [9], and the subsequent exposition of its double-helical structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, significant knowledge has been gained on the flow of genetic information. Understanding how this genetic information influences the phenotype (trait) of interest has, however, remained a challenge. This is mainly because the overall instruction contributing to the phenotype is not restricted to the coding region but is also influenced by some posttranscriptional modifications controlled by noncoding DNA [10-12]. Also, multigenic traits are influenced by complex interactions of alleles at different loci, having major or minor influence [13]. These, together with differential genotype-by-environment interactions, add to the structural and functional complexity of most cereal genomes that are multifaceted by repetitive DNA sequences, transposable elements and polyploid genomes, as in the case of wheat and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) [8, 14]. Whole genome and transcriptome sequencing therefore become a necessity so that all the genomic and transcriptomic variation can be detected. NGS and various ‘omic’ technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics, offer prospects towards whole-genome annotation; particularly in cereals that have small and less complex genomes. This will simplify comparative genomics and evolutionary genetic research, which will enhance the manipulation and exploitation of important genes for cereal improvement.
NGS technologies are one of the available tools that can produce complete sequences for diverse research at the DNA and RNA level within and across species. Firstly, this will make it easy to obtain the entire DNA, coding and noncoding regions. Secondly, this will simplify studies on the whole transcriptome, including RNAs involved in protein synthesis such as the messenger, ribosomal, signal recognition particle, transfer and transfer-messenger RNAs and other RNAs involved in posttranscriptional modifications, such as small RNAs [15]. Quantification of such transcripts through NGS under various stress conditions will precisely determine the levels of gene expression within and across different species.
3. Advances in sequencing technologies
Since the pioneering of genome sequencing through technologies such as Sanger sequencing [16], significant advances have been made to resolve the limitations of the early technologies. This has seen the development of more sophisticated sequencing technologies that allow de novo genome sequencing, generating vast amounts of data in a short period at low costs. Table 1 summarizes the advances made in sequencing technology development, from the advent of the chain termination sequencing [16], to prominent NGS technologies including Roche/454 sequencing [17], Illumina (Solexa) sequencing [18], sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) [19], the single molecule sequence pioneered by Helicos Biosciences [20] and Ion Torrent sequencing [21]. These technological advances are instrumental in whole-genome research and are expected to simplify comparative genomics within species and across distantly related cereals and grasses. Several modifications are available for each of these technologies and fine-tuned protocols are constantly being developed to address some of the current limitations.
Although NGS technologies have enormous prospective benefits, they come with their own limitations that need to be addressed to realize their full potential. Key among these drawbacks are the bioinformatic and computational challenges related to storage, image analysis, base calling and integration of the large amounts of data that are generated in several terabytes per day. Apparently, the large amount of sequence data that is being generated on a daily basis in cereal genomics cannot be transformed into information that is useful for the detection of important genomic variants within and among species or in identifying genes that are differentially expressed under particular stress conditions. Hence, investment in computational and high-throughput bioinformatic equipment and human resources and combining the various NGS technologies will allow the data generated using different NGS techniques by various laboratories to be related and used to build onto each other. Unlike traditional marker technologies, NGS is currently dissociated from phenomics, yet it should be complementary to high-throughput phenotyping in order to relate sequence variations to traits of interest for progressive discoveries through genome-wide association mapping, particularly for multigenic traits like adaptation to drought in complex cereal genomes [22]. Additionally, NGS technologies are still associated with high error rates [23] and short read lengths that limit data analysis accuracy. This further confuses detection and distinction of sequence variations including large amounts of duplications, deletions, inversions and chromosomal rearrangements that characterize cereal genomes.
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\n\t\t\t\tTechnologies (Developer)\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tYear \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSequencing chemistry\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tThroughput \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tRead length\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tReferences \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Sanger sequencing (Frederick Sanger and team)
\n\t\t\t
1977
\n\t\t\t
Involves DNA polymerase based selective amplicon-termination of in vitro DNA replication by radioactively or fluorescently labeled di-deoxynucleotide triphosphates, followed by electrophoresis and UV or X-ray spectra detection of DNA sequences. Major limitations of the Sanger technique Since the technique relies on cloning vectors, there is potential for a mix up of the target sequences with some DNA portions from the clonal vector. Additionally, it requires a lot of labor and space since multiplexing is not possible.
First NGS technique This is a sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technique where DNA fragments attached to adapters annealed to beads are PCR amplified using adapter specific primers. Addition of each dNTP is associated with the release of a pyrophosphate, which is converted to ATP energy used to produce an optical signal (light). The light allows reading of the beads to which the dNTP is added, hence deducing the sequence (Pyrosequencing).
This sequencing by synthesis technology uses dNTPs with reversible dye-terminators ensuring that DNA polymerase enzyme adds only one base to a growing DNA strand. The terminators are removed after the images of the four dNTPs added to the growing sequence are recorded, and the cycle is repeated.
Clonal bead populations prepared from a library of same species of DNA fragments each with a universal P1 adapters are attached on the surface of magnetic beads. On the universal adapters, primers are hybridized, on which a set of four dye-labeled di-base probes compete for ligation. A series of ligation cycles is followed by cleavage of the extension product then the template is reset for the next cycle of ligation by annealing a primer complimentary to the next adapter.
This is a single molecule fluorescent sequencing technique which achieves direct DNA or RNA sequencing without amplification through imaging light emitting single molecules corresponding to each nucleotide base. DNA sequencing is achieved through an imaging system. The technology identifies the exact sequence of a piece of DNA and does not require PCR amplification, thus have reduced amplification bias.
This sequencing by synthesis technique involves detection of a pH change caused by hydrogen ions released when a dNTP complementary to the leading unpaired template nucleotide is added to the growing strand. The electrical pulses transmitted to a computer in this process are subsequently translated into a DNA sequence
Evolution of next-generation sequencing technologies.
4. Application of next-generation sequencing in cereal biotechnology
Among the major cereals, the relatively small rice (Oryza sativa) genome (∼389 Mb) has long been fully sequenced by the International Rice Genome Project [24]. Kawahara [25] recently demonstrated, however, the robustness of NGS technologies by revising the rice genome using the Illumina and Roche 454 pyrosequencing platforms. Their study noted some errors in the initial assembly. This research provides sufficient evidence that high quality and validated reference genomes can be produced among most cereals through resequencing using NGS technologies. Also, a recent whole genome-wide study of the hexaploid wheat genome (∼17 Gb) using the Roche/454 pyrosequencing technology reviewed the capacity of NGS technologies to resequence huge and complex genomes and to identify SNPs for dissection of quantitative traits [26]. Similarly, Illumina sequencing was recently used to quantify the transposable element (TE) content in the complex maize (Zea mays) genome (∼2.3 Gb) [27] and to estimate their potential contribution to the genome size differences between the cultivated species and its close relative, Zea luxurians [28]. The latter also reported high proportions of conserved TE families between the two species, revealing the potential of NGS technologies to enhance evolutionary and comparative genomic studies. Other major cereals whose genomes have been sequenced and are expected to further benefit from NGS technologies include barley (Hordeum vulgare) (∼5.1 Gb) [29] and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (∼730 Mb) [30].
Minor and under-researched cereals such as the allotetraploid finger millet (Eleusine coracana)—which has a genome size of about 1.76 Gb [31]—and the diploids, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)—with a genome size of about 4.6 Gb [32]—and tef (Eragrostis tef)—with a 714 to 733 Mb genome [33]—have not received much benefit from NGS technologies. However, these crops are expected to benefit from the African Orphan Crops Consortium that has the mandate to use the latest scientific equipment and techniques to sequence, assemble and annotate genomes of under-researched crops [34]. These minor crops are renowned for their adaptation to various biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly drought. Thus, sequencing or resequencing their genomes will potentially expose huge amounts of relevant genetic information for cereal improvement. NGS technologies will have great application in comparing genomic features of cereal crops through comparative genomic research.
5. Comparative genomics in cereal crops
Core questions unanswered with traditional cereal biotechnology approaches include: (1) What are the genetic foundations that underlie the similarities between different grass species or individuals within a species? (2) What are the genetic variations responsible for the detected phenotypic differences? Comparative genomics is the branch of biology in which DNA sequence information from genomes of different life forms are compared in an effort to directly answer these questions. It was founded mainly on various ideas. Firstly, comprehensive analysis and comparison of whole genomes can uncover the essentially conserved and the important variable components of any set of genomes [35]. Secondly, differences in genome sequence (genotype) contribute to differences in genome function and therefore explain differences between phenotypic traits [36]. The application of comparative genomic information on various plants including cereals has, however, been a challenge previously because of the large genome sizes of most species, which are complicated by high rates of structural rearrangements mainly due to transposable elements, duplications and inversions [35], as listed in Table 2.
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\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpecies\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tClade (Subfamily, Tribe)\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPloidy level\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tGenome size \n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tRepetitive DNA and retrotransposon content \n\t\t\t
Genome size, structure and genomic resources of major cereal species.
The application of comparative genomics for crop improvement has evolved over time. In the grass family, significant research provided remarkable and comprehensive datasets demonstrating high degree of collinearity or synteny among genomes at chromosome (macro) and gene (micro) levels [37, 38]. Synteny, from the Greek syn (together with) and taenia (ribbon), refers to loci contained within the same chromosome. Collinearity, on the other hand, refers to some degree of conservation of gene order between chromosomes of different species or between nonhomologous chromosomes of a single species [39]. A large number of sequences within the grass family has remained considerably conserved at the genome level over millions of years of evolution, irrespective of the differences in ploidy level, chromosome number and haploid DNA content [37]. This conservation of gene content and order at the megabase level makes it easy to use species with small genome sizes such as Arabidopsis and rice as model species for studying similar gene contents in other related species. Their applications include allele discovery, positional cloning, and comparative studies in related species [40]. There is, however, limited synteny and gene homology between Arabidopsis and rice, but an extensive collinearity between the latter and other grasses, thereby suggesting that rice is an appropriate grass model species for cereal comparative genomics [41]. In this case, rice and purple false brome (Brachypodium distachyon) (genome size ~355 Mb), both of which are from the grass family, serve as functional model species for cereal comparative genomics owing to their small and fully sequenced genomes. Moreover, Brachypodium showed conservation of gene content and family structure with rice and sorghum [42]. A phylogenetic study carried out on seven grass species also revealed a close evolutionary relationship of Brachypodium with maize, barley and wheat based on 335 commonly shared sequences [43].
Microcollinearity has numerous interesting applications in cereal genome analysis including the transfer of genetic markers between species and the identification of candidate genes across species borders [44]. It is possible, due to such advances, to intensively study, decipher and understand the genetic makeup of the cereal genomes including those of rice, maize, wheat, barley and sorghum [30, 45-47]. Comparing the gene sequences of these cereal crops is the initial step towards understanding their morphological and functional similarities and differences. Comparative analysis research has been extended to the DNA sequence (micro) level, to allow the investigation of conservation of coding and noncoding regions as well as characterization of molecular mechanisms of genome evolution [38].
6. Several examples of macro- and microcollinearity in cereal crops
The advent of molecular markers and molecular mapping allowed researchers to conduct comparative mapping research, comparing gene orders and content of genes and markers along chromosomes of related species. The first research of large-scale restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping in several economically important crop genomes included the genomes of wheat, rice, maize, oat and barley. They are benchmarks for the discovery of collinearity in the grass family [44]. Hence, in the past, exploiting RFLPs to compare genomes was a valuable method as the markers made it possible to map, for the first time, a huge number of randomly distributed polymorphic loci in a single population and provided the foundation for efficient, whole-genome studies at the molecular level [48]. The application of RFLP technology in comparative genome analysis studies revealed that an extensive commonality in gene content and arrangement was a basic chromosomal property, thus prompting the idea that the genetic map could be used to tie all grasses into a single model system. This led to the construction of a consensus grass map based on 25 rice linkage blocks [37, 38]. The resolution of the genetic maps, however, proved to be very low with an average of one marker in every 5 to 10 centimorgans (cM), allowing the detection of only large rearrangements. The RFLP markers used to construct the maps were also low-copy, therefore limiting the detection of small deletions, inversions and whole or partial genome duplication events [49]. The use of RFLP markers for comparative mapping also had difficulty to assess orthologous (derived from a common ancestor by speciation) and paralogous (derived by duplication within one genome) relationships in gene families. Having these challenges associated with traditional genotyping, the NGS techniques discussed above are expected to advance comparative genomics because they provide actual DNA sequences that allow interspecies or intergeneric comparisons.
Traditional genome analyses have provided sufficient evidence that cereal genomes share conserved regions at either macro or micro levels. For example, a comparative genomics study on rice and maize indicated high levels of collinearity between the two genomes with some chromosomes or their arms—accounting for at least 67% of the two genomes—having almost similar gene order and sequences [46]. Similarly, large proportions of conserved regions between rice and wheat chromosomes were identified with major differences arising from chromosomal rearrangements [40, 45]. Conservation of about 24% of grass-specific gene orders have been reported in sorghum [30], including high collinearity with rice [50]. Thus, sorghum can also serve as a model species for cereal genomic studies due to its relatively small genome size and wide adaptability. High levels of microcollinearity have been demonstrated between chromosome 6 of rice and the telomeric regions of barley chromosome 1P, which further confirm the usefulness of mapping the small rice genome for map-based cloning of important genes in complex genomes [47]. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the conservation of synteny and collinearity among different cereals by revealing the syntenic relationships between chromosomes of cereal crops. Furthermore, Figure 2B reveals that the 10 maize progenitor chromosomes and the 10 linkage groups of sorghum appear to be similar, thus exposing their evolutionary divergence from rice that could be their common ancestor before speciation [51]. The study of such evolutionary relationships and changes that occurred after cereals diverged from their progenitors will further be enhanced through comparative genomics integrated with NGS and next-next or third-generation sequencing techniques, which can generate more resolute physical maps. Availability of updated genome sequences will expose the multiple breaks in collinearity occurring in the genome compositions due to structural rearrangements caused by transposable elements, inversions, deletions and duplications. The macro- and microcollinearities described in this section are exposed by the observed phenotypic similarities that exist among different cereal species.
Figure 1.
Microsynteny conservation between sorghum and rice.
Figure 2.
Conservation and changes in rice, maize, sorghum and wheat chromosomes during cereal speciation.
7. Phenotypic commonality in cereals
The conservation of synteny and collinearity of genes among cereals is highly attributed to the common phenotypic features or characteristics that are evidence that they share common ancestry, while their differences mainly stem from chromosomal rearrangements and polyploidization as shown in Figure 2. Their morphological similarity (Figure 3) also shows evidence that they share common ancestry. Based on phenotype alone, most also share similar rooting system, leaf venation, flowering habits, tillering, inflorescences, physiological behavior such as vernalization requirements, and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, some cereals are hosts of common diseases, as in the case of maize streak virus (MSV), wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and rusts [52, 53], while others are nonhosts, as in the case of rice to rusts. The differences in phenotype and genome structure among all these species could be due to mutations, breaks in collinearity and loss of synteny that occurred in their genomes over millions of years. Such differences can be traced through comparative genomic analysis, particularly with the aid of high-throughput sequencing techniques. Likewise, the similarity in phenotype and genome structure could be due to sharing a common ancestry (Figures 2 and 3). This finding therefore reveals some phenotypes along with gene orders and sequences that have been conserved over millions of years.
Plant species have highly conserved regions at DNA sequence level, whereas the bulk of the large genomes consist of repetitive DNA sequences, most of which are species-specific. Comparative genomics have opened new avenues for map-based positional cloning of genes encoding important traits on large and intricate genomes through investigating small and less complex genomes. In grasses, rice and Brachypodium have been identified as model species for such research since they have small and stable genomes. This, however, requires the integration of NGS techniques so that all the conserved and nonconserved regions can be fully sequenced and annotated with the aid of other “omic” technologies. Hence, the future of comparative genomics studies in cereals will largely rely on cost-effective sequencing technologies along with computational systems that handle large numbers of sequences, thus allowing effective sequence comparisons across species of interest. The substantial evidence regarding a common ancestry of cereals—based on genome and morphological structures—led to the successful use of the genome sequence of one species to share a light on the function of that sequence in other related species. A wide adoption of this approach across different cereals will speed up gains and generate useful databases and datasets for effective cereal breeding. Furthermore, researchers will be able to use other widely adapted cereals like sorghum and some of the under-researched cereals as models for sequencing genes and alleles responsible for unique traits such as wide adaptation to stress-prone environments due to increased sequencing throughput. There is, however, a need to invest in advanced computational and bioinformatics tools to handle and analyze huge datasets that will be generated through these technology advances.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Damien Shumbusha (Rwanda Agriculture Board), Andre Malan (Agricultural Research Council - Small Grain Institute), Hussein Shimelis (African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal), Caleb Souta (Seed Co. Limited, Zimbabwe), Lydia Ndinelao Horn (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia), Cousin Musvosvi (Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe) and Kingstone Mashingaidze (Agricultural research Council –Grain Crops Institute) for providing seeds or images used to illustrate phenotypic commonalities in cereals.
\n',keywords:"Bioinformatics, Cereals, Comparative genomics, Next-generation sequencing, Synteny",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/49663.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/49663.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49663",totalDownloads:1934,totalViews:353,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:66,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 14th 2015",dateReviewed:"October 16th 2015",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 14th 2016",dateFinished:"December 2nd 2015",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Cereals are the major sources of calories worldwide. Their production should be high to achieve food security, despite the projected increase in global population. Genomics research may enhance cereal productivity. Genomics immensely benefits from robust next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, which produce vast amounts of sequence data in a time and cost-efficient way. Research has demonstrated that gene sequences among closely related species that share common ancestry have remained well conserved over millions of years of evolution. Comparative genomics allows for comparison of genome sequences across different species, with the implication that genomes with large sizes can be investigated using closely related species with smaller genomes. This offers prospects of studying genes in a single species and, in turn, gaining information on their functions in other related species. Comparative genomics is expected to provide invaluable information on the control of gene function in complex cereal genomes, and also in designing molecular markers across related species. This chapter discusses advances in sequencing technologies, their application in cereal genomics and their potential contribution to the understanding of the relationships between the different cereal genomes and their phenotypes.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/49663",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/49663",book:{id:"5098",slug:"plant-genomics"},signatures:"Thandeka N. Sikhakhane, Sandiswa Figlan, Learnmore\nMwadzingeni, Rodomiro Ortiz and Toi J. Tsilo",authors:[{id:"176828",title:"Prof.",name:"Toi",middleName:"John",surname:"Tsilo",fullName:"Toi Tsilo",slug:"toi-tsilo",email:"tsilot@arc.agric.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176828/images/4271_n.jpg",institution:{name:"University of South Africa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"177047",title:"Ms.",name:"Thandeka",middleName:"Nokuthula",surname:"Sikhakhane",fullName:"Thandeka Sikhakhane",slug:"thandeka-sikhakhane",email:"Sikhakhanet@arc.agric.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Agricultural Research Council of South Africa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"177048",title:"Ms.",name:"Sandiswa",middleName:null,surname:"Figlan",fullName:"Sandiswa Figlan",slug:"sandiswa-figlan",email:"FiglanS@arc.agric.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Agricultural Research Council of South Africa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"177049",title:"Dr.",name:"Learnmore",middleName:null,surname:"Mwadzingeni",fullName:"Learnmore Mwadzingeni",slug:"learnmore-mwadzingeni",email:"mwadzingenil@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"177772",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodomiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Rodomiro Ortiz",slug:"rodomiro-ortiz",email:"rodomiro.ortiz@slu.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. 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Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem, South Africa
Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Toi J. Tsilo",address:"tsilot@arc.agric.za",affiliation:'
Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem, South Africa
Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Plant Production, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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1. Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to contribute with the concern of this book: the need for a multi-disciplinary care Team - all working together - to help coordinate and optimize the care of patients with complex medical problems.
Can the development of a spiritual environment to help with this concern? This chapter pretends to answer this question and to demonstrate how can spiritual environment as a management tool to help healthcare professionals.
It’s very important to contextualize this concept to help us understand how its implementation can contribute to the effective creation of teamwork in healthcare.
Spirituality at work approach is aligned with the principles of different international organizations [1], and the academic evidence shows us, that this approach is useful as a management tool, guiding healthcare practitioners.
The world can be defined as an organization’s society, and the scientific community has the responsibility to explain the power and the role of organizations for the achievement of the well-being of the society as a whole.
Spirituality at work has a multidimensional nature, and is aligned with the next three principles of the World Health Organization:
The work should be performed in a safe and healthy environment
The work conditions should be consistent with the well-being and human dignity
The work should provide individual achievement and service for the whole society
The ‘60s represent a decade in which emerges the consciousness of the negative impacts of the organizational practices on the workers’ health and well-being. Attending to this fact, the World Health Organization, appealed to define new perspectives that inspire a positive organizational behavior based on two arguments: these new perspectives should be preventive; and the new human resources policies should promote authenticity, trust, and partnership.
The World Health Organization refers precisely both globalization and technological advance as the two big drivers in the labor world transformation, opening opportunities for a dangerous global competition, looking for financial results in detriment of fundamental human rights and well being.
The new developing technologies and the internet came to show that the line that separates professional and private life became almost invisible and work-life balance became questioned. The stress from this new reality during the XXI century influences negatively the workers’ physical and mental health causing absenteeism, low motivational levels, satisfaction and creativity decrease, and organizational productivity and competitiveness reduction. In other words, we are facing conditions that are globally a concern to us all, that represent serious social and financial costs.
Currently, we are facing with weakened economy healthcare and a rapidly changing and increasingly high-tech environment, which requires healthcare workers more contact with screens than with patients [2]. The same authors claim that during these times of high burnout and low engagement levels, the healthcare workers feel the need to bring their whole selves to the work. Please, take note of the previous expression: “whole selves to the work”!
Work environments with a superior spiritual environment have higher individual and organizational outcomes, both within and outside of the healthcare industry [1, 2, 3]. So, we are facing the moment to establish the connection between the spiritual environment and the need for a multi-disciplinary care Team - all working together - to help coordinate and optimize the care of patients with complex medical problems.
Exist a connection between spirituality and organization, which is easily established after a deep analysis of the spirituality at work concept and its impacts on the improvement of attitudes and individual performance at work (Figure 1), as we will see next. To establish this connection and answering all inheriting concerns related to conceptualization and measurement, a dialog was established between spirituality and science, accepting the Maslow’s idea [3]:
Figure 1.
Spiritual environment. Source: Developed by the author.
“I want to demonstrate that spiritual values have naturalistic meaning, that they are not the exclusive possession of organizational churches, that they are well within the jurisdiction of a suitable enlarged science, and that, therefore they are the general responsibility of all mankind”.
This responsibility mentioned in the previous paragraph has been assumed in social sciences by several authors, where the search for the “naturalistic meaning” is guided by organizational excellence, looking for an organizational purpose or humanitarian aid [4, 5].
The presence of spirituality at work is related to several concerns that should be familiar to leaders, as values and integrity, as the contribution to society, as to take care and support, and as being true [6]. The same authors refer that spirituality at work is both organizational and individual concerns. That is, the leaders need to value the spirituality in their own lives to develop this approach as an organizational management tool, and they will play a role differentiator inside organizations where they belong.
So, spiritual leadership is about creating meaning and value for people, in work life, family life, or community life, as a person who inspires others, promoting higher levels of workforce engagement with their jobs and organizations [4].
The spiritual leadership is related to workplace spiritual intelligence attribute, and both can improve lower levels of job stress, higher levels of workforce engagement, that is greater motivation to improve performance [5].
If the hottest buzz [7] is about the triple bottom line (3 P), a commitment with people, planet, and profit, this buzz should be aligned with another triple bottom line (3 E): employees, environment, and economic.
We need, together, think and act about the importance of both 3 P and 3 E.
So, the humankind needs an evolution more healthy. If we need a more healthy planet/environment, if we need a solid profit/economy, we need healthy people/employees too. And the work, in this complex world, can play a vital role, through a spirit-team-at-work.
So, can we survive without the wealth professionals? Can the world survive without them? We need them. The world needs you! And, we must not forget: you are employees and human beings first!
We can state that health professionals have the mission to supports the pains of humanity. Which is not easy! It is here that spirituality at work emerges as a management tool, as suggested by several authors [1, 2, 7] described in the next section.
2. Teamwork and spiritual environment
This section brings us to a series of doubts and questions which will be addressed in the next subsections:
What defines spirituality at work?
How to create a spiritual environment?
Does spirituality at work contribute to improving the workers’ well-being and to create effective teamwork?
2.1 Spirituality at work concept
In the year 2000 spirituality at work met a shift mark, with the research developed by the authors Ashmos and Duchon [8] setting the conceptual frontiers and measurement, therefore enabling the research of the spiritual impacts on workers´ attitudes and work-related outcomes. Their initial investigation was published in the Journal of Management Inquiry, based on previous theoretical developments, their conceptualization and measurement inspired most of the subsequent investigations. Spirituality at work has been explored as a multidimensional concept, mainly due to the work of the authors mentioned above. They have been considered the first authors to produce a serious approach to spirituality at work [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Spirituality at work is not about religion [14] conversion or about getting people to accept a specific belief system [1, 3, 15] and “has taken many forms” [14] (p.80). It is primarily identified with an open mind and involves connectedness [9] and with the connection between others and the workplace environment, and it is related to self-actualization [10].
Spirituality at work is the recognition that workers perform work with meaning and purpose, for them and society as a whole, including a strong sense of enjoyment at work. The workers can find an opportunity at work to express many aspects of one’s being, not just the ability to perform physical or intellectual tasks, and they feel work as a source of spiritual growth and connection with coworkers.
In the organizational level spirituality at work is the link between personal values and the organization’s mission and purpose, and the source of employee’s emotional balance and inner peace. When organizations introduce spirituality at work, it means that they take care of both the mind and spirit of their employees, finding a more holistic picture of the human being [8]. Returning to Maslow’s theory of needs, self-actualization and self-transcendence imply the valence of the individual mind and spirit involved in the work component.
If Maslow created the roots and produced the seminal work that showed the importance and gave rise to the spirituality concept on the organizational field, the authors Ashmos and Duchon developed the basic boundaries of the concept and its measurement, giving place to the most significant developments in this field.
The next figure (Figure 1) show us the fundamental words which be part of a spiritual environment. The spiritual environment includes five dimensions and spiritual practices. The same figure includes spirituality at work impacts: job resourcefulness (ability and imagination to solve; intelligence), organizational affective commitment (family feeling), individual productivity (effectiveness), and job performance (quality, relative capacity).
The previous figure (Figure 1) shows spirituality at work as a multidimensional concept defined by the next five dimensions:
Meaningful work involves a deep sense of meaning and purpose in one’s work, for workers and society as a whole including the sense of contribution to the community (items related to work that coincides with personal life values and is helpful for the community) and sense of enjoyment at work (items related to a sense of joy and pleasure at work).
The work can be a way to understand the meaning of life.
Meaningful work happens when people experience a deep sense of meaning when they perform their work. People have an intrinsic drive and motivation to learn and find meaning in their work and to be a member of a group, where they feel valued for their contribution to the group’s performance [11].
Opportunities for inner life is about finding an opportunity at work to express many aspects of one’s being.
Opportunities for inner life measures the degree to which organizations respect the spiritual values of the workers [12] and was identified by the authors Ashmos and Duchon [8] as spiritual identity: “an opportunity at work to express many aspects of one’s being, not merely the ability to perform physical or intellectual tasks” (p.136).
Spirituality at work begins by acknowledging that people have an inner and outer life, and inner life exists when workers find their inner strengths and use them to perform their tasks at work.
A sense of community or sense of connection between workers is a human goal at work because although money is important it is not the most important goal for most people. A sense of community is described as the feeling of connectedness that workers develop with other coworkers.
A sense of community represents another fundamental dimension to create effective teamwork because people want to feel connected to work and they want to feel connected at work [8, 9].
This concept captures the degree to which employees feel the existence of teamwork connects them as a family in the organization to which they belong, as well as the perception that the supervisors do their best to encourage the presence of effective work.
A sense of community is described as the feeling of connectedness that workers develop with other coworkers [13], and success can be described using terms such as being connected and balanced.
The sense of connection is a feeling far beyond oneself, with a genuine sense of community arising from the presence of affections [9].
Spirituality at work is related to the teamwork concept, once the sense of connection is better understood when we realize meaningful work, and colleagues take the place of family and social groups.
Alignment with the organization’s values is about the personal values and the organization’s mission and purpose [16].
This dimension captures the gap between the workers’ perceptions and attitudes and the values of their organizations.
Alignment with the organization’s values measures aspects related to the leader’s interests, particularly if there are concerns beyond financial issues. Issues as the perceptions about the organization’s future, the way that workers inner life and peace are respected, and finally, the leadership’s attitudes to society. These issues are fundamental to create effective teamwork.
Emotional balance and inner peace capture the emotional balance and inner peace at an individual level when workers perform meaningful work, as explained above. This dimension reinforces the coherence of the overall spirituality at work concept and covers these aspects already anticipated by Maslow [3, 15, 17], and to enrich the traditional approaches of spirituality at work and reinforce the overall coherence of the concept, currently based on four dimensions: inner life, meaningful work, sense of community and values alignment. Emotional balance and inner peace are related to the importance of the happiness that can be felt through work, allowing to find a feeling of inner peace and emotional balance when something goes wrong [1]. With this dimension, we can create a clear connection between the individual and organizational levels, since employees with higher welfare and better life balance are stronger and more persevering [15].
2.2 The link between spirituality at work and teamwork
Through analysis of Maslow’s Theory of Needs, a reason was found to establish a link between spirituality at work and organizations [18]. So to begin the understanding about this link, we need to remember the following question, built by Maslow on September 14, 1967, in San Francisco, where he delivered a public lecture titled “The farther reaches of human nature”:
“What are the moments which give you … the greatest satisfaction? What are the moments of reward which make your work and your life worthwhile?”
The answer to the previous question can be contextualized through the updated version of the Maslow’s hierarchy, that includes the next six motivational levels [18]:
Physiological (survival needs) – seeks to obtain basic needs to survive
Safety needs – seeks security
Belongingness and love needs – seeks affiliation with a group
Esteem needs – seeks esteem trough recognition or achievement
Self-actualization – seeks fulfillment of personal potential
Self-transcendence – seeks to a cause beyond the self and to experience communion beyond the boundaries of the self through peak experience
Maslow’s studies created the foundations of the spirituality at work concept, identifying the dimensions to the self-actualization and self-transcendence [17]: unique self, peak experience and transcendence, spirituality and meaning, and esthetic-creative element.
Maslow gave an additional contribution to helping the launch in 1969 of the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, and several other specialists found there a good opportunity to clarify the spirituality at work concept and the role of spirituality may have in the organizational context, in the management, and leadership fields [17].
This new approach contributes to a natural commitment to actions related to justice, trust, beauty, order, simplicity, meaning, and purpose [17]. It is important to note that self-actualizing people are committed with themselves and with the well-being of their groups and community [17] when they are committed whit these intangible being-values [3].
Many academic studies give us insights about how a spiritual environment can help organizations increase their performance and improve the link between workers, between workers and the organization. And, both the self-actualization need and the self-transcendence need, are related to spirituality, and more specifically, related to spirituality inside organizations.
As Maslow explained a self-actualizing person can transcend to individual concerns when he/her being feels actualizing. And these individual concerns are related to intrinsic willingness to serve others, devotion to an ideal, or involvement with a cause as social justice. The self-transcendence person can become relatively egoless. So, to be self-actualizing is not enough for a full description of the human being.
This description of the human being leads us to the words of Chattopadhyay [4]: good people management is more important than all other factors since organizations need to create a work environment that helps them attract, keep and motivate the workers. Dr. (Prof) Debaprasad Chattopadhyay reinforces the idea stating that “the creation of challenge and meaningfulness for employees has become a priority” and “how individuals within organizations can maintain inner and outer balance is an important issue” (p.75).
A multi-disciplinary care team - all working together - to help coordinate and optimize the care of patients with complex medical problems, as mentioned before, meaning effective teamwork, that can reduce medical errors, improving patient safety, requires good people in the management. The presence of spirituality at work can help, since can represent the link between the concern of this book with the words of Dr. (Prof) Debaprasad Chattopadhyay.
How spirituality can help health professionals? Spirituality at work can help them by making organizations socially responsible [7] what includes: the impacts on the environment, the impacts on the community, and the possibility to create a better world. Once, spirituality at work look at people not only as human resources but as whole human beings, including their spiritual needs [19] helping workers “become a spiritual being on a human journey” [17] p.747. And, spiritual leadership is about identifying and affirming shared core values, vision, and purpose with meaning for everybody; meaningful work and community [4].
3. Spiritual environment implementation
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six key measures to improve the overall quality of the healthcare system: safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity [20]. The balanced pursuit of these six key measures is not easy with the current challenges facing by healthcare organizations, as well as other organizations belonging to other industries.
Rational common interests and rational individual interests conflict [20] frequently, and this issue does not promote effective teamwork.
The academic research shows us some evidence which justified the relationship between teamwork and patient safety [21]: investigations about the factors contributing to critical incidents and adverse events have shown that teamwork plays an important role in the causation and prevention of adverse events; some studies focusing on healthcare providers’ perceptions of teamwork demonstrated that staff’s perceptions of teamwork and attitudes toward safety-relevant team behavior were related to the quality and safety of patient care, and perceptions of teamwork and leadership style are associated with staff well-being, which may impact clinician’ ability to provide safe patient care; observational studies on teamwork behaviors related to high clinical performance have identified patterns of communication, coordination, and leadership that support effective teamwork.
The creation and implementation of a spiritual environment may be one strategic imperative of the new millennium, once “people with heart” are “good people management”, and good people management is more important than other organizational factors [4]. A spiritual environment includes spiritual practices and spirituality at work [22], as we can see in Figure 1, and in this subsection, we will address the implementation.
In the introduction of this chapter, was asked to note the expression “whole selves to the work”. This expression helps us to understand the importance of the spiritual environment for healthcare professionals, to bring their whole selves to their organizations where they belong.
The spiritual environment as a management tool can have a positive impact on the development of a care team, with the natural meaning of this concept as claimed by Maslow. Even as create an environment where workers may find meaning in their lives, resilience to overcome obstacles upon fulfilling a fundamental human need [23].
A solid healthcare system requires a healthy work environment, with the compassion feeling between workers as between workers and patients, so the workers need to perform their tasks where the expression “whole selves to the work” is a priority. And we cannot forget: they support all the pain of the humankind. They represent the hope for those who suffer from the most varied pathologies.
The author Pfeffer [24] (p.32) noted four dimensions that workers seek in the workplace:
A kind of work that permits to learn and develop a sense of competence and mastery
Meaningful work that provides some feeling of purpose
A sense of connection and positive social relations with their coworkers
The ability to live an integrated life, so that one’s work role and other roles are not inherently in conflict and so that a person’s work role does not conflict with his or her essential nature and who the person is as a human being
True spiritual leadership enables workers to find these four dimensions, through a training program about a shared spiritual environment, which includes both spiritual practices and spirituality at work concept.
The first step should be diagnostic and measure the level of spirituality at work through the five dimensions previously described, which include 22 questions. This first step allows us to know the organization about the presence of spirituality at work. That is, it allows us to answer the question:
Have the healthcare professionals the recognition that they have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in a community context, with a sense of alignment between individual and organizational values with a sense of emotional balance and inner peace?
After the diagnostic, the next step (second step) should be the development of spiritual practices to implement a spiritual environment.
The implementation of spiritual programs in the workplace can have results at the individual level contributing to the multi-disciplinary care team. Corporate programs and spiritual practices should be custom-designed and adapted to the individuality, values, and perspectives of the workers [25].
Academic studies identified a set of spiritual practices: fitness relaxation practice, meditation, reiki, health programs, hygiene and food education, yoga, pilates, dance, diversity support programs, and music [1].
All these spiritual practices benefit health and well-being and are reported in various investigations in the areas of psychology and health. These different practices may contribute to the development of a sense of community within the team, alignment with organizational values, meaningful work, opportunities for the inner life, and emotional balance and inner peace. And this impacts explained why the practices mentioned called by “spiritual practices” can contribute with the goal “all working together”.
4. Conclusion
In the introductory chapter “Medical Error and Associated Harm - The Critical Role of Team Communication and Coordination” of the book “Vignettes in Patient Safety” the authors claim that “the focus on patient safety has its genesis in the combined desire and duty to “do the right thing” in conjunction with the realization that there is an unacceptably high prevalence of avoidable adverse events, we must all join forces and make the effort to meaningfully contribute at the personal, team, and institutional levels” [26]. We find here words and issues which by natural meaning are connected with the spiritual management tool, supporting the link between spirituality at work concept and effective teamwork.
Many researchers emphasize the importance of spirituality at work within organizations, and this growing interest among academics, managers, and the general public [27]. This approach can be seen as a new paradigm change inside the academic context and management thinking.
In recent years, research using diverse methodological approaches has led to significant progress in teamwork research in healthcare [21]. This chapter explained the spiritual environment management tool concept and how can contributes to the creation of a multi-disciplinary care team - all working together - to help coordinate and optimize the care of patients with complex medical problems.
To achieve collective prosperity through work, the International Labor Organization considers fundamental values as freedom, human dignity, social justice, security, and non-discrimination. The spiritual environment is aligned with these values as well as principles of the World Health Organization.
Spiritual environment, can play a fundamental role in healthcare organizations since spirituality at work is definable and measurable, and the inclusion provides intrinsic and extrinsic reasons as organizational affective commitment, job resourcefulness [22], and organizational performance [9, 28].
Attending the spirituality at work concept, a spiritual environment is created when the companies respect cultural diversity and personal values of workers by implementing employee development programs, employee participation in the decision, and healthy employer-employee relations [14]. The implementation of spiritual programs can boost results at the individual level, such as self-efficacy, greater willingness to cooperate, grow, learn, and adapt to challenges [1, 25, 27].
The spiritual practices should respond to organizational and individual concerns as explained in Subsection 2.2. To create a spiritual environment a greater consensus is required to move the whole organization.
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Spirituality at work has a multidimensional and measurable nature and is aligned with the three principles of the World Health Organization, based on two arguments: the new approach should be preventive and should promote partnership. This fact allows the managers as well the human resource department to classify the organizational environment on the next spiritual issues in the first step: meaningful work; opportunities for inner life; the sense of community; alignment with the organization’s value; emotional balance and inner peace. 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Teamwork and spiritual environment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Spirituality at work concept",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 The link between spirituality at work and teamwork",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Spiritual environment implementation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Joelle M, Coelho A. The impact of a spiritual environment on performance mediated by job resourcefulness. Int J Work Heal Manag; 12. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.1108/IJWHM-05-2018-0058'},{id:"B2",body:'Doram K, Chadwick W, Bokovoy J, et al. Got spirit? the spiritual climate scale, psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and future directions. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1-7'},{id:"B3",body:'Wulff DM, Maslow AH. Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences. J Higher Educ. 1965;36:235'},{id:"B4",body:'Chattopadhyay, Debaprasad. Case Study Spiritual Motivation in Management : A Case Study on how Spirituality in Management can be used by a health-care provider *** “ SGCC & RI - A big leap in the service to Mankind”. 2016; 74-87'},{id:"B5",body:'Roberts G. Leadership coping skills: Servant leader workplace spiritual intelligence. J Strateg Leadersh. 2013;4:52-69'},{id:"B6",body:'Smith JA, Rayment JJ. The Global SMP fitness framework: A guide for leaders exploring the relevance of spirituality in the workplace. Manag Decis. 2007;45:217-234'},{id:"B7",body:'McLaughlin C. Spirituality and ethics in business. Eur Bus Rev. 2005;17:236-243'},{id:"B8",body:'Ashmos DP, Duchon D. Spirituality at Work: A Conceptualization and Measure. J Manag Inq. 2000;9:134-145'},{id:"B9",body:'Daniel JL. Workplace spirituality and stress: Evidence from Mexico and the US. Manag Res Rev. 2015;38:29-43'},{id:"B10",body:'Deshpande AR. Workplace Spirituality, Organizational Learning Capabilities, and Mass Customization: An Integrated Framework. Int J Bus Manag. 2012;7:3-18'},{id:"B11",body:'Milliman J, Czaplewski AJ, Ferguson J. Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: An exploratory empirical assessment. J Organ Chang Manag. 2003;16:426-447'},{id:"B12",body:'Rego A, Pina E, Cunha M. Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: An empirical study. J Organ Chang Manag. 2008;21:53-75'},{id:"B13",body:'Joelle M, Coelho A. Adding a new dimension to the spirituality at work concept: Scale development and the impacts on individual performance. Manag Decis. 2019;58:982-996'},{id:"B14",body:'Gupta M, Kumar V, Singh M. Creating Satisfied Employees Through Workplace Spirituality: A Study of the Private Insurance Sector in Punjab (India). J Bus Ethics. 2014;122:79-88'},{id:"B15",body:'Sanders JE, Hopkins WE, Geroy GD. From Transactional to Transcendental: Toward An Integrated Theory of Leadership. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2003;9:21-31'},{id:"B16",body:'Milliman J, Ferguson J. In Search of the ‘Spiritual’ in Spiritual Leadership: A Case Study of Entrepreneur Steve Bigari. Bus Renaiss Q . 2008;3:19'},{id:"B17",body:'O’connor D, Yballe L. Maslow revisited: Constructing a road map of human nature. J Manag Educ. 2007;31:738-756'},{id:"B18",body:'Koltko-Rivera ME. Rediscovering the later version of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Rev Gen Psychol. 2006;10:302-317'},{id:"B19",body:'e Cunha MP, Rego A, D’Oliveira T. Organizational Spiritualities. Bus Soc 2006; 45: 211-234'},{id:"B20",body:'Berwick DM, Nolan TW, Whittington J. The triple aim: Care, health, and cost. Health Aff. 2008;27:759-769'},{id:"B21",body:'Manser T. Teamwork and patient safety in dynamic domains of healthcare: A review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:143-151'},{id:"B22",body:'Joelle M, Coelho AM. The impact of spirituality at work on workers’ attitudes and individual performance. Int J Hum Resour Manag. 2019;30:1111-1135'},{id:"B23",body:'Yeoman R. Conceptualising Meaningful Work as a Fundamental Human Need. J Bus Ethics. 2014;125:235-251'},{id:"B24",body:'Pfeffer, J.: 2003, ‘Business and the Spirit: Management Practices that Sustain Values’, in R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz (eds.), Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance (M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY), pp. 29-45'},{id:"B25",body:'Karakas F. Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. J Bus Ethics. 2010;94:89-106'},{id:"B26",body:'Green A, Stawicki S. Firstenberg M. Introductory Chapter: Medical Error and Associated Harm - The Critical Role of Team Communication and Coordination. 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78014'},{id:"B27",body:'Sprik PJ. The Depersonalization of Medicine, and the Promises of Spiritual Care. Society. 2019;56:147-152'},{id:"B28",body:'Brophy M. Spirituality Incorporated: Including Convergent Spiritual Values in Business. J Bus Ethics. 2015;132:779-794'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Maria Joelle",address:"mariajoelle7@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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CSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
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Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
Corresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
The Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
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Corresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
The University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\n
Corresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
The University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
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Corresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
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\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
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\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. 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