\r\n\tIn the last decades, particular attention to this field has been paid to the coastal erosion problem all over the world. Indeed, the deployment of artificial reservoirs, modification of the runoff characteristics of internal areas, sand extraction from rivers, and harbor siltation, caused a decrease of sediment input on the coastal environments, and, therefore, a generalized deficit in the sediment budget. Often, dredging activities are required to collect sediment finalized to “soft” techniques to restore beaches or to move the sand trapped in the harbor (clean or contaminated). \r\n\tMoreover, the coastal protections induced hydrodynamics and morphodynamics modifications inducing sometimes strong variations to the sediment transport regime.
\r\n
\r\n\tHistorically, all these aspects are related to specific research areas ranging from engineering, geology, geomorphology, biology, etc, but it is difficult to find a comprehensive overview of these topics.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book is intended to collect original works and review concerning numerical and experimental investigation, theoretical works, methodological approaches, and any other technique that allow giving the actual state-of-the-art in the field of sediment transport.
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1. Introduction
\n
Most naturally occurring materials exhibit a broad range of emission spectrum. However, thermal and optical properties of nanomaterials and nanostructures are significantly different than that of bulk materials. They are the basis of development of selective thermal emitters and absorbers that are crucial for the development of solar cells and thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) [1]. Wavelength‐selective emitters also have a wide range of potential applications such as biosensors, chemical sensors [2, 3], thermal cooling, and thermal detectors [4]. It has been shown that one‐dimensional (1‐D) metallo‐dielectric periodic structures display great selective emission properties in the infrared and visible regions [5]. Multilayered structures of thin films (1‐D photonic crystals) of polar materials can also be used to develop selective emitters [6]. The property of multilayered structures to exhibit wavelength selectivity can be explained by the presence of surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) for polar materials and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) for metals [5, 7]. It has also been demonstrated that two‐dimensional (2‐D) or three‐dimensional (3‐D) photonic crystals can be used to develop selective emitters [8, 9]. However, thin‐film‐layered structures are easy to design and fabricate. Calculation of their emission spectra is also relatively simple.
\n
Wavelength selectivity of 1‐D photonic crystals is a far‐field phenomenon. When the distance between two objects is of the order of the dominant thermal wavelength, the radiative heat transfer is enhanced to many orders of magnitude due to the coupling of surface waves and is referred to as near‐field thermal radiation [10]. If the materials support SPhPs or SPPs, the near‐field radiative flux can be shown to be inversely proportional to the square of the distance. The enhancement of heat transfer does not take place at all wavelengths but only at specific wavelengths [10]. This wavelength selectivity in the near field is exhibited by thin films as well as bulk materials. Wavelength selectivity in the near‐field limit is due to the coupling of SPPs or SPhPs across the two surfaces [10].
\n
While many articles dedicated to the design and fabrication of selective emitters can be found in the literature, the use of nanoparticles specifically for the application of selective emitters is relatively sparse [11]. Optical properties of materials doped with nanoparticles have been investigated before [12, 13]. Experimental and analytical study of thermal coatings doped with nanoparticles such as Gonome et al. [14, 15] can also be found in literature. However, emissive properties of nanoparticles embedded thin films have not been studied in detail to the best of our knowledge. This chapter presents the multilayered structures, which contain nanoparticles (NPs) doped into the thin films, which are suitable for any of the potential applications in both the far field and the near field. In this chapter, we investigate a methodology that can be used to develop selective thermal emitters for a desired wavelength band. Ideally, one may want to develop a selective emitter for specific wavelength band as per the requirements. As the emission spectrum displays peaks at the wavelengths, which are characteristics of the refractive index of the material, changing the thickness of the film allows control over only a narrow spectral band. We propose to dope the top layer (thin film) with nanoparticles to change the dielectric properties of the material. The usual Maxwell‐Garnett equation for effective medium approximation is often employed for such an analysis disregarding the sizes of doped materials [16]. Here, we apply the Maxwell‐Garnett‐Mie formulation [17] for effective medium approximation to calculate the dielectric function of a composite that consists of a host material embedded with nanoparticles of various sizes and volume fractions, and extend the same approach to calculate radiative heat transfer for thin films doped with nanoparticles. Thin‐film structure with nanoparticles would be easy to fabricate as submicron thin films embedded with nanoparticles have been fabricated before [18, 19]. We aim to study the effect on the wavelength selectivity of thin films due to combination of surface polaritons of the films and the nanoparticles and their effects in the near‐field radiative heat transfer and spectral heat flux. We consider hypothetical cases of thin film embedded with nanoparticles although the fabrication of these particular NP‐embedded films discussed here is relatively unknown. We choose SiC and polystyrene (PS) as the host materials (for thin films). SiC is chosen as a host because it has high permittivity in the infrared region and supports SPhP. Polystyrene is chosen because it does not support either SPPs or SPhPs. BN, which supports SPhP, and Au, which supports SPPs, are picked for the material of inclusion (NPs).
\n
The structure of this chapter is as follows. In Section 2, we present the theoretical background and analytical expressions used for the calculation of emissivity of thin‐film structures, calculation of heat transfer between closely placed half spaces, and the application of Maxwell‐Garnett‐Mie theory. In Section 3, we discuss the results of our calculations obtained using the formulations outlined in Section 2. Subsequently, the ideas and conclusions of this chapter are narrated in Section 4.
2. Theoretical fundamentals
\n
Consider a structure having N‐layer media having (N - 1) interfaces. By solving the boundary conditions at the interfaces, one can obtain the expression for the generalized reflection coefficient at the interface between region i and region i + 1 and is given by [20]
where j=−1, Ri,i+1(μ) is the Fresnel reflection coefficient at the interface between the layer i and i + 1, and R˜i+1,i+2(μ) is the generalized reflection coefficient at the interface between the layer i + 1 and i + 2, μ = s (or p) refers to transverse electric (or magnetic) polarization, z = ‐ di is the location of the ith interface. ki,z=εi(ω)ω2/c2−kρ2 is the normal z‐component of the wave vector in medium i wherein εi(ω) is the relative permittivity of the medium i as a function of angular frequency ω, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and kρ is the magnitude of the in‐plane wave vector. With R˜N,N+1(μ) = 0, the above equation provides a recursive relation to calculate the reflection coefficients R˜i,i+1(μ) in all regions. The generalized transmission coefficient for the layered slab is given by
\n
T˜1,N(μ)=∏i=1N−1e2jkiz(di−di−1)Si,i+1(μ)E2
\n
where Si,i+1(μ)=Ti,i+1(μ)/(1−Ri,i+1(μ)R˜i+1,i+2(μ)e2jki+1,z(di+1−di)). Alternatively, the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients can also be calculated using transfer matrix approach [21]. The hemispherical emissivity is given by the expression [6]
where R˜h1(μ) and T˜h1(μ) are the polarized effective reflection and transmission coefficients, respectively, as shown in Figure 1(a).
Figure 1.
Configurations of nanoparticle‐embedded thin films. (a) Thin film of SiC or polystyrene (PS) on Au thin film of thickness 1 µm, and (b) two half spaces with multilayers with vacuum in between. The top is SiC or PS film embedded with nanoparticles of varying radius and volume fraction on Au thin film.
\n
Far‐field radiative heat transfer is described by Planck\'s law of thermal radiation [22]. This description, however, does not account for the presence of evanescent (surface) waves that dominate only near the boundaries. The expression of radiative transfer between closely spaced objects can be derived using dyadic Green\'s function formalism [23], and is given by
\n
q1→2(T1,T2,L)=∫0∞dω2π[θ(ω,T1)−θ(ω,T2)]T1→2(ω,L)E4
\n
where θ(ω,T)=(ℏω/2)coth(ℏω/2kBT) is the energy of harmonic oscillator at frequency ω and temperature T, h is the reduced Planck constant, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. The function T(1→2) (ω) corresponds to the spectral transmissivity in radiative transfer between media 1 and 2 separated by distance L and is expressed as [23]
where R˜h1(μ) and R˜h2(μ) are polarized khz effective reflection coefficients of the two half spaces (calculated in the absence of other half space) and is the z‐component of wave vector in vacuum. The first term in Eq. (5) corresponds to propagating waves, whereas the second term describes the thermal transport due to evanescent waves, and its contribution is significant only for small values of gap L.
\n
Clausius‐Mossotti equation for the effective dielectric function, of the composite medium containing nanoparticle inclusions in a host material, is given by [24, 25]
\n
εeff=εm(r3+2αrfr3−αrf)E6
\n
where εm is the dielectric function of the matrix, αr is the electric dipole polarizability, and r and f are the radius and volume fraction of nanoparticles, respectively. The size‐dependent extension of Maxwell‐Garnett formula can be obtained by deriving an expression for electric dipole polarizability using Mie theory [17]
\n
αr=3jc32ω3εm3/2a1,rE7
\n
where a1,r is the first electric Mie coefficient given by
where ψ1 and ξ1 are Riccati‐Bessel functions of the first order given by ψ1 (x) = xj1 (x) and ξ1 (x) = xh1(1)(x), where j1 and h1(1) are the first‐order spherical Bessel functions and spherical Hankel functions of the first kind, respectively. Here, “\'” indicates the first derivative. xm = ωrεm/c and xnp = ωrεnp/c are the size parameters of the matrix and the nanoparticles, respectively; εnp being the dielectric function of nanoparticles.
\n
Effective medium approximation method is applicable when average distance between inclusions is much smaller than the wavelength of interest. If the dielectric inclusions of radius r can be imagined to be arranged in simple cubic lattice of lattice constant a, the condition for validity of the effective medium approximation is λh >> a > 2r. Where λh is the wavelength in the host material [26]. We emphasize that since we use the approximation for thin films doped with nanoparticles, its use may not be correct when the particle size is comparable to the thickness of the films. Also, as discussed by Liu et al. [27], it can be argued that the use of effective medium theory (EMT) is questionable at nanoscale distances. Although such might be the case for the near‐field calculations presented here, its detailed analysis is beyond the scope of this work and is left for future work. Despite the limitations of Maxwell‐Garnett‐Mie theory sand its application in the near‐field regime, the results obtained should provide general trends and give considerable insight into optical properties of artificial materials. Further investigations by direct numerical simulation may be necessary to confirm the validity of EMT [28]. Moreover, these results will be constructive when judging the validity of the EMT in the near field by direct numerical calculations. We would like to keep these points open for speculation.
3. Results
\n
The dielectric function is related to real (n) and imaginary (κ) parts of refractive index as ε= n + jκ. For SiC and BN, the dielectric function has the form as [29, 30]
\n
ε(ω)=ε∞(ω2−ωLO2+jωγω2−ωTO2+jωγ)E9
\n
where ωTO and ωLO are transverse and longitudinal optical phonon frequencies, respectively, and γ is the damping constant. For SiC, the constants ε∞, ωTO, ωLO, and γ are equal to 6.7, 9.83 × 10-2 eV, 0.12 eV, and 5.90 × 10-2 eV, respectively. The values of ε∞, ωTO, ωLO, and γ for BN are 4.46, 0.1309 eV, 0.1616 eV, and 6.55 × 10-2 eV, respectively. Data for the bulk gold (Au) are taken from Johnson and Christy [31]. Figure 2(a) considers the case of SiC film doped with NPs of BN. SiC film of 0.4 µm is on the top of Au film of 1 µm deposited on a substrate. The effect of change in NPs volume fraction (f) is studied. The volume fraction of BN nanoparticles is changed from 0% to 30% while maintaining the radius of 25 nm. Thin film of pure SiC exhibits emission peaks at λnSiC ≈ 10.33 µm and λnSiC ≈ 13 µm. λn is the wavelength at which the real part of the refractive index becomes zero (zero‐index material) [6, 32]. λκ is the wavelength at which the real part of refractive index (n) is large while the imaginary part of refractive index (κ) is small [6]. These peaks are attributed to the presence of SPhPs, and the characteristic wavelengths of the dielectric function of SiC. The appearance of new peaks upon 5% inclusion of BN nanoparticles has been observed at λ ≈ 8.5 µm and λ ≈ 11.5 µm. When the volume fraction of NPs is increased further, each of these peaks splits into two giving rise to a total of six peaks. Locations of these peaks do not correspond to the characteristic wavelengths of BN (λnBN ≈ 7.6 µm and λκBN ≈ 9.8 µm). In addition, there exists a small shift in the emission peak at λκSiC. This suggests an interaction between SiC matrix and BN NPs. Consider the case with 30% inclusion of BN. Figure 3(a) shows that the mixture has two additional locations where the refractive index is zero (λn1mixture ≈ 8.5 µm and λn2mixture ≈ 11.7 µm). Moreover, at two more points n is large while imaginary part of refractive index is small, namely λk1mixture ≈ 9 µm and λk2mixture ≈ 11.1 µm.
Figure 2.
Emissivity spectra for SiC or PS thin film of thickness 0.4 µm embedded with BN or Au nanoparticles of radius 25 nm and various volume fractions. (a) BN nanoparticle‐embedded SiC thin film, (b) Au nanoparticle‐embedded SiC thin film, (c) BN nanoparticle‐embedded PS thin film, and (d) Au nanoparticle‐embedded PS thin film.
Figure 3.
Refractive index of SiC and SiC film doped with 30% BN or Au nanoparticles. (a) Real part of refractive index and (b) imaginary part of refractive index.
\n
These wavelengths correspond to the additional peaks. While the additional peaks are at the location of the characteristics of the refractive index of the mixture, it is interesting to note that peaks at ≈10.33 µm and ≈12.98 µm have no or little shift even at large volume fraction of 30%, because they are characteristic wavelengths of the host. Inclusion of BN leads to new SPhP leading to new peaks. Figure 2(b) shows the effect of Au nanoparticles in SiC thin film. When particle size is small, especially when the size is comparable to the mean free path of the free electrons, confinement effects become significant [25, 33]. The optical properties of metallic nanoparticles have shown size dependence [34]. We utilize a size‐dependent dielectric function for Au nanoparticles of radius r that takes care of electron scattering, which is given by [35]
\n
ε(ω,r)=εb(ω)+ωp2ω2+jωγ0−ωp2ω2+jω(γ0+Avf/r)E10
\n
where εb, ωp, vf, and γ0 are the bulk dielectric function, the plasma frequency, the Fermi velocity of free electrons, and the electron damping, respectively. The values of εb are taken from Johnson and Christy [31]. The parameters ωp, vf, and γ0 are taken to be 9.06 eV, 0.077 eV, and 1.4 × 106 m/s, respectively. The proportionality constant A that depends on the electron‐scattering process at the surface of nanoparticles is assumed to be unity. Volume fraction is varied from 0% to 30% while NPs radius is maintained constant (25 nm). Multiple oscillatory peaks are seen in the lower wavelength region upon the addition of Au nanoparticles. A shift in the original peak of SiC at ≈13 µm is seen when volume fraction is large (30%). While the presence of a peak at ≈10.33 µm and a peak at ≈13 µm can be related to n and κ plots shown in Figure 3(a) and (b), multiple peaks between 0.35 and 8 µm cannot be explained using the refractive index characteristics. While the change in refractive index is seen around 500 nm which corresponds to surface plasmon resonance of Au, one may expect a peak around 500 nm. Multiple peaks are observed instead. Figure 2(c) and (d) shows emission spectra of polystyrene thin film doped with BN nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles, respectively. The dielectric function of PS is in the form of [36]
\n
ε(ω)=1+∑i=1i=4(fiwi2−ω2−jgiω)E11
\n
where the parameters fi, wi, and gi are, in the units of eV, given by fi = [14.6, 96.9, 44.4, 136.9], wi = [6.35, 14.0, 11.0, 20.1], and gi = [0.65, 5.0, 3.5, 11.5], respectively. In case of BN, the appearance of new peaks is quite similar to that in Figure 2(a) and its relation with the refractive indices shown in Figure 4(a) and (b) is obvious.
Figure 4.
Refractive index of PS and PS film doped with 30% BN or Au nanoparticles. (a) Real part of refractive index and (b) imaginary part of refractive index.
\n
The appearance of emission peaks at the locations of λkmixture and λnmixture is evident. However, when polystyrene film is doped with Au nanoparticles, we once again see multiple peaks produced in the region 0.35–6 µm that are not related to the refractive index characteristics. Since polystyrene does not support either of SPhPs or of SPPs, the interaction between SPPs of Au and surface polariton of the host is not responsible for the multiple peaks. We hypothesize that the origin of multiple peaks is due to the interaction of SPPs of Au and the boundaries of the thin film. In case of SiC film doped with Au nanoparticles, the shift in the peak of ≈13 µm is due to the interaction between SPPs of Au and SPhPs of SiC; in either cases (SiC and PS) the inclusion material does not produce new polaritons as seen in refractive index characteristics.
\n
Figure 5 shows the effect of NPs size on the emission spectra. In Figure 5(a), SiC film of 0.4 µm is doped with BN nanoparticles and volume fraction of BN NPs is maintained constant at 10% and the radius is varied from 1 to 50 nm. The majority of emission spectrum shows no effect of BN particle size. However, the effect of size is noticeable at wavelengths less than 1 µm. This is due to the fact that Mie scattering becomes important at shorter wavelengths giving rise to higher peaks for larger particles. Figure 5(b) presents the calculation of emissivity for 0.4‐µm thick polystyrene (PS) film doped with Au NPs. The volume fraction of NPs is fixed at 10% and the particle size is changed from 1 to 50 nm. Unlike Figure 5(a), Figure 5(b) shows a strong influence of particle size on the emissivity. While the spectrum in the visible region shows a negligible response to particle size, gold NPs greatly influence the near‐infrared region between 1 and 4 µm. As the NP size is increased from 1 nm, the emissivity peaks reduce in magnitude, showing smaller peaks for 10 and 25 nm. Emissivity for larger particles of 50 nm, however, is increased again and is comparable to that of NPs of 1 nm. This is due to the presence of two counteracting phenomena here. First is the change in dielectric function of Au NPs leading to decreased emissivity of larger particles and the second being Mie scattering of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the host causing an increased emissivity of larger particles.
Figure 5.
Emissivity spectra for SiC or PS thin film of thickness 0.4 µm embedded with BN or Au nanoparticles of volume fraction 10% and various radii. (a) BN nanoparticle‐embedded SiC thin film doped and (b) Au nanoparticle‐embedded PS thin film.
\n
Next, we present the effect of the doped nanoparticles on radiative heat transfer. We analyze radiative heat transfer between two identical multilayered structures at 300 and 301 K as shown in Figure 1(b). Each structure has a top layer of 0.4 µm deposited on 1 µm of Au. The top layer is doped with nanoparticles of 25 nm and different volume fractions. Figure 6 shows radiative heat flux versus distance between the structures and the normalized spectral density (defined as the ratio of dq/dω to the maximum value over the range of wavelengths considered) at a distance of 100 nm is shown in the inset of figures. Consider a structure with SiC layer doped with BN nanoparticles. Figure 6(a) shows very little change in overall heat transfer. While thin film of pure SiC shows nearly monochromatic heat transfer, selectivity is seen at additional bands of wavelength. These locations are wavelengths where the effective refractive index of the mixture becomes zero (Figure 3(a) and (b)). While the locations of the new peaks depend on the volume fraction, the peak corresponding to the host material is relatively unchanged. In Figure 6(b), SiC film is doped with Au nanoparticles of radius 25 nm with different volume fractions. The change in total heat transfer characteristics is not significant with the addition of nanoparticles. Selectivity is observed near λ = λ1 ≈ 10.33 µm as in Mulet et al. [10], which is one of characteristic wavelengths of SiC. Moreover, the inclusion of Au nanoparticles has only a small impact on the selectivity in the near‐field limit and this can be related to the refractive indices of the mixture (Figure 3(a) and (b)). When the top layer is polystyrene doped with BN nanoparticles (Figure 6(c)), the near‐field heat flux is clearly dependent on the volume fraction of the inclusion in both the near‐field and the far‐field regime. Since polystyrene does not support SPPs/SPhPs, the inclusion of BN clearly makes significant enhancement in heat transfer. The surface becomes selective at the wavelengths at which the real part of the effective refractive index becomes zero. When the PS film is doped with Au nanoparticles instead, the radiative heat transfer in Figure 6(d) shows an increment with an increase in NPs volume fraction, in both the near‐field and the far‐field limit. However, the normalized spectral density does not show any selectivity in the near field. In summary, the wavelength selectivity of thin films in the near field can be related to its effective refractive index in all four cases. This is logical as the selectivity is due to the presence of SPPs/SPhPs across the interfaces. It is interesting to note that, unlike in the far‐field regime, the selectivity is affected only when BN particles are used as inclusions. The addition of Au particles shows little or no impact on the selectivity in the near field. This supports the idea that metallic nanoparticles do not induce new SPPs/SPhPs in the surfaces while dielectric nanoparticles such as BN produce new SPhP in the material.
Figure 6.
Heat flux of microscopic‐layered media doped with BN or Au nanoparticles of radius 25 nm and various volume fractions due to near‐field radiative effect. Inset: normalized spectral heat flux at a 100‐nm gap between each half space with 0.4‐µm thick nanoparticle‐embedded layer on 1‐µm Au layer. (a) BN nanoparticle‐embedded SiC thin film, (b) Au nanoparticle‐embedded SiC thin film, (c) BN nanoparticle‐embedded PS thin film, and (d) Au nanoparticle‐embedded PS thin film.
4. Conclusion
\n
We have demonstrated that nanoparticles influence the emission spectra of the multilayered structures. Wavelength selectivity can be altered and controlled by the size and/or volume fraction of the NPs. The presence of NPs in a host material gives rise to an appearance of new emission peaks and a shift in the existing peaks in the emission spectra. When the metallic NPs are used, the effect of size is stronger as the dielectric function of metallic NPs has a strong dependence of particle size due to electron scattering. We have also shown that the volume fraction of the nanoparticles plays an important role in the near‐field radiative heat transfer. If the NPs support SPhP, wavelength selectivity of thin films in the far field is at the locations where the real part of effective refractive index of the mixture becomes zero or the imaginary part of refractive index is small while the real part of the index is large. If the material of inclusion supports SPPs, as in metallic nanoparticles multiple emission peaks are seen which cannot be related to n‐ and κ‐values of the mixtures. (Our observation is limited to the case where the host material is thin film.)
\n
In the near field, for NPs supporting SPhPs or SPPs the heat transfer is nearly monochromatic around the wavelength at which n for the mixture becomes zero. It is observed that only SPhP supporting inclusions can influence the location of λn of the mixture; hence wavelength selectivity of thin films in the near field has little or no effect due to the presence of metallic nanoparticles. This can be understood as the presence of NPs in the thin film does not induce new kind of SPPs/SPhPs resonance across the interfaces. This work broadens the range of designs and methods for wavelength‐selective emitters in both the far‐field and the near‐field regime.
Acknowledgments
\n
This work is partially funded by the Rhode Island STAC Research Grant under grant number AWD05085 and NIH RI‐INBRE Pilot Research Development Award supported in part by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Network for Biomedical Research Excellence from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103430.
\n',keywords:"thermal radiation, wavelength‐selective, far field, near field, nanostructured layered media",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/54123.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/54123.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54123",totalDownloads:1371,totalViews:111,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:55,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 3rd 2016",dateReviewed:"January 9th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 24th 2017",dateFinished:"February 15th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Thermal radiative transport yields unique thermal characteristics of microscopic thin films—wavelength selectivity. This chapter focuses on a methodology about adjusting the wavelength selectivity of thin films embedded with nanoparticles in the far‐field and near‐field regimes. For nanostructured layered media doped with nanoparticles, Maxwell‐Garnett‐Mie theory is applied to determine the effective dielectric function for the calculation of radiative thermal transport. The thermal radiative wavelength selectivity can be affected by volume fraction and/or the size of the embedded nanoparticles in thin films. To characterize wavelength selectivity and optical property of nanostructured materials, both real and imaginary parts of effective refractive index need to be analyzed. It has been shown that the nanoparticles made of polar or metallic materials have different influence on thermal radiative wavelength selectivity of microscopic thin films.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/54123",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/54123",book:{id:"5789",slug:"nanoscaled-films-and-layers"},signatures:"Yi Zheng",authors:[{id:"197058",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Yi Zheng",slug:"yi-zheng",email:"zheng@uri.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Rhode Island",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Theoretical fundamentals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'S. Basu, Y.‐B. Chen, and Z. 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Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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1. Introduction
Spices are plant-derived substances and play a crucial role in cooking. They are responsible for bringing out complex and rich flavors of food with their color, taste, aroma and making a cuisine distinct and popular. Without them kitchen looks empty and food gives a feeling of Stone Age. But do these spices just provide aroma or piquancy to food? Or is there any underlying advantage behind their regular consumption with food. Moreover, their usage depends upon habitat, time, and weather conditions. It is evident from both traditional as well as modern literature that vast medicinal properties offered by the spices makes them legendary and a vital part of daily diet. Pharmacological and molecular studies revealed that oils and alkaloids produced by most of the spices possess antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, immune booster, antioxidant and other important biological properties [1, 2, 3, 4]. Their antioxidant and bactericidal activities prevents rancidity thereby increasing storage life of food [5]. Turmeric, with curcumin as principle ingredient, has been quite extensively used in the treatment of disorders such as amenorrhea, inflammation, hepatitis, arthritis [6, 7]. Clove, cinnamon, are rich source of antioxidants exhibiting wide range of pharmacological effects [8].
As spices are rich in immunity boosting ingredients, their daily consumption would lead to development of long-lasting immune protection and might maintain safe drug bullets at a certain basal level in blood stream to tackle the infection. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the first line of defense is body’s immune system. Therefore, regular usage of spices not only enhances the body’s immunity to fight against the infection but also provides a prophylactic therapy to prevent and minimize the chances of infection. Out of wide variety of spices, pharmaco-potential of some of them has been discussed here.
2. Turmeric
Turmeric (rhizome of Curcuma longa L.), native to Tropical South Asia, is used as a condiment, food preservative and a traditional remedy for various diseases. This spice of Zingiberaceae family is widely cultivated in tropics and is known by different names such as Haldi, bhadra, pitika, mehagni, terre merite etc. To date various compounds of turmeric have been identified such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, curcuminoids, alkaloids, sterols. Among these, most abundant is curcumin (77%) which is responsible for characteristic yellow color of turmeric and exhibits a wide spectrum of biological effects viz. antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, etc. (Figure 1) [9].
Figure 1.
Biological properties and chemical constituents of Turmeric.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin have proved to be beneficial against neurological diseases. Curcumin has the ability to bind amyloid β (Aβ) inhibiting fibrils formation [10] and, also enhance its cellular uptake [11], circumvent plaque deposition [12] thereby preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, curcumin is capable of decreasing Aβ serum levels and attenuating inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models [13] along with rescuing altered neuritic morphology around Aβ plaques [14]. Additionally, studies have shown that curcumin decreased Huntington protein aggregation [15], suppressed cell death relieving disease symptoms [16]; modulated accumulation of α-synuclein which is the prime reason for Parkinson’s disease [17]. It has been reported that intravenous and oral administration of curcumin modulates dopamine related damage, induces microglial activation, and improves locomotion [18]. Curcumin has, further, shown to increase docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels [19]; improve learning and mental ability in scopolamine induced amnesia in mice [20]. Moreover, numerous other compounds with potent antioxidant activity have also been isolated from turmeric [21].
Curcumin has been known to downregulate production of inflammatory cytokines such as MCP- 1, TNF α, IL6, IL-1β both in vitro and in vivo [22, 23, 24]. However, recent study have suggested that efficacy to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines is enhanced on administering liposomal curcumin [25]. Studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 reducing oxidative stress and providing protection against acute vascular inflammation in vitro as well as in vivo [26, 27].
Anti-rheumatic effects of curcumin have also been reported as curcumin decreased β3 and β7 integrins expression (adhesion molecules) ultimately decreasing joint inflammation; downregulated expression of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth-related oncogene/keratinocyte chemoattractant [28]. Further, randomized trials have also shown the efficacy of oral administration of curcumin in treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis [29, 30].
Curcumin is effective in the management of virus infections as it inhibited Zika and Chikungunya virus at a concentration of 5 μM (IC50 = 1.9 and 3.89 μM respectively) [31], herpes simplex virus [32] and dengue virus [33]. Further, it inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase and protease suggesting its protective effects against AIDS [34, 35]. The pandemic, COVID-19 related mortality is mainly due to acute respiratory distress syndrome with extensive cytokine storm. It has been reported that curcumin upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ induction leading to inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NFkb) signaling eventually decreasing cytokine storm [36] which suggests that curcumin might ameliorate COVID associated symptoms. Bioinformatic analysis have further shown ability of curcumin to interact with ACE2 receptor [37] and main protease [38] thereby fighting against COVID-19.
Curcumin displays antiparasitic and anti-cancer effects too. At a dose of 5 μM, it altered P. falciparum microtubules leading to reduction of 70–90% of parasitemia (IC50 = 50 μM) [39] and further at 100 mg/kg showed 80–90% decrease in P. berghei parasitemia [40]. Curcumin, in synergistic effect with Mitomycin C (5 μmol/L) arrested growth of MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines at G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle at a concentration of 40 μmol/L [41], decreased sensitivity of NFκB in human pancreatic cells lines BxPC-3, Capan-1, Capan-2, ASPC-1, and HS766-T (73–95% inhibition) [42], induced apoptosis [43]; inhibited cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX 2- its overexpression leads to carcinogenesis) production in HT-29 colon cancer cell lines [44]. This prompts the requirement of detailed investigation to understand the potential of curcumin in cancer biology. Apart from curcumin, non-curcuminoids have also been reported to exhibit potential anticancer activities too [45].
Regardless of its demonstrated efficacy, purified curcumin has also been reported as pan assay interference compounds (PAINS) that show activity by interfering with assay readouts [46]. Curcumin exhibits PAIN properties such as fluorescence interference [47], aggregation [48], metal chelation [49], redox reactivity [50]. It is a highly unstable compound as it degrades rapidly in alkaline solutions [51]. Another drawback of curcumin is its poor bioavailability, however, number of formulations of curcumin with enhanced bioavailability and absorption are now available such as BioPerine-20x [52], BCM-95CG [52], Longvida-67x [53], Meriva-29x [54]. Furthermore, it is advised, traditionally, to consume turmeric powder with warm milk and ghee (Milk fat) as it is believed that this combination boosts immunity, purifies blood, beats everyday fatigue and anxiety, relieves cold and cough, which all are requirement to fight against COVID-19. Moreover, this combination might also enhance bioavailability of curcumin due to the constituents of milk and ghee such as casein, fats, iodine, phosphorus, calcium, vitamins etc.
3. Cinnamon
Cinnamon has a sweet, warm taste and is derived from dried central part of bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (family Lauraceae). It is native to the Caribbean, South America, and Southeast Asia and is used throughout the world for its astounding properties such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic effects (Figure 2) [55]. Biochemical investigation of cinnamon revealed presence of camphor, linalool, cinnamaldehyde (major constituent), terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, α-cadiene, safrole, α-cadinol, germacrene D, γ-muurolene, α- terpineol, eugenol, 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl,1-phenyl-propanr-2,2-diol diethanoate, etc. [56].
Figure 2.
Biological properties of Cinnamon.
Cinnamon has been reported to exhibit antioxidant effects. In vitro studies showed free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts of cinnamon against 2,20 -azinobis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical and Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical cations [57]. Intake of 100 mg/30 ml of cinnamon tea for 2 weeks showed reduction in the levels of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma by 38% and increase in total antioxidant power 21% in a clinical study [58].
Antidiabetic and cholesterol lowering effects of aqueous extracts of cinnamon (AEC) have also been reported where it reduced fasting glucose levels (at 250 mg) from 1.14 mg/ml to 1.02 mg/ml in patients with impaired fasting glucose [59]; at a dose of 500 mg/kg for two months decreased glucose levels (p < 0.005) along with increasing in insulin sensitivity [60] and at 200 mg/kg reduced levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol and increased levels of HDL-cholesterol in diabetic rats and hyper-lipidemic albino rabbits [61]. Further, decline in gastric acid secretion by 60% and reduction in gastric hemorrhagic lesions in rats was observed on pre-treatment with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of AEC [62].
Peterson et al., reported cinnamon as a potent anti-alzheimer agent as AEC inhibited tau aggregation (aggregation destabilizes microtubules causing Alzheimer’s disease) [63].
In addition, cinnamon possesses antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Ethanolic extracts of cinnamon exhibited anti-microbial properties against Listeria monocytogenes (MIC 0.4 mg/ml other MICs) [64]. Further, essential oil of cinnamon also showed inhibitory effects against Candida albicans (MIC 7.81 μl/ml) [65]; nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolate (MIC- 1.9 μl/ml) [66]; Anopheles tessellatus (LD50: 0.33 μg/mL) and Culex quinquefasciatus (LD50: 0.66 μg/mL) [67]. Furthermore, AEC inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induced growth of vessels in aortic ring of rat ex vivo at a dose of 25 and 50 μg/ml suppressing angiogenesis [68]. Constituents of cinnamon essential oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde and its analogue - 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde are effective inhibitors of bacterial acetyl-CoA carboxylase [69].
Cinnamon is considered as a strong immunity booster. At a dosage of 10 mg/kg, it significantly increased serum immunoglobulin levels whereas at 100 mg/kg dosage, along with boosting humoral immunity, cinnamon increased antibody titer and phagocytic index too thereby increasing cell-mediated immunity [70]. Cinnamon reportedly exhibits immunomodulatory properties as well. Studies have suggested that cinnamon decreased fibrotic symptoms and pro-inflammatory cytokines on treatment with 4.5 ml/kg dose [71] and 0.8 g/kg dose for 12 weeks [72] respectively in colitis infected mice models. Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6 along with inhibition of nitric oxide secretion were also observed in BV 2 microglial cells on treatment with 50 μg/ml of ethanolic cinnamon extract [73]. Further, cinnamon bark is capable of decreasing in IFN-γ levels, enhancing of IL2 secretion thereby inhibiting cell death [74]. Studies have also suggested that cinnamaldehyde inhibits PI3K, NF-B activation and PDK1 thereby regulating monocyte\\macrophage-mediated immune responses [74].
Recent bioinformatic analysis showed the possible effectiveness of molecules isolated from cinnamon against COVID-19 [75]. The ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and strong in silico investigation suggests the probable potential of cinnamon in fight against COVID-19.
Though cinnamon exhibits a wide range of health benefits, it is important to keep a check on the quantity of cinnamon consumed. A large amount can cause a dramatic drop in the blood sugar levels. In addition, high levels of cinnamon can cause rapid increase in heart rate, liver toxicity [76, 77].
4. Fennel
Fennel (seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Mill), originally cultivated in Mediterranean region, is used throughout the world for its licorice-like flavor. Belonging to class Magnoliopsida and family Apiaceae, fennel is known by different names such as suanf, sweet fennel, florence fennel, finocchio and is a concentrated source of minerals. This perennial herb is long loved for its culinary use. The essential oil of fennel constitutes anethole, estragole as major components and limonene, fenchone and others as minor components (Figure 3) [78, 79].
Figure 3.
Biological properties and chemical constituent of Fennel.
Fennel has been used for a long time for medicinal purposes (Figure 3) [80, 81]. It is a potent antioxidant agent. Essential oil of fennel seeds (FS) showed 45.05% DPPH radical scavenging activity along with 48.80–70.35% inhibition of peroxidation [81]. Ethanol and water extracts of FS (100 μg/ml) inhibited peroxidation in linoleic acid system by 77.5 and 99.1% respectively [82]. Parejo et al., isolated phenolic compounds from fennel viz. rosmarinic acid, kaempferol-3- O-glucoside, eriodictyol-7-Orutinoside, caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and observed decrease in absorbance of DPPH by 50% (IC50 in μg/mL = 1.17, 8.21, 24.78, 3.82, 7.52 respectively) [83].
Further, essential oil from fennel fruit showed inhibitory effects on growth of Paenibacillus larvae (MIC = 250 μg/ml) [84] and mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum(MIC = 0.2 μg/ml) [85]. Similar inhibitory effects were observed against C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 70.85); A. gambiae (LC50 = 44.74) [86] and larvae of C. pipiens (90% inhibition at 60 mg/L) [87]. Hexane extracts of FS showed potent inhibitory effects against E. coli (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), S. typhi (MIC =15 μg/mL), S. aureus (MIC = 10 μg/mL) [88].
Recent study reported that 300 μg/μl FS ethanolic extract inhibited Influenza virus H5N1 by 82.8% [89]. Moreover, Alazadeh et al., showed that oral administration of FS extract in capsular form ameliorated knee ostroarthritis [90]. In addition, methanol extract of FS showed significant anticancer potential against liver cancer cell line Hepg-2 (IC50 = 27.96 μg/mL) and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC50 = 15.78 μg/mL) [80]. Özbek et al., 2003 studied hepatoprotective effects of fennel and observed that a dose of 0.4 ml/kg of fennel oil showed significant protective role against liver fibrosis (CCl4 induced) in rats [91].
It is safe to consume fennel and since it provides protection against flu, cough, it is advised to take fennel with warm milk.
5. Clove
Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry] is one of the most valuable spices of family Myrtaceae and is a native of Indonesia, albeit found all around the globe. Major bioactive component of clove is eugenol. Other components include phenolic acids such as gallic acid, gallic acid derivatives, caffeic acids, salicylic acids; flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol (Figure 4) [92].
Figure 4.
Chemical constituents and biological properties of Clove.
Traditionally used to prevent nausea, enhance blood circulation and liver function, clove is commonly applied for toothache relief and has been long known as a medicine for numerous ailments (Figure 4). Miyazawa & Hisama, isolated dehydrodieugenol and trans-coniferyl aldehyde from ethyl acetate extract of clove bud and observed significant activity of both, at a concentration of 0.6 μmol/mL and 1.2 μmol/ml respectively, against mutagens 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine [93]. Furthermore, eugenol and eugenol acetate extracted from aroma extract of clove buds inhibited 99% of hexanal oxidation [94].
Eugenol also exhibits remarkable antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral activities. Essential oil of clove has reportedly inhibited growth of S. aureus, H. influenzae (MIC = .0125 ml/ml each), K. pneumoniae (MIC = .050 ml/ml) [95], C. albicans (MIC = 2.5 μg/ml), L. monocytogenes (MIC = 5 μg/ml), Y. enterocolitica (MIC = 2.5 μg/ml) [96]. It has been reported that clove decreases ergosterol (cell membrane component) inhibiting growth of C. albicans (MIC = 0.64 μg/ml) [97]. Methanol extract, ether soluble fraction (ES), ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAS) and acetone soluble fraction (AS) of clove buds showed inhibitory effects on Bacillus cereus (MIC =250 μg/disc each). Further, EAS and AS also inhibited Micrococcus luteus and Shigella dysenteriae respectively (MIC = 62.5 μg/disc each) [98]. In addition, antiparasitic effects were reported by Bagavan et al., who observed growth inhibition of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum on treatment with ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of clove (IC50 = 13 μg/ml and 6.25 μg/ml respectively) [99]. Hypoglycemic effects of clove have also been identified. Methanol extract of clove activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, a regulator of cellular energy homeostasis thereby regulating glucose metabolism [100]. A recent report has pointed out that it relieves insulin resistance [101].
Consumption of clove is safe, and it offers numerous benefits, however, studies have shown that clove oil increases clotting time [102] which might increases the risk of bleeding in case of bleeding disorders.
6. Cardamom
Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, also known as “Queen of Spices”] is an aromatic spice commonly used as a flavoring agent. This perennial herb belongs to Zingiberaceae family. It is native to Western Ghats of Southern India and widely cultivated in countries such as Sri Lanka, North America, Guatemala, New Guinea, and Thailand. Essential oil of cardamom constitutes α- terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, linalool, limonene, eugenol, safrole (Figure 5a) [103, 104].
Figure 5.
(a) Chemical constituents of Cardamom; (b) Biological properties of Cardamom.
Cardamom is a valuable in relieving against ischemic heart disease. It showed protective effects against cardiac dysfunction associated with oxidative stress. A dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of cardamom extract showed cardioprotective effects in albino rats who were induced with myocardial infarction due to isoproterenol [105]. Further, cardamom-oil maintained cholesterol homeostasis by potentially reducing cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic conditions and restoring atherogenicity index [106]. In addition, a dose of 1.5 g of cardamom powder for 12 weeks (two times a day) decreased the blood pressure in hypertensive individuals by 19 mmHg in systolic and 12 mmHg in diastolic BP [107].
Cardamom is an effective immunomodulatory agent due to its anti-inflammatory effects. It is capable of downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (Figure 5b) [108]; suppressing T helper (TH)1 cytokine release and enhancing T helper (TH)2 cytokine release [109]. Methanol and petroleum ether extract of cardamom reduced 70% and 50% lesions in ethanol-induced ulcer mice model at 500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively exhibiting gastroprotective effects [110]. A constituent of cardamom, cardamonin inhibited the formation of new cancer stem cells in case of breast cancer by effectively suppressing the up-regulation of IL-8 and, MCP-1 cytokines and activation of NF-κB pathway [111]. Antibacterial effects of cardamom has also been demonstrated [108, 112].
Recently, its efficacy against toxic effects of uranium has been reported. Uranium increases sodium and calcium ion levels, decreases and phosphate ion levels, inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase increasing the influx of into the neurons, and thereby damaging central nervous system. Aqueous extracts of cardamom (250 mg/kg) significantly increased the levels of phosphate and potassium ions and decreased the levels of calcium and sodium ions in albino rats administered with uranyl acetate dehydrate (40 mg/kg) [113]. Furthermore, protective effects against neurological disorders have also been reported as oral administration with 100 and 200 mg/kg of cardamom oil improved behavioral patterns, inhibited amyloid-β expression, declined in oxidative stress and inhibited of acetylcholinesterase in Wister rats [114, 115].
7. Red chili
Out of the wide variety of species under genus Capsicum like frutescens, pubscens, baccatum etc., dried fruits of Capsicum annum L. are the most commonly used spice of Solanaceae family. Commonly known as red chili, lal mirch, this plant is native to Central and South America and is cultivated in many parts of the world such as India, China. Biochemical analysis of red chili led to the identification of capsaicinoids (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaincin) (Figure 6), antioxidant vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamin E), carotenoids (β - carotene, β cryptoxanthine) and several organic acids and minerals [116, 117]. Red chili has a phenolic substance, capsaicin responsible for its pungent smell and irritant properties. Capsaicin excites nociceptors that induce pain along with rise in temperature giving a sensation of heat (pungency). As spicy is not one of the five basic tastes viz. sweet, sour, bitter, umami and salty, heat produced by capsaicin is considered as taste of red chili.
Figure 6.
Biological properties and chemical constituent of Red Chili.
Capsaicin also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties [118]. It showed protective effects against gastric mucosal injury (ethanol-induced) in rats [119]. Capsaicin treatment ameliorated lipid peroxidation, inhibited myeloperoxidase activity in gastric lesions (ethanol induced) in rats [120].
Dried red chili powder (1% w/v) showed inhibitory effects against Listeria monocytogenes [121]. Tropical application of capsaicin (0.075%) reduced fat accumulation in mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissue by increasing expression of adipokines [122]. It was also found that a dose of 200 mg/kg of capsaicin decreases plasma triglyceride levels and fasting glucose in obese mouse model kept on high fat diet [123].
Earlier studies suggested the risk of oral cavity [124] and stomach [125] cancer on consumption of red chili, however, recent reports suggested that consumption of red chili is safe and does not increase risks of cancer [126]. Numerous reports have suggested protective effects of capsaicin against cancer. Capsaicin showed inhibitory effects on the growth of human KB cancer cells by promoting apoptosis at a concentration of 200–250 μM [127]. Further, capsaicin led to the formation of reactive oxidative species through mitochondria (at a dose of 150 μM) causing loss in mitochondrial membrane potential in BxPC-3 and AsPC-1, human pancreatic cancer cell lines [128]; inhibited activation of NF-kB and AP-1, transcription factors responsible for cellular proliferation and malignant formation, in mice model [129]. In addition, capsaicin inhibited growth of MCF breast cancer cell lines by causing cell cycle arrest at S phase and induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage (apoptosis is marked by the cleavage of PARP-1) by activating caspase-7 which is involved in apoptosis (Figure 6) [130]. Capsaicin and cisplatin, in a synergistic manner, arrested the growth of SNU-668, human gastric cell line at G1/S phase [131].
8. Black cumin
Seeds of Nigella sativa L., an annual flowering plant of Ranunculaceae family, have been of extensive use as a spice. Commonly known as black cumin, it is native to South and Southwest Asia and has diverse medicinal applications. Phytochemical analysis of black cumin seeds has showed presence of thymoquinone (TQ), para-cymene, and carvone, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid (Figure 7) [132].
Figure 7.
Chemical constituents of Black Cumin.
Black cumin has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Intra-peritoneal injection black cumin essential oil reduced inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats thereby relieving inflammation [133]. Aqueous extracts of black cumin up-regulated the secretion of T-helper 2 cells and suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines viz. IL-6, TNFα, and NO [109]. Furthermore, black El-Mahmoudy et al., isolated TQ from essential oil of black cumin seeds and showed that TQ reduced nitrite accumulation and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase levels (responsible for NO production) in rat peritoneal macrophages suggesting anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of black cumin [134]. Methanol extract of seeds of black cumin (1 mg/ml) protected erythrocytes against protein degradation and loss of deformability induced due to peroxide [135] and has proved to stimulate innate humoral immune responses [136]. Proteins purified from black cumin exhibit potent antioxidant activities [137]. Furthermore, neuroprotective effects of black cumin have also been reported [138].
In addition, black cumin exhibits anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-helminthic effects. Black cumin seed oil (BSO) showed protective effects against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that targets liver and spleen. Treatment with BSO showed approximately 38% and 20% decrease in viral load in liver and spleen respectively in MCMV infected mice [139]. Decrease in the number of S. mansoni worms in liver and eggs in both liver and intestine of mice has been observed after treatment with black cumin oil at a dose of 2.5 ml/kg and 5 ml/kg [140]. TQ has proved to be an effective bactericidal agent as it inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus (BIC50 = 22 μg/ml) [141], Salmonella typhii [142] Streptococcus mutans [143]. Further, black cumin inhibited the P. yoelii parasitemia by 94% [144].
Black cumin has protective effects against diabetes. Black cumin seeds (BCS) led to the decrease in elevated levels of glucose with increase in GSH levels and further inhibited liver damage induced by lipid peroxidation in diabetic rabbits [145]. In addition, improvement of glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes on administration of black cumin (2 g/day for 3 months) with hypoglycemic drugs have also been reported [146].
Furthermore, aqueous extracts of black cumin significantly up-regulated cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells against YAC-1 tumor cells [109]. Oral administration of TQ at a dose of 0.01% suppressed benzo(a)pyrene induced forestomach tumor in mice by 70% [147] exhibiting anti-tumor effects.
Minor toxicological effects have also been reported, however, numerous studies demonstrated diverse therapeutic effects of black cumin and TQ and have supported its safe consumption [132].
9. Conclusion
Spices are rich source of bioactive components with innumerable beneficial attributes that have been verified and accepted by modern world in the past few decades. These are nowadays considered as a crucial & natural component of our daily diet. Consumption of spices aids in combating diseases when they are at their peak, for instance, best remedy for stomach infections are fennel seeds; turmeric is the tonic for fever-related diseases. Antimicrobial activities of spices make them valuable in hot climates as they prevent food spoilage. Although they lower the risk of various diseases such as diabetes, cancer, etc., there are some contradictions about their use. Despite all the pleiotropic effects offered by the spices, further evaluation about their mechanism of action is mandated to validate their clinical effects and their amount of consumption.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"curcumin, spices, antiviral, clove, immune booster",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/75500.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/75500.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75500",totalDownloads:235,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 24th 2021",dateReviewed:"February 7th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 2nd 2021",datePublished:"May 11th 2022",dateFinished:"March 2nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Spices contribute to the quality, nutritive value, and flavor of food. Since ancient times, they hold a great medicinal value. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other numerous properties have made them a potent source of therapeutic agents. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of active constituents such as eugenol, curcumin, carotenoids in clove, turmeric, saffron respectively that explains the efficacious nature of these spices. Owing to their easy availability and consumption, it is advised to make spices daily part of our diet though in balanced amount as sometimes excess usage bear few consequences. Evaluating multiple benefits offered by these as immunity boosters especially in times of pandemic and incorporating them in our routine diet would improve disease management strategies. This chapter discusses the reservoir of activities exhibited by few spices along with the components responsible for these activities. Here, we also discussed their negative effects if at all.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/75500",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/75500",signatures:"Cheryl Sachdeva and Naveen Kumar Kaushik",book:{id:"10356",type:"book",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-276-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-275-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-277-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"341343",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Naveen Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kaushik",fullName:"Naveen Kumar Kaushik",slug:"naveen-kumar-kaushik",email:"inaveenkaushik@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"341345",title:"Ms.",name:"Cheryl",middleName:null,surname:"Sachdeva",fullName:"Cheryl Sachdeva",slug:"cheryl-sachdeva",email:"cherylsachdeva2309@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Turmeric",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Cinnamon",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Fennel",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Clove",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Cardamom",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Red chili",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Black cumin",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Baratta MT, Dorman HJD, Deans SG, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Ruberto G. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragr J. 1998;13. DOI:3.0.CO;2-T'},{id:"B2",body:'Mohamad RH, El-Bastawesy AM, Abdel-Monem MG, Noor AM, Al-Mehdar HAR, Sharawy SM, et al. Antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of methanolic extract and volatile oil of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare). J Med Food. 2011;14:986-1001'},{id:"B3",body:'Dolati M, Rezaei K, Vanak ZP, Movahed S. 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DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113486'},{id:"B147",body:'Badary OA, AI-Shabanah OA, Nagi MN, AI-Rikabi AC, Elmazar MMA. Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice by thymoquinone. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8:435-40. DOI:10.1097/00008469-199910000-00009'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Cheryl Sachdeva",address:null,affiliation:'
Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10356",type:"book",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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Biau",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"cro-terms-and-conditions",title:"Odredbe i uvjeti",intro:'
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
1. Odredbe
\\n\\n
Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\n
Sljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\n
Klijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\n
Kompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\n
Stranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\n
Sve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\n
2. Licenca
\\n\\n
Osim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\n
3. Kolačići
\\n\\n
Mi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\n
4. Ograničenja odgovornosti
\\n\\n
IntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\n
5. Točnost materijala
\\n\\n
Materijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\n
6. Poveznice
\\n\\n
IntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\n
Zadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\n
Ako smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\n
7. Okviri (Frames)
\\n\\n
Bez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\n
8. Promjene
\\n\\n
IntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\n
9. Nadležno pravo
\\n\\n
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\n
Sljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\n
Klijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\n
Kompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\n
Stranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\n
Sve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\n
2. Licenca
\n\n
Osim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\n
3. Kolačići
\n\n
Mi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\n
4. Ograničenja odgovornosti
\n\n
IntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\n
5. Točnost materijala
\n\n
Materijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\n
6. Poveznice
\n\n
IntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\n
Zadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\n
Ako smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\n
7. Okviri (Frames)
\n\n
Bez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\n
8. Promjene
\n\n
IntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\n
9. Nadležno pravo
\n\n
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. 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Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. Methodological basis of research is the method of the dynamic standard, index and the coefficient analysis and the method of paired comparisons. The results of the study: (1) the method of the dynamic standard for creation of statistical model of region investment appeal is offered; (2) the normative model of region investment appeal to measure the productivity of the realization of regions investment policy in Russia is created; (3) new factors of region investment appeal are investigated and (4) statistically valid conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are made. The results of the study are addressed to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in order to justify the amount of federal targeted investment programs financing in Russian regions.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Burtseva Tatiana Alexsandrovna",authors:null},{id:"56460",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. 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Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 8th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. 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He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. 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The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. 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He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",signatures:"Ricardo O. 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Nkwabi and Pius Y. Kavana",slug:"vegetation-and-avifauna-distribution-in-the-serengeti-national-park",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82808",title:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Ecosystem of the Transgressive Mud Coastal Region of Bight of Benin, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105760",signatures:"Patrick O. Ayeku",slug:"climate-change-and-anthropogenic-impacts-on-the-ecosystem-of-the-transgressive-mud-coastal-region-of",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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