Characteristics of magma.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5851",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sepsis",title:"Sepsis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book entitled Sepsis will provide a great and up-to-date information in this field to students and researchers involved in sepsis research with its chapters targeting host-pathogen interaction at a metabolic level during sepsis pathogenesis, how age affects sepsis pathogenesis and its outcome in old-age population as compared to young population, sepsis-associated acute organ injury mainly targeting acute kidney injury in sepsis, and kallistatin as host-derived immunomodulatory mechanism during sepsis, along with developments in techniques required for early diagnosis of sepsis and sepsis-associated encephalitis, a devastating medical condition observed during severe sepsis. The book is written by experts in their fields associated with sepsis, a critical condition needing great medical attention.",isbn:"978-953-51-3396-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3395-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4695-7",doi:"10.5772/65611",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sepsis",numberOfPages:160,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"140438644d49079e214fd82e9fe5e5ac",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",publishedDate:"August 23rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5851.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11258,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 2nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 29th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 28th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63844/images/system/63844.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Kumar Ph.D. has more than 16 years of research experience in the field of bacterial infections, including sepsis and pneumonia, innate immunity, immunopharmacology, immunomodulation, and inflammation. He obtained his Ph.D. in June 2009 from the Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Dr. Kumar is the recipient of the prestigious Piero Periti review article award for 2008, awarded by the Journal of Chemotherapy in the field of immunomodulation and antimicrobials for the article titled Innate Immunity in Sepsis Pathogenesis and Its Modulation: New Immunomodulatory Targets Revealed. He was the recipient of junior research and senior research fellowship (2004–2009) offered by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India. He has been awarded 17 international travel awards to attend various international conferences in the field of infection and immunity. So far, he has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed international journals in this field. To date, he has achieved more than 2 100 citations and h-index 21 (Google scholar). He has contributed several articles on inflammation and immunity as invited contribution as well as in special issues of the journals, including the Journal of Leukocyte Biology, EXCLI Journal, and Frontiers in Immunology. He is serving as an associate editor for Frontiers in Immunology (Inflammation section), executive guest editor for the journal called Coronaviruses, and editorial board member of Frontiers in Biosciences along with other journals. He is also serving as an invited reviewer for several immunology journals, such as Scientific Reports, British Journal of Pharmacology, Pharmacological Reports, Frontiers in Immunology, Frontiers in Medicine, Journal of Inflammation Research, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Immunology, Innate Immunity, etc.",institutionString:"Stanley S. Scott cancer Center, School of Medicine Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee Health Science Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1009",title:"Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine",slug:"emergency-medicine-pre-hospital-emergency-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"56127",title:"Interaction of Host‐Microbial Metabolism in Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/68046",slug:"interaction-of-host-microbial-metabolism-in-sepsis",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The majority of species of the human gut microbiota is not cultivated on artificial nutrient media, but they are included in the functioning of microbial metabolic conveyor. Between the numerous gut bacteria (transmitter) and billions of intracellular mitochondria (receiver), the function of signaling molecules performs aromatic metabolites. Sepsis destroys the coordinated work of the indigenous anaerobic microflora. This leads to the imbalance of aromatic microbial metabolites (AMM). We hypothesized and proved diagnostic and pathogenic significance of this. First, deficiency of the end products of microbial metabolism—lipophilic AMM (PhPA and derivatives‐cinnamic and benzoic acids) in sepsis, and second, excessive accumulation in blood of intermediate products named, “sepsis‐associated” AMM—both lead to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction. Particularly, the total suppressed production of mROS can manifest by “hibernate‐like state” of cells and lead to MOF. The participation of aromatic metabolites in the development of septic shock can be explained by the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase and impaired synthesis of catecholamines. In clinical research, the high levels of “sepsis‐associated” AMM (p‐HPhAA, p‐HPhLA, and PhLA) correlate with the severity according to APACHE II, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessments (SOFA) score and mortality. To improve the survival of ICU patients, requires more attention to the role of imbalance of microbial metabolites in sepsis.",signatures:"Beloborodova Natalia Vladimirovna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56127",authors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"}],corrections:null},{id:"54619",title:"Septic Shock in Older People",doi:"10.5772/68080",slug:"septic-shock-in-older-people",totalDownloads:1163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is a complex condition that is initiated by infection. The incidence of sepsis and its severity are higher at an older age (mean age of approximately 65 years). Clinical manifestations of sepsis are derived from systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Age‐related defects in immunity are shown by changes in cellular and humoral immunity. Recent studies have shown significant changes in the innate response (e.g., changes in toll‐like receptor expression, abnormal activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and production of reactive oxygen species) in older people. Transcriptomic analysis on a large scale has provided interesting information showing that specific groups of patients actually have singular profiles for inflammatory responses. Findings from our research group have identified major molecular pathways that are particularly affected in older people during sepsis. Oxidative phosphorylation pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction are altered the most in older people with sepsis compared with younger patients with sepsis. These pathways might have a pivotal role in worsening clinical outcomes compared with younger people with sepsis. The mechanisms leading to specific dysfunction of several signaling pathways in the immune response of older people are complex and appear to involve multiple factors, including environmental factors, microRNAs, and epigenetic changes.",signatures:"Mike Yoshio Hamasaki, Marcel Cerqueira César Machado and\nFabiano Pinheiro da Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54619",authors:[{id:"171281",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Machado",slug:"marcel-machado",fullName:"Marcel Machado"},{id:"200926",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabiano",surname:"Pinheiro Da Silva",slug:"fabiano-pinheiro-da-silva",fullName:"Fabiano Pinheiro Da Silva"},{id:"200928",title:"MSc.",name:"Mike",surname:"Hamasaki",slug:"mike-hamasaki",fullName:"Mike Hamasaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"55046",title:"Kallistatin in Sepsis: Protective Actions and Potential Therapeutic Applications",doi:"10.5772/67988",slug:"kallistatin-in-sepsis-protective-actions-and-potential-therapeutic-applications",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection, leading to multiorgan injury and mortality. Kallistatin is an endogenous protein expressed in the liver and tissues relevant to cardiovascular function. Kallistatin levels are markedly reduced in patients with sepsis and liver disease and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic mice. Kallistatin administration attenuates inflammation, multiorgan damage, and lethality in septic mice with LPS treatment, group A streptococcal, or polymicrobial infection. Importantly, kallistatin treatment not only prevents but also reverses organ injury and lethality in septic mice. Kallistatin decreases sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and tissue damage by modulating differential signaling pathways, including: (1) stimulating endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT) synthesis, and NO formation; (2) increasing suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) expression; (3) antagonizing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory gene expression; and (4) displaying bactericidal effects by stimulating superoxide formation. Therefore, kallistatin's multifactorial activities provide effective protection during septic shock in animal models. As kallistatin displays no apparent cytotoxicity, kallistatin therapy may provide a promising approach for the treatment of sepsis in humans.",signatures:"Julie Chao, Pengfei Li and Lee Chao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55046",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55046",authors:[{id:"200172",title:"Prof.",name:"Julie",surname:"Chao",slug:"julie-chao",fullName:"Julie Chao"}],corrections:null},{id:"54744",title:"The Role of Fish Oil Feeding Rich in ω‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock",doi:"10.5772/68041",slug:"the-role-of-fish-oil-feeding-rich-in-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-in-patients-with-sepsis-and-septi",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Different clinical studies have demonstrated that fish oil, rich in the very‐long‐chain ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has immunomodulatory effects, suppressing the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in diverse groups of critically ill patients. Moreover, such compounds have been found to attenuate the inflammatory response within 2–3 days upon parenteral administration. Recent experimental data suggest that activation of the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway constitutes a novel mechanism of such immune‐regulatory effects. Since enhanced vagal tone has been associated with decreased cytokine secretion, novel monitoring tools of its activity at the bedside are needed, in order to evaluate nutritional manipulation of inflammatory response in the critically ill. The present chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms of action through which ω‐3 PUFA modulates immune response in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis and septic shock. Furthermore, it summarizes the current evidence regarding clinical effects from administration of fish oil rich in ω‐3 PUFAs in septic patients. Finally, it presents data that suggest the existence of a continuous interrelation between immune status and autonomic nervous system during systemic inflammation and proposes novel tools of autonomic nervous system monitoring at the bedside, in order to assess pharmacological manipulation of immune response by ω‐3 PUFAs in acute illness.",signatures:"Vasilios Papaioannou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54744",authors:[{id:"147093",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Papaioannou",slug:"vasilios-papaioannou",fullName:"Vasilios Papaioannou"}],corrections:null},{id:"56058",title:"Sepsis-associated Acute Kidney Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69612",slug:"sepsis-associated-acute-kidney-injury",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection. Interestingly, sepsis mortality increases with acute kidney injury (AKI) and patients with AKI worsen with sepsis. It is interesting to note that most of the clinical trials on sepsis treatment that derived from the results of translational researches are a failure. This is, in part, because of the complexity of human sepsis in comparison with animal models. Another reason for the failure-translation might be the improper matching of the animal models to the individual patient. It is possible that the main mechanism of sepsis induction in each patient with the variety causes of sepsis might be different. Indeed, immune response to sepsis depends on genetic background, route of immune activation, and organisms. Thus, sepsis treatment classified by “mechanistic approach” to individual patient might be more proper than the classification with “sepsis severity”. Specific treatment of sepsis in individual patient according to the specific immune response characteristic might be a more proper translational strategy. Indeed, the understanding in immune response pattern of sepsis and sepsis pathophysiology is necessary for “sepsis mechanistic approach”. Then, we conclude most of the topics and our hypothesis regarding SA-AKI in this review.",signatures:"Wiwat Chancharoenthana, Asada Leelahavanichkul and Somchai\nEiam-Ong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56058",authors:[{id:"49591",title:"Dr.",name:"Somchai",surname:"Eiam-Ong",slug:"somchai-eiam-ong",fullName:"Somchai Eiam-Ong"},{id:"200624",title:"Dr.",name:"Wiwat",surname:"Chancharoenthana",slug:"wiwat-chancharoenthana",fullName:"Wiwat Chancharoenthana"},{id:"200625",title:"Dr.",name:"Asada",surname:"Leelahavanichkul",slug:"asada-leelahavanichkul",fullName:"Asada Leelahavanichkul"}],corrections:null},{id:"54731",title:"Clinical Assays in Sepsis: Prognosis, Diagnosis, Outcomes, and the Genetic Basis of Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/67985",slug:"clinical-assays-in-sepsis-prognosis-diagnosis-outcomes-and-the-genetic-basis-of-sepsis",totalDownloads:1845,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is the most widespread medical disorder of the intensive care unit (ICU) and the most common cause of death in hospitalized patients. Several endothelium-related molecules have been investigated as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and/or prognosis of sepsis, providing different results depending on study designs. Therefore, it seems that we are still far from the right combination of sepsis markers to be used in clinical practice. It is more probable that a panel of diverse biomarkers will be more efficient in clinical practice. More recently, the potential use of genetic biomarkers for prognostic purposes started emerging for sepsis, in the form of genome-wide association studies. The successful use of modern molecular diagnostics could enable rapid identification of particularly susceptible or less susceptible individuals, leading to tailored therapeutic treatments.",signatures:"Alice Georgia Vassiliou, Stylianos E. Orfanos and Anastasia\nKotanidou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54731",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54731",authors:[{id:"200406",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",surname:"Vassiliou",slug:"alice-vassiliou",fullName:"Alice Vassiliou"},{id:"200411",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Kotanidou",slug:"anastasia-kotanidou",fullName:"Anastasia Kotanidou"},{id:"200416",title:"Dr.",name:"Stylianos E.",surname:"Orfanos",slug:"stylianos-e.-orfanos",fullName:"Stylianos E. Orfanos"}],corrections:null},{id:"54786",title:"In Vivo Imaging of Septic Encephalopathy",doi:"10.5772/67983",slug:"in-vivo-imaging-of-septic-encephalopathy",totalDownloads:1509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Septic encephalopathy is a devastating symptom of severe sepsis. Many studies have been performed to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms of septic encephalopathy; however, novel technical approaches are still required to overcome this complex symptom. Because patients are suffering from severe cognitive impairment, coma, or delirium, which burden not only patients but also caregivers, overcoming septic encephalopathy is still a major social problem worldwide, especially in the intensive care. Septic encephalopathy seems to be caused by cytokine invasion and/or oxidative stress into the brain, and this pathological state leads to imbalance of neurotransmitters. In addition to this pathophysiology, septic encephalopathy causes complicated symptoms (e.g., ischemic stroke, edema, and aberrant sensory function). For these pathophysiological mechanisms, electrophysiology using animal models, positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for septic patients has provided important clues. However, the research for septic encephalopathy is currently confronted with the difficulty of complex symptoms. To overcome this situation, in this chapter, we introduce our novel methods for in vivo imaging of septic encephalopathy using near infrared (NIR) nanoparticles, quantum dots. In addition to our recent progress, we propose a strategy for the future approach to in vivo imaging of septic encephalopathy.",signatures:"Yukio Imamura, Yuki Murakami, Naoya Matsumoto, Hisatake\nMatsumoto, Satoko Mitani, Kentaro Shimizu, Hiroshi Ogura,\nTakeshi Shimazu and Takashi Jin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54786",authors:[{id:"104157",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukio",surname:"Imamura",slug:"yukio-imamura",fullName:"Yukio Imamura"},{id:"107971",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoya",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"naoya-matsumoto",fullName:"Naoya Matsumoto"},{id:"107974",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Ogura",slug:"hiroshi-ogura",fullName:"Hiroshi Ogura"},{id:"107975",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",surname:"Shimazu",slug:"takeshi-shimazu",fullName:"Takeshi Shimazu"},{id:"132233",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Jin",slug:"takashi-jin",fullName:"Takashi Jin"},{id:"204865",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",surname:"Murakami",slug:"yuki-murakami",fullName:"Yuki Murakami"},{id:"204866",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisatake",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"hisatake-matsumoto",fullName:"Hisatake Matsumoto"},{id:"204867",title:"Dr.",name:"Kentaro",surname:"Shimizu",slug:"kentaro-shimizu",fullName:"Kentaro Shimizu"},{id:"204869",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoko",surname:"Mitani",slug:"satoko-mitani",fullName:"Satoko Mitani"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8079",title:"Vaccines",subtitle:"the History and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ea35b9b32335ffbe19c7682f38c29cd",slug:"vaccines-the-history-and-future",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10426",title:"Inflammation in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73637d19c1b71e285a3483d6df1c2e0f",slug:"inflammation-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar, Alexandro Aguilera Salgado and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10426.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10535",title:"SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"043fa3e57c1448a9cf8155587a8cac3d",slug:"sars-cov-2-origin-and-covid-19-pandemic-across-the-globe",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5202",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Advances in Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7c8f9c0cf1cf50455fba7e2607e9268",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",bookSignature:"Michael S. 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Volcanic glass, also named as obsidian, is formed when the magma cools suddenly. This fact difficults the formation of an ordered structure, leading to an amorphous structure denoted as “
Images of a typical volcanic glass (A) and volcanic glasses with inclusions (B).
According to their chemical composition, magmas can be classified into basaltic magma (SiO2 45–55%), andesitic magma (SiO2 55–65%), and rhyolitic magma (SiO2 65–75%) (Table 1). The amount of gas occurring in a magma is genetically related with its chemical composition, that is, a rhyolitic magma has a higher gas content than a basaltic one.
Magma type | Basaltic | Andesitic | Rhyolitic |
---|---|---|---|
Solidified rock | Basalt | Andesite | Rhyolite |
Silica content | 45–55% | 55–65% | 65–75% |
Gas content | Least | Intermediate | Most |
Viscosity | Least | Intermediate | Most |
Type or eruption | Effusive | Sometimes explosive | Usually explosive |
Melting temperature | 1000–1200°C | 800–1000°C | 650–800°C |
Location | Rifts, oceanic hotspots | Subduction boundaries | Continental hotspots |
Characteristics of magma.
The temperature of magmas is difficult to measure (due to the involved danger). However, the laboratory measurements coupled with the field observations have indicated that the temperature of eruption ranges from 1000 and 1200°C in a basaltic magma, from 800 and 1000°C in an andesitic magma and from 650 and 800°C in a rhyolitic magma [4, 5, 6, 7].
The viscosity mainly depends on the magmatic composition and temperature. Thus, the magmas having a higher SiO2 content have a higher viscosity than the magmas having a lower SiO2 content. Moreover, low-temperature magmas have a higher viscosity than high-temperature magmas [7, 8].
The cooling of the magma depends on the viscosity of the lava, which is directly related with its chemical composition, as was indicated previously. The lava with lower viscosity, that is, the basaltic lava, cools down quickly, obtaining thin glasses with a thick below 1 cm. However, the viscous rhyolitic lava, which erupts on dry land, cooling with a low rate leading to volcanic glass with larger dimensions [7, 9].
Generally, the rhyolitic magmas (SiO2) higher than 60% give rise to explosive eruptions, resulting in large volume of pyroclastics and related to the ex-solution of volatiles, mainly H2O, CO2 and SO2 as the pressure is reduced [7, 10, 11]. Because high viscosity inhibits crystallization, a sudden cooling and loss of volatiles, as when lava extrudes from a volcanic vent, tends to chill the material to a glass rather than to crystallize it, leading to the volcanic glass [12].
The main volcanic glass is the obsidian; however, the sudden cooling of the magma can form other glasses.
Pumice is formed when the magma erupts violently. This volcanic rock is commonly obtained from rhyolitic and andesitic magmas, although the pumice form basaltic magma is also known. Pumice presents a foaming structure due to a sudden depressurization and cooling of the magma, which causes a decrease of the solubility of various gases (CO2 and H2O) that are trapped inside the matrix. These materials are used for construction (mortars and concretes), cosmetics (exfoliant) or as abrasive [13].
Apache tears are dark volcanic glass with spherical structure, which are frequently associated with perlite. These rocks are formed from rhyolitic magmas with high H2O and alkali content, leading to pebbles after the sudden cooling [14].
Tachylite is a dark volcanic glass obtained from the rapid cooling of basaltic magma so its chemical composition differs to that shown by obsidian since rhyolitic magma displays a higher SiO2 content. These rocks appear mixed with other basaltic rocks such as feldspars or olivines, which have a stronger tendency to crystallize, because they have more freedom to arrange themselves in a crystalline order [15].
Sideromelane is an unusual glass obtained from a basaltic magma. This rock is formed at higher temperature and with more rapid chilling than tachylite. This rock is frequently formed during explosions of subglacial or submarine volcanoes. Sideromelane is usually embedded in a palagonite matrix forming hyaloclastite deposits [15].
Palagonite is also a glass obtained from basaltic magma, which is formed by the interaction between the basalt melt and water to form colored palagonite tuff cones. This tuff is composed of fragments of sideromelane and thicker basaltic rocks, which are embedded in a palagonite matrix to form hyaloclastite deposits [15].
The volcanic glasses are distributed in areas of recent volcanic activity throughout the world. These materials are not observed in zones where there was volcanic activity millions of years ago since obsidian is metastable material and is susceptible to geological and environmental effects, evolving mainly to smectites or zeolites [12].
As indicated, obsidian is distributed throughout the five continents. Thus, obsidian is found in several nations of America (Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, United States or Canada), Europe (France, Italy, Hungary, Greece, Iceland or Russia), Africa (Kenya, Tanzania or Ethiopia), Asia (Turkey, Iran, Indonesia or Japan) and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) (Figure 2).
Volcanic glass by country [
Perlite is also an amorphous volcanic glass with water retained in its structure [17]. The thermal treatment of the volcanic glass favors the removal of the structural water as well as an unusual expansion of its structure when the temperature reaches 850–900°C. The water trapped in the structure of the material vaporizes and escapes, leading to an expansion of the material to 7–20 times its original volume, acquiring a foam-like cellular structure (Figures 3 and 4) and obtaining a versatile and sustainable mineral that is mined and processed with a negligible impact on the environment. Thus, unexpanded (“raw”) perlite has a bulk density around 1.1 g cm−3, while typical expanded perlite has a bulk density of about 0.03–0.150 g cm−3 [18]. The main uses and applications of perlite are indicated below.
Morphology of perlite in its rock, crushed and expanded form.
SEM image of expanded perlite.
Raw perlite can be used as sandblasting, slag coagulant or silica source. In addition, perlite has interesting applications in the field of foundry, steel industries or metal finishing (Figure 5). However, once the perlite structure is expanded, the number of uses and applications of this material is infinitely higher. Thus, the expanded perlite can be used as insulation in a wide range of temperatures, oil well treatment, flame resistant, acoustic insulation, filtration, adsorbent, agriculture and horticulture, lightweight aggregate construction, among other applications as indicated in Figure 6.
Uses and applications of raw perlite.
Uses and applications of expanded perlite.
The wide variety of applications that exhibits the expanded perlite would lead to a monograph about this material. This chapter is only focused on some applications of the volcanic glass related with adsorption and separation processes.
The adsorption capacity of perlite is attributed to the presence of hydroxyl groups on its surface [19, 20]. Thus, silicon atoms tend to maintain their coordination at room temperature by attachment to the monovalent hydroxyl groups, forming silanol groups as follows (Figure 7):
Hydroxyl groups in silica species.
while the hydrous oxide surface groups in alumina (Figure 8) are given by:
Hydroxyl groups in aluminum species.
Heavy metals are among the most common pollutants that harm the aqueous environment and damage the health of human, animals, and plants [21]. Domestic and industrial wastewaters containing toxic metal ions are increasingly discharged into the environment, especially in developing countries. These metal ions are of significant importance as they are not biodegradable and cannot be metabolized by the environment but tend to accumulate in living organisms, causing various diseases and disorders. Also, they can only be diluted or transformed, not destroyed [22]. These heavy metal ions pose serious health implications to the vital organs of human beings and animals when consumed above certain threshold concentrations. There are various techniques for the removal of these toxic metal ions such as chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. Among these techniques, adsorption is considered effective and economic due to its high efficiency, low-cost possibilities, easy handling, and the availability of different adsorbents. In this sense, perlite is a material with high potential due to its low cost and high availability.
Table 2 reports the adsorption capacity of perlite in various cations [19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. From these data, it can be observed how the thermal treatment to expand the perlite does not improve the adsorption capacity due to the thermal treatment causes the dehydroxylation of the -OH groups so the possible cationic exchange H+ by Mn+ is disfavored [24]. On the other hand, these authors have pointed out that the adsorption follows a pseudo-second reaction and the maximum adsorption capacity takes place at pH = 5–6.5.
Material | Adsorbed (mg g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Expanded perlite | 8.62 | [23] |
Expanded perlite | 0.51 | [24] |
Unexpanded perlite | 1.01 | [24] |
Unexpanded perlite | 10.87 | [25] |
Unexpanded perlite | 0.70 | [26] |
Expanded perlite | 1.95 | [27] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | 62 | [28] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | 325 | [29] |
Expanded perlite | 0.09 | [30] |
Expanded perlite | 0.06 | [30] |
Expanded perlite | 2.24 | [31] |
Unexpanded perlite | 6.23 | [25] |
Expanded perlite | 0.03 | [30] |
Expanded perlite | 1.79 | [31] |
Unexpanded perlite | 0.42 | [19] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | 178 | [32] |
Unexpanded perlite | 9.52 | [25] |
Expanded perlite | 0.13 | [30] |
Expanded perlite | 6.27 | [33] |
Unexpanded perlite | 8.91 | [34] |
Unexpanded perlite | 4.46 | [25] |
Unexpanded perlite | 0.07 | [35] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | 452 | [36] |
γ-Fe2O3-perlite | 8.64 | [37] |
α-MnO2-perlite | 7.60 | [37] |
Unexpanded perlite | 0.002 | [35] |
γ-Fe2O3-perlite | 8.64 | [38] |
α-MnO2-perlite | 7.60 | [38] |
Unexpanded perlite | 0.003 | [35] |
α-MnO2-perlite | 7.64 | [39] |
Cations adsorption onto perlite reported in the literature.
Several authors have established that the perlite can improve its adsorption capacity by a thermal treatment to expand the perlite structure, and then, this material has been coated by chitosan. This polymer has been increasingly studied as an adsorbent for the removal of Mn+ ions from aqueous solutions because the amino and hydroxyl groups on the chitosan chain act as a chelation or reaction sites for the substances to be removed [28, 29, 32, 36] (Figure 9).
Chemical interaction between chitosan and the cations in solution.
Other authors have pointed that expanded perlite can host certain oxides, which adsorb certain cations with high selectivity. Thus, it has been proposed in the literature that the incorporation of Fe2O3 or MnO2 into the macrochannels of perlite, favoring the selective adsorption of harmful cations, such as As (III), Cr(VI) or Sb(V) [37, 38, 39] (Figure 10).
Chemical adsorption of As(V) in γ-Fe2O3 species.
Perlite can also act as a barrier to isolate radioactive wastes [35, 40, 41]. Thus, Akkaya has carried out several studies where polyacrylamide or poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate is incorporated (Figure 11) onto the expanded perlite to favor a selective adsorption of Th4+ and UO22+ species from aqueous solutions (Table 3) [40, 41]. The adsorption data revealed that Th4+ is more susceptible to be adsorbed and that the poly-acrylamide-expanded perlite composite is more efficient adsorbent than poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-expanded perlite probably due to the cations that show higher affinity by the amine groups of the acrylamide species. In the same way, Akkaya evaluated several adsorption parameters onto polyacrylamide-expanded perlite in five radio nuclides of the U- and Th- series (TI+, Ra2+, Bi3+, Ac3+, and Pb2+ in a leaching solution), obtaining the following trend: 208Tl (0.4 MBq kg−1) > 212Pb and 212Bi (0.3 MBq kg−1) > 228Ac and (0.1 MBq kg−1) > 226Ra (0.04 MBq kg−1) [42].
Interaction of polyacrylamide and poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with cations.
Material | Adsorbed (mol kg−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Unexpanded perlite | 1.59 | [35] |
poly-acrylamide-expanded perlite | 0.66 | [40] |
poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-expanded perlite | 0.29 | [41] |
Unexpanded perlite | 4.63 | [35] |
poly-acrylamide-expanded perlite | 0.74 | [40] |
poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-expanded perlite | 0.44 | [41] |
Radioactive cations adsorption onto perlite reported in the literature.
Perlite has also been used as a sorbent to retain F− or NO3− from aqueous solutions since NO3− is found frequently in fertilizers, while F− species are added in a controlled way in the water supply; however, an excess of F− can cause severe damages to health. Thus, Vijaya et al. used a chitosan-coated perlite to adsorb fluoride species, obtaining the highest value of 64.4 mg g−1 [43]. This process takes place by electrostatic interactions between F− species and -NH2 species of the chitosan. In the case of the NO3− species, expanded perlite was used to support γ-Fe2O3, which interacts directly with the NO3− species, reaching an adsorption of 32.6 mg g−1 [44].
Dyes and pigments are highly used organic compounds as colorants in a wide variety of products. These processes generate wastes that are often released together with wastewater. The treatment of these wastewaters is one of the main environmental issues since these residues are very dangerous for the environment and harmful to health. Wastewater from the textile industry is processed in biological treatment plants. These processes are not very efficient so it is necessary to use complementary or alternative processes to eliminate these organic compounds from the water. Several processes such as precipitation, flocculation, coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ozonization or adsorption have emerged as processes to remedy these emissions of dyes and pigments. Adsorption is one of the processes mostly used to remove organic compounds from wastewater. Active carbon is the adsorbent that has shown the greatest adsorption capacity; however, this adsorbent is synthesized from various physical and chemical processes, which raises the price of the process in comparison with the natural adsorbent that are inexpensive and highly available, although its adsorption capacity is lower. Among these adsorbents, perlite is a low-cost material with great potential to adsorb pigments and dyes. Thus, several studies have been carried out for the adsorption of cationic dyes as methylene blue [20], methyl violet [45, 46], C.I. basic blue 41 [47], rhodamine B [48], maxilon blue G5 [49], or rhodamine B [50] (Figure 12 and Table 4).
Cationic dyes adsorbed onto perlite.
Material | Cationic dye | Adsorbed (mmol g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Unexpanded perlite | Methylene blue | 0.71 | [20] |
Expanded perlite | 0.08 | ||
Expanded perlite | Methyl violet | 0.02 | [45] |
Unexpanded perlite | C.I. Basic blue 41 | 1.79·10−3 | [47] |
Expanded perlite | 2.69·10−3 | ||
Unexpanded perlite | Rhodamine B | 0.14 | [48] |
Expanded perlite | Maxilon blue 5G | 0.05 | [49] |
Expanded perlite | Rhodamine B | 1.02·10−3 | [50] |
Adsorption of cationic dyes onto perlite reported in the literature.
In all cases, the adsorption process is favored under basic conditions since perlite (negatively charged) interacts with the dye (positively charged) as indicates the following reactions::
In the same way, anionic dyes have been adsorbed in expanded and unexpanded perlite as well as chitosan, orthophenanthroline or γ-Fe2O3 coated-perlite (Figure 13 and Table 5).
Anionic dyes adsorbed onto perlite.
Material | Cationic dye | Adsorbed (mmol g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Unexpanded perlite | Congo Red | 0.05 | [51] |
γ-Fe2O3-perlite | Direct red 81 | 0.61 | [52] |
Orthophenanthroline-perlite | Eriochrome black T | 0.03 | [53] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | Ostazin black | 0.03 | [54] |
Adsorption of anionic dyes onto perlite reported in the literature.
The adsorption processes are favored under slightly acid conditions since the electrostatic interactions increase, as indicated in the following scheme.
Surfactants are among the most versatile of the products of the chemical industry, being used as detergent, in pharmaceuticals, in prospecting for petroleum. However, the application of surfactants can also produce environmental pollution and raises a series of problems for wastewater treatment plants. One of the characteristic features of surfactants is their tendency to adsorb at interfaces in an oriented fashion. Similarly to the dyes, the surfactants can be classified into cationic and anionic so the adsorbent-surfactant interactions should be similar; however, the long hydrocarbon chains give rise to a polar section and another nonpolar in the surfactant, so nonelectrostatic interactions appear.
Considering this premises, an inexpensive adsorbed as perlite has been used to adsorb a cationic surfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), obtaining a maximum adsorption value of 0.04 mmol g−1 for unexpanded perlite and 0.11 mmol g−1 for expanded perlite [55]. As takes places in cationic dyes, the adsorption is favored in basic conditions since the negatively charged surface of the perlite interacts with the cationic surfactant. The amount of the cation is another key factor due to CTA+ which can adopt different morphologies depending on the proportions (Figure 14).
Interaction between a cationic surfactant and perlite in basic conditions.
In the same way, the adsorption capacity of the expanded perlite was evaluated in anionic surfactant using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Figure 15) as target molecule [56], reaching an adsorption value of 0.08 mmol g−1. Similarly to the CTA+, the anionic surfactant must adopt different morphologies as a function of its concentration.
Chemical structure of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
The expansion that shows the structure of the perlite after a thermal treatment about 850°C (Figures 3 and 4) allows to host large molecules such as proteins and enzymes, which has great potential in the field of enzymatic catalysts and biosensors as well as the diagnosis of diseases. Thus, Rodríguez et al. have immobilized α-amylase onto expanded perlite [57], while Demirbas et al. have immobilized casein [58]. Pezzella et al. have adsorbed laccase on expanded perlite to adsorb dyes [59]. This process takes place by H-bond interactions. In addition, considering that perlite can also be used as lightweight aggregate concrete, this material has also been used to the adsorption of an antibiotic as cefixime [60] or even the immobilization of bacteria [61].
Phenolic compounds are generally considered to be one of the most important organic pollutants discharged into the environment causing serious damage to health, unpleasant taste and odor. The major sources of phenol pollution in the aquatic environment are wasterwaters from the paint, pesticide, coal conversion, polymeric resin, petroleum, and petrochemicals industries. Degradation of these substances produces phenol and its derivatives in the environment. The chlorination of natural waters for disinfection produces chlorinated phenols. A variety of techniques, such as ozonolysis, photolysis, and photocatalytic decomposition, have been implemented to purify water contaminated by phenols. Traditionally, biological treatment, activated carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and solvent extraction are the most widely used techniques for removing phenols and related organic substances. Adsorption of phenols onto solid supports such as activated carbons allows for their removal from water without the addition of chemicals [62].
Unexpanded perlite has shown to be an efficient material to adsorb 4-chlorophenol (Table 6), although its adsorption capacity is lower than bentonite [63]. In a later study, an expanded perlite was coated with chitosan to carry out a comparative study with phenol and chlorophenols [64]. The adsorption data reveal higher adsorption values than those shown for unexpanded perlite [63, 64]. The maximum adsorption capacity takes place at neutral pH through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The use of basic pHs causes a decrease of the adsorption capacity due to repulsive forces between adsorbate-adsorbent. On the other hand, Rostami et al. carried out an experiment where perlite was used to filtrate phenolic compounds from cigarette smoke, obtaining the highest adsorption values for phenol and cresols [65]. The expanded perlite was treated with basic solution to adsorb benzene (Table 6) [66]. According to the authors, the basic treatment generates a surface Si-O−, which favors the interaction with the benzene. Björklund et al. evaluated the sorption of several hydrophobic organic pollutants onto perlite [67], obtaining an adsorption of 95% of alkylphenols, while the adsorbed polyaromatic hydrocarbons was about 80%.
Material | Organic compound | Adsorbed (mmol g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Unexpanded perlite | 4-chlorophenol | 0.04 | [63] |
Chitosan-coated perlite | Phenol | 2.04 | [64] |
2-chlorophenol | 2.04 | ||
4-chlorophenol | 2.50 | ||
Expanded perlite/NaOH | Benzene | 0.25 | [66] |
Ionic liquid-immobilized expanded perlite | Bisphenol A | 0.01 | [68] |
Perlite/diatomite | Methyl | 1.51 | [69] |
Adsorption of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons onto perlite reported in the literature.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an aromatic monomer used in the industrial production for polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins. This compound is used as linings for food and beverage packaging, as dental sealants, and as an additive to other consumer products. BPA can mimic estrogen and leads to negative health effects on animals and human beings so it is considered a potential toxic food contaminant because it could migrate from the containers into a variety of foods and beverage. Thus, expanded perlite immobilized ionic liquids to retain BPA (Table 6), where the adsorption takes place between the л-electrons of the BPA with the л-electrons of the imidazolic ring of the ionic liquid and H-bonds between the -OH groups of the ionic-liquid/expanded perlite and BPA [68].
Methyl
As indicated above, volcanic glass has an amorphous structure, so these aluminosilicates could be considered as zeolites without a clear hierarchy. Thus, it has been proposed the use of the volcanic glass as molecular sieve to separate hydrocarbons with similar physicochemical properties. Fernández-Hechevarría et al. have adsorbed and separated similar compounds as propane and propylene due to specific interactions of the double bond of the propylene (Figure 16A) [70]. The same authors have separated olefins C5-C9 using these materials by inverse chromatography, demonstrating that these materials are excellent molecular sieves (Figure 16B) [71].
Chromatogram of propane (C3)-propylene (C3=) mixture (A) and C5-C9 mixture (B).
In summary, volcanic glass is an igneous rock obtained by the rapid cooling of magma giving rise to an aluminosilicate without a defined order. The cooling of the rhyolitic magma forms a volcanic glass with excellent properties since the heating of these volcanic glass generates a macroporous structure with a wide range of applications as insulation in a wide range of temperatures, oil well treatment, flame resistant, acoustic insulation, filtration, adsorbent, agriculture and horticulture, lightweight aggregate construction, among other applications.
Focusing on its use as an adsorbent, perlite can be used to adsorb both cations and anions. The adsorption capacity can be improved by the incorporation of several organic or inorganic structures onto the expanded perlite to favor a specific adsorption. In addition, the expanded perlite can be used to retain bulkier molecules such as aromatic compounds, dyes or biomolecules so these materials can play an important role in the water purification. Recently, volcanic glass has been used as molecular sieve to adsorb and separate short hydrocarbons such as propane/propylene or the separation of short olefins (C5–C9). Considering these premises, the volcanic glass is a material with high potential to the selective adsorption of different biomolecules. In addition, as expanded perlite has the ability to host molecules with variable behavior and dimensions.
The tunable filter is generally employed as a switched filter bank with a substantially reduced size. It self-adaptive selects the frequency spectrum and filters out undesired signals to meet the need for tunability/reconfiguration in wireless systems. As exemplified in Figure 1, the core part of a typical mobile transceiver module is realized by a transceiver IC with many blocks of filters (or multiplexers), switch matrices, power amplifiers, and two antennas. The filters andswitch matrices constitute the unintegrable switched filter banks that are used to select the signal dynamically. It is predictable that if the compact and high-performance tunable filters replace the bulky filter banks, this part of the circuit will consist of only a transceiver IC, two tunable filters, a wideband power amplifier, and two antennas (right side of Figure 1). Nowadays, with a more complex wireless electromagnetic environment, the frequency spectrum is more crowded, and thus it is even more significant to facilitate efficient utilization of the available frequency spectrum. The tunable filter, which plays a crucial role in utilizing the frequency spectrum, has become the hotspot not only in the research area but also for industrial applications.
Tunable filters replace switched filter banks with a substantially reduced size [
The filter with tunability and without too much Q degradation known as the high-Q tunable filter has been widely used in the industry. Magnetically tunable filters or yttrium iron garnet (YIG) filter, which provides the tunable band with the high Q factor and multi-octave tuning range, is the essential part in front-ends of the microwave test and measurement instruments [2, 3]. This type of filter can be tunable by magnetically adjusting the ferrimagnetic resonance of the crystal YIG spheres, thus resulting in the filter frequency adjustment. The mechanically tunable filter is another type of high-Q filter that can provide the high-Q tunable passband with a relatively compact size (compared with the YIG filter). This type of filter\'s frequency or response shape is reconfigured by changing the physical dimensions of the filter structures or disturbing the electromagnetic field in the resonators. The mechanically tunable filter has been commonly employed for tunable wireless infrastructure equipment or reconfigurable communication satellite operators to extend their service life and functionality [4, 5, 6]. A great deal of high-Q mechanically tunable filters, including coaxial, waveguide, or dielectric resonator structures, have been exploited. For example, mechanically adjusting the end-loading capacitors (or equivalent capacitors) of each coaxial resonator, the coaxial filter can be tunable with a wide tuning range [7, 8, 9, 10]. The reconfigurability of the waveguide filter is enabled by reshaping the cavity dimension of the resonator or moving the perturbations inserted in the waveguide cavities [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. For the dielectric resonator filter, moving the movable disks above the dielectric resonators can tune their resonant frequencies resulting in filter passband tunability [16, 17, 18].
The ever-increasing demand for the miniaturized and highly integrated wireless system requires the future tunable filter with a more compact size and fully electrical control. The giant tuning mechanisms inevitably make YIG filters and mechanically tunable filters oversize. With this regard, the electrically tunable filter with the semiconductor tuning element has been drawing a lot of attention and getting extensively exploited because of its very compact size, fast tuning speed, and straightforward control mechanism, even though the semiconductor tuning element loaded on the resonator will dramatically deteriorate the filter Q factor. Planar tunable filter is a popular research topic because of its easy integration with semiconductor tuning elements. For example, the planar λ/4, λ/2, and multimode resonators loaded by tunable varactors or PIN diodes or both are employed to construct the tunable filters with frequency and bandwidth (BW) control [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. In addition, emerging tuning semiconductor devices such as Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical Systems (RF-MEMS) and ferroelectric devices are also used as the variable capacitor in the planar tunable filters to alleviate the Q factor deterioration [20, 24, 25, 26]. Aside from the planar filter, the high-Q tunable three-dimensional (3D) filter with tuning semiconductor elements is also a research hotspot because of its low loss, good power handling, and high selectivity. For example, coaxial filters or quasi-coaxial filters [7, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31], dielectric resonator filters [32, 33], and waveguide filters [34] are loaded by the various variable capacitors or switchable devices, thus constructing the tunable/reconfigurable 3D high-Q filters.
Among a large variety of tunable filters, the bandpass filter with the tunable center frequency (CF) is attractive for its widespread application. It is preferable to use the minimum number of tuning elements to control the frequency of the bandpass filter and realize the constant absolute bandwidth (BW). This realization will minimize the Q fact degradation introduced by the loaded tuning elements and maintain the filter response shape as the frequency is tuned. It is also the simplest tunable filter with the most straightforward control mechanism. Therefore, the tunable filter with constant bandwidth has been one of the emerging trends in filter design. For example, the planar filters [35, 36, 37], waveguide filters [15], coaxial filters [7], etc., have been all investigated to approach the constant-BW tunable filters.
In general, since the tunable filters have not large-scale replaced the filter banks, the research and development of the tunable filter is still indispensable, especially for the frequency tunable bandpass filter with constant bandwidth. This chapter will mainly deal with the tunable bandpass filter and offer the general synthesis-based approach. The synthesis method, tuning behavior, and physical realization techniques are included and discussed. The synthesis is based on the coupling matrix where the elements are variable, and the coupling matrix with the variable elements can represent the tunable filter response as well as the tuning behavior. The direct relationship between the matrix and the filter realization will be established, and thus various physical structures can be employed to realize the tunable filter accordingly. Furthermore, the constant-BW tunable filter will also be investigated, and the synthesis with its design approach will be included. A planar and a 3D tunable filter design examples will be offered to realize the theory.
The coupling matrix is the most commonly used technique to synthesize the fixed filter. One can prescribe or optimize the filter function in terms of the fixed filter specification, and then the coupling matrix can be directly extracted from the filter function. After a few iterations of mathematical manipulation/optimization, the coupling matrix can physically correspond to the filter structures. This is the synthesis process for the fixed filter. However, for the tunable filter, the frequency of the resonator is variable. When the filter is tuning (tunable frequency or tunable BW), there are numerous filter prototypes (filter matrices) corresponding to the same filter response. As illustrated in Figure 2, one can extract three different coupling matrices according to the same filter response using different tuning frequencies (
Same response of the three different classical coupling matrices.
The EVCM is derived from the conventional coupling matrix and can be treated as the tunable version of the coupling matrix. First of all, the conventional coupling matrix can be extracted using the frequency-fixed filter synthesis (e.g. using the matrix manipulation method [5] or optimization process [38]) based on the prescribed frequency response. For the lossless N×N coupling matrix with the termination impedance
where
Here, the denormalized matrix [
Architecture of the dual-mode resonator tunable filter.
For simplification, the external Q factors Qexe/exo for two resonant modes are roughly approximate to
It can be derived that
Now, it can be found that all elements of matrix [
Theoretical response of a fixed filter example.
Theoretical curves for varying
Theoretical curves for varying
Theoretical curves for varying
With this interesting feature, a one-to-one correspondence between the tunable filter responses and this matrix can be established. As a result, the matrix can uniquely represent tunable filter responses. Figures 8–10 presents the typical responses by purposely varying the matrix elements [
Theoretical curves for tuning the CF with 130-MHz 3-dB BW and 20-dB RL.
Theoretical curves for tuning the BW with 1 GHz CF and 20-dB RL.
Theoretical curves for the RL reconfiguration with 1 GHz CF and 130 MHz BW3db.
The physical structure is presented to realize the EVCM, as shown in Figure 11. The given circuit is controlled by loaded varactor diodes, and each control element can be used to tune the entry of the EVCM separately. For example, the variable capacitor
Transmission line model and physical circuit.
Figures 12–14 presents the measurement results of the physical circuit corresponding to the calculated results of EVCM. As can be seen, the in-band responses of the filter are all very close to the given EVCM. The CF frequency of the filter can be tuned from 0.8 GHz to 1.2 GHz, and a 130-MHz 3-dB BW is kept nearly constant, as implied in Figure 12. These responses closely agree with the EVCM results as shown in Figure 8. The BW varying from 50 to 400 MHz is measured as shown in Figure 13 when the circuit is fully tuned, which corresponds to the EVCM results as shown in Figure 9. Figure 14 shows the RL reconfiguration results of the filter. As shown, the passband is fixed at 1 GHz with 130-MHz BW, while the RL is reconfigured as prescribed by the EVCM (Figure 10) and the rejection is reshaped. The agreement between the experimental circuit and EVCM is obtained. Note that the practical circuit generates the transmission zeros to enforce
Measurement curves for tuning the CF with constant BW.
Measurement curves for tuning the BW with constant CF.
Measurement curves for tuning the RL with constant CF and BW.
With the introduction of the new matrix, the tunable filter can correspond to an EVCM uniquely. Thus, the tunable filter with constant BW can be synthesized with a few steps of the mathematical manipulations. First, for a tunable resonator, the adjustment of the
For the tunable coupled-resonator filters, it is reasonable to define
Based on the earlier discussion, one may assume that the EVCMs are the linear functions of the variable
The linear EVCM that represents the tunable filter with a specified tuning range and reflects the passband variation or the passband tuning behavior is defined. Now, extracting parameters of the EVCM from the general filtering function is of great importance to design the tunable passband with constant
First, the tuning range from
The coupling matrix response can be mapped to
[
Using linear interpolation, the EVCM can be extracted as:
where
Now the extraction process is completed and the constant-BW tunable filter is synthesized by the EVCM.
For illustration, the 4th-/6th-/8th-order fully canonical folded filters are extracted with 20-dB RL, a 100% frequency tuning range (from 0.5 GHz to 1.5 GHz), and a constant 100 MHz
Four-pole filter:
Six-pole filter:
Eight-pole filter:
Figure 15 presents the calculation responses of three extracted EVCMs. It can be seen that the prescribed responses are tuned from 0.5GHz to 1.5 GHz, and their responses are kept nearly constant. Even though such a wide tuning range and 8th-order function are predefined, the maximum estimation error of this synthesis method only affects the RL. When the frequency of the passband is tuned closer to the middle point of the tuning range [
Extracted 100% tunable 4th-/6th-/8th-order responses with constant 100-MHz ABW.
The synthesis method can be used to extract the EVCM according to the prescribed filter specifications. This section will present the planar and 3D tunable filters to realize the extracted EVCMs practically.
The resonator of the planar filter example is shown in Figure 16, and the frequency range design method is given in Figure 17. The resonant frequency is tuned by changing variable capacitor
Transmission line model of the synchronously tunable filter resonator.
Tunable resonant frequency vs. Ct, with different l1 or lt for (a) lt = 11 mm (b) l1= 48.6 mm.
Figures 18 and 19, respectively, present the electrical coupling (EC) and magnetic coupling (MC) configurations between two planar resonators. Their corresponding coupling coefficient curves extracted from the configurations are shown in Figures 20 and 21. As can be seen, both the slope and position of coupling coefficient curves can be independently controlled with these two coupling configurations. Thus, the coupling elements in the EVCM can be physically realized, and both EC and MC are available.
EC configuration between resonators.
MC configuration between resonators.
Coupling coefficient extracted from the EC configuration (
Coupling coefficient extracted from the MC configuration (
Two feeding structures, i.e. short-end and open-end feeding structures, can be employed to feed this type of filter, as shown in Figure 22a and b. Figures 23 and 24, respectively, present the extracted external quality factor
(a) S-EF configuration. (b) O-EF configuration.
External quality factor Qe extracted from S-EF configuration (
External quality factor Qe extracted from O-EF configuration (
With all filter parts mentioned earlier, two tunable filters using EC and MC as the mainline coupling path to implement the constant BW are demonstrated. Two filters are the four-pole cascade quartet topology, and their prototypes are the 4th-degree General Chebyshev polynomials with 20-RL and 130-MHz ABW. The transmission zeros of two filters are prescribed at [−10j, −2j, 2j, 10j]. The tuning range of the EC filter is predefined from 1.2 GHz to 1.6 GHz, and the EC filter is from 1.05 GHz to 1.45 GHz. According to the presented synthesis method, two EVCMs can be extracted, which are
for EC filter and
for MC filter. Besides, all filter examples are designed on the Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (
Figures 25 and 26 present the EC and MC filter examples where the cascade quartet configurations are used, thus yielding the prescribed tunable responses with constant BW. The measurement results of the two design examples are shown in Figures 27 and 28. The BW of the two filters is approximately 133 MHz and the tuning ranges are over 27%. Good agreement between simulations and measurements is achieved, and the design objective is fully implemented. It is noted that the MC filter has a more stable BW because of the more flexible choosing range of coupling and
EC filter example.
MC filter example.
Measurement results of the EC filter example
Measurement results of the MC filter example (
The ceramic monoblock waveguide filter featured a low-cost and competitive Qu/size ratio that attracted a great deal of attention for 5G applications [39]. The 3D realization example of the constant-BW tunable filter presented in this section will be based on the ceramic monoblock waveguide structure and the high-Q mechanically tunable mechanism.
Figure 29 present the tunable ceramic monoblock waveguide resonator. It generally contains the fixed block and the movable cylinder. The low-dielectric (
Tunable resonator of ceramic monoblock waveguide filter. (a) 3D model and (b) cross-sectional view.
Resonant behavior of the tunable resonator with different ht1. (a) Resonant frequency tuning ranges and (b) unloaded Qu factor performance.
The coupling configuration between two resonators is shown in Figure 31. The extracted coupling coefficient curves with different key dimensions are presented in Figure 32. It is seen that the coupling coefficient curve is controlled by
Coupling configuration between two resonators.
Extracted coupling coefficient curves with different (a) hm1 and (b) Rm1.
The feeding configuration for the tunable ceramic waveguide resonator is given in Figure 33, where the resonator is fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) line on the bottom of the fixed block. The external
Feeding structures excited using stripline.
Group delay responses of the feeding structures with different (a) l0 and (b) w0.
With the tunable resonator, coupling structure, and feeding configuration discussed earlier, the ceramic waveguide tunable filter can be constructed. For the demonstration, the six-degree Chebyshev low-pass prototype with 17-dB return loss and two TZs (±1.19511j) is employed to form the two-section cascade-triplet topology. The EVCM is extracted for the 5.8–6.2 GHz constant-400-MHz bandwidth filter as:
EM design according to the extracted EVCM is carried out, and the optimized filter structure with the manufactured design sample is given in Figure 35. The feeding circuit is on Rogers RT/duroid 5880.
Six-pole quasi-elliptic ceramic waveguide filter with constant absolute bandwidth. (a) Filter structure and (b) filter photograph.
Figure 36 presents the measured responses of the tunable ceramic waveguide filter. The measured passband moves from 5.76 GHz to 6.22 GHz, but the 3-dB bandwidth maintains 429 ± 7 MHz. The rectangular factor of two skirts is better than 12 dB/20 MHz because of two symmetric transmission zeros. The fitted
Measurement results of the manufactured design sample.
EVCM is introduced to represent the tunable filter with its tuning behavior. The relationship between the matrix and physical circuit is established, and this correspondence is investigated in detail. The synthesis approach based on EVCM extraction techniques is presented, and the planar as well as the ceramic waveguide tunable filters are designed according to the approach. The experiment is carried out to confirm the theory.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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It is a leading cause of disability in children. Congenitally infected neonates often appear asymptomatic at birth or have nonspecific symptoms. An early diagnosis and subsequent early antiviral therapy associated to nonpharmacological therapy (e.g., hearing rehabilitation, speech-language therapy, and cochlear implants) can reduce long-term disability. Much research has been done in this field, but further studies are still necessary. Looking back at the most recent papers, we will draw a review on this topic trying to answer to the question: could universal CMV screening be a useful and cost-effective diagnostic tool?",book:{id:"8728",slug:"update-on-critical-issues-on-infant-and-neonatal-care",title:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care",fullTitle:"Update on Critical Issues on Infant and Neonatal Care"},signatures:"Sara Lunardi, Francesca Lorenzoni and Paolo Ghirri",authors:null},{id:"44446",doi:"10.5772/54310",title:"Neonatal Pneumonia",slug:"neonatal-pneumonia",totalDownloads:14797,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"2990",slug:"neonatal-bacterial-infection",title:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection",fullTitle:"Neonatal Bacterial Infection"},signatures:"Friedrich Reiterer",authors:[{id:"152025",title:"Prof.",name:"Friedrich",middleName:null,surname:"Reiterer",slug:"friedrich-reiterer",fullName:"Friedrich Reiterer"}]},{id:"68113",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86715",title:"Platelets in the Newborn",slug:"platelets-in-the-newborn",totalDownloads:957,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Platelets were first described in the mid-nineteenth century. Since then, their roles were identified in hemostasis and thrombosis, inflammation, leukocyte interactions, angiogenesis, and cancer growth. But there is little information about such platelet functions in the newborn. Several studies highlighted some platelet differences between newborns and adults. Yet, in spite of these differences, healthy newborns appear to be adequately protected. A number of factors, however, were reported to negatively affect neonatal platelets. These include maternal hypertensive disorders or infections, neonatal asphyxia or respiratory distress, therapies such as ampicillin or indomethacin, and treatment modalities such as ventilators, nitric oxide, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Their effects on newborn platelets are usually transitory, lasting from several hours to a few days or weeks. If these effects are well characterized, they could serve as reporters for diagnosis and monitoring during therapy. Careful studies of neonatal platelets are needed to improve the understanding of basic physiology and pathophysiology in this cohort and to identify possible targets for intervention and therapy.",book:{id:"7527",slug:"neonatal-medicine",title:"Neonatal Medicine",fullTitle:"Neonatal Medicine"},signatures:"Ijeoma Esiaba, Iman Mousselli, Giulia M. Faison, Danilyn M. Angeles and Danilo S. 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We tried to elaborate general guidelines on how to diagnose and some anticipations for emergency treatments tailored by the type of congenital heart disease in neonates. Stabilization consists of medical treatment including emergent prostaglandin institution in some types of duct dependent lesion. The role of interventional catheterization such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stent, balloon pulmonary valvotomy, etc. as modalities for stabilization before surgery was also elaborated. Some general and specific guidelines based on the type of surgeries for postoperative management were also discussed.",book:{id:"5473",slug:"pediatric-and-neonatal-surgery",title:"Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery",fullTitle:"Pediatric and Neonatal Surgery"},signatures:"Eva Miranda Marwali, Beatrice Heineking and Nikolaus A. 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It is more common during the neonatal period than at any other age with the estimated incidence of 0.25 per 1000 live births. The absence of specific clinical presentation makes diagnosis of meningitis more difficult in neonates than in older children. Culture of cerebrospinal fluid is the traditional gold standard for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, so all newborn infants with proven or suspected sepsis should undergo lumbar puncture. However, deciding when to perform lumbar puncture and interpretation of the results are challenging. Although the pathophysiology of neonatal meningitis is complex and not fully understood, researches on diagnostic and prognostic tools are ongoing. Prevention of neonatal sepsis, early recognition of infants at risk, development of novel, rapid diagnostics and adjunctive therapies, and appropriate and aggressive antimicrobial treatment to sterilize cerebrospinal fluid as soon as possible may prevent the lifelong squeal of bacterial meningitis in newborn infants.",book:{id:"7527",slug:"neonatal-medicine",title:"Neonatal Medicine",fullTitle:"Neonatal Medicine"},signatures:"Mehmet Şah İpek",authors:[{id:"267903",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mehmet Şah",middleName:null,surname:"İpek",slug:"mehmet-sah-ipek",fullName:"Mehmet Şah İpek"}]},{id:"71427",title:"Factors Influencing Maternal Decision-Making on Infant Feeding Practices",slug:"factors-influencing-maternal-decision-making-on-infant-feeding-practices",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The decision to formula feed or breastfeed a child typically begins with an established prenatal intention. This chapter will examine the multiple dimensions influencing maternal decision-making in regards to the feeding practices of infants including 1) individual maternal characteristics, 2) organizational factors, 3) hospital/provider recommendations, and 4) systematic/policy factors. The chapter will also examine the impact of infant feeding practices on early infant and childhood health outcomes. Research has demonstrated the benefits of breastfeeding on infants and early childhood which includes but is not limited to protection against common illnesses and infections, improved IQ , and even increased school attendance. Moreover, the World Health Assembly global nutrition objectives focus on encouraging breastfeeding support across all sectors in addition to implementing tailored community-based approaches, limiting the excessive marketing of infant formula, and enforcing supportive breastfeeding legislation. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the dynamic interplay between individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors, such as policies that impact breastfeeding rates and more specifically the health of infants.",book:{id:"9805",slug:"infant-feeding-breast-versus-formula",title:"Infant Feeding",fullTitle:"Infant Feeding - Breast versus Formula"},signatures:"Whitney N. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"