SB in nature or modified as metal sorbent reported in the studies.
\r\n\tFurther development of geophysical methods in the direction of constructing more and more adequate models of media and phenomena necessarily leads to more and more complex problems of mathematical geophysics, for which not only inverse, but also direct problems become significantly incorrect. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a new concept of regularization for simultaneously solving a system of heterogeneous operator equations.
\r\n\r\n\tCurrently, the study of processes associated not only with geophysics and astrophysics but also with biology and medicine requires even more complication of interpretation models from non-linear and heterogeneous to hierarchical. This book will be devoted to the creation of new mathematical theories for solving ill-posed problems for complicated models.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d93195bb64405dd9e917801649f991b3",bookSignature:"Prof. Olga Alexandrovna Hachay",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8253.jpg",keywords:"Ill-Posed, Inverse Problems, Geophysics, Seismic, Electromagnetic, Thermal, Magnetic, Medicine, \r\nMathematical, Algorithms, Hierarchical, Nonlinear, Historical Description, Regularization",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"150801",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:"Alexandrovna",surname:"Hachay",slug:"olga-hachay",fullName:"Olga Hachay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/150801/images/system/150801.jpg",biography:"Dr. Olga A. Hachay graduated with a degree in Astrophysics from Ural State University in 1969. She obtained her PhD from the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN) in 1979 with her thesis “The inverse problem for electromagnetic research of one-dimensional medium.”\nSince 1969, she has been a scientific member of the Institute of Geophysics Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS), Ekaterinburg, Russia. From 1995 to 2004, she served as chief of the group of seismic and electromagnetic research. Her research interests include developing new methods for searching the structure and the state of the Earth’s upper crust, as well as elaborating a new theory of interpretation of electromagnetic and seismic fields. From 2002, she has been the main scientific researcher of the Institute of geophysics UB RAS. Since 2008, she has been a lead scientific researcher for UB RAS in the laboratory of borehole geophysics. Dr. Hachay is a member of various organizations and societies, including the American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association of America, International Association of Geomechanics, and the European Geosciences Union, among others. \nDr. Hachay is fluent in Russian, English and German language",institutionString:"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57925",title:"Sugarcane Bagasse As Potentially Low-Cost Biosorbent",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72153",slug:"sugarcane-bagasse-as-potentially-low-cost-biosorbent",body:'\nAgricultural waste by-products, such as sugarcane bagasse (SB), rice husk, coconut husk, sisal, and so on, have been extensively studied as a potential sorbent material for removing contaminants from water and wastewater [1]. These materials have many advantages such as the abundance, low cost, floatability, good flexibility and mechanical strength, and environmentally friendly properties. Besides, the potential use of several agricultural by-products as biosorbent is supported by its native adsorption capacity derived from their main constituents such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These are polymeric structures with high content of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, which have a strong influence in the adsorption capacity of different chemicals present in the aqueous medium.
\nSB, in nature or chemically modified, has been reported as a potential renewable sorbent for wastewater treatment [2, 3]. Millions of tons of SB have been generated every year by the sugarcane agribusiness, encouraging its reuse and recycling. The sugarcane industry is based mainly on the production of sugar and ethanol, which generates huge volumes of SB and sugarcane trash [4, 5]. After sugarcane is milled for juice extraction, bagasse is obtained as a residue, which corresponds to about 25% of the total weight, and is composed of approximately 40% cellulose, 24% hemicellulose, and 25% lignin. The hydroxyl groups are the most abundant and reactive sites in this biopolymer and are used to attach a variety of functional groups [6]. The higher content of cellulose in the SB biomass favors its hydrophilicity, which improves its interaction with cationic species in aqueous medium. As a result, SB has been widely used for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater [7, 8, 9].
\nThe utilization of unmodified or modified SB as an adsorbent have been described as a cheaper and effective technology for the removal of metal ions from wastewater [10, 11]. The metal ion-binding mechanism of adsorption on SB is attributed to its abundance of hydroxyl groups from cellulose, in which aqueous medium favors ion exchange or complexation with metal ions. Batch studies [12] using natural SB as a sorbent for removal of Cd(II) show the maximum adsorption at pH 6. The pH dependence of Cd(II) uptake was linked to both the surface functional groups and the metal ion species predominant in aqueous solution. The species Cd2+ and Cd(OH)+ are predominant at pH lower than 6, while the groups on surface are protonated and cannot bind to metal ions in solution. Besides, at very low pH, the surface groups are associated with the hydronium ions (H3O+), negatively affecting the interaction with the metal cations. When the pH increases, the surface affinity with the metal also increases, and adsorption is improved.
\nThe metal ion-binding capacity of SB can be intensified by the introduction of surface groups with capacity chelating as carboxylate or amine [13, 14, 15]. The introduction of carboxylic functions (−COOH) on cellulosic fiber, lignin, and hemicellulose can be performed via cyclic anhydride reaction. Figure 1 displays an example of succinylation [16] reaction as an alternative route to attach carboxylic acid onto the cellulose.
\nScheme of possible synthetic route for introduction of carboxylic groups.
Pereira et al. describe the chemical modification of SB by ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) dianhydride (EDTAD) in order to improve Zn2+ adsorption [14]. The EDTA molecule is a chelating group that enhanced the metal complexation on fiber surface. Other compounds such as citric acid and phthalic anhydrides have also been used for SB modification, resulting then in an increase of adsorption capacity for these fibers [9, 13, 17, 18]. Table 1 summarizes some studies where SB in nature or modified form is used to remove heavy metals from aqueous environment.
\nMetal ion | \nSB/modification | \nSorption capacity (mg g−1) | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Cd2+ | \nSB without modification | \n69.06 | \n[12] | \n
Zn2+ | \nEthylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride | \n105.26 | \n[14] | \n
45.45 | \n|||
Pb2+ | \nWithout modification | \n26.67 | \n[17] | \n
Pleurotus ostreatus (U2–11) | \n36.31 | \n||
Lentinula edodes (U6–1), | \n27.68 | \n||
Basidiomycetes | \n39.93 | \n||
Ganoderma lucidum (U12–6) | \n36.00 | \n||
Co2+ | \nTrimellitic anhydride | \n1.153 | \n[3] | \n
Cu2+ | \n0.979 | \n||
Ni2+ | \n0.849 | \n||
Cu2+ | \nTetraethylenepentamine | \n0.016 | \n[18] | \n
Cu2+ | \nSuccinic anhydride | \n114 | \n[15] | \n
Cd2+ | \n196 | \n||
Pb2+ | \n189 | \n||
Co2+ | \nPhthalic anhydride | \n0.561 | \n[3] | \n
Cu2+ | \n0.935 | \n||
Ni2+ | \n0.932 | \n||
Cr3+ | \nWithout modification | \n16.21 | \n[13] | \n
NaOH | \n26.41 | \n||
Citric acid | \n17.2 | \n||
NaOH/acylation with citric acid | \n31.28 | \n
SB in nature or modified as metal sorbent reported in the studies.
With the expansion of textile sector, dyes in wastewater have become a serious environmental problem. Dyes are organic chemical compounds that appear colored due to the presence of chromophore groups such as nitrous, azo, and carbonyl [19, 20]. The release of dye waste into water bodies affects the life in aquatic environments, causing the ruining of soils and poisoning of drinking water. Besides, dyes cannot be removed by conventional treatment methods, and are resistant to aerobic digestion. As an alternative method, physical removal of dyes from effluent through biosorption has been extensively studied [8, 21]. A dye molecule is characterized by the presence of chromophore groups, which are responsible for producing the color, and also by groups known as auxochromes such as carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, amino, and hydroxyl groups. These auxochromes are responsible for impacting or shifting of a particular color when attached to a chromophore, and also used to influence the dye solubility. In fact, the auxochromes are important to enhance the affinity of the dye toward the fibers. As a result, natural fiber, as SB, presents greater potential to remove dyes from wastewater.
\nBasically, dyes can be classified as cationic or anionic. Figure 2 shows, for example, the molecules of erythrosin B (EB) and methylene blue (MB). Cationic dyes carry a positive charge in their molecule, while anionic dyes carry a negative charge [22, 23, 24]. In aqueous solution, the dye molecules will present positively or negatively charged as a function of pH, and the electrostatic interaction with the fiber surface will direct the adsorption process. Therefore, the dyes adsorption route by SB can be described in a similar way as observed for metal ions. At low pH, the surface of SB became positively charged and the cationic dye adsorption will decrease, while for anionic dyes the reverse process occurs. In contrast, at high pH, the cationic dye removal will increase because the surface appears negatively charged and the anionic dye adsorption became inhibited. Table 2 summarizes some results of adsorption of dyes using SB, natural or modified, as a sorbent.
\nExample of cationic (erythrosin B) and anionic (methylene blue) dyes.
Dyes | \nSB/modification | \nSorption capacity (mg g−1) | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|---|
Crystal violet | \nOxidation with H3PO4-NaNO2 | \n1018.2 | \n[8] | \n
Auramine O | \n571.8 | \n||
Methylene blue | \nMaleic anhydride | \n30.4 | \n[25] | \n
Rhodamine B | \nWithout modification | \n51.3 | \n[2] | \n
Methylene blue | \n28.0 | \n||
Acid Alizarin Violet N | \nWithout modification | \n20.8 | \n[26] | \n
Methyl red | \nPhosphoric acid | \n11.0 | \n[21] | \n
Without modification | \n5.7 | \n||
Congo red | \nWithout modification | \n39.8 | \n[24] | \n
Methylene blue | \nEthylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride | \n115.3 | \n[27] | \n
Crystal violet | \nMeldrum’s acid | \n552.7 | \n[7] | \n
Methylene blue | \nEthylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride | \n192.3 | \n[19] | \n
Gentian violet | \n357.1 | \n||
Methylene blue | \nSuccinic anhydride | \n434.3 | \n[16] | \n
Gentian violet | \n1133.7 | \n||
Erythrosin B | \nWithout modification | \n333.3 | \n[22] | \n
Methylene blue | \n1000.0 | \n
Examples of dyes adsorption by SB.
Research involving oil sorbents was firstly encouraged by the great environmental accidents generated by oil spills at sea [28, 29, 30]. In these cases, the adsorption processes are more suitable to remove and recover the oil. The sorbent material facilitates a transformation from liquid to solid phase, and then oil can be removed together with the sorbent. The main characteristic of crude oil sorbent material is the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity in order to attract oil preferentially to water. However, the amount of sorbents added to an oil polluted environment is a critical factor, because the inappropriate and excessive use can present subsequent waste disposal problems. It is especially important when organic synthetic products are used as sorbents. Synthetic sorbents, as polypropylene, do not degrade and are very expensive. Therefore, agricultural waste by-products were firstly used as an alternative oil sorbent to replace the conventional and nondegradable sorbent used to clean up oil spills. These biosorbents are biodegradable, renewable, abundant, and low cost. Teas et al. [31] compared the oil sorption capacity of cellulose with the expanded perlite and polypropylene in artificial seawater containing crude oil. These authors observed that for crude oil, the sorption capacity of cellulose overtakes the other sorbents. When light cycle oil and light gas oil were used in artificial seawater, they observed lower sorption by cellulose in relation to polypropylene, but similar behavior to expand perlite. The oil sorption capacity of vegetal fibers observed by several authors has been attributed to the interaction with hydrophobic sites in the biomass. Lignocellulosic fibers contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups; however, the cellulose structure has hydrophilic nature with excellent wettability. The chemical functionalization of cellulose can increase its hydrophobic character, which is possible by changing the hydrophilic groups, hydroxyl (−OH) in the raw coir cellulose to hydrophobic hydrocarbons [32, 33, 34]. The biomass acetylation has been extensively used to increase its oil sorption capacity. Sun et al. [35] observed that SB acetylated presents greater machine oil sorption capacity (13.5–20.2 g g−1) than polypropylene fibers (10 g g−1). Table 3 summarizes other studies that have been demonstrated the potential sorbent of agricultural by-products to oil removal and the effect of biomass modification in the sorption capacity.
\nAdsorption/sorption conditions | \nSorbent/treatment | \nSorption capacity (g g−1) | \nReferences | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude oil in dry conditions | \nDacryodes edulis leaf | \nUnmodified leaf | \n3.440 | \n[33] | \n
Acetylated with acetic anhydride | \n4.990 | \n|||
Raw cotton | \n30.5 | \n[36] | \n||
Crude oil in distilled water | \nSisal (Agave sisalana) | \n3.0–6.4 | \n[28] | \n|
Coir fiber (Cocos nucifera) | \n1.8–5.4 | \n|||
Sponge-gourd (Luffa cylindrica) | \n1.9–4.6 | \n|||
Crude oil in artificial seawater | \nMangrove barks | \nUntreated bark | \n1.666 | \n[37] | \n
Treated with oleic acid | \n3.333 | \n|||
Treated with palmitic acid | \n3.333 | \n|||
Machine oil in distilled water | \nSugarcane bagasse | \nUntreated bagasse | \n8.9 | \n[35] | \n
Acetylated with acetic anhydride | \n11.4–16.5 | \n|||
Sugarcane bagasse modified with acetic anhydride | \n13.5–20.2 | \n[38] | \n||
Synthetic effluent of crude petroleum | \nSugarcane bagasse | \n6.65 | \n[39] | \n|
Motor oil in water | \nNatural wood fibers | \n33–43 | \n[40] | \n|
Wastewater of used motor oil | \nNatural wood fibers | \n5.56 | \n[41] | \n|
Engine oil in dry conditions | \nCeiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. fibers (Kapok) packing density 0.02 g mL−1) | \n47.4 | \n[42] | \n|
Used engine oil in dry conditions | \n50.8 | \n
Examples of oil sorption by biomass.
In spite of crude oil sorption favored by hydrophobic surface, in the case of used motor oil, this behavior is not completely precise. The crude oil and fresh motor oil composition is based on a mixture of hydrocarbons, and hence present affinity for hydrophobic sorbent. However, the composition of used motor oil has been changed through thermal degradation and contamination from generated waste in the engine. This process leads to the formation of low-molecular weight compounds and oxidation products [43]. Recently, Guilharduci et al. [44] showed that introduction of hydrophilic groups on SB improve the oil sorption from engine washing wastewater. Besides, it was also verified that surfactant present in wastewater affect the motor oil sorption.
\nThe biomass acylation is well established in the literature, and the method is based on the reaction of hydroxyl groups (−OH) of the fiber surface with acyl groups (RCO–). Considering that the reaction with fiber is a heterogeneous reaction, not all hydroxyl groups is esterified, and a nonuniform product may be obtained [32, 35, 38, 45]. In the case of SB, the acetylation with acetic anhydride should introduce the methyl group and increase hydrophobicity at surface. Other acylating agents such as maleic [46], phthalic [9], and succinic [16] anhydrides have been used to introduce carboxylic groups on fibers and increase its surface hydrophilicity.
\nAnother class of coupling agents recognized as efficient to promote the fiber hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity are the silanes. They have been extensively used to modify the surface of natural fibers to produce composites with thermoplastics or thermosets [47]. The aminosilanes, as the aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS), are the most reported coupling agents for natural fibers. Recently, APS was successful used to modify the SB surface in order to improve its hydrophilic properties, and increase its oils sorption capacity [44].
\nDespite the great demand for treatment of effluents containing used oil, there is a scarcity of literature on this problem. In this study, this subject is explored in order to verify the potential of SB fibers for oil wastewater treatment. The effect of several coupling agents over SB capacity for sorption of used motor oil is investigated as well as the influence of surfactant in this process.
\nAcetic anhydride (99%), maleic anhydride (96%), phthalic anhydride (99%), succinic anhydride (97%), and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) (97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. The other analytical grade reagents were obtained from Merck (Brazil) and were used as received. The used motor oil used in this study was obtained from Retifica del Rei (São João del Rei, MG, Brazil). SB was supplied by Cachaça Coqueiro (Nazareno, MG, Brazil). The bagasse was washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove all the dirt particles. The washed fiber was then dried in an oven (Q314M, Quimis) at 60°C for 24 h under a flow of air. It was subsequently ground and sieved through 30 mesh sieves (TE648, Tecnal). The resulting natural fiber was designated as SBN and was used as the starting material to produce the modified SB.
\nThermal treatment of SBN at 200°C for 24 h was performed to obtain the sample SB-200. The SBN acylation was obtained based on previous reports [44]. Briefly, the fiber was firstly soaked in 10% NaOH solution (using a ratio of 1 g/1 mL) at 0°C for 2 h. The bagasse was then washed with Milli-Q water until neutral pH and dried at 60°C for 24 h. Following this procedure, 70 g of the cleaned bagasse was placed in a 1 L round-bottom flask containing 300 mL of acylating agents and 200 mL of acetic acid. The mixture was acidified by adding 1 mL of H2SO4 and maintained under agitation for 24 h at 60°C. At the end of this period, the solution was filtered and the product was rinsed first with ethanol and then with water until the pH reached around pH 7.0. After this procedure, the sample was dried at 60°C for 24 h. The acylating agents used were acetic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and succinic anhydride, which produce the samples SB-Acet, SB-M, SB-P, and SB-S, respectively.
\nThe procedure of SB silanization was based on previous report [44]. Basically, the SB is firstly washed with Milli-Q water at 60°C until no color was observed in the washed water, next the fibers are mixed with APS, using a 5/2 mass ratio of SBN/APS, and dispersed into 400 mL of acetone. The suspension was placed in a bottle with glass spheres and left on a roller-conveyor (TE500/1, Tecnal) for 24 h at 200 rpm. The excess of reagents were Soxhlet-extracted with acetone for 24 h. Subsequently, the fiber was dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 h, under a flow of air. The result sample was denominated as SB-APS.
\nFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained in the range 400–4000 cm−1, using a Perkin-Elmer 1720 FTIR spectrometer. The samples were mixed with KBr (Merck, spectroscopy grade) in an approximate ratio of 10/1. The resulting mixture was pressed into pellets and the spectra were acquired using 300 scans with resolution of 4 cm−1. Determination of C and N contents was carried out with a Thermo Fisher Scientific, Flash 2000 Analyzer.
\nSorption test was performed using a synthetic used motor oil/water mixture with an oil concentration of 10.0 g L−1. The used motor oil sorption was determined by immersing 1.0 g of fiber in 100 mL of the solution of oil/water mixture. After 24 h, the sorbent was removed, and dried for 24 h at room temperature. The oil sorption was calculated using the following equation:
\nwhere Q is the oil sorption capacity (g/g), mf is the total mass of dry sorbent (g) after sorption, and mi is the mass of dry sorbent before sorption (g). The water sorption was determined by the same procedure but using only water.
\nThe experiments of oil sorption were also carried out in solutions containing sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in a proportion of 0.05–0.30% in the dispersion of used motor oil/water. The surfactant concentration was determined following the methodology established by the American Public Health Association (Water Environment Federation & APHA 2005).
\nTable 4 summarizes the samples prepared in this study. Results from elemental analysis of nitrogen and carbon in each sample are also presented in Table 4. It is noticed that the highest content of nitrogen obtained for SB-APS in relation to SBN fiber, which is attributed to amino groups from APS.
\nSample | \nTreatment | \nElemental analysis | \n|
---|---|---|---|
N% | \nC% | \n||
SBN | \nIn nature | \n0.18 | \n45.7 | \n
SB-200 | \n24 h at 200°C | \n0.28 | \n48.2 | \n
SB-Acet | \nModified with acetic anhydride | \nNot detected | \n45.1 | \n
SB-M | \nModified with maleic anhydride | \n0.12 | \n44.8 | \n
SB-P | \nModified with phthalic anhydride | \n0.14 | \n46.1 | \n
SB-S | \nModified with succinic anhydride | \nNot detected | \n43.1 | \n
SB-APS | \nModified with aminopropyltriethoxysilane | \n2.15 | \n42.5 | \n
SB-based sorbents produced in this study.
The modification introduced on the SBN was evaluated by FTIR and results are shown in Figures 3 and 4. For SBN spectra, four peaks are clearly observed between 3600 and 3307 cm−1 characteristic of stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups, which are associated with lignocellulose structure. Upon acylation with acetic anhydride, the intensity of ─O─H absorption band decrease because of hydroxyl groups reduction after reaction. In the same region of spectra, for SB-M only a diffuse band, centered at 3387 cm−1, is observed, and can be associated to hydrogen bonding in the hydroxyl groups. Similar profile is observed for SB-P and SB-S, in which, it is possible to identify two peaks less intense, at around 3600 and 3186 cm−1, also attributed to hydrogen bonding in the hydroxyl groups. These results confirm the modification of surface, which decrease the free hydroxyl groups at fiber surface. Successful esterification can be supported by three important absorption band around 1736, 1367, and 1242 cm−1, correspondent to the stretching vibration of carbonyl groups (C═O), C─H stretching, and C─O stretching characteristic of ester molecules. These bands can be clearly observed for SB-Acet, SB-S, and SB-M, however, with less intensity for SB-P, which can be associated with possible lower acylation obtained for this sample.
\nFTIR spectra of (a) SBN, (b) SB-Acet (c) SB-P, (d) SB-S, and (e) SB-M.
FTIR spectra of (a) SBN and (b) SB-APS.
For sample SB-APS, the FTIR is very similar to SBN (Figure 4). The characteristics of absorption bands of ─Si─O─Si─ at 700, 1030, 1145, and 1187 cm−1 overlapping with groups present in the biomass surface hinder its identification [47]. However, in the region of 3600–3000 cm−1, the APS modification leads to emerging of strong band, centered at 3398 cm−1, attributed to hydrogen bonding from hydroxyl groups. This behavior suggesting that hydrophilic groups (─NH2) from APS could be interacting with free hydroxyl groups.
\nThe effect of SB modifications over oil and water sorption capacity can be observed in Figure 5. It is possibly observed that samples SB-APS, SBN, and SB-200 show higher affinity with water and also with used motor oil. This result suggests that the introduction of hydrophilic groups on SBN improve the used motor oil sorption. Guilharduci et al. [44] showed that used motor oil presents more affinity to hydrophilic surface than for crude oil. As previously discussed in the introduction, this behavior can be attributed to the chemical differences between used motor oil and new motor oil. Used motor oil can contain sludge, metal residues, and various other contaminants. Therefore, the presence of polar amino end groups (NH2) from silane structure favors the interaction with the constituents of the used motor oil. In contrast, the acylation of SBN was not effective to improve affinity with the constituents of used motor oil resulting in decreased adsorption capacity.
\nOil and water sorption capacity for SB samples.
In spite of the higher oil sorption obtained for SB-APS (0.71 g g−1) in relation to SBN (0.60 g g−1), the difference was about 15%, which is relatively small. It is important to take in account that the fiber modification with silane groups is a costly and complex process. Considering the abundance, low cost and efficiency of SBN, this material presented the best cost benefit for use as sorbent of wastewater of used motor oil.
\nPrevious studies showed that the surfactants in used motor oil wastewater can affect its sorption by natural fibers [44]. Surfactants are widely used in various industrial processes for oil recovery, because of their physicochemical characteristics for emulsification, dispersion, and solubilization [48]. They have the ability to reduce the oil-water interfacial tension, increase the capillarity, and change the wettability of the adsorbent surface. Then, in order to evaluate the impact of surfactants on the SBN sorption capacity, batch experiments were carried out using an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, in a dispersion of oil (1.0 g)/water (0.1 L). The results are summarized in Figure 6(a, b).
\n(a) The effect of anionic surfactant in the oil sorption and (b) surfactant sorption in dispersion with and without oil.
The used motor oil sorption shows slight increase (13%) in low concentration of surfactant, and afterward, the sorption decreases almost 42%. When the surfactant concentration increases, the hydrophobicity of fiber in aqueous solution decreased as a result of lower interfacial energy between water and fibers. In parallel, the oil-water interface is improved although micelles or microemulsions formation, which probably affects the oil sorption by SBN and improve surfactant interaction with the fiber. In this condition, the surfactant sorption is likely increased by SBN surface. This suggestion can be evaluated by the analyses of surfactant sorption in the water dispersion with and without oil. The results of these experiments are depicted in Figure 6(b). Based on this result, it is noticed that surfactant sorption not only increases when its concentration increases but also is enhanced in the oil/water dispersion.
\nIn this chapter, the great potential of SB in the natural and chemically modified form is shown to be applied as sorbent material for oil removal from aqueous medium. The performance of SBN to remove used motor oil from wastewater was around 0.6 g g−1. This value increases around 13% in the presence of surfactant at 0.05–0.15% in water/oil dispersion. SB also showed efficient sorption of anionic surfactant in water dispersion with or without oil. The results support the use of SB as a natural sorbent as a substitute for commercial synthetic oil sorbents in the treatment of wastewater of used motor oil.
\nHigh data rates (up to 50 Mbps within a range of 10 m), low power consumption, and minimal interference make ultra-wideband (UWB) technology an attractive solution for short-range wireless communication [1]. Although the spectrum allocated for UWB technology overlaps existing frequency bands, the very low power levels (regulated by the Federal Communications Commission) prevent interference.
Among various broadband radiating structures such as printed dipoles [2], monopoles [3], bow-ties [4, 5, 6], patch antennas [7, 8], dielectric resonator, and lens antennas [9, 10, 11], tapered slot antennas (TSAs) exhibit the most favorable performance in terms of bandwidth and radiation pattern characteristics. For example, Vivaldi antennas, a special subclass of TSAs, offer large bandwidth and flat gain over the frequency range; in addition, they present compact and robust system integration properties in a wide range of fields, including wireless communication, microwave imaging, millimeter-wave applications, ground penetrating radar, remote sensing [12], and biomedical screening and diagnosis [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18].
Vivaldi antennas were first proposed by Gibson in 1979 [19]. Subsequently, Gazit developed antipodal Vivaldi antennas (AVAs) comprising two metallic plates placed on the top and bottom sides of a low-permittivity substrate, forming an antipodal slotline transition [20]. This antenna configuration is characterized by a simpler feeding mechanism and delivers a wider operational bandwidth than Gibson’s proposal.
Several AVA configurations have since been proposed in the literature [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. These solutions have improved the radio-frequency (RF) characteristics of the antennas, but they have also unduly complicated the antenna geometry, thus increasing the manufacturing costs and even performance deviations due to tolerances and inaccuracies during fabrication.
As is well known from theory, the tapering of the aperture strongly influences the antenna radiation characteristics [26, 27, 28, 29]. In this paper, a new type of AVA is proposed, namely the super-elliptical antipodal Vivaldi antenna (SAVA). Compared with conventional AVAs, the SAVA has more favorable RF characteristics, such as extended bandwidth, larger front-to-back ratio (FBR), and higher gain flatness. Herein, the proposed antenna is designed, and its circuital characteristics and radiation properties optimized for the 1.14–12.6 GHz frequency band.
The radiation mechanism of a Vivaldi antenna (Figure 1) is such that it works as a resonator at low frequencies and as a traveling-wave radiator at high frequencies. The lower cut-off frequency depends strongly on the width of the antenna (i.e., the maximum separation between the two arms), whereas the lower cut-off wavelength is around
Antenna geometry of a Vivaldi antenna and its coordinate system.
The thickness of the substrate strongly influences antenna performance. As the thickness increases, undesired modes become increasingly excited. These modes change the phase of the traveling waves along the two flares to create pattern distortion, resulting in high cross-polarization. Therefore, thin substrates composed of low-dielectric materials are preferred. Furthermore, the electrical length of the radiating antipodal flares determines the phase difference of the traveling-wave currents. Hence, this factor affects the broadband performance of the antenna and determines the higher and lower cut-off frequencies as well as antenna gain [26, 27, 28, 29].
The proposed Vivaldi antenna was modeled using CST Microwave Studio (version 2019) as follows. The antenna was printed on a thin 171 mm (0.6
In 1818, the French mathematician Gabriel Lamé introduced the following super-ellipse formula:
In Eq. (1), a and b denote the semi-axes of the super-ellipse, whereas the positive real-valued parameters m and n control the convexity of the curve. In this study, to improve RF characteristics, we use Eq. (1) to describe the radiating flares and feeding structure of the antenna (Figure 1). The resulting antennas are referred to as super-elliptical antipodal Vivaldi antennas (SAVAs). A parametric version of Eq. (1) is given hereafter:
The default values of m and n are set to 2. Analytical curves are created on the basis of Eq. (2) and implemented in the antenna model built in CST Microwave Studio. The super-elliptical analytical curves shape the antenna contour to the special geometry shown in Figure 1. The radiating structure in Figure 1 consists of quarter-ellipses with major semi-axes b1, a2, a3, and a3_1 and minor semi-axes a1, b2, and b3.
Similarly, the antenna feeding structure is designed using Eq. (1). Both the ground plane and the feeding microstrip line consist of quarter-ellipses. Note that the various sections of the antenna in Figure 2 are characterized by different ellipticity parameters m and n, depending on the parametric representation (2).
Application of super-ellipse formula to antenna geometry.
This section discusses the parametric investigation of the variation of the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) with respect to six key parameters—namely n1, n2, n3, m1, m2, and m3—of the SAVA antenna shown in Figure 2. In the parametric simulations that follow, all parameters apart from the parameter of interest were set to 2.
Figure 3 shows the effect of parameter n1, which was varied from 0.5 to 3. The simulated results show that the impedance-matching properties of the antenna are strongly dependent on n1, with strong variations evident in the 3–12 GHz frequency range. The optimal value of n1 was identified to be 3, with this enabling a VSWR smaller than 2:1 over across a frequency range of nearly three octaves (an octave is a doubling of frequency).
Simulated VSWR dependence on n1.
Figure 4 depicts the simulated VSWR dependence on parameter m1, which was varied from 0.5 to 4. One can notice that the impedance-matching characteristics of the antenna tend to improve, especially in the upper band of the operational frequency range, as m1 becomes larger. Optimal performance is achieved for m1 = 2.
Simulated VSWR dependence on m1.
Similarly, Figures 5 and 6 show the effect of n2 and m2 on VSWR, which were varied from 1 to 3 and from 0.5 to 2, respectively. From the simulated data, it is apparent that improved performance in terms of reduced VSWR is achieved, wherein both n2 and m2 are selected to be 2.
Simulated VSWR dependence on n2.
Simulated VSWR dependence on m2.
Figures 7 and 8 similarly illustrate the effect of n3 and m3, which were varied from 0.5 to 3 and from 0.5 to 4, respectively. The simulations clarify that the VSWR antenna response does not depend heavily on either n3 or m3. The optimal values of n3 and m3 were identified to be 3 and 4, respectively.
Simulated VSWR dependence on n3.
Simulated VSWR dependence on m3.
Finally, to optimize the shape of the two antenna flares, the aforementioned optimized values of n1, n2, n3, m1, m2, and m3 were used as inputs in a particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure.
With the end goal of improving antenna performance, the two main objectives of the PSO procedure were as follows:
achieve broader bandwidth (BW) [
decrease the lower cut-off frequency
The PSO-optimized values for the six parameters were as follows: n1 = 3.15, m1 = 2.25, n2 = 2.05, m2 = 2.35, n3 = 3.451, and m3 = 4.3.
The SAVA optimized in Section II was prototyped and characterized comparatively against conventional antipodal Vivaldi antenna (CAVA) configurations.
Figure 9 presents a comparison of the VSWR performance of the SAVA and CAVA configurations. Clearly, the SAVA features substantially more favorable impedance-matching properties and a lower cut-off frequency, without compromising on compactness. The SAVA had a measured impedance bandwidth (for VSWR
Measured VSWR performance of the SAVA and CAVA antennas.
The radiation properties of both the antenna configurations were characterized using a near-field scanner (MVG StarLab) in the 0.6–18 GHz frequency range. The average efficiency, realized gain, and FBR across the operational frequency band were 68.5%, 8.2 dBi, and 21.1 dB, respectively, for the SAVA, whereas the corresponding values were 62%, 7.9 dBi, and 19.5 dB, respectively, for the CAVA (Figures 10–12).
Measured total efficiency of the SAVA and CAVA antennas.
Measured peak realized gain of the SAVA and CAVA antennas.
Measured FBR of the SAVA and CAVA antennas.
Figures 13 and 14 show the measured radiation patterns of the SAVA along two elevation planes (
Measured radiation patterns of the SAVA antenna along the cut plane ϕ = 0° at the working frequency of 2, 6, and 10 GHz.
Measured radiation patterns of the SAVA antenna along the cut plane ϕ = 90° at the working frequency of 2, 6, and 10 GHz.
The SAVA antenna has end-fire characteristic with the main lobe in the axial direction (here, in z-direction) of the tapered slot.
The fidelity factor [30, 31] quantifies the degree to which a radiated electric field (E-field) waveform of a transmitting antenna resembles the input pulse. As the amplitude of the E-field waveform is expected to differ from that of the input pulse, the E-field waveform and the input pulse are normalized to compare only the shape:
The degree of correlation between Eqs. (3) and (4) is quantified as the fidelity factor:
The fidelity factor varies from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating that the E-field waveform is identical to the input pulse and that no distortion occurs during transmission.
To calculate the fidelity factor in this work, a Gaussian-modulated pulse in the desired frequency band (3.1–10.6 GHz) was used as the input signal, with ideal filed probes placed at the far field of the transmitting antenna. Figure 15 illustrates the fidelity factor distribution along the H-plane of the SAVA and CAVA antennas. Clearly, the proposed SAVA configuration outperforms the CAVA configuration in both planes.
Fidelity factor characteristics of the SAVA and CAVA antennas along the H-plane.
Group delay, defined as the derivative of phase response (
This factor has previously been applied to UWB antenna systems [32]. It measures the total phase distortion of the antenna system, using which the dispersion of the transmitted signal can be inferred. For a given frequency, the average group delay represents the time required for a signal to travel from one antenna terminal to the other.
The group delay of both the SAVA and CAVA configurations was measured in a free space environment. A network analyzer was used to measure the S21 group delay between two identical antennas (in each configuration) placed 2.5 m apart (i.e., far-field conditions) and aligned with the E-plane (Figure 16).
Measured group delay of the SAVA and CAVA antennas.
Clearly, the SAVA shows a smoother and more linear behavior, whereas the CAVA exhibits strong group delay variation, indicating phase nonlinearity along most of the frequency band.
This work has proposed a novel class of SAVAs. The geometry of the considered radiating structures is optimized by means of the super-ellipse formula, thus achieving UWB operation. Compared with current conventional Vivaldi antenna configurations, the proposed topology yields compelling benefits in terms of better impedance-matching properties, larger efficiency, gain, and front-to-back radiation ratio across a broad frequency range, without compromising on antenna compactness. The high directional radiation characteristics of SAVAs make them suitable for several applications, such as UWB communications and remote sensing, microwave imaging, ground penetrating radar, and biomedical screening.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117096},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10645",title:"TEST Luka EV",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"34c7613d332b05758ea87b460199db54",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10646",title:"Rozmari - Test Book - Luka 13102020",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b96ff714b24bc695b8dceba914430b85",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5806b4efae3bd91c3f56e64e0442df35",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"14096773aa1e3635ec6ceec6dd5b47a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:312},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5128},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-health",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"90",title:"Computer Science and Engineering",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering",parent:{title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"},numberOfBooks:33,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:771,numberOfWosCitations:720,numberOfCrossrefCitations:636,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1176,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"computer-science-and-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8423",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc4f0b68a2f903e7bf1ec7fbe042dbf2",slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis and Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6958",title:"High Performance Parallel Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd811128360e48c520a91871f0279659",slug:"high-performance-parallel-computing",bookSignature:"Satyadhyan Chickerur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239076",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyadhyan",middleName:null,surname:"Chickerur",slug:"satyadhyan-chickerur",fullName:"Satyadhyan Chickerur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6715",title:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0b98cd043ed2dc582d8365630929d33",slug:"petri-nets-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Raul Campos-Rodriguez and Mildreth Alcaraz-Mejia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178524",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Rodriguez",slug:"raul-campos-rodriguez",fullName:"Raul Campos-Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5368",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c86dd0c6a48afce125a9f8f2363fd4b8",slug:"radio-frequency-identification",bookSignature:"Paulo Cesar Crepaldi and Tales Cleber Pimenta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38288",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Cesar",surname:"Crepaldi",slug:"paulo-crepaldi",fullName:"Paulo Crepaldi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6038",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Insights and Innovations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e63cb7f71bc1fed54902b371cbe21a2a",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-insights-and-innovations",bookSignature:"Philip Sallis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10893",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip John",middleName:null,surname:"Sallis",slug:"philip-john-sallis",fullName:"Philip John Sallis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5966",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da699185a8b84a430d96d54bc35acdb2",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser Lorente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5966.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5745",title:"Recent Progress in Parallel and Distributed Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dba64b23d703d16339860ebf4a13f022",slug:"recent-progress-in-parallel-and-distributed-computing",bookSignature:"Wen-Jyi Hwang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5745.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108614",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Jyi",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",slug:"wen-jyi-hwang",fullName:"Wen-Jyi Hwang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5707",title:"Computer Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eec1723d4d4775dc9755db55aa387a6",slug:"computer-simulation",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5183",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:"Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d693acce19fca9cbf40d8f3f759e491d",slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",bookSignature:"S. Ramakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5183.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116136",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-ramakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Ramakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5150",title:"Electronics Cooling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b95856cfcc87ef3cb7d7c7c7bac4010d",slug:"electronics-cooling",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4655",title:"Applications of Digital Signal Processing through Practical Approach",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b20308efd28e8a487949997c8d673fb8",slug:"applications-of-digital-signal-processing-through-practical-approach",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:33,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50801",doi:"10.5772/62898",title:"Performance Evaluation of Nanofluids in an Inclined Ribbed Microchannel for Electronic Cooling Applications",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-nanofluids-in-an-inclined-ribbed-microchannel-for-electronic-cooling-appli",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:44,totalDimensionsCites:78,book:{slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Safaei, Marjan Gooarzi, Omid Ali Akbari, Mostafa\nSafdari Shadloo and Mahidzal Dahari",authors:[{id:"178854",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Safaei",slug:"mohammad-reza-safaei",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Safaei"},{id:"179807",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Safdari Shadloo",slug:"mostafa-safdari-shadloo",fullName:"Mostafa Safdari Shadloo"},{id:"179809",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahidzal",middleName:null,surname:"Dahari",slug:"mahidzal-dahari",fullName:"Mahidzal Dahari"},{id:"179813",title:"MSc.",name:"Marjan",middleName:null,surname:"Goodarzi",slug:"marjan-goodarzi",fullName:"Marjan Goodarzi"},{id:"185093",title:"MSc.",name:"Omid",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Akbari",slug:"omid-ali-akbari",fullName:"Omid Ali Akbari"}]},{id:"5184",doi:"10.5772/6180",title:"From the Lab to the Real World: Affect Recognition Using Multiple Cues and Modalities",slug:"from_the_lab_to_the_real_world__affect_recognition_using_multiple_cues_and_modalities",totalDownloads:3121,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:51,book:{slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Hatice Gunes, Massimo Piccardi and Maja Pantic",authors:null},{id:"5197",doi:"10.5772/6167",title:"Generating Facial Expressions with Deep Belief Nets",slug:"generating_facial_expressions_with_deep_belief_nets",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:47,book:{slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Joshua M. Susskind, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Javier R. Movellan and Adam K. Anderson",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:15717,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",authors:null},{id:"15946",title:"Wake-Up-Word Speech Recognition",slug:"wake-up-word-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:3988,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"speech-technologies",title:"Speech Technologies",fullTitle:"Speech Technologies"},signatures:"Veton Kepuska",authors:[{id:"24379",title:"Prof.",name:"Veton",middleName:null,surname:"Kepuska",slug:"veton-kepuska",fullName:"Veton Kepuska"}]},{id:"51031",title:"Face Recognition: Issues, Methods and Alternative Applications",slug:"face-recognition-issues-methods-and-alternative-applications",totalDownloads:10252,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",title:"Face Recognition",fullTitle:"Face Recognition - Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods"},signatures:"Waldemar Wójcik, Konrad Gromaszek and Muhtar Junisbekov",authors:[{id:"24059",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Gromaszek",slug:"konrad-gromaszek",fullName:"Konrad Gromaszek"}]},{id:"56541",title:"Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)",slug:"routing-protocols-for-wireless-sensor-networks-wsns-",totalDownloads:4319,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-insights-and-innovations",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Insights and Innovations"},signatures:"Noman Shabbir and Syed Rizwan Hassan",authors:[{id:"206600",title:"Mr.",name:"Noman",middleName:null,surname:"Shabbir",slug:"noman-shabbir",fullName:"Noman Shabbir"},{id:"206601",title:"Mr.",name:"Syed Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"syed-rizwan-hassan",fullName:"Syed Rizwan Hassan"}]},{id:"70973",title:"Social Media, Ethics and the Privacy Paradox",slug:"social-media-ethics-and-the-privacy-paradox",totalDownloads:824,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",fullTitle:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective"},signatures:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland and Jenice Lynch",authors:[{id:"311821",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadine",middleName:null,surname:"Barrett-Maitland",slug:"nadine-barrett-maitland",fullName:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland"},{id:"311822",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenice",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",slug:"jenice-lynch",fullName:"Jenice Lynch"}]},{id:"72542",title:"Machine Learning Applications in Misuse and Anomaly Detection",slug:"machine-learning-applications-in-misuse-and-anomaly-detection",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",fullTitle:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective"},signatures:"Jaydip Sen and Sidra Mehtab",authors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen"},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab"}]},{id:"62639",title:"Reliability Evaluation for Mechanical Systems by Petri Nets",slug:"reliability-evaluation-for-mechanical-systems-by-petri-nets",totalDownloads:491,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"petri-nets-in-science-and-engineering",title:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Petri Nets in Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Jianing Wu and Shaoze Yan",authors:[{id:"238979",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianing",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"jianing-wu",fullName:"Jianing Wu"}]},{id:"50065",title:"Heat Pipes for Computer Cooling Applications",slug:"heat-pipes-for-computer-cooling-applications",totalDownloads:4021,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohamed H.A. Elnaggar and Ezzaldeen Edwan",authors:[{id:"178453",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Elnaggar",slug:"mohamed-elnaggar",fullName:"Mohamed Elnaggar"},{id:"184278",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezzaldeen",middleName:null,surname:"Edwan",slug:"ezzaldeen-edwan",fullName:"Ezzaldeen Edwan"}]},{id:"50437",title:"Face Recognition: Demystification of Multifarious Aspect in Evaluation Metrics",slug:"face-recognition-demystification-of-multifarious-aspect-in-evaluation-metrics",totalDownloads:2317,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"face-recognition-semisupervised-classification-subspace-projection-and-evaluation-methods",title:"Face Recognition",fullTitle:"Face Recognition - Semisupervised Classification, Subspace Projection and Evaluation Methods"},signatures:"Mala Sundaram and Ambika Mani",authors:[{id:"180904",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mala",middleName:null,surname:"Sundaram",slug:"mala-sundaram",fullName:"Mala Sundaram"},{id:"180905",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ambika",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"ambika-mani",fullName:"Ambika Mani"}]},{id:"52083",title:"A Methodology for Evaluating Security in Commercial RFID Systems",slug:"a-methodology-for-evaluating-security-in-commercial-rfid-systems",totalDownloads:980,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"radio-frequency-identification",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",fullTitle:"Radio Frequency Identification"},signatures:"Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés, Paula Fraga-Lamas, Manuel Suárez-\nAlbela and Luis Castedo",authors:[{id:"186818",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago M.",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Caramés",slug:"tiago-m.-fernandez-carames",fullName:"Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés"},{id:"193724",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Fraga-Lamas",slug:"paula-fraga-lamas",fullName:"Paula Fraga-Lamas"},{id:"193725",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez-Albela",slug:"manuel-suarez-albela",fullName:"Manuel Suárez-Albela"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"computer-science-and-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/209731/maciej-zacharczuk",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"209731",slug:"maciej-zacharczuk"},fullPath:"/profiles/209731/maciej-zacharczuk",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()