\r\n\tThis book shall focus on these antisense guided sequence specific silencing molecules with different mechanisms and potency for gene silencing, providing the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in ASO based therapeutics, featuring the more recent developments in terms of clinical translation and the use of nanomedicine for the effective delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids towards precision medicine.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96f256f5bb2e750c7496b3c0b62cb95a",bookSignature:"Prof. Pedro Baptista and Prof. Alexandra R Fernandes",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9571.jpg",keywords:"gene therapy, gene silencing, genome modulation, post-transcriptional modulation, modified oligonucleotides, PNAs, LNAs, siRNA, antisense nucleotides, vectorization of antisense nucleotides, nanotheranostics, clinical translation, nanoparticles for gene delivery",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 14th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 2nd 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"82671",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/82671/images/system/82671.jpg",biography:"Pedro Viana Baptista (b.1972) holds a degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (1996) from the Universidade de Lisboa. He obtained his PhD in Human Molecular Genetics from the School of Pharmacy, University of London in 2000. In 2001 moved to FCT-NOVA where he created the Nanomedicine Group, which he leads. Currently, he is Full Professor of Molecular Genetics & Nanomedicine at the Department of Life Sciences, FCT-NOVA and responsible for the NanoImunoTech Group – Nanomedicine in the Applied Biomolecular Sciences Research Unit. His work focuses on the biomedical applications of nanoparticle-based strategies towards light-induced cancer therapy and as gene silencing platforms (including siRNA, antisense and nanobeacons). Coordinates several research projects focused on the use of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics and nanotheranostics, including nanoparticles for diagnostics and therapy; biosensors (TFTs and ISFETs); medium-throughput SNP analysis platforms, and nanoparticle-based therapies (nanovectors for siRNA and antisense therapy, targeted combined therapies).",institutionString:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"253664",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandra R",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-r-fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra R Fernandes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253664/images/system/253664.jpg",biography:"Alexandra R. Fernandes is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Life Sciences, FCT-NOVA where she leads the group of Cancer Therapeutics dedicated to assessing novel compounds against tumor cells and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. She has obtained her PhD in Biotechnology from IST-UL and, before joining FCT-NOVA, was responsible for setting up key molecular genetics diagnostics facilities in Portugal.",institutionString:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"270941",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Maljavac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/270941/images/7824_n.jpg",email:"sandra.m@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"René Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"rene-mauricio-barria",fullName:"René Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57604",title:"Gamesourcing: Perspectives and Implementations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71703",slug:"gamesourcing-perspectives-and-implementations",body:'Gamesourcing is a new term created by combining a pair of English word games and crowdsourcing. The game is a game, but the explanation of crowdsourcing is somewhat more extensive. It is a method where a job (often very difficult for a computer but relatively easy for a person) is divided among a large number of people and depending on the nature of the assignment, either by common forces or by each one of them. In the first case, all participants will cooperate, with only the best of the other being selected. By joining with the game, we offer a means of making crowdsourcing on a slightly different basis. That is, players do not even need to know that they are doing any crowdsourcing at all. While they still enjoy it.
The history and development of crowdsourcing over time and the gradual emergence of gamesourcing are quite new and young discipline. In the past decade, the new phenomenon—crowdsourcing—or the use of a large group of people to engage in some creative activity—is beginning to spread through the Internet, e.g., drawing ideas, ideas, content, or contributions, whether financial or professional. Usage can be virtually any: education (Wikipedia), research, health, transport (accident reporting), marketing and advertising, donation, volunteering, etc. However, even in the political sphere, the wisdom of the crowd has already found its application. After 2008, when Iceland was bankrupt due to the economic crisis, the creation of a new constitution took place, and its proposal was made available online for a wide-ranging discussion. By debating and commenting through social networks, Icelandic citizens could influence and correct the final form and text of the constitutional charter [1, 2].
The term crowdsourcing was first used in 2006 [3], which could lead (due to the Internet boom) to the erroneous assumption that it is exclusively an online affair. However, the process of using the masses to cooperate on a task has been working since time immemorial, starting with prehistory [4]. It was then only the adoption of advice and recommendations by the Chieftain from his subordinates, but in some way, it was some collective involvement in achieving the goal (e.g., how to survive the winter). So, a certain form of crowdsourcing existed for tens of thousands of years before the emergence of the all-knowing medium, so basically it is not a new thing.
Crowdsourcing has been used for some time already in architecture. In 1955, Prime Minister of the State of New South Wales, Joseph Cahill, announced a £ 5000 competition to design an opera house on the Gulf Coast in Sydney. A total of 233 proposals were sent from 32 different countries. The winning design of the Danish architect Jør Utzon was the beginning of one of the most innovative and innovative buildings of the present era. This type of architectural competitions continues to be widely used [5].
In 2006, Jeff Howe first used the term “crowdsourcing” [6] in his article and had since become more and more popular. The first purely crowdsourcing projects such as DesignCrowd (crowdsourcing of graphic designs, logos, websites, etc.) or Digg (crowdsourcing aggregator of news) were launched. Also, crowdfunding has begun to develop, contributing more individuals with smaller amounts to the target amount to fund an interesting project or product.
With the growing trend in the gaming industry, its potential for crowdsourcing has been properly estimated. The author professor Luis von Ahn (Carnegie Mellon University) launched it [7] under the auspices of Google. It was about describing images in a fun and catchy form.
The number of similar acts has been slowly rising since then, and awareness of the gameplay has begun to be gained among the wider public. For example, in 2016 the Sea Hero Quest [8] was also commercialized on domestic TV stations. It is a mobile device-based game to aid in the study of dementia. There has not been a year since the release, and the authors have been honored with excellent results.
Crowdsourcing is so slowly becoming a part of everyone’s life slowly, without being aware of it. Its special forms are called gamesourcing, where the means of collective cooperation is playing games. It seems that gamesourcing is on the rise. It has already proved to be an excellent tool in several cases. However, its potential has not been fully utilized by far.
Swarm algorithms (called also swarm intelligence) have been very popular lately due to the features that are characteristic of this class. However, before we begin to discuss their application, it is appropriate to mention selected algorithms in this area, which are (or can be) further elaborated in research reported in this chapter. They are:
Ant colony optimization (ACO) [9],
Artificial immune system [10],
Self-organizing migrating algorithm (SOMA) [11],
Memetic algorithms [12],
Grey wolf [13],
Particle swarm [14],
Artificial bee colony [15], and
Fire fly [16],
among the others. These algorithms can be used to solve very different problems. Many more versions and strategies than it is mentioned above exist there. Given that their description would go beyond the scope of this text, it is only necessary to refer the applicant to the relevant literature. The SOMA [11] and ACO [9] have been used for our experiments, reported further.
Firstly discussed is the intro to crowdsourcing and gamesourcing. Then we use SOMA as a swarm intelligence in two computer games as a prelude to real gamesourcing that is represented by our experiments in the game called Labyrinth. This game has compared ACO against the human player crowd in the maze, which is equivalent to traveling salesman problem (TSP). At the end, we introduce a new version of Labyrinth for 3D that is dedicated to the new experiments of this kind.
Here, in a few examples, our income on the field of swarm intelligence principles in computer games and gamesourcing is mentioned. Some of them were already published in conference and journals; so for more details, it is recommended to follow the references in the text.
First of all, we will discuss the use of swarm algorithm SOMA in Tic-Tac-Toe game [17], which is released on Google Play store [7], and anyone can easily download and play this game. Swarm intelligence is a counter player against human one in this game.
The second one is utilizing SOMA algorithm in the famous game StarCraft: Brood War. Swarm intelligence was controlling a combat unit strategy of movement in extraterrestrials wars, as explained in [17, 18].
The real gamesourcing is in the next section, where a human crowd plays a game Labyrinth, that is equivalent to a traveling salesman problem (TSP) problem [19, 20]. The results are then compared with ACO algorithm applied on the same problem. At the end is introduced our new platform for gamesourcing Labyrinth 3D for more extensive experiments.
This application is focused on swarm intelligence techniques and their practical use in a computer game. The aim is to show how a game player (based on swarm algorithms, in this case, SOMA) can replace a man in computer games. This provides an opportunity for effective, coordinated movement in the game fitness landscape. The implementation of our experiments uses classic techniques of artificial intelligence environments, as well as unconventional techniques, such as swarm intelligence. Research reported here has shown the potential benefit of evolutionary computation in the field of strategy games.
SOMA is a stochastic optimization algorithm that is modeled based on the social behavior of competitive-cooperating individuals [11]. It was chosen because it has been proved that this algorithm can converge usually toward the global optimum of the given problem [11]. SOMA works on a population that consists of the possible candidate solutions in iterations. They are called migration loops. The population is initialized, as usual for this kind of algorithms, by uniform random distribution, i.e., over the search space at the beginning of the evolutionary search process. In each migration loop, the population is evaluated, and the individual with the lowest cost value (the best fitness) becomes the leader. Apart from the leader, in one migration loop, all individuals will traverse the space of possible solutions in the direction of the leader. Mutation, the random perturbation of individuals, is an important operation for SOMA. It ensures diversity among all the individuals, and it also provides a means to restore lost information in a population. The mutation process is different in SOMA as compared with other evolutionary algorithms. A parameter, called PRT, is used to achieve mutations and perturbations. This parameter has in SOMA the same effect as mutation for other EAs. The PRT vector defines the final movement of an active individual in the search space. It is a randomly generated binary perturbation vector, which controls the allowed dimensions for an active individual. If an element of the perturbation vector is set to zero, then the individual is not allowed to change its position in the corresponding dimension. An individual will travel over a certain distance (PathLength) toward the leader in finite steps on PathLength. If the PathLength is chosen to be greater than one, then the individual overshoot the leader. This path is perturbed randomly. The main principle of SOMA, i.e., traveling of an individual over space of possible solutions, is depicted in Figure 1. The initial parameter sets of SOMA for our experiments can be set in the Android program, as demonstrated in Figures 2 and 3. For more details about SOMA, see [11]. SOMA can be considered as a member of swarm intelligence class algorithms.
The SOMA principle.
SOMA setting in Tic-Tac-Toe.
SOMA setting in Tic-Tac-Toe—strategy setting.
It is true that all experiments are influenced by the player itself and algorithm setting. The screenshot from one game is depicted in Figures 4 and 5. If SOMA parameters would be set differently in a nonoptimal way, then, of course, the performance would be different. Thus, the performance of the SOMA depends on two factors: human skills and SOMA setting. For more details and game description, it is recommended to refer [17] and game on Google Play store [7].
Tic-Tac-Toe screenshot. The game in the process: blue cross—human player, green circles—SOMA.
Game over.
StarCraft: Brood War is a well-known real-time strategy game in which swarm intelligence was used again. In [17, 18], SOMA implementation is focused on applications and practical utilization in combat units control. The goal of the war (and its results are partially reported here) is to implement computer player replacing a human in a real-time strategy StarCraft: Brood War. The computer player behavior is provided by the decision-making tree together with SOMA and is used to remote movement of combat units. A particular implementation of SOMA algorithm provides an opportunity for efficient, coordinated movement of combat units over the map. The work and its results reported in [17, 18] has shown great benefit of evolutionary techniques in the field of real-time strategy games.
Similar to other strategic games, it is also crucial to provide acceptable amount of resource materials for creating an army to win. Materials are located on several places as well as at the starting position. The game allows a choice of three races: the Protoss are strong extraterrestrial beings with an expensive units. The Zergs seems to be primitive and overgrown kind of insects. Their units have a low price and are weaker than Protoss units. The last race is Terrans, a race of human-like being, a compromise between mentioned races that have balanced prices and efficiency of theirs combat units. For the use of the SOMA swarm intelligence, a Zergs race has been chosen. The techniques such as decision-making tree or unconventional techniques in the form of evolutionary algorithms (SOMA algorithm) have been used. The algorithm controlled a movement of the combat units on the landscape. The game also further do not allow random placement of a population on the landscape. Starting positions of the units are on purpose near the structures used for production of the units.
In the case of the incorrect objective function, we would be challenging problems with the speed of finding the enemy. The contact with the enemy would stabilize the process of searching so that searching units would be attracted to this place. It can be solved by the right setting of the parameters of SOMA algorithm and modified implementation of the objective function. Other problems could not be solved this way. Parameter PathLength [11] was set to a value 1 for the units to stay on the position of the leader. Experiments have shown that various numerical settings of the parameter Step were not so beneficial, and small numerical values had no significant impact on the combat unit performance. The unit was particularly searching by Step long as its own; it was set to Step = 0.5. Parameter PRT was selected near 1 so that the units would not deviate from each other so much, and at least some random searching came to pass. PRT was set to value 0.8. Dimension was set to 2 since we were searching in two-dimensional map given by coordinates x and y. PopSize is an adjustable parameter. Each combat unit was added to the population until its death. All the SOMA stop criterion, i.e., Migrations & MinDiv were ignored—SOMA was working through whole game until any unit was present. The positions of the enemy units were a part of the fitness function as well as important locations on the map. SOMA algorithm thus works on the dynamic function in order to maximize success of combat units to win.
The largest value was associated with the enemy units. The biggest fitness, the more enemies are present there. The closer position of the individual to enemy position guarantee the bigger fitness. Starting position itself was set to 0. The significant problem in this implementation was a nonrandom placement of the population as well as the inefficiency of the random search on the landscape. The position of the headquarters of the enemy was known. It is one of the starting positions. These problems were solved by the division of the population into two subpopulations: static and dynamic. A dynamic subpopulation consists of a classical individual who yields to recombination and mutation. It is migrating individual in the terminology of SOMA algorithm. Static individuals, on the other hand, are not migrating. They are located in the important positions on the map like locations with materials and starting positions. They can also be placed on the position of each existing structure. Their role is important because the static individual, at the starting position of the enemy, is calculated the biggest fitness. Moreover, they attract all of the units albeit from only one position. If they encounter the enemy on their route, this kind of individual is chosen as a leader [11] (regarding the highest value of the enemy’s hit points). If any of our structures are attacked by the enemy, this structure is activated to be a leader (there is a static individual). In this case, the leader will attract friendly combat units. These individuals also create a kind of alarm system. The screenshot from many battle situations is shown in Figure 6, and the results of the fights are reported in [18]. All experiments were done with one human player against four SOMA strategies (AllToOne, AllToOnenRand, AllToAll, and AllToAllAdaptive) in 100 experiments in total (i.e., 25 experiments per strategy).
Zerg units are driven by SOMA in combat action in [18].
In this experiment, real gamesourcing experiment with real human players in the game Labyrinth that is equivalent of TSP is reported. Labyrinth is a web game embedded in an existing game portal environment [21]. The problem of a traveling salesman is transformed into a maze, and players, by collectively crafting, mimic the behavior of the ant algorithm [9]—the swarm technique that is currently, widely, and successfully applied to this problem. The aim is to collect data about players’ moves, from which it will then be possible to read their strategies and tactics that could lead to the improvement of ant algorithms.
For gamesourcing, it is crucial to be able to combine the problem we want to address with the game. There must be very close ties between them. It is necessary for the game by its execution to lead the player exactly to what we want to achieve, i.e., to solve the problem, so that they will not be able to understand the problem.
In this case, we have decided to solve the problem of a traveling salesman and get inspired by ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms. Individual ants are represented by humans. This could help to find new variants and adjustments to these algorithms, thus making them more efficient.
Traveling salesman problem, used in a game, is a simple idea. The salesman needed to make a trip to certain cities (each to visit only once) and to go back home. For high efficiency, the trip has to be planned to be as short as possible. This is a NP-heavy problem [19]. That is, all NP problems are convertible to it in polynomial time, and it is not in the NP itself.
If we describe this role as a graph, then its vertices (nodes) represent the starting point and the places that traveling salesman has to visit. Each of the two vertices is linked to the graph by an edge, which is evaluated by the distance that is needed to offset the trader from the place represented by the first node to the point representing the second node. This is a nonoriented complete graph. The aim is then to find the shortest Hamiltonian circle (cycle).
All the possible Hamiltonian circles in the graph (at the starting point does not matter) depends on the number of cities, so the number of possibilities needed for exploration is growing very (exponentially) fast. There are several exact algorithms (Brute-force, Branch & Bound, Cutting Plane) that can solve the TSP but only in 40–80 cities [22] in a reasonable time. For this reason, heuristic algorithms have found abundant use, which does not guarantee the correctness of the result, but in most cases, the solution found is of sufficient quality and is achieved in an acceptable time. One of those algorithms is the ant colony optimization.
Optimization using ant colonies is a group of algorithms inspired by the real behavior of ants in nature. Every ant leaves pheromones in their path, which then attract others. The stronger the pheromone trace is, the more ants follow it. The heavily used paths keep constantly high levels of pheromones, while the pheromones finally evaporate from the unused ones.
Thus, in general, there is an iteration of the ACO algorithm. Various versions of ant algorithms then have different ways of making decision rules and different rules for pheromones.
Due to the mission and focus of the experiment, its appearance is obvious. For the sake of easy access and the ability to play as many players as possible, it must essentially be playable on the Internet. At the same time, it is quite intuitive that the best illustration of a TSP is a maze. The graph nodes will be represented as rooms (or city in TSP) and edges as corridors. The weight of each edge can then be specified as some form of obstacle. The Labyrinth crawling is also popular since time immemorial, and according to the game developer’s focus, these games continue to thrill our heads.
There are plenty of games that try to make the most of the human brain’s potential to achieve something useful. People still surpass computers in many tasks, such as recognizing objects such as galaxies (Galaxy Zoo). Meanwhile, none of these projects have even reached popularity, say, Minecraft, which has already published 107.86 million copies since its release (2009), and this has grown by another 53,000 [23] each day. With such a huge shot, gamesourcing would be interesting things, but unfortunately, such a popular crowdsourcing game did not make it so popular.
So, to design the experiment, it was approached in this way: do not try to think of a game that would solve a problem and then try to make it as fun and popular as possible, instead try to take a game that has already gained and edited its popularity, so that our problem can be solved.
Just imagine—could a combination of all those players who play shooters like Call of Duty or strategic games like StarCraft help in curing cancer? Could a “farm” of gold, which is so crucial in World of Warcraft or Farmville-type social games, to do something useful? Many developers would say that not playing is fun because it is not a job. However, there are elements in these games that are computerized, but easy for a computer? If scientists have been able to answer this question, they should have a powerful tool to solve great problems. It should be noted that even regarding financial profit, it would certainly be an interesting thing.
For example, such elements are already-mentioned in the game Minecraft. The player is pumping materials for the construction of tools and buildings so that he have where to spend nights full of dangerous creatures. It is a simple concept, but there are countless variants and modes. Everything is made from cubes, which directly calls for easy creation, just like mazes. I can imagine the mode where it would be necessary to build Foldit-style proteins or build a rocket and then fly it through an asteroid-like universe as in Genes in Space. The potential regarding gamesourcing is enormous and, in our opinion, it is only a matter of time, when someone sees this idea. So far, only attempts have been made to use it for educational purposes [24].
For our purposes, online browser game Immortal Fighters has been used. This is a portal available at
Dragon’s Lair is a role-playing game (RPG): a hero game. Role-play means that a player lives in a fanciful character and plays for her as if he were alive. Players often play the characters in their characters, but it is important to realize that the player is not a character and that it is necessary to separate them. While playing for his character, he has to act not only with his attributes (especially intelligence and charisma) but also to separate his knowledge from his character’s knowledge (for example, he cannot know that someone is a thief).
The best players are not those whose characters kill the most monsters, but those who play the best RP (role-playing). While the classic Dragon Lane requires players and PJ to come together physically and tell the story aloud, the online version is based on writing. Offline personal contact and game are missing from the offline version.
The algorithm behind our modification of the Labyrinth is called human ant system (HAS) for obvious reason. Each player represents one ant. The main differences from the above-mentioned alternative algorithms are:
A person decides about the transfer of an ant. This is the biggest and most fundamental difference. In the game, players are provided statistical information about the available edges, but the final decision depends on and only on the player. The reasons for player’s decision can be very complex and are not limited to comparing the calculated probability with a randomly generated number from 0 to 1, as is the case with the classical ACO.
Pheromones. Pheromones as such are not present in the game. Each player can, however, look at any route of any player and arrange it accordingly. It is to be assumed that mainly the better routes will be observed; on the contrary, the worst will not be interested in almost anyone. This simulates the addition and evaporation of pheromones. However, if a player decides not to do so at all, nobody will be against it.
Starting point. The choice of the starting point depends on the player’s consideration. This does not have to be a purely random matter, as with other algorithms.
Does not engage in the local extreme. With game mechanics, when duplicate paths are not rewarded, players are constantly trying to find new variants of Labyrinth passages and want to avoid going the same way as anyone before them. This way, the algorithm can never get stuck in local extrema and obey.
Parallelism. Ants (players) move in this form of the algorithm unbounded. They do not have to wait for each other. Moreover, it may well happen that one already goes through the chart 10 times while the other only once. This makes it impossible to talk about iterations throughout the colony. Every human-ant has a free will. He can only go through the graph after others have “provided” the right way. However, waiting at the same time, he risks being overtaken by someone. This brings to the last point.
Motivation. Unlike the artificial ants, the human drives the desire to win. It is a feature that each of us have to a varying degree. Trying to overcome others and become the best—it cannot replicate exactly with your computer.
The HAS performance has been compared with the classical ACO algorithms, which were used in all cases with 10 ants (the SW limitation), and in the beginning, in all cases, a 1/n pheromone was placed on all edges, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. The number of iterations was 10,000 or until the right solution was found. Each variant of the algorithm run five times. With the average of the results of each variation, the comparison with HAS was done. Since the Labyrinth with HAS does not work synchronously (the players can play when they want), the comparison was carried out according to the number of ant moves (AM). For cases where an algorithm has been converted to the local minimum, the quality of the solution means the ratio of the ideal distance to the best found. HAS and ACO were tested on a TSP test problems and information on how the algorithm has dealt with them is listed here.
Burma14. It is a map of 14 cities in Burma. The shortest possible distance for TSP is 3323 km. In total, 37 people were involved in playing the Labyrinth and solved the TSP on this map in 64 hours, 2 minutes, and 52 seconds.
Ulysses16. Map of the Odysseus path that leads through 16 places. The ideal circular route is 6859 km long. Here, the game was played by eight players for only 7 hours, 3 minutes, and 52 seconds.
Gr17. Problem with 17 cities from Groetschel. The requested distance is 2085 km. At the time of writing this chapter, this problem has not yet been resolved by the Labyrinth. A total of 28 people were involved in the solution, and in 11 days, they made a total of 1035 ant movements. It can be assumed that for 100,000 AM (10,000 iterations with 10 ants) that other algorithms have available in this case, players will find the ideal path to find, and again much faster.
From the choice of ACO algorithms, only the classic and elitist variants have always managed to find the right solution for up to 10,000 iterations. Ranked, best-worst, and min-max alternatives quickly converged, and in 28 cases out of 45, they landed at the local minimum (best-worst tackled every time). The ant colony system did not show convergence, but in 12 of 15 attempts, it failed to reach the right solution in 10,000 iterations. It is possible, however, that it would be achieved in subsequent iterations. The human ant system on 14 and 16 peaks far outperformed all the others, and on a graph of the Gr17 problem, it managed to find a very satisfactory solution with a much lower number of ant movements than the competitors did. Results are visually summarized in Figure 7.
Comparison of ACO algorithms regarding required number of ant moves (logarithmic vertical axis).
At this point, it cannot be explained what makes the HAS so successful. The answer lies in the data that were taken during the game. Each player’s movement was recorded along with the time stamp and current distance at that time. However, analyzing these data is not easy, and it is not finished yet. Likely human intelligence, intuition, and total freedom in decision-making have played a crucial role in those results. Certain similarities in watching the course of play at each maze have been noticed. Once someone who has found a way to a much better score than the best ones has come up, it has begun a massive improvement of all the following results, and the ideal solution has quickly been reached. This is probably the consequence of our human property to want to be the best. Moreover, this is probably the most important driving force of the entire Labyrinth.
The previous version of the Labyrinth was sufficient for initial experiments, but it had its limitations, for example, graphics (the game was mainly based on the imagination and imagination of the player) or the number of players. To enhance the game, increasing its attractiveness and enhancing its graphical interface, a new and separate version is created.
Currently, we are working on an experimental multiplayer maze application (unlimited number of players and no PJ presented), Figures 8 and 9, where users aim to collect as many items as possible in the maze. The goal of the game is to investigate the behavior of people who can see the score and position of other players. This is the same principle as in the previous version. All this can be modified. The whole application is designed so that players start randomly on the outer edge of the maze and start the maze and begin searching for and collecting items inside the maze.
Screenshot of our prototype 3D maze application.
An example of a static maze created in blender.
Within each application, each player is represented by his avatar, through which the current 3D maze runs. The player follows the character of his avatar from a third person perspective (Figure 8), so that he can watch what his avatar has before him and where he can move.
The primary objective of the player is to collect as many items as possible in the scene for which points are awarded. As a result, the player with the highest number of points wins. After the game is started, players will accidentally appear on the margins (perimeter) of the maze, from where players can step in and start browsing the maze and collecting items.
In the current version, the maze is created for static experiments in different sizes (Figure 10). In the future, the maze should be generated randomly and automatically, according to the specified parameters. It would also be possible to create a 3D maze and move between levels through stairs or teleports.
A sample of objects that users search inside a maze.
To collect objects, two basic objects, a gold ring and a diamond can be found in the scene (Figure 10). The gold ring is rated one credit, and the diamond is rated ten credits. Regarding deployment, golden rings are randomly placed within the scene when creating a game, while diamonds are generated only in the narrow neighborhood in the center of the maze. The presence of diamonds in the center of the maze motivates players to try to get to the center of the maze as quickly as possible. In the future, it is possible either to expand the range of subjects or to modify the possibilities of occurrence of objects with different credit ratings and to test how these changes affect the behavior of the players.
In addition to collecting items, users can throw bombs, which are important when two players meet inside a maze, which happens in experimental applications, especially when players try to get diamonds in the middle of a maze. Each player has a 100% of his life at the beginning, and his opponent can use a bomb against him. When the bomb explodes, the life is reduced. If his life drops below zero, the user will be relocated to a randomly generated location on the maze, where he can re-enter and continue collecting items.
The movement of all players during a maze crawl is automatically logged into the log file. These resulting log files of all players allow us to perform subsequent analysis of individual games. This allows us to look for different patterns of individual player’s behavior.
10:10:46|5.8.2017;-2891.54;-1536.56;418.151;23;not picked;25;Alive;NotThrown
10:10:46|5.8.2017;-2891.54;-1536.56;418.151;23;not picked;25;Alive;NotThrown
10:10:46|5.8.2017;-2891.54;-1536.56;418.151;23;not picked;25;Alive;NotThrown
10:10:46|5.8.2017;-2891.54;-1536.56;418.151;23;not picked;25;Alive;NotThrown
10:10:46|5.8.2017;-2891.54;-1536.56;418.151;23;Coin Picked;25;Alive;NotThrown
…
The entire application is developed in Unreal Engine 4 [25], one of the best 3D game and visualization designer tools. Using Unreal Engine enables us to use state-of-the-art algorithms and rendering techniques for real-time 3D games and applications. The static mazes themselves were created using the Blender modeling tool [26] and subsequently imported into the UE4. The application source code was created in C++ or using the blueprint (Figure 11), which is a visual scripting system in Unreal Engine.
An example of creating an application for blueprint editor in UE4.
This game is going to be an updated version of Labyrinth, described in the previous section. The game allows us to record movements of all players and consequent visualizations and analysis. As an example of possible outputs can serve Figures 12–16. Figure 12 visualize a 2D trajectory in the Labyrinth (Figure 9), Figure 13 shows all trajectories of all eight simultaneously playing players and Figure 14 shows trajectories of first and sixth players in 2D coordinates. Those trajectories are less more similar and shows that there was a mutual influence of movements between players, as can be better observed from Figure 16, which captures the same moves but only for x coordinate. Figure 15 shows trajectories of all eight players for x coordinate. It is clear that massive statistical analysis is needed to capture relevant information about swarm behavior of the players. This is the open research on which our group is working now. The entire application is currently under development and experimental testing.
The 2D trajectory in the LabyrinTS.
All eight players’ 2D trajectories in the LabyrinTS.
The second and sixth player trajectories in 2D.
All eight players’ x coordinate-based trajectories in the LabyrinTS.
The second and sixth players’ x coordinate-based trajectories in the LabyrinTS.
In this paper, we have demonstrated the use of swarm class algorithm in hybridization with computer games in three applications. The first two demonstrate the use of swarm algorithms as the human player counterpart in the game. The last one is the most important. It shows how can a crowd of human players be used to solve the problem via computer game environment. This is a real application of gamesourcing.
The first application refers to SOMA [11] used on Tic-Tac-Toe [17] game and the second to our previous application on strategic game StarCraft: Brood War [18]. Concerning to SOMA use, comparing to our previous results from [11], where SOMA dynamics have been modifying for game purpose and used to control movement of the combat units in order to win battle, here Tic-Tac-Toe was used and all experiments were done with one human player against four SOMA strategies in 100 experiments in total (i.e., 25 experiments per strategy). Our implementation and obtained results have shown (remember this is not a mathematical proof but a numerical demonstration) that EAs and swarm algorithms (in this case, SOMA) are applicable for such class of games with acceptable success ratio.
The most important experiment, the third one, was focused on real gamesourcing. In this work, a game that allows solving the symmetric variation of the optimization problem of a TSP has been created and tested; i.e., the shortest Hamiltonian circle in an undirected graph in the form of a collective walk through the maze was done. It was necessary to define the game to include barriers and principles that force players to less more indirectly cooperate.
The performance of experiment with different ACO variants on three TSP instances has been evaluated. The use of HAS in Labyrinth has exhibited a much lower number of steps that AM needed to resolve the problem. The reason is certainly the very human component HAS in connection with the structure of the algorithm that the players performed through the game. Also, very important point is that HAS consisted of intelligent agents (players) with free will, intuition, and intelligent thinking, while ACO does not. This is different from standard ACO [9].
When playing the Labyrinth, data about players’ actions were logged. In their correct analysis lies the key to revealing patterns of behavior that would provide understanding crowd behavior when the problem is solved. This can be regarded as the scope extension of this work. To process those data will not be a trivial task. It is clear that also classical disciplines outside of traditional computer science such as psychology or neurology will be needed.
The work [22] contains a complete description of the entire development process of this game-based application, which is called the Labyrinth, including all implementation details. The Labyrinth [21] has been warmly welcomed by the community, and according to the number of players playing, who are still on the same level, it can be concluded that the concept is good and the game is also fun for players.
It is clear that computer games are promising field for unconventional solution of the given problem and its design on this “purpose” [27] becomes to be more important.
The following grants are acknowledged for the financial support provided for this research: SGS SP2017/61 grant agency of the Czech Republic—GACR P103/15/06700S, grant of No. SGS 2017/134, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports from the National Programme of Sustainability (NPU II) project "IT4Innovations excellence in science -- LQ1602"; further by NPU I No. MSMT-7778/2014 by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic and by the European Regional Development Fund under the project CEBIA-Tech no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0089, and COST Action CA15140.
The design of scaffold materials that can guide tissue regeneration is a very challenging goal [1]. In addition, to support and promote the growth and differentiation of specific cells, an ideal scaffold requires careful control of the material’s structure in the range of nanometers to centimeters, and some natural materials with complex structure exist in nature, which provides ideas for the design of ideal scaffolds [2]. These natural materials, such as mammal bones, abalone pearl layers and fish scales, which are composed of multi-layer biominerals and biopolymers, have complex microstructure, which can control the crack growth and fracture in three-dimensional (3D) direction, producing much more strength and toughness than their constituent materials [3, 4, 5]. Jellyfish and sea anemones, with a water content of up to 90%, show that their gelatinous bodies exhibit exciting mechanical properties and are able to respond quickly to various environmental stimuli [6, 7, 8]. There are also some soft support tissues (such as tendons, ligaments, meniscus, and cartilage), showing softness, toughness and impact resistance [9]. Because of the beneficial properties of natural composite materials, the design of bionic materials has attracted significant attention. Bio-inspired material is considered as a kind of material inspired by nature or biology and then developed by simulating some characteristics [10], and usually, the bio-inspired materials provide better functions than synthetic materials [11].
\nHowever, there are still many limitations on the fabrication of bio-inspired materials using traditional material manufacturing technology because they cannot accurately control the distribution and spatial trend of micro-holes inside the materials, and it is challenging to produce the contour matching with natural materials [12, 13]. Recently, 3D bioprinting technology has become a promising tool for manufacturing materials with high-precision, which can overcome the limitations compare with the traditional methods, and finally can eventually produce complex and delicate biomimetic 3D structures. Also, 3D bioprinting technology realizes the automatic biological preparation of cell-laden structure through the layered deposition of bio-inks in vitro and in vivo [14]. In addition, 3D bioprinting technologies are controlled by computers and can be combined with medical imaging systems, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), also combined with computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), to generate personalized structures organized in different length proportions [15, 16]. Compared with the classical tissue engineering methods, 3D bioprinting allows the direct manufacture of complex 3D structures containing spatial variations of biological materials, cells and biochemical substances with the same structure, which significantly improves the biological simulation level of the composition, structure and biochemical characteristics of cell niche in the human body [17]. The complexity of the resulting structure is not only related to the application of tissue regeneration but also to the development of cell biology, drug development, and disease research in vitro models [18].
\nIn recent years, in tissue engineering development, many materials have been developed to meet the needs of 3D bioprinting. The most common 3D bioprinting materials are metals, engineering plastics, photosensitive resins, bioplastics and polymer hydrogels. The bio-inspired hydrogels are very similar to natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and display potential advantages in tissue engineering [19]. Bio-inspired hydrogel provides an adequate and porous microenvironment that allows good nutrition and oxygen to diffuse into the encapsulated cells and can be modified to guide cellular processes with various physical, chemical, and biological cues [20]. Besides, these hydrogels are usually non-toxic or low toxic and have good reproducibility. Next, the 3D bioprinting techniques used for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels were summarized, and the materials used for 3D bioprinting were outlined. This chapter also focuses on the applications of bio-inspired hydrogels.
\nThere are several available 3D bioprinting techniques for fabricating bio-inspired hydrogels, including inkjet bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting, extrusion bioprinting, and stereolithography, as shown in \nFigure 1\n [21].
\nBioprinting techniques mainly include inkjet, laser-assisted, extrusion and stereolithography [21].
During the inkjet bioprinting process, biomaterials are selectively placed on the construction platform layer by layer until the required structure is formed. The first inkjet printers for bioprinting applications were improved versions of commercial two-dimensional ink printers [22]. For the inkjet bioprinting, the ink in the ink cartridge is replaced by biomaterials, and the paper is replaced by an electronically controlled lifting table to provide the control of the third dimension Z-axis in addition to the X-and Y-axes. The bioprinter based on inkjet printing technology is customized to process and print biomaterials with higher resolution, accuracy and speed [16]. Inkjet bioprinters use thermal or acoustic forces to spray droplets onto the substrate, which can support or form part of the final structure [23]. Thermal inkjet uses a heating element to induce the evaporation of a small volume of bioink in a reservoir, thereby forming and ejecting a small droplet. Therefore, in the printing process, this method keeps the cells at high temperature (300°C) for several microseconds (about 2 microseconds), which may lead to the formation of transient pores in the cell membrane [16]. Using the thermal inkjet printer, Solis et al., studied the effect of heat generated by the thermal ink-jet bio printer and found that the survival rate of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was 89% [24]. Such survival rate of cells could be greatly improved by using a piezoelectric inkjet printer, the generation and injection of droplets are realized by applying external voltage to control the mechanical deformation of piezoelectric transducer, which prevents the temperature from rising to the super physiological level [25]. Compaan et al. used alginate as the sacrificial material to prepare cell-supported silk fibroin hydrogels with a clear structure based on the piezoelectric inkjet 3D bioprinting system. The printed tubular structure has a diameter of 5 mm, a height of 2.5 or 5.0 mm and a thickness of about 400 microns. Moreover, the effect of citrate treatment on the printing was compared. The results showed that alginate removal and alginate removal could enable cells to extend and contact each other and form a cell network in the whole hydrogel [26].
\nThe advantages of inkjet bioprinting mainly include: low cost due to its similar structure to commercial printers, high printing speed due to the ability of the print head to support parallel operation mode, and relatively high unit survival rate (usually from 80–90%) determined by many experimental results. However, the risks of cells and materials exposed to thermal and mechanical stresses, low droplet directionality, uneven droplet size, frequent nozzle plugging, and unreliable cell encapsulation have brought considerable limitations to the application in tissue engineering [27].
\nThe typical laser-assisted biological printing device include pulsed laser beams, focusing systems, and donor bands that respond to laser stimuli, consisting of glass covered with laser energy absorbing layers, and biomaterial layers (such as cells/hydrogel composite) prepared in liquid and receiving substrates for ribbons. The principle of laser-assisted bioprinting is to apply high-energy pulse laser (usually near-infrared laser) to the donor color band coated with bioink. This laser pulse evaporates a part of the donor layer, forms a high-pressure bubble on the interface of the bioink layer, and pushes the materials containing cells to the receiving substrate [16, 25, 28]. Compared with inkjet bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting can avoid the problem of jamming cell or material, also can avoid direct contact with the printer and biological ink at the same time. The non-contact biological printing method can choose much more types of ink, resulting in printing materials with wider range of viscosity [28].
\nThe laser pulse energy, ECM thickness, and bioink viscosity can influence cell viability. The higher the laser energy is, the higher the cell death rate is, but the increase of membrane thickness and bioink viscosity will lead to an increase of cell viability. Guillotin et al. studied the effects of bioink viscosity, laser energy and printing speed on printing resolution. The microscale resolution and 5 kHz printing speed could be achieved, and the laser-assisted bioprinting could combine cells with ECM to produce soft tissue with high cell density in vivo [29]. Laser-assisted biological printing is considered as one of the most promising methods to fabricate engineered tissue because of its unique resolution, high throughput, high resolution, and high resolution, as well as the ability to produce heterogeneous tissue structures with high cell density [25]. However, compared with other bioprinting methods, the laser diode with high resolution and high intensity are expensive, and the control of the laser printing system is complex, which limit the application of this technology [28].
\nThe extrusion bioprinting can fabricate 3D cell carriers for tissue regeneration. The prepolymer solutions need to be prepared first, and almost all types of prepolymer solutions with different viscosities and aggregates with high cell density can be printed with extruded bioprinters [28]. Different from printing small droplets onto the platform, the extrusion bioprinting continuously deposit hydrogel filaments within a diameter of 150–300 microns to generate 3D structures. Common extrusion bioprinting method includes pneumatic, piston-driven, and screw-driven dispensing. In pneumatic dispensing, air pressure provides the required driving force, while in piston and screw-driven dispensing, vertical and rotating mechanical forces start printing respectively [30]. There are three main factors that decide the printability of extrusion bioprinting, mainly including the adjustability of viscosity, the bioink phase before extrusion, and the material-specific bio-manufacturing window [31]. Extrusion bioprinters have been used to produce various tissue types, such as aortic valves, branching vascular trees, in vitro drug movement and tumor models [32]. Although the manufacturing time may be prolonged for high-resolution complex structures, the structures have been manufactured from the clinically related tissue size to the microtissue in the microfluidic chamber. Furthermore, it is convenient to combine cells with bioactive agents, because that the heating process is not involved [33]. Compared with inkjet 3D bioprinting, extrusion bioprinters can achieve a continuous flow of biomaterials, thus achieving the simplicity of operation and a broader selection of biomaterials, including polymers, acellular matrices, cellular hydrogels, spheres and aggregates [34].
\nAmong all the bioprinting technologies, stereolithography (SLA) 3D bioprinting display much more advantages over extrusion or ink-jet bioprinting technology [28]. SLA is based on the polymerization of photosensitive polymers, and the digital mirror array controls the light band in the projection field to achieve selective crosslinking of each layer of the hydrogel prepolymer solution [35]. No matter how intricate a layer’s pattern is, the printing time is the same because the whole pattern is projected on the printing plane. Therefore, the printer only needs a movable table in the vertical direction, which significantly simplifies the control of the printer. The cell encapsulated scaffold fabricated by the SLA system can achieve 100 μm resolution with printing time less than 1 hour, also maintain very high cell viability (90%) [36]. The above properties make SLA practical for fabricating delicate construct for tissue engineering. Arcaute et al. used composite lithography technology and two different molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare composite multilayer 3D structure of PEG hydrogel, and the properties of prepared hydrogel were influenced by photo-initiator and photosensitive polymer concentration. Besides, the prepared PEG hydrogel supports attachment, proliferation and differentiation of bovine chondrocytes, providing evidence for the applicability of resins for cartilage tissue engineering [37]. Valentin et al. prepared the sodium alginate precursor solution based on ion crosslinking, and different concentrations of cationic sources, such as barium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate, and photo acid generator (PAG), diphenyliodonium nitrate were used, and the sodium alginate hydrogel was printed by SLA. The printed alginate hydrogel exhibited different mechanical and physical properties when crosslinked with two kinds of cations. The microstructures with variable height could be printed with optimized precursor formulations. Due to the high resolution, the 3D fabrication of natural and synthetic polyelectrolyte hydrogels via SLA enables lab-on-a-chip devices, soft sensors and actuators, and other biologically-inspired devices [38].
\nHydrogels are considered as the gold standard materials for 3D bioprinting because they can provide a flexible and hydrated cross-linked network, similar to the natural extracellular matrix, in which cells can survive [39]. The polymers prepared for hydrogels can be classified into natural and synthetic polymers [40]. The natural polymers include alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, and so on, and the synthetic polymers mainly include polyacrylamide (PAAm), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic acid (PLA), and so on [41, 42].
\nMost hydrogels prepared by natural polymers have the advantages of good hydrophilicity, good biocompatibility, specific enzymatic degradation, and contain various active functional groups and structural domains, and display better interaction with cells to promote cell proliferation and differentiation.
\nAlginate is extracted from alginate plants, is a kind of natural high molecular, composing of β-d-mannuronate (M) and α-l-guluronate (G). Alginate has been widely used in tissue engineering because of its advantages of abundant production, low price, good biocompatibility, and abundant functional groups, which are suitable for the preparation of bioink for 3D bioprinting [43, 44]. Alginate can react with CaCO3 to release bivalent Ca2+ and then form an ionic crosslinking hydrogel bonded with -COO- on G unit of alginate G unit, to achieve the controllability of alginate ion crosslinking. The alginate hydrogel has high toughness and good mechanical properties, but the degradation rate of the alginate hydrogel is not controllable [45].
\nChitosan is the product of deacetylation of chitin, which has a straight-chain structure and positive charge due to the presence of amino groups. Because of the useful biological function and biocompatibility, the degradation by microorganisms, chitosan has been widely concerned and applied in various industries [46]. The chitosan ink can be directly printed in air, and then the chitosan scaffold is refined by physical gelation. A chitosan hydrogel that satisfies both biocompatibility and mechanical properties has been obtained, and it has been confirmed that chitosan hydrogel can guide cell growth [47].
\n(A) Fabrication of rapid gelation and tough GelMA/HA-NB/LAP hydrogel for DLP-based printing. (B) the skin analogous with sophisticated two-layer gel structure was fabricated via 3D bioprinting. (a) the bioink was printed with a layer-by-layer style using a DLP-based 3D printer. (b, c) the structure of native skin was displayed in CAD images. (d) the lower layer view of the scaffold was shown. (e) CAD images of different designed microchannel size and the printed products. (f) the elastic compressibility of products. (g) Compressive Young’s modulus [48].
Gelatin is the hydrolysate of collagen, which contains many arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid (RGD) sequences and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) target sequences, which enhance cell adhesion and cellular microenvironment remodeling respectively [49]. Because of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low antigenicity, gelatin is attractive for bio-inspired hydrogel [50]. Lewis et al. used gelatin as a bioink to print into a specific 3D geometry using 3D bioprinting, which can regulate the biological processes of hepatocytes, enhance protein function, and facilitate cell proliferation and differentiation [51]. Another commonly used gelatin derivative is to acylate gelatin to form gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) [52]. Zhou et al. used GelMA, N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrosophenoxy) butanamide linked hyaluronic acid (HA-NB) and photo-initiator lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as biomimetic bioink to fabricated a bio-inspired 3D tissue construct via the digital light process (DLP)-based 3D bioprinting technology for ski regeneration (\nFigure 2\n) [48]. Bhise et al. used GelMA to carry out Hep G2/C3A cells to prepare biomimetic 3D liver structure hydrogel through bioprinting technology. A bionic human body chip of liver tissue was prepared by bioreactor. The toxicity response test of this chip in the test of acetaminophen is similar to that reported in vivo and other in vitro models, so this provides conceptual proof that the liver biomimetic human chip can be used in vitro drug toxicity screening experiments [53].
\nHyaluronic acid (HA) is a kind of biocompatible non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid repeated disaccharide units [54]. It is abundant in tissues including cartilage, neurons and skin. HA is of intrinsic biological importance because it binds to receptors such as CD44, can be degraded by oxidative species and hyaluronidase, and is related to the function and structure of development, wound healing and adult tissues. Because of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and natural biological function, HA hydrogels are widely used in various application fields [55]. Besides, the HA hydrogel can energize cell viability and promote osteoblasts to differentiate into cartilage. Unlike collagen and other proteins, the sequence of HA is different from species and its antigenicity is low, so it is especially promising as an injectable hydrogel.
\nSeveral other natural polymers, such as collagen, agarose, carrageenan, fibrin, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and so on, could be used for hydrogels using 3D bioprinting [21]. However, natural hydrogels lack adequate mechanical properties, especially when implanted in vivo for a long time. Because of the uncontrollable swelling in physiological water environment, the mechanical stability of scaffolds tends to decrease. Thus, the chemical modification on natural polymers would be necessary to improve their printability as bioink, and the pending chemical groups after medication will improve the mechanical properties of construct after 3D bioprinting.
\nThe hydrogels fabricated using synthetic polymers have the advantages of long service life, strong water absorption, and high gel strength [41]. Polyacrylamide (PA) is a general designation of acrylamide homopolymer and copolymer. PA is a kind of water-soluble polymer, which has many amide groups in its structure and is easy to form hydrogen bond, so it has good stability and flocculation and is easy to be chemically modified. Ahn et al. grafted poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) onto the framework of sodium alginate and synthesized sodium alginate PNIPAAm polymer micelles by self-assembly in aqueous solution, and the micelles could be used for the encapsulation of anticancer drug adriamycin [56]. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is another synthetic polymer, and it has no toxicity and irritation, has good biocompatibility, and can be discharged from the body through the kidney. It has been widely used in the field of biomedicine [57]. Gao et al. constructed the polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel with uniform distribution of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) inside by simultaneous photopolymerization with commercial thermojet printers. hMSCs filled in 3D PEGDA hydrogel showed no deposition during culture and showed a chondrogenic phenotype [58]. Wang et al. prepared an injectable hydrogel through in situ Michael addition reaction between tetraniline-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (TA-PEG) and thiol hyaluronic acid (HA-SH), which was used to carry adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) [59].
\nPolylactic acid (PLA) is a kind of polymer, which is made of lactic acid as the primary raw material, and through polymerization, in which the performance can be adjusted by the structure [60]. Senatov et al. prepared PLA/hyaluronic acid (HA) interconnected porous scaffold via a melt-wire method; the 3D printing technique avoided thermal degradation of PLA, the porosity and pore size of the scaffold could be well controlled. The porous PLA/HA scaffold with 15% HA has a considerable crack resistance and can work for a long time under the stress of 21 MPa, which was potential for bone tissue engineering applications [61].
\nPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic water-soluble polymer, it has good biodegradation, biocompatibility, and no side effects on the human body [62]. PVA has been widely used in ophthalmology, wound dressing, artificial joint, and so on [42, 63]. Shi et al. prepared an injectable dynamic hydrogel using HA grafted with PVA and phenyl boric acid (PBA). The synthesized HA-PBA-PVA dynamic hydrogel has the reactive oxygen species reactivity and the scavenging activity of active oxygen. Furthermore, the hydrogel had good biocompatibility to the encapsulated neural precursor cells (NPC), and its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species could protect the NPC cells from the damage of reactive oxygen species. The HA-PBA-PVA hydrogel could be used as bioink for 3D biological printing to prepare multilayer and cell loaded structures. The NPC cells showed good viability (85 ± 2% of living cells) after extrusion and maintained the excellent viability of 81 ± 2% of living cells after 3 days of culture. The results indicated that multifunctional injectable and ROS responsive self-healing HA-PBA-PVA dynamic hydrogels were expected to be candidates for 3D culture and 3D bioprinting [64].
\nBesides, there are also many other synthetic polymers for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels, such as Pluronic and derivatives, PEG or polyethylene oxide (PEO) based block copolymers, poly(L-glutamic acid), poly(propylene fumarate), methoxy polyethylene glycol, and so on. Though, the synthetic polymers can precisely control their gel structure and properties and have better physical and chemical stability and more raw materials to prepare bio-inspired hydrogels. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the possible biocompatibility of unreacted monomers and residual initiators during the preparation of synthetic polymer materials, and the biocompatibility could be greatly improved via compositing or liking with natural polymers [65, 66, 67].
\nTissue regeneration research is aim to develop substitute for damaged or diseased tissues or organs using principles of life science, engineering and medicine synergistically. It is crucial to fabricate the substitute as scaffolds, which is inspired by the natural 3D structure of tissue. The natural ECM regulates essential cellular functions, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis [68]. It is important of mimicking the ECM with dynamic nature using 3D bioprinting techniques, and the bio-inspired hydrogels via such techniques displayed potential applications in tissue regeneration, such as cartilage tissue, vascularized engineered tissue, bone tissue, skin regeneration, heart tissue, aortic valve conduits, muscle-tendon, and so on [69]. For example, Alexander et al. displayed a chemically and mechanically biomimetic filler-free bioink for 3D bioprinting of soft neural tissues, as shown in \nFigure 3\n. The thiolated Pluronic F-127, dopamine-conjugated (DC) gelatin, and DC hyaluronic acid were used as bioinks via a thiol-catechol reaction and photocuring; the storage modulus of the cured bioinks ranged from 6.7 to 11.7 kPa. The micro-extrusion 3D bioprinting was used to fabricate free-standing cell-laden tissue constructs. The Rodent Schwann cells, rodent neuronal cells, and human glioma cell-laden tissue constructs were printed and cultured over seven days and exhibited excellent viability, which has implications in micro physiological neural systems for neural tissue regenerative medicine [70]. Several works could be found in a recent study that focuses on the specific properties of bio-inspired hydrogels for tissue regeneration, such as high strength structures [30]. Also, the enhancement of printing resolution and versatility is vital for tissue regeneration. For example, the self-healing hydrogels were used to support the direct 3D bioprinting with high resolution by utilizing shear-thinning hydrogels, then the constructs could be printed in any direction [71]. The bio-inspired hydrogels could be accomplished via in vitro and in vivo 3D bioprinting as for tissue constructs, which are potential and convenient for clinic operation.
\n(A) Native ECM components of neural tissue were combined with a synthetic polymer for microextrusion 3D bioprinting of soft, free-standing neural tissues. (B) Two curing pathways, including UV light exposure, and chelation of dopamine groups with iron (III), are shown to the formulation of photocuring containing methacrylated dopamine-conjugated gelatin. With the increase of PF127-SH content, the compressive properties of inks cured through UV exposure or chelation increased. (C) Printed bioinks are shown. (D) Fluorescence micrographs of 3D bioprinted neural and glial tissue bioink containing rodent Schwann cells (a), human glioma cells (b), and rodent model neuronal cells (c) are shown at day 7 [70].
The bio-inspired hydrogels via 3D bioprinting can be applied for wound dressing and wearable devices, which are considered as important applications, especially in recent years. Skin plays an essential role in protecting the body from external damages, such as abrasions, lacerations, and burns, and so on. The full-thickness defects of the dermis layers are the most challenging wounds to heal because of the limitation of self-repairing capability; thus, the skin regeneration of skin with skin appendages still remains a tough challenge [72]. 3D bioprinting is being applied to fabricate skin constructs using biomaterial scaffolds with or without cells, to address the need for skin tissues suitable for transplantation for wound healing therapy. The natural polymers, including cellulose, collagen and chitin, alginate, and hyaluronic acids are employed to synthesis skin constructs due to the favorable biocompatibility, biodegradation, low-toxicity or nontoxicity, high moisture content, high availability and mechanical stability [73]. Feifei et al. fabricated gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) based bioink to print functional living skin using DLP-based 3D printing (\nFigure 2\n), while the printed skin could promote skin regeneration and neovascularization via mimicking the physiological structure of natural skin [48].
\nFurthermore, the bio-inspired hydrogels could not only be functionalized on skin regeneration but also as medical wearable devices. The conductive hydrogels could be designed and fabricated to acquire electronic devices with conductive, capacitive, switching properties, image displaying, and motion sensing [74]. Meihong et al. developed conductive, healable, and self-adhesive hybrid network hydrogels based on conductive functionalized single-wall carbon nanotube (FSWCNT), PVA and polydopamine. The prepared hydrogel exhibits fast self-healing ability around 2 s, high self-healing efficiency of about 99%, and robust adhesiveness, which could be used for healable, adhesive, and soft human-motion sensors [75]. Zijian et al. synthesized a stretchable, self-healing and conductive hydrogel based on gelatin-enhanced hydrophobic association poly(acrylamide-co-dopamine) with lithium chloride via physical crosslinking including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic association, and complexation effect. The hydrogels displayed the stretchability of 1150%, tensile strength of 112 kPa, flexibility and puncture resistance. Also, the hydrogels possess extraordinary conductive property and stable changes in resistance signals [76]. Furthermore, the organogel-hydrogel hybrids have been limelight due to that such kind of hybrids could mimic biological organisms with exceptional freezing tolerance, and thus could provide an advantageous skill to fabricate robust ionic skins [77]. Zhixing developed a series of lauryl acrylate-based polymeric organogels with high transparency, mechanical adaptability, adhesive capability, and self-healing properties; the prepared organogels were expected to provide insights to design the artificial human-like skins with unprecedented functionalities [78]. Due to the delicate structure can be accomplished using 3D bioprinting, bio-inspired hydrogel shows potential applications in medical wearable devices.
\nThe bio-inspired hydrogels could also be used in drug delivery system, such as protein carriers, anti-inflammatory drug carriers, in the pharmaceutical industry [79]. Rana et al. designed a magnetic natural hydrogel based on alginate, gelatin, and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient drug delivery system, the drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was loaded, the anticancer activity against Hela cells could be regulated by the release of DOX from hydrogels [80]. Maling et al. provided a proof-of-concept of detoxification using a 3D-printed biomimetic nanocomposite construct in the hydrogel. A bio-inspired 3D detoxification device by installing polydiacetylene (PDA) nanoparticles in a 3D matrix was fabricated using dynamic optical projection stereolithography (DOPsL) technology; the nanoparticles could attract, capture and sense toxins, while the 3D matrix with a modified liver lobule microstructure allows toxins to be trapped efficiently [36]. The bio-inspired hydrogels via multi-materials 3D bioprinting can easy regulate the loading and release profiles of drugs, which show potentials as biomedicines.
\nThe design paradigms shift from 2D to 3D has revolutionized the way of bio-inspired hydrogels for materials components, engineered constructs, in vitro disease modeling, medical wearable devices, and precision medicine. 3D bioprinting technology realizes to fabricate the delicate bio-inspired hydrogels with excellent properties and necessary signals to promote healing, tissue regeneration, therapeutics delivery, and health monitor in real-time. However, there are still some issues that need to be addressed in the near future (\nFigure 4\n). As the researchers begin to scale-up the production of bio-inspired hydrogels, new parameters during the fabrication need be met, such as the bioprinting speeds and resolutions, such parameters need to be simultaneously be increased to create constructs of clinic size. In the near future, it will be essential to develop microscale organ-on-a-chip, such as liver- and heart-on-a-chip, tumor-on-a-chip, etc., that integrate bio-inspired microenvironments with fluid flow inside hydrogels, also other dynamic physiological processes were well regulated by controlling the 3D bioprinting process. For example, the bio-inspired 3D culture in hydrogels could be employed to produce an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease, providing a useful tool for the development of new therapeutics [81]. Future fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels would be involved with multi-material 3D bioprinting, which provides the ability to deliver growth factors, control cell adhesion, as well as the degradation rate in different regions of the printed constructs. In addition, 3D bioprinting technology needs to overcome vascularization challenge, which is considered a crucial factor in the synthesis of engineered constructs in tissue engineering.
\nThe future outlook of 3D bioprinting for fabrication of bio-inspired tissues for tissue engineering applications [82].
The 3D bioprinting has changed the way bio-inspired hydrogels fabricated, and expanded the applications of bio-inspired hydrogels, including tissue regeneration, wound dressing, wearable devices, and pharmaceutical applications, and so on. In this chapter, the available 3D bioprinting techniques were described, the advantages and disadvantages of each printing technology were outlined. Then, the natural and synthetic polymers used for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels via 3D bioprinting were introduced. The applications of bio-inspired hydrogels were focused. At last, the future outlook of bio-inspired hydrogels for tissue engineering were summarized. The bio-inspired hydrogels produced from 3D bioprinting still lacking sufficient clinical evidence, as more clinical trials evaluating bio-inspired hydrogels are still required.
\nThis research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 31700840.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
ADSCs | adipose derived stem cells |
CAD | \n |
CAM | computer-aided manufacturing |
CHO | Chinese hamster ovary |
DLP | digital light process |
DOPsL | dynamic optical projection stereolithography |
DOX | doxorubicin hydrochloride |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
FSWCNT | functionalized single-wall carbon nanotube |
GelMA | gelatin methacrylamide |
HA | hyaluronic acid |
HA-SH | thiol hyaluronic acid |
hMSCs | human mesenchymal stem cells |
LAP | lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
NB | N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-nitrosophenoxy) butanamide |
NPC | neural precursor cells |
PA | polyacrylamide |
PAAm | polyacrylamide |
PAG | photo acid generator |
PBA | phenyl boric acid |
PDA | polydiacetylene |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PEGDA | polyethylene glycol diacrylate |
PEO | polyethylene oxide |
PLA | polylactic acid |
PNIPAAm | poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) |
PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
RGD | arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid |
SLA | stereolithography |
TA-PEGDA | tetraniline polyethylene glycol diacrylate |
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5699},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10758",title:"Sustainable Development of Lakes and Reservoirs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"478fd03f02a98452a4a56ed2a6c85dbd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10758.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10766",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a0a54a9ab661e4765fee76ce580cd121",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10766.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10760",title:"Steppe Biome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"982f06cee6ee2f27339f3c263b3e6560",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10846",title:"Stormwater",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9bfae8caba192ce3ab6744c9cbefa210",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10844",title:"Protected Areas Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5b85cf581ee89c6c1457aefdb0bc495a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10844.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b369ac809068d2ebf1f8c26418cc6bec",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:8},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5145},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"247",title:"Automation",slug:"automation",parent:{title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:205,numberOfWosCitations:232,numberOfCrossrefCitations:210,numberOfDimensionsCitations:409,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"automation",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9902",title:"Service Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b42f533ea14906bcd1e07df74b33ac2",slug:"service-robotics",bookSignature:"Volkan Sezer, Sinan Öncü and Pınar Boyraz Baykas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9902.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5809",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24727d51a5f26cb52694ad979bbbc1f8",slug:"service-robots",bookSignature:"Antonio J. R. Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5809.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5798",title:"Surgical Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b5965ad361c21e8be05cdd6cce1293a",slug:"surgical-robotics",bookSignature:"Serdar Küçük",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"889",title:"Robotic Systems",subtitle:"Applications, Control and Programming",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e560d53a4116a307638d95c63c1a78a3",slug:"robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming",bookSignature:"Ashish Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80372",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashish",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashish-dutta",fullName:"Ashish Dutta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"152",title:"Robot Arms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad134b214c187871a4740c54c479eccb",slug:"robot-arms",bookSignature:"Satoru Goto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/152.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6232",title:"Prof.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Goto",slug:"satoru-goto",fullName:"Satoru Goto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3593",title:"Remote and Telerobotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06ddc7871a0815453ac7c5a7463c9f87",slug:"remote-and-telerobotics",bookSignature:"Nicolas Mollet",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6147",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Mollet",slug:"nicolas-mollet",fullName:"Nicolas Mollet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3690",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",bookSignature:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81514",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Balaguer",slug:"carlos-balaguer",fullName:"Carlos Balaguer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3694",title:"New Developments in Robotics Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new_developments_in_robotics_automation_and_control",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3692",title:"Frontiers in Robotics, Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"frontiers_in_robotics_automation_and_control",bookSignature:"Alexander Zemliak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3692.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3914",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Zemliak",slug:"alexander-zemliak",fullName:"Alexander Zemliak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3607",title:"Automation and Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"automation_and_robotics",bookSignature:"Juan Manuel Ramos Arreguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6112",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan-Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Arreguin",slug:"juan-manuel-ramos-arreguin",fullName:"Juan-Manuel Ramos-Arreguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"5555",doi:"10.5772/5865",title:"Trends in Robotics and Automation in Construction",slug:"trends_in_robotics_and_automation_in_construction",totalDownloads:17988,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",authors:null},{id:"56199",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69874",title:"Robots in Agriculture: State of Art and Practical Experiences",slug:"robots-in-agriculture-state-of-art-and-practical-experiences",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Juan Jesús Roldán, Jaime del Cerro, David Garzón‐Ramos, Pablo\nGarcia‐Aunon, Mario Garzón, Jorge de León and Antonio Barrientos",authors:[{id:"130776",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Barrientos Cruz",slug:"antonio-barrientos-cruz",fullName:"Antonio Barrientos Cruz"},{id:"162360",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Del Cerro",slug:"jaime-del-cerro",fullName:"Jaime Del Cerro"},{id:"199008",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Roldán",slug:"juan-jesus-roldan",fullName:"Juan Jesús Roldán"},{id:"199515",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"mario-garzon",fullName:"Mario Garzón"},{id:"199517",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"david-garzon",fullName:"David Garzón"},{id:"199518",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"De León",slug:"jorge-de-leon",fullName:"Jorge De León"},{id:"199519",title:"MSc.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Aunon",slug:"pablo-garcia-aunon",fullName:"Pablo Garcia-Aunon"}]},{id:"27402",doi:"10.5772/25756",title:"Novel Assistive Robot for Self-Feeding",slug:"novel-assistive-robot-for-self-feeding",totalDownloads:5774,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming",title:"Robotic Systems",fullTitle:"Robotic Systems - Applications, Control and Programming"},signatures:"Won-Kyung Song and Jongbae Kim",authors:[{id:"64432",title:"Dr.",name:"Won-Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"won-kyung-song",fullName:"Won-Kyung Song"},{id:"72153",title:"Dr.",name:"Jongbae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"jongbae-kim",fullName:"Jongbae Kim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56199",title:"Robots in Agriculture: State of Art and Practical Experiences",slug:"robots-in-agriculture-state-of-art-and-practical-experiences",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Juan Jesús Roldán, Jaime del Cerro, David Garzón‐Ramos, Pablo\nGarcia‐Aunon, Mario Garzón, Jorge de León and Antonio Barrientos",authors:[{id:"130776",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Barrientos Cruz",slug:"antonio-barrientos-cruz",fullName:"Antonio Barrientos Cruz"},{id:"162360",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Del Cerro",slug:"jaime-del-cerro",fullName:"Jaime Del Cerro"},{id:"199008",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Roldán",slug:"juan-jesus-roldan",fullName:"Juan Jesús Roldán"},{id:"199515",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"mario-garzon",fullName:"Mario Garzón"},{id:"199517",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Garzón",slug:"david-garzon",fullName:"David Garzón"},{id:"199518",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"De León",slug:"jorge-de-leon",fullName:"Jorge De León"},{id:"199519",title:"MSc.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Aunon",slug:"pablo-garcia-aunon",fullName:"Pablo Garcia-Aunon"}]},{id:"73486",title:"Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Prosthetic and Orthotic Rehabilitation",slug:"application-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-prosthetic-and-orthotic-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:307,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"service-robotics",title:"Service Robotics",fullTitle:"Service Robotics"},signatures:"Smita Nayak and Rajesh Kumar Das",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"321308",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"rajesh-das",fullName:"Rajesh Das"}]},{id:"55313",title:"The Surgical Robot: Applications and Advantages in General Surgery",slug:"the-surgical-robot-applications-and-advantages-in-general-surgery",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Rodolfo José Oviedo Barrera",authors:[{id:"204248",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:"José",surname:"Oviedo",slug:"rodolfo-oviedo",fullName:"Rodolfo Oviedo"}]},{id:"55664",title:"Bilateral Axillo-Breast Approach Robotic Thyroidectomy: Introduction and Update",slug:"bilateral-axillo-breast-approach-robotic-thyroidectomy-introduction-and-update",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Do Hoon Koo, Dong Sik Bae and June Young Choi",authors:[{id:"198460",title:"Dr.",name:"Do Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Koo",slug:"do-hoon-koo",fullName:"Do Hoon Koo"},{id:"200696",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong Sik",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",slug:"dong-sik-bae",fullName:"Dong Sik Bae"},{id:"200697",title:"Prof.",name:"June Young",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"june-young-choi",fullName:"June Young Choi"}]},{id:"57523",title:"A Personal Robot as an Improvement to the Customers’ In- Store Experience",slug:"a-personal-robot-as-an-improvement-to-the-customers-in-store-experience",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"service-robots",title:"Service Robots",fullTitle:"Service Robots"},signatures:"Joana Santos, Daniel Campos, Fábio Duarte, Filipe Pereira, Inês\nDomingues, Joana Santos, João Leão, José Xavier, Luís de Matos,\nManuel Camarneiro, Marcelo Penas, Maria Miranda, Ricardo\nMorais, Ricardo Silva and Tiago Esteves",authors:[{id:"199794",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Domingues",slug:"ines-domingues",fullName:"Inês Domingues"},{id:"199930",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"ricardo-silva",fullName:"Ricardo Silva"},{id:"199974",title:"MSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"luis-matos",fullName:"Luís Matos"},{id:"205325",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"daniel-campos",fullName:"Daniel Campos"},{id:"205326",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"joana-santos",fullName:"Joana Santos"},{id:"205327",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Leão",slug:"joao-leao",fullName:"João Leão"},{id:"205328",title:"MSc.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",slug:"jose-xavier",fullName:"José Xavier"},{id:"205329",title:"MSc.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Camarneiro",slug:"manuel-camarneiro",fullName:"Manuel Camarneiro"},{id:"205330",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Penas",slug:"marcelo-penas",fullName:"Marcelo Penas"},{id:"205331",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"maria-miranda",fullName:"Maria Miranda"},{id:"205332",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"ricardo-morais",fullName:"Ricardo Morais"},{id:"205333",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Esteves",slug:"tiago-esteves",fullName:"Tiago Esteves"}]},{id:"54250",title:"The Next-Generation Surgical Robots",slug:"the-next-generation-surgical-robots",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Zheng Wang, Sicong Liu, Jing Peng and Michael Zhiqiang Chen",authors:[{id:"197125",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zheng-wang",fullName:"Zheng Wang"},{id:"197412",title:"Dr.",name:"Sicong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"sicong-liu",fullName:"Sicong Liu"},{id:"204520",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",slug:"jing-peng",fullName:"Jing Peng"},{id:"204521",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"michael-chen",fullName:"Michael Chen"}]},{id:"5577",title:"Advanced Control Schemes for Cement Fabrication Processes",slug:"advanced_control_schemes_for_cement_fabrication_processes",totalDownloads:9422,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Susana Arad, Victor Arad and Bogdan Bobora",authors:null},{id:"56421",title:"Robotic Splenic Flexure and Transverse Colon Resections",slug:"robotic-splenic-flexure-and-transverse-colon-resections",totalDownloads:897,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Igor Monsellato, Maria Caterina Canepa, Vittorio d’Adamo,\nGiuseppe Spinoglio, Fabio Priora and Luca Matteo Lenti",authors:[{id:"80720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Monsellato",slug:"igor-monsellato",fullName:"Igor Monsellato"},{id:"211489",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Priora",slug:"fabio-priora",fullName:"Fabio Priora"},{id:"211494",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Caterina",middleName:null,surname:"Canepa",slug:"maria-caterina-canepa",fullName:"Maria Caterina Canepa"},{id:"211495",title:"Dr.",name:"Vittorio",middleName:null,surname:"D'Adamo",slug:"vittorio-d'adamo",fullName:"Vittorio D'Adamo"},{id:"211500",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Spinoglio",slug:"giuseppe-spinoglio",fullName:"Giuseppe Spinoglio"},{id:"212109",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Lenti",slug:"luca-matteo-lenti",fullName:"Luca Matteo Lenti"}]},{id:"5555",title:"Trends in Robotics and Automation in Construction",slug:"trends_in_robotics_and_automation_in_construction",totalDownloads:17988,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction"},signatures:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",authors:null},{id:"55190",title:"Concept of Virtual Incision for Minimally Invasive Surgery",slug:"concept-of-virtual-incision-for-minimally-invasive-surgery",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"surgical-robotics",title:"Surgical Robotics",fullTitle:"Surgical Robotics"},signatures:"Yuki Horise, Atsushi Nishikawa, Toshikazu Kawai, Ken Masamune\nand Yoshihiro Muragaki",authors:[{id:"13925",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishikawa",slug:"atsushi-nishikawa",fullName:"Atsushi Nishikawa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"automation",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/207051/diego-sainz-de-la-maza",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"207051",slug:"diego-sainz-de-la-maza"},fullPath:"/profiles/207051/diego-sainz-de-la-maza",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()