\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5917",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Causes and Coping with Visual Impairment and Blindness",title:"Causes and Coping with Visual Impairment and Blindness",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"About 4% of the world population has visual impairment or blindness. This book is aimed at addressing different causes of visual impairment and blindness, their epidemiology, manifestations, risk factors, prevention of progression, and treatment. It is aimed at encouraging physicians and researchers to increase efforts to prevent irreversible and treat reversible blindness for the betterment of the world. Therefore, it is essential to be fully aware and knowledgeable of the manifestations of the diseases causing blindness, and this book covers some of their different aspects. Each chapter was written by experts from around the globe. Thus, it reflects the importance of the subject.",isbn:"978-1-78923-771-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-770-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-257-7",doi:"10.5772/66009",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"causes-and-coping-with-visual-impairment-and-blindness",numberOfPages:158,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"59fe032e3de5e150eab8bf47bd2d8fdd",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5917.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9128,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 20th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 20th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54335/images/system/54335.jpg",biography:"Prof. Shimon Rumelt received his medical degree and diploma in ophthalmology from Tel Aviv University, Israel. He completed his ophthalmology residency program at Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center in Nahariya, Israel , then an oculoplastics fellowship at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, and vitreoretinal fellowship at Boston University. He earned a master degree in PubIic Administration (Health Systems) from Clark University, Worcester, MA. Prof. Rumelt is a senior ophthalmologist at the Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center and is engaged with various fields in\r\nophthalmology. He is engaged with clinical activities, surgery, research and teaching medical students, residents and fellows. Prof. Rumelt edited four books and is author and co-author of approximately 100 scientific articles and book chapters. He is a member of the editorial board of Evidence-Based Ophthalmology and a reviewer for multiple professional journals. He is an associate clinical professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel.",institutionString:"Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Western Galilee Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"191",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"medicine-ophthalmology"}],chapters:[{id:"56722",title:"Corneal Blindness Caused by Mustard Gas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70469",slug:"corneal-blindness-caused-by-mustard-gas",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mustard gas is a lipophilic, highly cytotoxic agent that rapidly penetrates tissue, and the eye is one of the organs mostly affected. Mustard gas-related ocular injuries can be divided into immediate, chronic, and delayed-onset phases. Late complications, developing after 1–40 years, can cause progressive and permanent reduction in visual acuity and even blindness. A wide range of late ocular involvements have been reported, which include chronic blepharitis, limbal ischemia and stem cell deficiency, and corneal scarring and neovascularization. The majority of corneal involvements are limited to the anterior stroma, leaving the posterior stroma and endothelium relatively intact. Therefore, lamellar keratoplasty is appropriate for the management of corneal involvements in the majority of victims. This procedure can be performed alone or in combination with limbal stem cell transplantation.",signatures:"Sepehr Feizi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56722",authors:[{id:"37619",title:"Dr.",name:"Sepehr",surname:"Feizi",slug:"sepehr-feizi",fullName:"Sepehr Feizi"}],corrections:null},{id:"63311",title:"Why Do Patients with Controlled Glaucoma Continue to Lose Their Vision?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79764",slug:"why-do-patients-with-controlled-glaucoma-continue-to-lose-their-vision-",totalDownloads:1255,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The question why patients with controlled glaucoma continue to lose their vision and may end with blindness was raised at the conference last year, but no answer was provided. This presentation will address some of the possible clinical causes such as supine position during sleep and sleeping on the affected eye(s). Antihypertensive drugs at bedtime increase the risk of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, which is a challenge to diagnose in advanced glaucoma. Basic causes include the continuation of neuronal apoptosis despite controlled intraocular pressure. To prevent further visual loss in these patients, practical steps such as sleeping at 20–30° head-up position, avoiding sleeping on the affected eye(s), avoiding taking antihypertensive drugs at bedtime, and developing antiapoptotic drugs such as antibodies are essential.",signatures:"Shimon Rumelt and Shachar Schreiber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63311",authors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],corrections:null},{id:"63205",title:"Visual Loss in Neuro-Ophthalmology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80682",slug:"visual-loss-in-neuro-ophthalmology",totalDownloads:1072,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells lead to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom is loss of vision (visual acuity and visual field damages), with colors appearing subtly washed out in the affected eye. The diagnosis is made on clinical examination. The history often points to the possible etiology of the optic neuropathy. In most of the cases, one eye is affected but it could be both. A rapid onset is typical of demyelinating, inflammatory, ischemic, and traumatic causes. A gradual course points to compressive, toxic/nutritional, and hereditary causes. The classic clinical signs of optic neuropathy are visual acuity and field defects, dyschromatopsia, and abnormal pupillary response. There are ancillary investigations that can support the diagnosis of optic neuropathy. Visual field testing, neuroimaging of the brain and orbit are essential in many optic neuropathies including demyelinating and compressive. In the last decade, increase of use new technology for optic neuropathies evaluation including multifocal visual evoked potentials and optic coherence tomography. Long standing of optic neuropathy is described by pale optic disk or optic atrophy, which means damage and death of these nerve cells or neurons.",signatures:"Eitan Z. Rath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63205",authors:[{id:"59158",title:"Dr.",name:"Eitan Z.",surname:"Rath",slug:"eitan-z.-rath",fullName:"Eitan Z. Rath"}],corrections:null},{id:"59748",title:"Glare and Ocular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74687",slug:"glare-and-ocular-diseases",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glare is the result of veiling luminance from the different light sources we are exposed to in our everyday lives. The luminance from glare can cause problems ranging from the discomfort of our eyes to vision loss. All individuals are affected by glare issues but those problems are intensified in patients living with ocular diseases. Therefore, understanding the effects of glare is applicable to elucidating visual function and pathology. This makes glare testing highly necessary in both clinic and research. However, there are many components involved in glare testing that makes attaining valid results difficult. This is evident in the flaws of current glare devices and the lack of a standardization of measuring glare. Despite the insufficiency of most glare devices, evaluating those weaknesses can potentially lead to a better understanding of glare and glare testing.",signatures:"My Diep and Pinakin Gunvant Davey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59748",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59748",authors:[{id:"217546",title:"M.Sc.",name:"My",surname:"Diep",slug:"my-diep",fullName:"My Diep"},{id:"220127",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinakin",surname:"Davey",slug:"pinakin-davey",fullName:"Pinakin Davey"}],corrections:null},{id:"61917",title:"Coping with Visual Impairment: Helping our Patients Face the Truth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78675",slug:"coping-with-visual-impairment-helping-our-patients-face-the-truth",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores the factors influencing patients’ ability to cope with imminent visual impairment (blindness) as well as methods that can be used to aid patients to rid stereotypes associated with their visual impairment. The factors that influence a patient’s ability to cope with blindness can stem from both biological and social backgrounds; biological as it relates to age and social, meaning individuals that are in contact with the patient on a daily basis. Older patients tend to have more difficulty coping with blindness because they have established norms while children tend to feed of their parents’ view of their visual impairment. Some patients practice a more spiritual approach to coping with their visual impairment. Although studies have been inconclusive; patients who pray and practice faith tend to have a more positive attitude towards their situation. Participating in sports can also help the visually impaired to have a more positive attitude towards themselves.",signatures:"Maynard McIntosh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61917",authors:[{id:"167123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maynard",surname:"Mc Intosh",slug:"maynard-mc-intosh",fullName:"Maynard Mc Intosh"}],corrections:null},{id:"56525",title:"Psychosocial Adaptation to Visual Impairment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70269",slug:"psychosocial-adaptation-to-visual-impairment",totalDownloads:1348,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acquired visual impairment evoked several psychological reactions. A person’s adaptation to these reactions and their associated characteristics such as degree of vision loss, membership of a specific demographic, and impact on personality had been investigated. Socio-environmental variables also had an impact on psychological adjustment, and adaptation to vision loss had been explained using psychoanalytic models and stage models. Previous research had thus developed adjustment models incorporating the variables of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, self-efficacy, locus of control, acceptance of disability, attitudes toward blindness, and attributional style, among other influences. However, effective types of treatment based on these variables had not been empirically demonstrated. While grief work had been commonly used in intervention strategies, and there was now more information available about group counseling in this field, their evaluation had been insufficient. As an alternative, we implemented a structured group counseling program to decrease psychological distress in adults with visual impairment. The results indicated that participants who engaged in individual therapy in addition to group counseling showed decreased depression, fatigue, and confusion, and a significantly improved acceptance of their disability. The group counseling combined with individual cognitive therapy could be the effective tool to improve social influences and internal self of the person with visual impairment.",signatures:"Yukihiko Ueda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56525",authors:[{id:"200515",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiko",surname:"Ueda",slug:"yukihiko-ueda",fullName:"Yukihiko Ueda"}],corrections:null},{id:"56916",title:"Assistive Systems for the Visually Impaired Based on Image Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70679",slug:"assistive-systems-for-the-visually-impaired-based-on-image-processing",totalDownloads:1057,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we proposed three assistive systems for visually impaired individuals based on image processing: Kinect cane system, Kinect goggle system, and light checking system. The Kinect cane system can detect obstacles of various sizes and also recognize objects such as seats. A visually impaired user is notified of the results of detection and recognition by means of vibration feedback. The Kinect goggle system is another type of wearable system, and can make user’s hands free. The light checking system is implemented as an application for a smartphone, and can tell a visually impaired user the ON/OFF states of room lights and elevator button lights. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed systems are effective in helping visually impaired individuals in everyday environments.",signatures:"Hotaka Takizawa and Mayumi Aoyagi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56916",authors:[{id:"200999",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hotaka",surname:"Takizawa",slug:"hotaka-takizawa",fullName:"Hotaka Takizawa"},{id:"201016",title:"MSc.",name:"Mayumi",surname:"Aoyagi",slug:"mayumi-aoyagi",fullName:"Mayumi Aoyagi"}],corrections:null},{id:"58834",title:"Designing Hands-On Robotics Courses for Students with Visual Impairment or Blindness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73285",slug:"designing-hands-on-robotics-courses-for-students-with-visual-impairment-or-blindness",totalDownloads:1207,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"School laboratories let students playfully experience the fundamentals of, for example, robotics, computer science, and technology-related topics. By working with LEGO Mindstorms, secondary school students get a chance to learn on a cognitive, emotional, and haptic level and gain experiences with the aid of even more advanced robotics. However, due to an impairment or lack of sight, it is hardly possible for some students to fully participate in a programming process or in building a robot. To overcome this unintentional discrimination, the interdisciplinary student laboratory “RoboScope” at RWTH Aachen University has teamed up with a group of experts to develop a barrier-free robotic course. Since then, the course has been tested and implemented based on concurrent evaluations and frequently held at RWTH and several other German schools. The presented work covers an overview of different kinds of visual impairment and lab settings and the development cycle of the courses at RWTH from design to testing, implementation, and further development regarding the evaluations. Evaluations show that students who are visually impaired or blind appreciate the opportunity to participate in the field of robotics. An insight into the evaluation concept that differs from “regular” courses in the “Roboscope,” as well as the results are used for further development.",signatures:"Valerie Stehling, Lana Plumanns, Anja Richert, Frank Hees and\nSabina Jeschke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58834",authors:[{id:"109340",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",surname:"Jeschke",slug:"sabina-jeschke",fullName:"Sabina Jeschke"},{id:"200373",title:"M.A.",name:"Valerie",surname:"Stehling",slug:"valerie-stehling",fullName:"Valerie Stehling"},{id:"201709",title:"Ms.",name:"Lana",surname:"Plumanns",slug:"lana-plumanns",fullName:"Lana Plumanns"},{id:"201710",title:"Prof.",name:"Anja",surname:"Richert",slug:"anja-richert",fullName:"Anja Richert"},{id:"208024",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Hees",slug:"frank-hees",fullName:"Frank Hees"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"268",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Concepts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a66374f7429cc798c56e9e8149a1aa",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/268.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"751",title:"Advances in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63feda93d7fee6fb1f164a52e9f6427c",slug:"advances-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3261",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75a36fb78ed74e1a5de53d6d5371a9db",slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-aspects",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3261.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5080",title:"Advances in Common Eye Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc3303f733828c79b3ac3faa60f97f04",slug:"advances-in-common-eye-infections",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8855",title:"Retinoblastoma",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1686b2f1d697de9d4bc2005a5fa9b998",slug:"retinoblastoma-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hind Manaa Alkatan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hind",surname:"Alkatan",slug:"hind-alkatan",fullName:"Hind Alkatan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6372",title:"Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy and Intervention Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46ff48bdb1bac8a69372566fff0e2f6d",slug:"early-events-in-diabetic-retinopathy-and-intervention-strategies",bookSignature:"Andrew T.C. 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Orthotics are devices, which provide support or stabilize an affected part of the body. They are used in cases of reduced musculoskeletal functionality. In most of these cases, the orthotics are used as the external aid or body support [1]. However, these supports can be used internally in the form of rods and braces. The most widely used orthotics includes splints, braces, slings, compression sleeves, and insoles. There are some simple orthotic products that we use in daily life such as glasses or spectacles, but these have been transformed from simple disability products to a fashion icon [2]. The timeline of Additive Manufacturing process is shown in Figure 1.
Additive manufacturing process timeline.
Prosthetic devices replace or enhance the functionality of a body part [3]. They are used in cases of severe medical deformities or amputations. Other examples of prosthetic use include implants, artificial hearts and limbs. In previous studies, it is quite evident that the use of prosthetics not only aid the user by increasing mobility, but also helps in performing daily activities, thereby enhancing physical, social and emotional well-being [4]. The new science of “Prosthology” [5] deals with concept of the prosthetic part of the body being fully integrated as a new part of the body, as described by Gestalt’s concept of totality [6].
Limb amputation has many disturbing and irritating impacts on patient psychology [7] often leading to stress and despair [8] Product design studies have suggested that the visual appearance of a product is one of the key elements affecting user choice and the product-user relationship. Visual esthetics also has the tendency to make products more acceptable and effectively usable in many cases [9]. However, this may differ across products and contexts. The overall appearance of a prosthetic limb is very important and may alter the level of the patient acceptance for the prosthesis [10]. However, in designing medical products, functionality is the designer’s primary concern; with minimal attention given to product esthetics. This can affect user experience and satisfaction. Most of the available literature is focused on the technical and functional aspects of prosthetics, with only a few studies dedicated on esthetics, showing a lack of interest of designers and researchers in this area [11]. In the case of hand prosthesis, a previous study [12] also describes a prioritization of functional usage over esthetics. General steps of the 3D printing process as shown in Figure 2. While, another study by [13] suggests prosthetic appearance to be a factor that significantly influences the decision to wear or use a wearable prosthetics. The decision of whether or not to wear a prosthetic may be based on the user’s life style and personal needs [14]. However, esthetics plays an important role in altering device adaptability. Additionally, if the prosthesis is purely functional but overly bulky, it can affect user acceptability and satisfaction. This can also have consequences which may affect the user’s psychology state and social interactions skills [15]. In order to avoid such situations, it is important to focus on the esthetics of prosthetics.
General steps of the 3D printing/additive manufacturing process.
Several studies have shown that the acceptability of medical products can be improved significantly by addressing their esthetics [16]. However, a very limited number of studies have been conducted in the area of medical product design esthetics. The majority of these studies have mainly focused on improving the esthetics of upper and lower limb prosthetics [17]. There is still a wide range of possible medical products, whose designs can be optimized by improving their visual appearance and esthetic properties. In this paper, the authors explore the field of medical product esthetics. Some valuable suggestions and recommendations for medical product designers with the aim of improving user experience and satisfaction have also been discussed.
The joining of PC helped plan and assembling (CAD/CAM) has been around for fifty years. The innovation, which was initially evolved during the 1950s for use in the U.S. military, immediately spread to use by the car business. As the innovation filled in modernity, so did its applications. Today, CAD/CAM innovation is being utilized to produce everything from fine china and fly drive frameworks to-you got it-orthotic and prosthetic gadgets. Patients are as of now profiting by carefully planned and made cranial protective caps, AFOs, and numerous other orthotic applications, all or the majority of which have been made conceivable by the laser scanner, which has changed the manner in which shapes are caught and empowered massive advancement in the manners O&P professionals can think about their patients.
The prosthetic and orthotic field has gone through huge changes with respect to innovative advances. PC supported plan (CAD) and PC helped fabricating (CAM), be that as it may, has increased just a moderate degree of acknowledgment in this field. Early programming programs were restricted in their capacity to exhibit to prosthetists that CAD-CAM was a successful device. As programming, equipment, and PC education increment, more specialists look to CAD-CAM to improve the effectiveness of their practices. New programming and equipment improvement ought to be embraced to advance acknowledgment of this innovation.
Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing is generally known as CAD/CAM, what’s more, is an innovation that is used in prosthetics and orthotics. Foundation utilizes two strategies for CAD/CAM: one includes a fiberglass form which is then digitized into a PC for additional plan and assembling, while another strategy includes laser examining. The picture made is advanced and is three-dimensional. Foundation basically utilizes Biosculptor programming. Foundation utilizes CAD/CAM in prosthetics to catch the state of the leftover appendage, and in orthotics to catch the state of a patient’s spine. With this exact picture, the specialist can change and address the shape electronically, and send the picture to our own profoundly qualified specialized staff for manufacture. The picture is then put away for future access.
For quite a long time, the manufacture of the prosthetic attachment has been a cautious and high quality workmanship endeavoring to make an agreeable, strong, and practical attachment for the remaining appendage. Through this attachment, the body’s weight is moved to the rest of the prosthetic gadget and to the ground. It is the absolute most significant aspect of a prosthetic gadget, and the most individual and uniquely designed aspect of the prosthesis. As one would expect, there presently exists a huge scope of methods, styles, and ways of thinking on the best way to best make the attachment.
A careful form of the leftover appendage is certifiably not a decent attachment. The attachment must be precisely indented in territories that can all the more likely endure the exchange of powers, and the attachment must be soothed out away from the remaining appendage in zones that are less lenient towards power and weight. These uncommon regions of the attachment that require change are called locales.
Robotized innovation starts with getting an exact and reproducible advanced portrayal of the cut away appendage, and moving this computerized picture into a PC [11, 12]. Analysts actually banter the ideal method to “digitize” the remaining appendage, regardless of whether the appendage ought to be shaped with a cast or not, and whether the anatomic information ought to be acquired while weight bearing or not. Additionally, the level of exactness of the information keeps on being discussed. The primary effective frameworks utilized a hand-wrapped cast, which incorporated some conventional embellishment and alteration during the projecting cycle by the prosthetist. This prompts some variety in the beginning “computerized” map. In the event that a patient is casted multiple times, each cast and, in this way, each computerized guide will be marginally unique.
When the computerized portrayal of the remaining appendage is acquired, programming is utilized to include the alterations that change the advanced shape from a definite form of the cut off appendage, to the state of a working prosthetic attachment. This cycle is called amendment, and presents spaces on areas that can endure more weight, and help in districts that cannot endure weight also. Most programming bundles have layouts that will distinguish these locales and include these alterations likewise in any event, for various measured and formed appendages. There are in a real sense a great many varieties and speculations about the specific area and state of these areas, and on the best way to depict the inconspicuous subtleties of steady versus more sudden adjustment, and the area of the summit and the size of the change [13, 14]. Most programming bundles will permit an individual prosthetist to by and by refine the amendment cycle. Prosthetists can make their own layouts, so their top choice or best “corrections” can be imitated for different patients [15].
When the amendment cycle is finished, an altered model is cut, and an attachment manufactured over this model [14, 15, 16]. Once more, there exist an assortment of instruments for the manufacture of the attachment, and materials from which to create the attachment. While numerous prosthetists actually demand manufacturing every attachment inside their own office, the creation at this point do not should be done at the prosthetics office, and Central Fabrication locales exist to aid the various phases of the amendment and creation measure. When the attachment is conveyed, minor changes are frequently required, with the pounding or cushioning of little regions. The attachment then should be adjusted to ideally situate the leftover appendage according to the remainder of the prosthetic gadget, the weight bearing lines of power, and the ground.
The 1985 Special Issue of Prosthetics and Orthotics International- - CAD/CAM- - Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing catches and features huge numbers of the first ideas and thoughts from this time [11]. George Murdoch delineated the potential outcomes of making and fitting a few attachments surprisingly fast, and how this innovation will permit a professional and patient to investigate various ways of thinking of attachment plan or groundbreaking thoughts. He remarked on how this will build profitability of a prosthetist, and permit him to fit more patients in a given time. He additionally remarked on how this innovation will bring about improving the part of the handicapped in the creating scene: “there must be some reality in the fantasy that one prosthetist could quantify, manufacture, and fit many, numerous patients in about a solitary day.”
Bo Klasson, likewise writing in 1985, gave a fantastic early on audit of CAD/CAM, and featured a significant number of the applications and points of interest of mechanized frameworks. Computerized frameworks can dodge duplication of work, improve considering three-dimensional math evading physical models, disentangle contribution of information for investigations and show of results, streamline documentation of the item, and store insight and data from past plans. He brought up that reproducibility will be a significant angle later on, and that the handcrafting fitting cycle is not reproducible. He likewise brought up the expected effect on instruction by changing over quiet information, which is picked up by training and experience yet is difficult to report, into verbalized information, which is clarified and dissected.
Klasson additionally talked about Gunnar Holmgren’s high quality methodology and reasoning: that adjusting an attachment does not involve including or shaving endlessly a couple of millimeters anywhere, it is fairly a matter of changing the weight conveyances when making the cast. This discussion on projecting has proceeded. Klasson anticipated a Computer Aided Stump Measurement Technique, where the estimation procedure copies the embellishment cycle, effectively alters the shape, and reenacts the attachment before the estimation happens. This forecast has not yet become reality.
So as to feature the wide scope of clinical employments of CAD/CAM in prosthetic practice, two offices were picked for in-house interviews. These two practices were picked in light of the fact that they speak to the closures of the range of CAD/CAM use. One is an enormous gathering practice that uses a full set-up of CAD/CAM gear to enhance in-house creation; the subsequent office is of an independent expert who limits overhead with an incredibly high utilization of focal manufacture.
The enormous private practice bunch has two workplaces, six suppliers, and two occupants. They possess and work a full in-house set-up of CAD/CAM gear, and accept the utilization of CAD to be their most effective model. The rule supplier initially bought a full in-house CAD framework in 1991. The next year, the gathering joined the utilization of another digitizer, beta test rendition of new programming, and another carver. This framework worked well until the finish of 1997, when the need to create spinal orthoses prompted the acquisition of an all-encompassing carver, digitizer, and redesign in programming. This update included changing over from a Macintosh framework to a PC framework. Tragically, the new overhauled framework was not completely utilitarian until mid 1999 when this gathering exchanged to an even fresher four-hub carver and a more current variant of programming. During this time of somewhat more than one year, the gathering returned exclusively to conventional manufacture strategies.
The current framework has been completely utilitarian for more than two years, and is utilized for creation of 95 percent of the TLSOs, 70% of the transtibial prostheses, and 40% of the transfemoral prostheses. Halfway foot, Syme, knee disarticulation, hip disarticulation, and all furthest point prostheses are finished by customary hand strategies. Transtibial prostheses start with a digitized hand cast, and every specialist has his/her own arrangement of layouts that function admirably for him/her. While the various experts all cast with marginally extraordinary method, their own inward consistency makes every specialist effective with his/her own arrangement of formats. For transfemoral prostheses, the ischial control attachments and elastomeric suspension attachments are made off CAD, while quadrilateral attachments and genuine attractions suspension attachments are made by hand.
This gathering creates around 30 TLSOs every month, and practically all are made utilizing the CAD framework. Strangely, essentially all TLSOs start with basic estimations, by-the-numbers method. Seven average/sidelong caliper estimations, seven circumferential estimations, and six length estimations are taken. The tourist spots are the navel (midsection), xyphoid, areola line, sternal score, ASIS line, pubis, and trochanteric line. This by-the-numbers approach has brought about a 95-to 98-percent effective first fitting, which is equivalent to the rate accomplished with the additional tedious inclined and recumbent projecting, and digitizing strategies. The specific, anatomic digitized detail is essentially not required for effective fitting of TLSOs in this predominately grown-up and injury populace. This gathering is as of now increasing some involvement in the new scoliosis conventions that depend on straightforward estimations, yet as of now digitize a hand cast for all scoliosis TLSOs.
Conventionally, medical personnel such as doctors, physiotherapists and prosthetists are typically involved in the ortho-prosthetics’ design process in order to ensure functionality. In the case of prosthetics and orthotics, functionality is important for enhancing mobility and fundamental in performing activities of daily living. However, the esthetic value of the product is generally neglected or only considered after the users functional requirements have been met [18]. Functionality is often considered as the cutoff requirement in process of designing medical products unless the product have some clear marketing value based on fashion and styling only. As the industry shifts towards user-centered designs, user experience has gained considerable importance and mainstream designers are increasingly aware of the impact. Hence, medical product designers now need to focus on product esthetics as well as functionality.
Today, we live in a world where bodily perfection and beauty are given a high priority. People who use medical products such as prosthetics encounter challenges related to esthetics such as social validation and acceptance [19]. Often unacceptance based on image and esthetics can cause feelings of social exclusion. Limb amputees face extreme difficulty in accepting new prosthetic modifications to their body [20], which can often lead to depression. Prosthetic users tend to avoid public exposure and are more prone to social isolation due to feelings of awkwardness and being self-conscious. These behaviors can affect psychological wellbeing, self-esteem and the ability to interact in social situations [21].
Design esthetics play a significant role in changing user behavior and product preference. A designer from Reebok theorized the value of good design by stating that “good design can make you fall in love with the product” [22]. Manufacturing process including Conventional and Additive processes as shown in Figure 3. By improvising upon esthetic features, users can have an opportunity to actively or to passively express themselves in their own unique way. Styling can enhance the acceptability of prosthetic usage among amputees by having positive psychological impacts. This can have positive effects on self-esteem and confidence. Hence, it is tremendously important to consider esthetics when designing medical products.
Manufacturing process including conventional and additive processes.
Incorporating natural elements in esthetic improves the user experience and acceptance. Many designers have used natural and organic elements in the product design process such as those found previously in Art Nouveau [23]. Organic elements not only mimic abstract human forms but can also be used as a stylistic element when designing prosthetics. Due to the level of craftsmanship and material handling involved, natural forms were considered to be difficult to manufacture. However, with emerging technology and ease of use of techniques like 3D scanning, modeling and printing, it has become possible to design and customize esthetically pleasing medical orthotic and prosthetic devices based on personal preference. In the following sections, the authors attempt to explore the current esthetics issues of existing medical products and provide some possible suggestions and recommendations for improving these esthetic elements.
The shape and form of a medical device primarily defines its visual appearance. A study [22] attempted to investigate the factors affecting user satisfaction. They found that the most important factor suggested by the users was the shape of the device and how it matched the corresponding part of the body. For prosthetics, shape is an important element related to both functionality and esthetics. Another study [24] had similar findings. By exploring the relationship of Uncanny Valley and prosthetic devices. Uncanny valley is a hypothesized relationship between a prosthetic’s human-likeliness and individual’s emotional response to them. In the study, they selected 30 different designs with three different types of forms – artificial looking devices, devices with moderate human-likeness and devices with high human-likeness. Based on their results, the level of user attractiveness increased in proportion to the human-likeness of the device’s form. This demonstrates the importance of designing devices with shapes that resemble or mimic real body parts. Conversely, other studies also suggest that this can generate negative moods instead of feelings of attraction [24]. Therefore, the impact of shape and form in the design process of ortho-prosthetics should be kept in considerate balance in order to promote user acceptability.
One of the key challenges in achieving an ideal product shape is the packaging and placement of functional elements (i.e., electro-mechanical components). For instance, some battery-powered medical devices, battery placement can be problematic if it is not considered during the design process. These elements can affect product esthetics and lead to user discomfort.
The workmanship and the development process also play a major roles in the form of the final product. With 3D scanning technology, it has now become possible to acquire accurate anthropometric data, which can be used to develop accurate digital human models [25]. It can also be used to develop highly customized medical products. With the continued improvement of 3D printing facilities, it becomes possible to produce such forms with a high level of precision and superior finishing.
Wearable art is one of the potential future trends in medical product manufacturing Wearables can be customized to fit a particular set of functional requirements and customary esthetic elements for every user. Existing orthotics and prosthetic devices could then be made to look like wearable art forms that blend with the users clothing. Esthetics and functions can fused together in this way to give psychological pleasure as well as the feeling of fashion and peculiar style sense. The esthetics of shape and form may differ based on gender. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in the choice of prosthetics that were based on gender perceptions.
In designing prosthetics for children, designers should make an attempt to stretch the boundaries of their imagination in order to make products interactive or in the form of wearable toys. Some research groups have also tried to develop Do It Yourself (DIY) types of prosthetics where the user is given the liberty to design their own device. A South African carpenter who lost his hand due to occupational hazards, sought a customized DIY prosthetic hand. He developed it using online resources and the help of a special effects artist. In addition to individual and laboratory-based applications, DIY prosthetics have also been developed as a manufacturing solution for amputees with the ubiquity and greater availability of more economical 3D printing facilities. The process of DIY ortho-prosthetic design and manufacturing can create new opportunities and facilitate in the design process of medical products.
The size of the product has a substantial impact on visual appearance. Size and material affect the weight of the device. If it is too large, it may cause discomfort and may be inconvenient for daily usage. Minimizing the size and visual prominence of prosthetics is important. Although reducing the size of a device may be more costly and technically challenging, it has a positive impact on patient’s psychological well-being. Current braces have metallic parts, which are difficult to conceal under regular clothing. Smart textile materials can be used in place of metallic components to maintain product esthetics. However, if it is not possible to reduce size or to make a device more compact, then efforts should be allocated to make it unnoticeable and discrete in nature.
The size of a prosthetic should also conform to individual differences in body type to ensure that it maintains perfect symmetry with the contralateral part, side or limb. In order to develop products, which are generalizable and can be scaled according to a broader user base, it is important to understand individual variance in shape among the target audience. This can be accomplished by developing a database containing large anthropometric data samples based on country, location, ethnicity, age and gender of end users. Customization techniques like casting; last formation, which have been traditionally used, can be replaced by 3D scanning and modeling to achieve better results. In addition, modularity in ortho-prosthesis can be introduced at a grass root level to optimize device size and fitting. The concept of modular design can be implemented to achieve a “one size fits all” design methodology for mass production and may help to stabilize the user market.
A lot of research has already been conducted on the relation between color, user perceptions and product selection. Although the range of color options for medical products is limited, still the color of the product contributes heavily in the product appearance.
In the case of orthotics, there is more flexibility to experiment with different colors compared to prosthetics. Depending on the application and user demands, products can be made transparent or incorporate color to stimulate concealing. The product design value for users changes when the product style or design parameters also change. For instance, traditional dental braces use metallic wiring to correct alignment issues. However, they are not esthetically pleasing and often make eating difficult for the user. Recently, several dental product manufacturers have started producing transparent dental braces without the slightest compromise on functionality. This example illustrates the influence of color preference in producing a positive user experience without sacrificing functionality.
With prosthetics, many users prefer the product to be similar to the tone of human skin. Due to the limited amount of color options for prosthetic devices, matching a user’s skin color is challenging and may influence product acceptance. This could lead to a psychological unacceptance of the product as a part of their own body. Some users prefer their prosthetic devices to be more vibrant and colorful. Several new prosthetic limbs with printed artwork have been made available, which have been well received and successful among young users. Similarly researchers have tried introducing printed cartoon characters on orthotics designed for children which have been very effective. Body art’s fashion trends such as tattooing are additional design possibilities whereby prosthetics can be perceived as more of a fashion statement rather than a reflection of personal limitation or disability. An intensive care must be taken to make the color of the device/product as natural and as iconic to meet the user’s acceptability and psychological treat. The user should take certain cultural considerations into account when incorporating this type of device customization as it may not be appropriate for mass production. Interchangeable design skins may be a viable option in such circumstances. It is important to understand user needs and preferences when choosing the color of ortho-prosthetic devices.
Material selection is a key step in orthotic/prosthetic design. From the perspective of product design, material characteristics have a strong impact on the physical product. It is important to ensure the material selected has the necessary mechanical and physical properties required for the functional needs of the user. Concomitantly, careful consideration must be given when addressing more intangible characteristics like perceived values, personal associations and emotions. A study by, provides a detailed summary of key parameters to be considered by designers when selecting materials with a greater emphasis placed on the intangible characteristics of materials for improving the product design process. With advancements in material research and technology, it is possible, with new material options, to satisfy these intangible needs. Most medical prosthetic devices use metallic components to provide the necessary mechanical strength and polymers or plastics for the external encasing. Newly developed inert materials such as fiberglass, biopolymers and various metal alloys have been used to improve mechanical strength. The synchronization between user perception and product material should also be considered. Material texture preferences may be influenced by gender and various socio-cultural factors. Material, which mimics skin, may or may not be desirable depending upon the circumstances.
Just like physically fit human beings, people with special needs also have the desire to be perceived as attractive. An individual’s appearance is highly affected by the style of clothing and fashion accessories being worn. However, the ability to use the prosthetic under fashionable clothing is an aspect often overlooked by medical practitioners when designing the device. Velcro straps can be used to affix bulky orthotic splints and braces which are often prominent, detract from personal esthetics and make it difficult to wear clothing over top. Due to bulkiness and prominent visibility of prosthetic devices, the range of clothing is limited Current design technologies have the ability to produce customized and sleek products which can be either hidden under clothes or can blend with an ensemble by matching the contour of an individual physique.
The majority of lower limb prosthetics are designed for wearing normal flat-soled footwear. This reduces the number of footwear options and may negatively alter the biomechanics of the prosthetics predisposing the user to postural imbalance and injury. Hence, there is a need for designing adjustable ankle prosthetics, which not only support body weight but can also adapt to different types of footwear. Following fashion and style trends are often important for the reasons of personal esthetic preferences. The aforementioned design considerations would help ortho-prosthetic users have greater autonomy and fewer limitations when it comes to choice of clothing. This could have positive effects on social interactions psychological well-being and self-confidence.
Factors like age, gender, cultural affiliations and personal attitude affect consumer esthetic tastes.Previous studies have shown that males prefer more masculine product patterns whereas females are more inclined towards products of beautiful and elegance. Regulatory and legal factors also affect material selection as products often needs to comply with standards approved by the Food and Drug Association (FDA). Industrial Growth in worldwide by 3D printing process as shown in Figure 4. Other factors, which also affect the design process, include the cost of manufacturing and affordability of the target users. However, esthetics should not be compromised based on manufacturing costs or material selection. Although traditional manufacturing processes help in producing more economical medical prosthetics in mass scale, 3D printing has proven to be highly cost effective concerning the customization of products. 3D printing can also avoid f material waste incurred during the casting and manufacturing process. In 100 addition, 3D printing techniques can be used to facilitate a modular development of ortho-prosthetic devices for individual customization.
Industrial growth in worldwide by 3D printing process.
Modular designs are based on the concept of separating products into multiple parts, segments or modules that can be individually modified and customized. Recently, a large number of research contributions have been made in this particular area. A study done in 2014 proposed a similar approach, which they termed “Non-finito” product design. The products are intentionally unfinished giving users the option to customize and complete them based on their own personal choices and creativity. This kind of approach can help in achieving mass customization and facilitate product design flexibility based on individual preferences. Allowing users to be actively involved during the design process can help to initiate a better product-user relationship, which would better address the user’s needs. This can also make the potential problems encountered in the design phase more visible to the designers. However, this type of design approach is seldom adopted in the field of medical product design. Therefore, the team attempted to incorporate the concept of a modular design approach without compromising the primary function (i.e., locomotion and movement) of the prosthetic limb. As previously discussed in the introduction, for the construction of the orthosis two important points are necessary, firstly, the scanned arm, and secondly, the anthropometric measurements. The first step to make the model in 3D, is to open the file in which the image of the scanned arm is located as shown in Figure 5.
3D scanning of human hand.
Once the file is opened, the sketch of the measurements is drawn. For the sketch, three drawings are drawn, corresponding to each small size (S) measurement, which are, the perimeter of the forearm (plane 1), the perimeter of the wrist (plane 2) and the hand’s breadth (plane 3)as shown in Figure 6. This way, the orthosis construction will be easier, since, to start from correctly adjusted measurements, a stabilizing orthosis will be achieved.
Sectioning of 3D scanning file.
The structure has been created by surfaces, where the tool “lofted surface” has been used, and the 3 edges corresponding to the measurements have been selected. Then, the previously created surface has been thickened and part of the structure has been cut to achieve the desired esthetics. Also, the whole piece has been rounded off for a better result. Finally, a sketch has been made on the top face, where holes of random size and position are created, thanks to which better ventilation and hygiene will be possible.
Last but not least, the assembly is going to be made between the three components. The orthosis structure and the velcro bands are the parts of it, so a 3D model is going to be made. As final result it has been obtained a mass of 0,125 kg (125 g) as shown in Figure 7. A rather small value, so it can be said that the designed orthosis is a low weight orthosis, and that therefore it has been possible to satisfy the needs of a light and comfortable orthosis for the patient.
Final 3D printed prototype for hand support.
Modular and DIY design approaches can help to address these issues by allowing the user to be more actively involved in the design process. With a modular design approach, it is possible to customize prosthetics based on the user’s requirements. Users can also employ a DIY design approach by combining different prefabricated parts to manufacture their own product. This could facilitate the customization of such products on a mass scale. Additionally, designing ortho-prosthetic devices in the form of wearable art could revolutionize the field of medical product design and add an element of fashion to the customization process. Not only with this allow the user the option of incorporating their own sense of style or fashion into the development of their device but it can also create awareness for the inclusion of amputees across various social contexts. For ortho-prosthetic device users, better product esthetics are more than simply a means of flaunting or showing off, but means by which they can look and feel beautiful or be able to wear fashionable clothing like other people around them. Amputees have the same needs and desires as non-amputees. Meeting their needs is achievable when designers can give the opportunity to re-evaluate the ortho-prosthetic’ design process with the objective of enhancing user acceptance in mind. It has been achieved a fairly simple esthetic, while innovative. This factor will make the product something attractive for sale, and therefore, it will stand out in the market. This esthetic has been chosen because the fact that it is a product for both genders as for all ages, so it is going to reach a greater number of people.
Allowing the end user to be more involved in the design process having user-oriented design (UOD) approach can improve upon conventional approaches to ortho-prosthetic device development. With the advent of modular design techniques, it is now possible to develop products, which are partially or entirely customized based on personal preference. Involving the user in the design process has positive psychological benefits and gives the user a platform for highlighting their creativity. Computer assisted design (CAD) systems have also been used to assist in creating the positive improving consistency and repeatability of this process, but the process remains slow and complex and it requires considerable input from experienced craftsmen. Furthermore, in these traditional processes the possibilities for innovation or product development are limited. With CAD systems it has been observed that orthoses rejection ratio has been reduced combined with time reduction up to 50% and cost saving up to 25% to 50%.
Maslow’s hierarchy describes three different levels of user needs. These encompass basic, psychological and self-fulfillment needs. Traditional ortho-prosthetic devices address basic functional needs and allow the user to perform daily activities. Psychological well-being and self-fulfillment needs can also be met by addressing device esthetics. Ortho-prosthetic product design is a vast and constantly evolving field, which has undergone rapid growth. In past few decades, product designs for amputees have transformed from simple mechanical devices to highly sophisticated bionic devices. However, the esthetic features of these devices have received little consideration. Studies have shown that the absence of esthetics can have negative psychological and cognitive consequences for users. This study attempted to identify some of the key esthetic parameters, which influence the ortho-prosthetic design process. The authors have provided relevant suggestions and recommendations for addressing these issues with a modular design approach. A case study involving the design of a prosthetic limb socket was given to elucidate the benefits and implications of this user-centered approach. Developing a single product, which satisfies the needs of every individual user, is challenging. There are social, psychological, economic, cultural and personal preference factors, which influence user perception and experience.
No potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article as declared by Author(s).
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.
In recent years, the difficulties experienced by children are increasing with many rapid changes such as cultural interaction, COVID 19 pandemic, distance education that have come with globalization, and efforts to improve children’s emotional intelligence are gaining importance. OECD states that the quality of education must be high for children to be “well-being” and to be effective, responsible, and interactive individuals in a complex and uncertain world [1].
On the other hand, it is emphasized that “life and career” skills such as flexibility, initiative and self-orientation, social and intercultural relations, leadership, and responsibility must be acquired for children to adapt to the economic environment and acquire a profession that can sustain their lives. It is also stated that the development of 21st-century skills is related to the early learning environment [2]. Child development is faster in the first five years and the experiences and interventions acquired during this period can affect children’s brain development, personality, and success in life [3, 4]. As well as meeting their basic needs such as nutrition and care, how their emotions are met and what kinds of experiences are offered are determinants of children’s emotional intelligence in the early years. This reveals the need to support emotional intelligence abilities from early years and develop the emotional intelligence of children through social experiences to progress towards their goals unabated despite difficulties [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Supporting emotional intelligence in the early years contributes to the development of basic competencies such as recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions and achieving permanent gains. It has been determined that children with higher emotional intelligence manage their emotions better, resort to aggression less, have more positive general moods, are more successful academically, move away from negative habits, establish positive social relationships with their family, peers, and social circles, and show social adaptation [7, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Emotions are the determinants of the reactions. For example, anger, fear, and disgust increase attention and agility at the moment of danger, astonishment enables focusing on understanding the environment, sadness allows to pause and think and adapt to the situation, and happiness enables to enjoy the moment with relaxation response and move forward to new goals [14]. Individuals can adjust their emotions by improving their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a type of intelligence that includes abilities such as recognizing, identifying, expressing, understanding, and regulating the emotions of the individual and others [15]. As the expected correct ratio between IQ level and success could not be achieved under all conditions, it was determined that academic intelligence did not give a privilege to the person in terms of being prepared or adapting to positive or negative changes in life. Researchers emphasize that emotional intelligence has a determining effect on how well an individual can use his or her existing abilities [14].
Emotional intelligence, which affects both the social and academic life of the individual, has been studied in different dimensions by different researchers. Mayer and Salovey define emotional intelligence as perceiving, evaluating, and expressing emotions, using emotion to facilitate thought, thinking with, and understanding them, and managing emotions [15]. Bar-On describes emotional intelligence to be aware of the emotions of oneself and others and to express emotions (personal skills), to understand the feelings of others required for establishing and maintaining relationships (interpersonal skills), solving personal and interpersonal problems, and making correct sense of emotions during the reaction (adaptation), stress management, and the ability to feel positive emotions to oneself and others (general mental health) [16]. Goleman explains emotional intelligence in the dimensions of self-awareness, emotion management/ self-regulation, self-activation/motivation, understanding others’ feelings /empathy and conducting relationships/social relations. According to these definitions, emotional intelligence can be interpreted as being aware of emotions and using emotions effectively for personal development, and being able to continue despite the obstacles encountered in life [14].
Early childhood settings are emotionally rich environments in which each child reflects their emotions specific to their personality and culture. Children spend most of their time in the school environment after the home environment. When they come to school, they bring their feelings to the classroom. They are in search of trust; they try to understand each other and adjust their feelings by transferring their feelings and experiences. If they can find support for their emotions in this environment, they feel safe, and their adaptation increases over time. The teacher should be able to recognize the child’s emotions to respond effectively to the needs of the child [17, 18]. Children may tend to express themselves with different behaviors when their emotions are not understood. This situation can cause difficulties for both teachers and the child. It is necessary to support emotional intelligence abilities with education programs in many aspects such as feeling safe, being happy, and increasing the effect of learning. Supporting emotional intelligence in early childhood education increases the quality of education. High-quality education also aims to give children positive, safe, and healthy behaviors; contribute to peer groups, families, schools, and communities ethically and responsibly; and teaches to have basic competencies, habits, and values as a foundation for the sensible citizenship [19]. When social–emotional skills are systematically supported in the school programs, academic success will also be provided, as the quality of teacher-student interaction will increase and problematic behaviors will decrease [9, 20]. For this reason, strategies, methods, and techniques that will support emotional intelligence abilities in early childhood settings should be determined and implemented according to the needs of children, educators, and families. In this section, the emotional intelligence abilities of children, programs,, strategies to support emotional intelligence will be discussed, and guidance will be provided in terms of supporting emotional intelligence in the early years.
Emotional intelligence includes three basic competencies such as recognizing, expressing, understanding managing and regulating emotions. These competencies strengthen the child’s empathy and social relations with others [7].
The ability of recognizing and expressing emotions involves awarness the emotional changes of the person himself and then those around him and labeling emotions. This process is revealed through verbal and non-verbal information [21]. Emotions are recognized and expressed by making use of the similarities between situations, after obtaining verbal and non-verbal information through experiences. Emotional recognation and expression have key importance to build and maintain the social relationships [22].
The ability of understanding emotions includes establishing a relationship between emotions and situations and making sense of the changes and expressions of emotions in the body. It helps to carry out interpersonal relationships by interpreting messages from verbal and non-verbal forms of communication [23]. It develops through recognizing the emotions and their reasons, evaluating the environment and the situation, realizing that the same situations both create different effects and emotions in different people and may evoke multiple emotions [24].
The ability of managing and regulating emotions enables the individual to observe and control himself. It includes skills such as managing and expressing emotions with positive results, showing flexibility and adaptation, and delaying pleasure [21]. The intensity of the emotions and the duration of action are adjusted in such a way that the person can proceed following his goals. As socially acceptable behavioral expressions are learned, they emerge as behavior and social competence are provided [25].
When children reach the age of 2–3, they start to realize that others will have different feelings and thoughts from them; In the following years, they learn to put themselves in the shoes of others and find the source of their troubles. With the development of emotional abilities, they begin to make sense of complex emotions such as disappointment and betrayal and to empathize with a wide variety of emotions [26]. Over time, they regulate their emotions and help their peers and those around them in stressful situations to help them relax.
Although emotional intelligence abilities affect each other, the ability to recognize emotions can be considered as the basis of all abilities. When children do not recognize emotions, they cannot be successful at understanding and managing them. For this reason, children should recognize them starting from basic emotions, and social interaction experiences should be allowed to understand and manage emotions. With social experiences, the child’s ability to recognize the emotions of others, to reflect and express the emotion appropriate to the content will improve.
Children may be vulnerable to emotional difficulties that hinder their academic achievement [27, 28]. Fuller stated that the first years at school are more important than any other stage of school life in developing a child’s perception of success. In addition to the perception of success for young children, regulating their emotions and developing basic social skills also increase their primary school readiness and academic skills [29]. Research stated that when children are not socially and emotionally competent, they may experience problems in communication skills, friendship relations, and conflict resolution [27]. Therefore, Stone-McCown et al. emphasized that integrating emotional skills-related programs into the curriculum is an important preventive solution for school problems [30]. Examination of the programs that support emotional intelligence in the early years will guide in developing strategies for children to recognize, understand and manage their emotions [31]. Many of these programs are evidence-based, many studies are supporting their impact on emotional intelligence [32, 33, 34]. Below, information about programs and strategies frequently encountered in the literature such as Strong Start, RULER, PATHS are given to guide educators in developing emotion strategies.
The Strong Start Program was developed to increase the emotional skills of children aged 3–5 with emotional behavioral disorders [35, 36]. The content of the program is “Exercising Emotions”, “Understanding Emotions”, “Angry Times”, “Happy Times”, “Anxious Times”, “Understanding Others’ Emotions/Empathy”, “Being a Good Friend, Solving People’s Problems”, “It consists of 10 sections, namely “Completing the Task” [37].
Mascot animals are used in the program as an effective technique in developing children’s emotional skills and provides ease of application. The mascot animal is determined in line with the interests and desires of the children, and a teddy bear is generally preferred. It is placed in a suitable place in the classroom to help children develop their emotional understanding during the activities and to ensure the permanence of the skills they learn [38].
The preschool RULER Program was developed to increase the emotional skills of children, to regulate the social and emotional climate of the classroom, and to ensure effective teacher-child communication [39]. In the content of the program, activities aimed at increasing children’s skills of recognizing emotions (Recognizing), understanding the causes and consequences of emotions (Understanding), labeling emotions with correct words (Labeling), expressing emotions in different situations (Expressing), and regulating (Regulating) emotions effectively [40]. There are also activities to develop the emotional skills of adults and teachers [41]. Tools such as mood meter, blueprint, meta moment were prepared to increase the emotional intelligence of children.
The teacher can use the Mood Meter tool while practicing and after the activity. For example, the teacher can examine the table with the children after a small group activity to create different creative models with blocks in the classroom. He may ask children questions such as “Vera, how did your activity just make you feel?”, “Tom, which of the colors did you feel like in the process of making mock-ups?” With this tool, children can be made to describe their emotions accurately and express them more concretely with colors (eg yellow when angry, blue when sad, etc.). In addition, children can add similar different emotions to the emotions in Mood Meter besides the existing emotions and increase their emotion vocabulary [42].
The Blueprint enables children to solve the emotional problems they encounter in their lives with the stages of “Recognition and Labeling”, “Understanding”, “Expression Editing” and “Planning” to increase their emotional skills. Children primarily using these stages when they encounter a problem; They can identify what they and others feel and show empathy, understand situations that cause their feelings, organize how they express them to another person, and evaluate their emotions more effectively [43].
Meta-Moment is aimed to prevent children from making instant wrong decisions when they encounter a problem and to give more effective reactions by prolonging the process. This tool consists of 6 steps: the occurrence of the event, the feelings about the event, pause, imagining yourself in the best emotional state, developing a strategy for solving the problem, and achieving it.
PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) aims to support social problem-solving skills, emotions, and self-control of children aged 3–5 [44] and to reduce problem behaviors [45]. The content of the program includes activities related to 30 different emotions. When the general framework of the program is examined, it is seen that it meets the structures of self-confidence, understanding emotions, problem-solving, self-control, and interpersonal communication. The program features various stories, the protagonist of which is a young turtle who behaves aggressively towards those around him. In the stories, the young turtle has problems due to his behavior, and he can solve these problems by controlling his emotions by using the emotional strategies he learned from the old and wise turtle. In addition, children are guided to make an “emotion box” so that they can recognize their emotions and control the process, and children fill this box according to their moods during the program. Besides, the “Control Signal Poster” is also used [10].
In the Control Signal Poster, the red light stands for “stop and calm down,” the yellow light represents ‘slow down and think’, the green light represents ‘go and try your plan’. The material also includes the self-evaluation phase of the children at the end of the process. Using this material, children can control themselves gradually in problem situations and evaluate their behaviors [46].
Zippy’s Friends Program is designed to increase the emotional skills of children aged 5–7 and acquire the skills to solve the problems they encounter [47]. In this program, strategies to cope with emotional problems in children at an early age were taught to prevent them from getting harmed when they encounter problems in adolescence and adulthood [48, 49]. The content of the program includes modules such as “recognizing emotions”, “communication”, “establishing and ending relationships”, “problem-solving”, “dealing with change and loss”, “using strategies to cope with problems” [49].
Zippy’s Friends Program features a bug named Zippy and his friends, who are young children. The sessions in the program consist of stories in which Zippy experienced emotional conflicts and friendship problems that children may encounter throughout their lives. Children think about these problems and perform role-playing activities to gain skills to cope with their emotions [47]. Also, the stories in the program have a certain chronological order and are related to the previous story. In addition, the problems experienced are prepared for the current events that the child may encounter in his life [48].
Empathy skill is the basis of the Roots of Empathy Program [50] as well as crying, care, and planning, emotions (including bullying), sleep, and communication [51]. It is important to increase children’s awareness of infant development [52]. In the program, emotions are integrated with life by visiting the baby and their parents throughout the year [51]. By interacting with this baby, children can learn about the baby’s needs. Children ask questions to their parents about the emotional state of the baby and get information about the reasons that make up the emotional state. When they return to the classroom, they can make animations on this subject and express themselves about how they feel when they are in a similar emotional state [51, 52].
The self-science approach underlines children’s discovery of emotions, understanding themselves, expressing themselves, establishing healthy relationships, and managing conflict [30]. The program includes three stages: “Know Yourself”, “Choose Yourself” and “Give Yourself”. In the “Know yourself” stage, children are provided to recognize emotions, create meaning and personal awareness [28]. In the “choose yourself” phase, children’s emotion regulation skills, emotional competence, and responsibility skills are strengthened. In the “give yourself” stage, children are encouraged to show empathy [30].
During the implementation of the program, the day starts with the ‘Rating Scale’. The teacher and the children say an emotional word, express this feeling with metaphors or by grading themselves between 1 and 10. This practice continues until all children express their feelings. This way, children become aware of their own emotions, their friends ‘and teachers’ emotions. Then, a specific subject is introduced by drawing attention to it, and activities prepared for acting and experiencing this issue are realized. In the next stage, all stages are completed by talking with children about the emotions that occur during the application and closing [30].
The teaching strategies that support the emotional intelligence of children include the integration of methods, techniques, and approaches that improve the ability to recognize, understand and manage emotions. Emotional intelligence training can be done not only when children need it but at every moment of learning. Emotions arise or emotional interaction is made with children in many activities. For example, welcoming the child who comes to the class with a smiling face or a special greeting gesture, saying “I miss you” to the child who has not been to the classroom for a few days, moments of emotion sharing in the form of “what did you experience and feel at the weekend” during the circle time, facial expressions drawn on numbers or figures in mathematics, astonishments during the science experiment excitement of the play, sharing the feelings of the hero during the story. Although routines and coincidences carry many messages about emotions, a concrete, gradual and systematic path must be followed for the emotional intelligence development of children. In this way, it is necessary to answer many questions such as which emotions to start, which situations to be associated with, which type of activity to benefit from, which tools, methods, and techniques to use, which approaches to take during implementation.
Above all, teachers should have positive perceptions with emotional intelligence training and be open to self-improvement. When teachers are open to developing emotional competence in themselves, they can find numerous strategies to support emotional intelligence in the classroom. Plays, analogies, stories, or many images can be used to support emotional intelligence. However, the fact that the strategies that will support emotional intelligence are suitable for children’s experiences and more creative and fun, far from monotony [53, 54]. Another point is that the visual materials to be used do not contain the emotional abuse of children. Sometimes children may be too sensitive to content that is normal for adults. Children may have critical periods, effective observations can be made to develop appropriate methods and strategies in terms of time, content, and frequency [14]. While applying the strategies, children’s comprehension can be facilitated by following a step progressing from their own emotions to those of others [54]. Children differ in the difficulties they experience, the skills they have, and their interests. Therefore, the choice of method and strategy to be used can be adjusted according to individual differences [5, 55].
Every child needs to find an effective way to reveal their emotions. In the beginning, children may hesitate to express their emotions. If they do not know effective ways to regulate emotions they might response ineffective ways of expressing emotions such as avoiding (I’m fine, really!), denying (no, nothing), justifying (he’s right, I should not have been like that), worrying (what if … very angry) [56]. For this reason, in the educational environment, it can be ensured that children express their emotions directly or indirectly by using many methods and techniques that will improve their ability to express, understand and adjust their emotions. Below are examples of some methods for recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions, and then approaches supporting emotional intelligence are explained.
Emotion recognition methods are effective for making sense of emotional clues and labeling emotions. In this way, the child can observe facial expressions and gestures and match them with emotions.
In addition, emotion membranes, emotion thermometer, emotion graphics and posters (showing the name and degree/amount of emotion), emotion cards, game tools for emotions (bingo, matching card, puzzle, etc.), puppets, greeting and meeting cards, children’s picture books and videos might also be used [58, 59, 60].
Children should be able to define, make sense and express emotions correctly to exhibit appropriate social behaviors [61]. Emotions are one of the factors that determine the quality of life. Different emotions can be used in personal environments, family, friendships, and many areas of life, or they can arise in different contexts for the same emotions. Various theories explain understanding emotions. In the behavioral theory, emotions are accepted as four basic emotions and the physiological mechanisms of emotions are emphasized. The physiological theory states that emotions have the basis of biology. According to the social constructivism theory, the schemas created from social life form the basis for the emotional reactions of the person. Accordingly, there are two groups of emotions: basic emotions such as pleasure and fear, and complex emotions such as shame and guilt. In the etiology theory, it is emphasized that emotions enable individuals to survive and reproduce [62].
Methods and techniques used to support emotion understanding enable the child to notice the changes they create, and to establish a cause-effect relationship between events and emotions. Collecting affectionate words, interactive book reading, using puppets, interpreting visual material are among these methods.
Emotion management methods help to recognize the intensity and effects of emotions, coping with these effects, managing them, and relaxing. Exercise, breathing, cat awakening, self-talk, self-compassion, safety point are among them.
In addition to these techniques, emotion analysis posters (What do I feel?, Why do I feel this feeling?, How can I cope with the emotion?, Who can support Nan?, which is the most appropriate option?), Problem-solving cards, empathy cards, relaxation bag (through senses) might be used. Children can regulate their emotions and behaviors by using tools such as paints and pencils that will provide expression, breathing exercise cards, favorite scents, exercise cards, photos of a favorite environment or person, list of things they like to do, sponge or stress ball to be pressed [37, 58, 59].
Children need adult understanding and guidance to acquire skills such as recognizing, understanding, and expressing their emotions. The fact that emotional intelligence can be supported and developed with childhood experiences and education, teachers, and parents who provide basic experience and opportunities to the child, impose an important role in the process.
When teachers and parents have enthusiasm, patience, flexibility, respect for differences, creativity, humor, cooperation, empathy, effective communication, openness to innovations, they achieve more successful results in supporting children’s emotional intelligence skills [18, 68]. Approaches that support the emotional intelligence of children are discussed under the subtitles as recognition and acceptance of the child, active listening, emotional literacy in the classroom, being a model, emotion talks, emotion coaching.
Children are a whole with all their developmental characteristics, positive and negative emotions, and they need to be recognized and accepted as they are. It is important to develop expectations appropriate to the developmental characteristics of the child and to satisfy the interests and needs of the child. Developmental characteristics will determine the amount and type of emotional support children need individually [69].
Accepting the child is important in terms of the development of self-esteem, self-acceptance, expressing and managing their feelings, and reaching social and emotional competence. Behaviors such as rejection, blaming, criticizing, threatening, embarrassing, mocking cause the child to think that he is not accepted. The child avoids expressing his feelings with insufficiency anxiety and shame. Children who cannot express their emotions start to show inward or outward-oriented behaviors and their social relationships deteriorate [17, 70].
When children feel accepted, they will be open to accepting others, showing respect and tolerance. Planning activities appropriate to the characteristics of children, allowing them to make decisions, criticize, and evaluate will make the child feel valued.
The classroom environment, which includes elements such as the layout, equipment, and classroom management methods of the classroom, conveys the messages about belonging to the child and whether it is safe [18]. Emotion graphics, diaries, children’s pictures, and products enable the child to recognize himself. Emotion and behavior regulation tools should provide the child’s intrinsic motivation. Self-regulation should be achieved through respect and empathy through relationships based on love and trust; strategies based on the reward-punishment system should be avoided. The behavior of the reward causes the child to be realized with extrinsic motivation rather than intrinsic motivation and damages the permanence of the behavior. Rather than the consequences of children’s behavior, it would be more effective to draw attention to feelings, the process, and the reflections of behaviors on themselves and society.
Considering the developmental characteristics of children while organizing behavior, discussing the causes and consequences of the limits with the child, determining the limits/rules together, giving consistent responses to behaviors, graphics, etc. and visualization, are strategies that provide motivation and experience for the child to adopt social norms, regulate their emotions and express them appropriately [59].
Expressing what the child says as it is by reflecting it without comment is called mirroring, and children feel understood when faced with this type of active listening. Feeling that the child is understood helps him to know and accept himself, to express himself, to increase his self-confidence, and to be motivated for solutions [4]. When the child is unable to control his emotions, the teacher telling that he understands his emotions, waiting for the appropriate time and not being compelling, showing closeness, using a loving tone, making eye contact, giving reflective and positive feedback to the child, and being a guide are basic strategies in communication with the child [71, 72]. Sometimes there are emotional ups and downs in the classroom, empathetic listening can help children calm down. This style of communication prevents the development of feelings of shame and guilt caused by negative behaviors in the child, enables the child to feel accepted, to accept himself, to express himself comfortably, to make self-regulation by receiving feedback.
Children learn by observing their social environment. The adults’ reactions, gestures, and behaviours give them information about the nature of emotion, when and how to express it. The child tries to reveal what he learned through imitation in similar situations. Through trial and error, they learn to use the most appropriate emotional skill for the situation. Modeling the right behaviors and a positive environment increases the likelihood of children adjusting their emotions and behaviors [18, 70, 71]. Studies show that the reactions of children to emotions are related to the reactions of adults.; It has been revealed that children who grow up in a positive environment reflect positive communication in the games, when they are given stress, tense, and punitive reactions to their emotions, and they have difficulty in managing their emotions and behaviors [73, 74]. Therefore, educators should provide children with a positive, calm, and safe model, especially in terms of managing emotions.
Emotional conversations are talks based on evaluation, understanding, and interpretation beyond the speech that includes actions such as examining the emotional indicators of both themselves and others, making statements about emotions, interpreting feelings, evaluating causes and consequences between adults and children [70, 75, 76].
Such emotion-sensitive discussions enable children to recognize, understand, and express their emotions, and thus initiate and maintain healthy social relationships and empathize [74, 76, 77, 78]. Emotion discussions prevent the child from developing internalizing behavior and provide conscious development [79, 80]. For this reason, it is necessary to listen to the emotional speeches of children, to review the process while telling, and to make them feel the reasons or consequences of the reactions. While speaking relaxes the child, it enables the educator to understand the child’s point of view.
Emotion coaching consist of communicative strategies such as explaining the observed event and emotion, managing the child’s attention with emotional clues, helping the child to understand his feelings and behaviors, analyzing social interactions, and providing guidance. Educators who are emotion coaches recognize the child’s negative emotions and see this as an opportunity to support the child’s emotional development. The process starts with accepting all emotions of the child, recognizing and distinguishing complex emotions, naming emotions, giving information about emotions and their effects, encouraging the child for emotional expression, developing strategies together to manage and express negative emotions, to solve problems encountered at the end of negative emotions. It continues with conversation and encouragement for the social relationships. Teachers see the child as a subject and keep themselves in a helper position, pay attention to using a descriptive and solution-server language instead of the routing language [71, 80].
Emotion coaching improves the child’s ability to express his emotions, prevents him from showing inward or outward-oriented behaviors as a result of his negative emotions, enables him to develop social communication, and increases success by improving attention skills [4, 17]. Educators and parents give positive feedback to children about their positive behavior, encourage them to participate in various activities, appreciate their efforts, encourage behaviors such as taking responsibility, planning, leading, sharing, and helping, emphasizing the importance of togetherness and friendship, self-knowledge. They can support by directing them to share emotions with their friends and to establish sincere social relationships [77].
Although educators work with a team spirit and try to support children’s emotion and behavior regulation as a coach, there may be situations where the expected changes are not achieved (for example, self harming harming animals, etc.). Such situations can reduce educators’ determination to support emotional intelligence. In such cases, the child’s emotions and behaviors are observed, and recorded. It may be necessary to follow up with frequency forms as well as tools, and follow-up of the child with a psychological counselor [81].
Early childhood is a critical period for the development of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence can be developed through experiences and education. The development of emotional intelligence abilities contributes to the psychological and physical well-being, social relations, and academic achievements of the individual both in childhood and adulthood. Teachers can use methods and techniques suitable for children’s developmental characteristics to strengthen children’s emotional intelligence. Concrete, systematic, and continuous support of emotional intelligence ensures effective results. Acceptance of children, active listening, emotion conversations, and emotion coaching can help children control their emotions. Emotional intelligence training reduces children’s emotional and behavioral problems and makes learning more enjoyable.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"