The characteristics of four patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"519",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality",title:"Chemistry, Emission Control, Radioactive Pollution and Indoor Air Quality",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The atmosphere may be our most precious resource. Accordingly, the balance between its use and protection is a high priority for our civilization. While many of us would consider air pollution to be an issue that the modern world has resolved to a greater extent, it still appears to have considerable influence on the global environment. In many countries with ambitious economic growth targets the acceptable levels of air pollution have been transgressed. Serious respiratory disease related problems have been identified with both indoor and outdoor pollution throughout the world. 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Mazzeo received his PhD (1978) degree in Atmospheric Science from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Since 1980 he has been a Senior Scientific Researcher of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET). He is a specialist in air pollution, atmospheric turbulence and dispersion, meteorological and air quality data analysis, development, evaluation and application of air quality models, air quality management, author of numerous scientific and technological research papers and a member of the Argentine Academy of Environmental Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences and National and International Scientific Committees. 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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 4% of all adult malignancies and is the most lethal urological cancer. 60 920 new cases of RCC have been diagnosed in the US in 2011 and 13 120 died of cancer [1]. The patient death rate from RCC has decreased in the last 15 years due to the improvements in early diagnosis and surgical treatment of the disease [1]. However, it is estimated that 1/3 of the patients with localized cancer will develop distant metastasis after radical treatment [2]. Therefore, early identification of metastatic disease, timely and proper treatment is the main goal in the management of RCC.
The most common sites of metastases of RCC are: lymph nodes, lungs, liver, bones and brain [3]. It is known that the disease can metastasize to almost every organ. Adrenal metastasis of RCC is relatively rare. It can be: synchronous or metachronous; ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral; solitary or part of a massive metastatic spread. Malignant involvement of the ipsilateral adrenal gland has been detected in up to 10% of the radical nephrectomy specimens [4-8]. Contralateral adrenal metastasis however, is uncommon. In the autopsy study of more than 400 patients who had undergone nephrectomy for RCC, the solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis has been detected in only 2.5% of cases [9].
The predisposing factors for the disease spread and the optimal treatment of this rare complication are not fully understood. It is well-known that some patients with isolated metastasis may benefit from surgical treatment. However, the optimal diagnosis and treatment of the contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC is not yet well defined. The available information on the outcomes of various treatment options of this complication is limited and mainly based on a sporadic case reports.
In this chapter we analyze all 65 cases of the contralateral adrenal metastases of RCC reported in the literature [10-32]. Our single center experience of treatment of four patients with this complication is also presented. The chapter describes the current view on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management as well as the surgical, pathological and oncological results of treatment of this rare complication.
The natural course of the RCC is unpredictable. The disease can metastasize to any organ, any time even many years after the operation [33, 10]. Metastasis from the RCC has been discovered as late as 23 and 31 years after radical nephrectomy [33, 34]. The contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC is extremely rare. Only 69 cases (including our series) can be found in the literature.
The exact reasons of late development of the adrenal metastasis are not completely clear. One of the possible explanations could be that some metastases, especially those of low grade, can grow very slowly. Besides, improper patient follow-up i.e. not using a routine imaging studies for a long time might explain the late detection of some metastasis.
Adrenal metastasis from renal tumors is more common to the ipsilateral adrenal gland. The pathological mechanisms for secondary involvement of the contralateral adrenal gland are unknown. It is thought that the disease spreads via hematogenous route as in case of other organ metastases. However, the autopsy studies illustrate that contralateral adrenal metastases occur far more often than should be expected on the basis of organ size [18]. Explanation of this fact can be a rich blood supply of the adrenal gland and its high blood volume-to-unit weight ratio [35]. It has been speculated that as far as the contralateral adrenal metastasis has occurred the adrenal gland will have a higher affinity to the RCC cells than other organ tissues [4]. In another words, if the tumor cell reaches the adrenal gland the later acts as a fertile soil and stimulates raise of these cells [18]. In consistent with this theory some studies are showing that the adrenal metastases from the contralateral primary RCC grew to a considerable size without metastasing to other organs. Utsumi T, et al. describe a huge (85X90mm) contralateral adrenal metastasis that had invaded the kidney, renal vein, and inferior vena cava but without any involevement of other organs [32].
The risk-factors for development of the adrenal metastasis have been analyzed by some of the studies. Importance of the several clinicopathological features of the primary RCC has been reported. These are: tumor size, left sided tumor, advanced T-stage, and upper-pole tumor location [4, 36].
Adrenal metastases are usually anatomically and functionally silent and patients rarely have symptoms or signs of adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, abdominal imaging is not routinely used for follow-up and the isolated contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC is rarely diagnosed during a lifetime. This should contribute to the late disease diagnosis, treatment and the worse prognosis.
Due to rare occurrence, the optimal diagnostic approach to a solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis in the patients with a history of RCC is controversial. It can be different from the adrenal incidentalomas. Imaging studies usually cannot verify with certainty the adrenal masses detected in the patients previously operated due to the RCC. It is always difficult to determine whether the mass is: primary adrenal tumor (carcinoma), benign tumor (i.e. an adrenal cortical adenoma) or metastasis. Preoperative diagnosis of synchronous adrenal metastases is relatively easy and is mainly based on radiological findings from abdominal CT and/or MRI. The finding of solitary adrenal mass without elevated serum adrenocortical hormones is strongly suggestive of a metastatic lesion. Metastatic adrenal tumors are usually well-vascularized as compared with the adrenal cortical adenoma or primary adrenal carcinoma. The later ones are more hypovascular [30].
CT is a highly specific in diagnosing adrenal metastases. In 82% of cases reported in the literature, contralateral adrenal metastases have been diagnosed by abdominal CT. Antonelli et al. reviewed clinical records of 1179 surgically treated RCC patients and found that 15 had suspicious findings in the contralateral adrenal glands on CT. Only one of the 15 surgically removed adrenals was found to be free of tumor. The authors reported positive and negative predictive value of CT as 73% and 96% in detecting the adrenal metastases. Remarkably, the positive predictive value of CT in diagnosing the contralateral adrenal metastases was higher [32]. It should be noted that accuracy of CT for distinguishing between benign and malignant contralateral adrenal nodules has improved recently using CT protocols to evaluate the wash-out of contrast media [37].
We’ve analyzed the records of six hundred twenty nine patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC in our center between 1991 and 2005. The mean patient age was 55.7±11.3 years (range: 12-85 years). 422 (67.2%) were man and 207 (32.8%) were women. The mean follow-up is 60.5±1.7 months (range: 1-187 months). The pathological stage distribution of the tumor was the following: T1 –132 (21%); T2 – 229 (36.4%); T3 – 256 (40.7%); T4 - 12 (1.9%) patients. 123 (19.4%) cancers were G1, 277 (44.1%) - G2 and 229 (36.5 %) - G3. Morphological evaluation revealed clear cell RCC in 475 patients (75.6%). 38 (6.1%) patients had lymph node and 28 (4.5%) patient had distant metastases at the time of surgery. 170 (27%) tumors were discovered incidentally, 332 (52.8%) were locally symptomatic and 127 patients (20.2%) had a systemic disease symptoms.
Four cases (0.6%) of isolated contralateral adrenal metastasis have been diagnosed with the mean follow-up of 83.3 months (range: 23-196 months). In accordance with the existing data from the literature all four metastases have been detected by CT. The metastases have been diagnosed synchronously in one (0.1%) and metachronously in three (0.5%) cases. Mean age of the patients was 56 years (range: 47-68 years). All the patients underwent adrenalectomy through flank incision above the 11th rib. No patient received any form of adjuvant systemic therapy.
All four patients had undergone contralateral radical nephrectomy due to the conventional RCC. All removed kidneys and adrenal were sent to the department of pathology of the same institution (National Centre of Urology). The same team of personnel according to the single protocol has technically processed all the tissue specimens. The surgical margins of the primary nephrectomy specimens were recorded as positive or negative based on the gross and microscopic examination of the specimen. The adrenal gland was examined macroscopically, sliced in 2- to 3-mm cross sections and processed for further microscopical evaluation.
Morphological parameters assessed for both the primary and metastatic tumors included: stage, histological subtype, nuclear grade and presence of tumor necrosis. The stained slides from all tumor and metastases specimens were reviewed by urological pathologist, as described previously [38]. Shortly, the resected kidneys and adrenals were evaluated macroscopically. The maximal tumor size was measured and 1.5 x 2cm tissue samples were taken for further assessment. Specimens were fixed, stained and evaluated by the same pathologist according to conventional technique. The tumors were staged according to the AJCC classification system and graded according to Fuhrman’s grading system.
The mean (range) diameter of the primary renal tumor was 76±27.9 mm (12-200 mm) and the mean diameter of the adrenal metastases was 6.4 cm (range: 3–9 cm). The clinical and pathological features of the primary tumors for the 4 patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis are summarized in Table 1. The pathological stage of the adrenal metastasis was pT2N0 and pT3aN0 in two patients each. Grade 2 tumor was detected in one and grade 3 in three cases.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t47 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t18 | \n\t\t\tRight | \n\t\t\tT3a | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t31 | \n\t\t\tDead | \n\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t58 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t64 | \n\t\t\tRight | \n\t\t\tT2 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t78 | \n\t\t\tDead | \n\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t57 | \n\t\t\tF | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t\tRight | \n\t\t\tT3a | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t165 | \n\t\t\tAlive | \n\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t73 | \n\t\t\tF | \n\t\t\t156 | \n\t\t\tLeft | \n\t\t\tT2 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t180 | \n\t\t\tAlive | \n\t\t
The characteristics of four patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis.
One patient had synchronous contralateral adrenal metastasis. The mean time from the primary nephrectomy to contralateral adrenal metastasis for the remaining three patients was 65.5 months (range: 18–156 months).
Adrenal biopsy can be advocated in some cases. The biopsies of RCC has been lately abandoned due to the following reasons: a) the predictive value of the imaging findings usually is so high that a negative biopsy result would not alter the management strategy; b) 10-20% of biopsies are reported to be non-conclusive; c) high risk of complications associated with the biopsy [39].
Early diagnosis and treatment of metachronous adrenal metastases is more challenging as it can occur many years after the operation. This depends on the mode of follow-up, diagnostic techniques used and early referral of the patient to the specialized clinic. In our study the adrenal metastases have been detected at the mean 65.5 months after radical nephrectomy. A wide variability of latency in diagnosis of the metastases has been reported by others as well. These data indicate on the necessity of prolonged surveillance, especially in the high risk patients i.e. with advanced disease stage [31, 40].
The survival of patients with RCC mainly depends on the disease spread. Widely metastatic RCC usually have a poor prognosis with a mean survival of 11 months. On the contrary, in the patients with solitary or limited metastases resection of the metastases can be associated with prolonged survival (30% survival at 5 years) [39]. Reports of successful outcomes and subsequent long-term survival after treatment of solitary metastases of the RCC justify an aggressive surgical approach [10]. In light of the existing data, complete resection of the primary renal and metastatic adrenal tumors should be the main clinical strategy in these patients. Thus, in case of adrenal metastases whether it is synchronous or metachronous, ipsilateral or contralateral, complete removal of adrenal gland is a treatment of choice providing the best results [30].
Adrenalectomy can be performed either laparoscopically, retroperitoneoscopically or by robotic surgery, decreasing the surgery-associated morbidity and hospital stay [20]. We’ve performed open adrenalectomy in all our patients. The operation was uneventful in all of them. The mean operation time was 136 minutes (range: 110-160 minutes). All metastases were clear cell RCC tumors. The mean blood loss was 175 ml (range: 50-350 ml). The mean hospital stay was 6 days (range: 4-10 days). No patient had positive surgical margins from the adrenalectomy. There are no data on the efficacy of any form of systemic therapy in the treatment of solitary adrenal metastasis.
The available data on the outcome of the surgical treatment of the contralateral adrenal metastases form RCC are limited and biased. Table 2 summarizes the data of 65 patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis reported in the literature [10-32]. Characteristics of the patients (age, sex), interval between the primary surgery and diagnosis of the adrenal metastasis, and clinical outcome of the patients are described.
These are mainly the case reports of 1-2 cases. The biggest series of 11 cases has been reported by Lau WK, et al. from the Mayo clinic in 2003. In this report 82% of the metastases were metachronous, diagnosed at the mean 4.2 years (0-9.2 years) after the nephrectomy. Other relatively big series of 7 and 8 patients have been reported by Plawner J. and Antonelli A. in 1991 and 2006, respectively.
57% of all metastases reported up to now have been detected synchronously and 43% were discovered metachronously at the mean 2.8 years (0-23 years) after the radical nephrectomy. 58% of the patients were male and 42% were female. The majority (62%) of metastases developed on the left side. Abdominal CT was the preferred method of diagnosis in the vast majority of cases (82%) followed-up by arteriography (6%) and IVP (2%).
At the mean follow-up of 6.8 years (0.3-14.3 years) 29 patients (55%) were alive without evidence of disease and 18 patients (34%) were dead of disease. Surgical removal of the adrenal gland was the only treatment used in these patients. None of the patients received any form of adjuvant systemic therapy.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
10 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\ts | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t0.6 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
12 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\ts, s | \n\t\t\t58, 80 | \n\t\t\tM, M | \n\t\t\t0, 0 | \n\t\t\tL, R | \n\t\t\tNS, IVP | \n\t\t\t1.5, 1.8 | \n\t\t\tDOD, NED | \n\t\t
13 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\ts, s | \n\t\t\t54, 57 | \n\t\t\tM, F | \n\t\t\t0, 0 | \n\t\t\tR, L | \n\t\t\tArt, Art | \n\t\t\t3, NS | \n\t\t\tNED, NS | \n\t\t
14 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\ts, s | \n\t\t\t54, 55 | \n\t\t\tF, F | \n\t\t\t0, 0 | \n\t\t\tL, R | \n\t\t\tCT, Art | \n\t\t\t1.7, 2 | \n\t\t\tNED, NED | \n\t\t
15 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\tm, m | \n\t\t\t57, 46 | \n\t\t\tM, F | \n\t\t\t0.5, 1 | \n\t\t\tR, L | \n\t\t\tCT, CT | \n\t\t\t2.2, 1.8 | \n\t\t\tNED, NED | \n\t\t
16 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\ts, m | \n\t\t\t67, 68 | \n\t\t\tM, M | \n\t\t\t0, 15 | \n\t\t\tR, L | \n\t\t\tCT, CT | \n\t\t\t0.4, 1 | \n\t\t\tNED, NED | \n\t\t
17 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\tm, m | \n\t\t\t46, 69 | \n\t\t\tM, M | \n\t\t\t2, 4 | \n\t\t\tL, R | \n\t\t\tCT, CT | \n\t\t\t2.5, 4 | \n\t\t\tDOD, NED | \n\t\t
18 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\ts | \n\t\t\t60 | \n\t\t\tF | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\tR | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t0.8 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
19 | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\ts, s, m, s, m, m, s | \n\t\t\t63, 55, 55, 48, 70, 57, 71 | \n\t\t\tAll M | \n\t\t\t0, 0, 3.6, 0, 7, 6.8, 0 | \n\t\t\tL, R/L, R, R, L, L, L | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t14.3, 4.8, 0.8, 0.6, 5, 2.7, 6.7 | \n\t\t\tDOD, DOD, DOD, DOD, NED, NED DOD | \n\t\t
20 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\tm, m | \n\t\t\t49, 82 | \n\t\t\tM, M | \n\t\t\t5, 5 | \n\t\t\tR, R | \n\t\t\tCT, CT | \n\t\t\t0.3, 1.3 | \n\t\t\tNED, NED | \n\t\t
21 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\tAll m | \n\t\t\t47, 59, 69, 57, 72 | \n\t\t\tF, F, F, M, M | \n\t\t\t1.5, 1.5, 5.3, 2, 17.8 | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tAll CT | \n\t\t\t2, 0.7, 3.7, 5.3, 3.5 | \n\t\t\tDOD, DOD, NED, NED, NED | \n\t\t
22 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\ts, m | \n\t\t\t63, 64 | \n\t\t\tM, F | \n\t\t\t0, 4 | \n\t\t\tL, L | \n\t\t\tCT, CT | \n\t\t\t1, 5 | \n\t\t\tNED, NED | \n\t\t
23 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\ts | \n\t\t\t52 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\tR | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
24 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\tm | \n\t\t\t52 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t0.8 | \n\t\t\tR | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t7.3 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
25 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\tm | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
26 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\ts | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t
27 | \n\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\ts, s, s, m | \n\t\t\tAll NS | \n\t\t\tAll NS | \n\t\t\t0, 0, 0, NS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\t9, 5.4, NS, NS | \n\t\t\tDOD, AWD, NS, NS | \n\t\t
28 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\tm | \n\t\t\t63 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t22 | \n\t\t\tL | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t5.6 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
29 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\tm | \n\t\t\t50 | \n\t\t\tF | \n\t\t\t7.5 | \n\t\t\tR | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t2.5 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
30 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t\tm, m, m, m, s, m, m, m, s, m, m | \n\t\t\t69, 43, 49, 64,54, 54, 67, 53,68, 70, 79, | \n\t\t\tM, M, M, M, M, M, F, M, M, F, M | \n\t\t\t6.1, 7.3, 9.2, 9.1, 0, 1, 6.7, 5.8, 0, 0.8, 1 | \n\t\t\tL, L, R, R, R, L, L, L, R, R, L | \n\t\t\tAll CT | \n\t\t\t1.7, 0.9, 1.9, 0.5, 6.6, 9.9, 3.4, 3.7, 9.2, 4.4, 1.2 | \n\t\t\tDU, DOD, DOD, NED, DOD, DOD, DOC, DOD, NED, DOD, DOD, | \n\t\t
31 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\ts-6, m-2 | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tAll CT | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t\tNS | \n\t\t
32 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\ts | \n\t\t\t64 | \n\t\t\tM | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\tR | \n\t\t\tCT | \n\t\t\t0.5 | \n\t\t\tNED | \n\t\t
Characteristics of the patients treated for the contralateral adrenal metastasis published in the literature.
Art, arteriography; AWD, alive with disease; DOC, dead of other causes; DOD, dead of disease; DU, dead of unknown cause; F, female; IVP, intravenous pyelogram; L, left; m, metachronous; M, male; NED, no evidence of disease; NS, not stated; R, right; s, synchronous.
From our series of four patients, two are alive 141 and 24 months after adrenalectomy without signs of disease recurrence. Two patients died from multiple metastases 13 and 14 months after adrenalectomy, including the patient with synchronous contralateral adrenal metastasis.
For the entire group of patients, the 5 and 10 years disease–specific survival rates were 61.5 % and 25.6%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival for metastatic (N+ and M+) disease was significantly worse as compared with the non-metastatic disease (6.25% and 72.8%, respectively) (p=0.0001).
There was no statistically significant difference when the survival of patients with solitary adrenal lesions was compared to that of the patients with organ–confined primary RCC. Furthermore, no differences in survival have been detected between the patients with synchronous or metachronous adrenal metastasis (p=0.346 for overall survival; p=0.256 for disease-specific survival). With multivariate statistical analysis the presence of solitary adrenal metastases was not predictive of the clinical prognosis of the patients following adrenalectomy.
The biggest number of the patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC reported in the literature is 11 [30]. This number is small for making the strong conclusions. Majority of the available studies indicate that the surgical treatment of the complication is worthwhile in selected patients [22, 23]. One study demonstrated that patients in whom RCC metastases (both synchronous and metachronous) were clinically confined to the adrenal gland had statistically better survival rates than those with diffuse metastasis [31]. In about one-third of the RCC patients with isolated adrenal metastasis, surgical resection of the metastasis led to an apparently curative outcome [32]. The longest disease-free survival after removing a contralateral adrenal metastases form RCC is 12.1 years [41], and the longest overall survival is 14.3 years [20]. In accordance with the literature, we didn’t find statistically significant survival difference between the patients with localized RCC and solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis. Furthermore, with multivariate statistical analysis the presence of solitary adrenal metastases was not predictive of the clinical prognosis of the patients following adrenalectomy.
The exact reason why do these patients survive longer remains unclear. The several possible explanations exist. It has been speculated that this is a localized disease and that complete removal of the tumor improves prognosis. Another explanation is that the patient’s immune system can probably inhibit microscopic disease after tumor debulking. Finally, it has been postulated that this may be a naturally selected group of patients with slow-growing cancer which is not very aggressive and does not metastasize readily [19].
In conclusion, the solitary contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC is an extremely rare clinical complication that can occur very late after the radical nephrectomy. The increased use of radiological diagnostic tests like: ultrasound, CT and/or MRI has led to more efficient detection of these lesions. Aggressive surgery remains the treatment of choice in these cases improving prognosis in some of the patients. There is no doubt that the existing data are limited and we need more studies to define the optimal management strategy in the patients with contralateral adrenal metastasis from RCC.
It is anticipated that pork will continue to be a main source of animal-derived proteins in human consumption—although pork production in Europe and worldwide will not increase at the same rate as in the years before 2020 [1, 2]. Presently, the worldwide pork production is heavily affected by spreading African Swine Fever cases in China, East-Europe, including eastern parts of Germany, and more countries around the globe, especially Africa and Asia.
Pig breeding is basically organized either by local breeding organizations or by worldwide operating breeding companies. Both breeding organizations aim at an efficient marketing of the best male and female breeding animals with outstanding breeding values. The specific (total) breeding value of pigs depends on the market situation and includes, in addition to fertility and fitness or health traits, mainly growth and feed efficiency, lean meat percentage, and meat quality traits.
Performance testing for these traits occurs either in the field (farm environment) and/or at test stations – still often combined with the slaughtering of potential breeding pigs. In order to keep potential breeding pigs alive, it is necessary to use non-destructive and, preferably, noninvasive performance test methods. One of the most important traits in pig production is the lean meat percentage (LMP), because the payment of slaughtered pigs is based on a carcass classification like the (S)EUROP system in the European Union (EU). Pigs with the greatest lean meat percentage usually receive the highest price per kg net weight.
Therefore, various scientists and engineers started to develop techniques, which could help to measure or estimate the lean meat percentage without having the pigs sacrificed (CT: [3], MRI: [4], DXA: [5], US: [6], VIA: [7, 8, 9]).
These techniques are mainly based on the utilization of physical principles used for clinical diagnostics in human or animal medicine (e.g., X-ray based techniques), as are computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, or net-magnetization-based techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy, including quantitative magnetic resonance, and the velocity of sound-based technologies, as are amplitude (A mode)- or brightness (B mode)-derived methods. A further technique is the light photon-based technology, as could be 2D or 3D video imaging [10, 11].
In recent years, several publications reviewed (noninvasive) methods for determining the body composition of livestock, especially pigs [12, 13, 14, 15]. A comprehensive review of the methods applied or being tested for carcass grading and meat quality determination in livestock has been published recently by Delgado-Pando et al. [16]. Therefore, this review will mainly focus on the latest developments of noninvasive methods to study body composition, health, growth, and efficiency of pigs
A couple of worldwide operating breeding companies (Topigs-Norsvin and Choice—the swine division of Groupe Grimaud partly owned by Han Swine Food Group Co., Ltd) use or develop CT applications for routine performance testing of potential breeding boars [17, 18, 19, 20], while the Danish Meat Industry is developing a CT for online carcass classification [21]. Other groups use CT mainly for research purposes on pigs [13, 22, 23, 24, 25] and other livestock species [12].
CT makes use of tissue differences in the attenuation of X-ray photons when passing through the body of the pigs (Figure 1). Bone is the tissue with the greatest X-ray attenuation coefficient, while fat or adipose tissue attenuates the smallest amount of X-ray photons. The X-ray attenuation is measured in Hounsfield units (HU) with water having—by definition—a HU of 0 and air of −1000 [26]. The full formula for the calculation of the Hounsfield units is as follows:
Computed tomography (left: CT scanner, right: principle of CT).
where μx is the linear mass attenuation coefficient of the specific element, tissue, or component of interest. Usually
though Zheng et al. [27] suggested using body size and body depth, as well as tube-voltage dependent correction factors for the calculation of the “correct” HU in order to account for Rayleigh scattering of water.
Meanwhile, various groups try to automate [20, 28] or have automated [29, 30, 31] the segmentation of CT images into the most important tissues for pork production, as are lean (muscle tissue), fat (adipose tissue), and bone (bone mineral and bone marrow) by excluding the gut and lung volumes in order to provide a virtual dissection and “
Generally, it is still an issue to overcome the uncertainty of the LMP estimates for carcass or
To date, MRI in pigs is mainly being used for research purposes—and not for classical performance testing [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. A few studies exist, however, where MRI (+DXA) helped to verify or to develop new performance test equations related to fattening of intact boars [45] or to test relationships between male phenotypes and carcass and meat quality [46, 47], as was also done by using CT [48]. Testes volume (in combination with belly fat [46]) is positively related to the androstenone (and skatole) content but cannot be used as single indicator for a higher or lower risk of boar taint in intact boars.
MRI is based on the resonance characteristics of nuclei with an individual spin, which depends—with one exception (2H = Deuterium)—on an uneven number of protons and neutrons for the atoms of interest. The most common nucleus for MRI applications is 1H (hydrogen isotope 1 = proton) because it is the most common nucleus in living objects on earth. The specific radio frequency necessary for nuclear magnetic resonance studies targeting one or several nuclei (e.g., 1H, 13C, or 31P) is called Larmor frequency and depends on the magnetic field strength (Figure 2). Several types of magnets are available for human and animal studies or diagnostic purposes. Low-field to very high-field magnets with field strength between 0.2 and 7 Tesla are being used for human and animal studies
Principle of magnetic resonance imaging: The body part of interest is positioned in the center of the magnetic field, while a body (gradient) coil helps to receive the 3D information (voltage reading) about the spin-spin (T2) or spin-lattice (T1) interaction of spinning 1H nuclei resulting in voxels (volume elements) with different signal intensities which are being made visible as gray values, as shown in
Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate the obvious differences in the body composition of a “modern” pig breed (e.g., Pietrain) and a classical autochthonous pig breed (e.g., Large Black). The subcutaneous fat layer is almost “invisible” (very thin) in Pietrain, while Large Black deposits significant amounts of subcutaneous and visceral fat. Even the outer shapes of the bodies of both breeds differ widely, which can be used for 3D (2D) video imaging [8, 9, 16]. Large Black shows a more circular body shape, while Pietrain looks more quadratic or rectangular with a slight ridge at the middle line of the back (spine), which is related to the significant difference when comparing the volume and the shape of the longissimus muscle (measured as loin eye area in cm2 or loin eye volume in cm3).
MRI loin region of a Pietrain sow (left: localizer image with slice positions in blue; right: single slices within the loin region; bright voxels originate from adipose tissue, gray pixels originate from lean tissues as are muscle or inner organs, black voxels usually originate from air).
MRI loin region of a Large Black boar.
Weigand et al. [39] used MRI as reference method (Figure 5) for the determination of the amount or volume of the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in comparison with the results of a special software mode (CoreScan™, GE Healthtech) for the determination of VAT by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (see DXA for further details).
Example for the volume determination of the visceral fat in pigs (top: singles slices for the definition of visceral fat = marked in green; bottom: visceral fat as 3D structure as a result of the 3D semi-automatic segmentation by using the FDA-approved 3D Doctor software) (Able Software Inc., Lexington, USA); (data source: [
Further useful applications of MRI include the determination of
A further technology is the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA—Figure 6). The use of DXA has been intensified in association with swine growth and efficiency studies [51, 52] or related to carcass composition [53, 54]. Weigand et al. [39] verified the use of the CoreScan™ mode of GE Lunar iDXA machines for the determination of the visceral fat volume (or mass), in combination with reference measurements by using magnetic resonance imaging (see MRI). They [39] found a close relationship between reference MRI and DXA volume measurements for VAT (R2 = 0.76; RMSE = 399 cm3), though there was a significant bias. DXA CoreScan™ (mode “thick”) overestimated VAT in comparison with MRI by approximately 35% (1687 ± 805 cm3 vs. 1108 ± 284 cm3), while castrated males tend to accumulate more visceral adipose tissue than females (MRI 1188.83 ± 47.48 cm3 vs. 1016.65 ± 49.08 cm3), and the first multiple (4-way) crossbred generation (F1) deposits more adipose tissue than the multiple F2 crossbred generation (MRI: 1196.40 ± 56.44 vs. 1009.08 ± 53.86 cm3). The difference (bias) in both DXA software modes (“thick” and “standard”) rises with a slope of 1.5 (1.498) cm3 per cubic centimeter more VAT, measured by MRI. Keeping these discrepancies in mind, DXA can be used
Positioning of a Duroc pig on a DXA scan Table (GE Healthtech
Kasper et al. [51] verified the accuracy of the
Realized heritability for DXA BMD ➔ bone mineral density (unpublished data from [
Bernau et al. [56] used DXA to study male sex differences in bone mineral density related to leg health and stability. Unexpectedly, at 90 kg body weight, entire boars showed the significantly (p < 0.05) lowest bone mineral density (1.069 ± 0.004 g/cm2) in comparison with surgically castrated (1.123 ± 0.004 g/cm2) and immunological castrated boars (1.103 ± 0.004 g/cm2). Boars, however, were the most efficient male pigs during fattening between 60 and 90 kg body weight, in terms of lean tissue food conversion with 4.06 (±0.23) kg feed per kg lean meat deposition in comparison with 4.8 (±0.22) kg/kg for surgically castrated or 4.88 (±0.22) for immunological castrated boars [46].
The differences in the velocity of sound traveling through different body tissues are the basis of ultrasound performance testing of gilts and boars in pig breeding [57, 58] or of fattening pigs [59]. Very often, simple A-mode or B-mode ultrasound devices are being used to measure subcutaneous fat and muscle depths at standardized body positions of the potential breeding pig (Figure 8). Simple regression equations provide, finally, an estimate for the lean meat percentage of the individual pig, while Maignel et al. [60] validated an ultrasound imaging procedure (BioSoft Toolbox® II for Swine 2.5) [61] to determine the intramuscular fat within the longissimus muscle of pigs. Ultrasound measurements serve additionally for carcass grading either using, for example, the AUTOFOM III technology [62] by combining a number of 16 2-MHZ ultrasound transducers (Figure 9) or the BioQscan® pork carcass grading system (Biotronics, Inc., Ames, Iowa, USA). The lean meat percentage (or intramuscular fat) originating from ultrasound (carcass grading) can be used as important offspring information for boar or sire line selection in (cross-)breeding programs [63].
Results of linear measurements on an ultrasound (B-mode) image at the longissimus muscle (between 13th/14th vertebrae) of a German Landrace gilt.
Fully automatic ultrasound AutoFom III™ device from Carometec A/S.
In addition to ultrasound, other research groups undertake attempts to measure pork quality parameters noninvasively by using, for example, CT [22, 64].
While video image analysis (VIA) has been successfully used as a carcass grading tool, in particular, in cattle [16, 65], a roughly equal predictive performance could not be achieved for the evaluation of body composition in live animals. The main drawback is that computer vision systems (CVS) like VIA (Figure 10) do not provide images of the animal’s inside as is possible with MRI, CT, DXA, and US. First efforts by Doeschl-Wilson et al. [66] to estimate the body composition of live pigs led to comparatively low estimation accuracies. Recently, Fernandes et al. [9] applied deep learning methods, which do not require image processing steps. Compared with previous studies, the authors present an improvement of accuracy with R2 for lean muscle and fat depth of 0.50 and 0.45, respectively. But the authors concluded that these coefficients of determination are still too low and that further improvement of the prediction accuracy of lean muscle and fat is required.
Principle of Video Image Analysis (or Computer Vision Systems); The boar is a cross between Pietrain ♂ and Black Iberian ♀ (LAMPIÑO variety).
In a recent literature review, Fernandes et al. [8] pointed to several studies that focused on non-contact weight determination of live pigs by means of CVS. In living pigs, VIA has been applied to describe growth in terms of size and shape by Doeschl-Wilson et al. [66] or to describe the pig locomotion by Kongsro [67]. Parsons et al. [68] have demonstrated that data from VIA can be used to model growth curves of pigs and that weight gain can be controlled by an integrated management system. Fernandez et al. [69] presented an autonomous framework for real-time video segmentation and extraction of image features to predict body weight of pigs in commercial farms. Moreover, Zhang et al. [10] proposed a method to estimate weight and body size of pigs using a multiple output regression convolutional neural network (CNN). In combination with the LabVIEW software, weight and body size of pigs can be automatically and quickly determined with a high accuracy.
Methods for studying the growth of pigs are mainly based upon measurements quantifying the distribution of main body tissues (muscle, adipose, bone) at different moments in time or throughout the range of body weights. The data can be collected using techniques that are destructive or non-destructive to the animal.
Destructive methods like total dissection of the pig carcass are labor and time consuming, and often yield inaccurate estimates of the true component growth rates. Additionally, slaughtering of pigs involved in the investigation prevents them from being used for further growth analysis, so they need to be replaced with additional pigs that would have to be identical with the slaughtered ones, which is not really possible [44]. Therefore, the procedures that can be applied to the living animal are preferable not only for growth studies. Various noninvasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound, video imaging, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have been proved as useful tools to estimate the body composition of pigs, as shown previously. At present, the bulk of growth studies with pigs is carried out by the use of CT, MRI, and DXA [13, 14, 16, 45, 46, 56].
Various approaches in the studies of body composition based on repeated cross-sectional MR images can be found in literature [70, 71, 72]. Kusec et al. [73] investigated influence of MHS genotype and feeding regime by the examination of live weight and muscle growth patterns determined by four consecutive MRI measurements at a 4-week interval on 68 hybrid barrows, as shown in Figure 11.
(a) Live weight growth curves of two MHS-genotypes (NN and Nn) of pigs kept on intensive and restrictive feeding regime; (b) Muscle growth curves of two MHS-genotypes (NN and Nn) of pigs kept on intensive and restrictive feeding regime.
Authors found that the intensive feeding regime did not improve muscle growth of hybrid pigs and that the more cost-effective restrictive feeding can be considered as more appropriate in pig fattening. It was also found that the usage of MHS-gene carriers is not justified in the attempt to enhance the growth performances of fattening pigs. By applying MRI, growth patterns of the major tissues (muscle and fat) could be investigated without time-consuming and expensive stepwise slaughter of full sibs. Moreover, when MRI measurements of muscle traits, combined with the live weight, were analyzed by generalized logistic S-function, optimal slaughter time/weight for pigs could be estimated in terms of maximum muscle growth potential [69].
Similarly, based on CT image analysis, Font-i-Furnols et al. [23] were able to estimate the effects of different feeding strategies on the body composition and carcass quality parameters of gilts during growth on the same animals throughout the trial. The results showed clear differences in the growth rate and fat composition between different feeding strategies during growth of the pigs. CT has proven to be useful even when the chemical composition of live pigs is needed for growth studies [24].
Depending on the study purpose, chemical composition like protein, moisture, fat, or ash content is essential parameters for pig growth models. Although at the beginning, CT scanning was mainly used for estimating the body composition of live pigs, with recent advancements in technology and chemometrics, the accuracy of prediction for chemical components of the carcass has significantly improved [16]. In that respect, Zomeño et al. [24] evaluated the growth of four sex types of pigs. Similarities between the prediction parameters
Noninvasive techniques such as computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging or spectroscopy, ultrasound-based measurements, and video imaging become more and more common in farm animal breeding and, more generally, in farm animal science, especially for body composition, growth, efficiency, and more basic animal welfare-related studies. The number and characteristics of phenotypes (traits), which can be determined or actually measured, is increasing rapidly, because the technology itself undergoes a tremendous progress in terms of measurement ease and accuracy as well as speed of data processing and quality of output presentation. Simple ultrasound A-mode or B-mode techniques, however, are still the methods used most frequently for performance testing in animal (pig) breeding. A few progressive, worldwide acting breeding companies use alternatively—the most precise—computed tomography for phenotyping of performance- and welfare-related traits. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, however, are mainly being used for research purposes in pigs. This is also the case for video imaging. In a few cases, video imaging is being installed in fattening units to select pigs based on their 3D body shape, which is positively correlated with body weight but not with the body composition.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Moreover, aberrations caused by breaks play an important role in the evolution of a chromosome set and chromosome complement by decreasing or increasing the chromosome number. Therefore, both the aspects are discussed in detail in the present chapter. At present, the chapter will highlight the karyotype and its components, karyotype trends, evolution and its role in speciation, banding pattern and techniques, chromosome differentiation and linearization, banding applications and their uses, detection and analysis of chromosomal aberrations, chromosome and chromatid types of aberrations and mechanism of the formation of chromosome aberrations and breaks for karyotype evolutionary trends.",book:{id:"10566",slug:"cytogenetics-classical-and-molecular-strategies-for-analysing-heredity-material",title:"Cytogenetics",fullTitle:"Cytogenetics - Classical and Molecular Strategies for Analysing Heredity Material"},signatures:"Sanjay Kumar, Asikho Kiso and N. Abenthung Kithan",authors:[{id:"88508",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sanjay-kumar",fullName:"Sanjay Kumar"},{id:"347247",title:"Dr.",name:"N. Abenthung",middleName:null,surname:"Kithan",slug:"n.-abenthung-kithan",fullName:"N. Abenthung Kithan"},{id:"347248",title:"Dr.",name:"Asikho",middleName:null,surname:"Kiso",slug:"asikho-kiso",fullName:"Asikho Kiso"}]},{id:"49585",title:"MHC Genotyping in Human and Nonhuman Species by PCRbased Next-Generation Sequencing",slug:"mhc-genotyping-in-human-and-nonhuman-species-by-pcrbased-next-generation-sequencing",totalDownloads:3118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic genomic region that encodes the transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. It receives special attention for genetic investigation because of its important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and its strong association with numerous infectious and/or autoimmune diseases. Recently, genotyping of the polymorphisms of MHC genes using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies was developed for humans and some nonhuman species. Most species have numerous highly homologous MHC loci so the NGS technologies are likely to replace traditional genotyping methods in the near future for the investigation of human and animal MHC genes in evolutionary biology, ecology, population genetics, and disease and transplantation studies. In this chapter, we provide a short review of the use of targeted NGS for MHC genotyping in humans and nonhuman species, particularly for the class I and class II regions of the Crab-eating Macaque MHC (Mafa).",book:{id:"5070",slug:"next-generation-sequencing-advances-applications-and-challenges",title:"Next Generation Sequencing",fullTitle:"Next Generation Sequencing - Advances, Applications and Challenges"},signatures:"Takashi Shiina, Shingo Suzuki and Jerzy K. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 10th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. 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Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/198036",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"198036"},fullPath:"/profiles/198036",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()