Some biotic and abiotic traits of selective citrus rootstocks [113].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"44",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys, Theory and Applications",title:"Aluminium Alloys",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The present book enhances in detail the scope and objective of various developmental activities of the aluminium alloys. A lot of research on aluminium alloys has been performed. Currently, the research efforts are connected to the relatively new methods and processes. We hope that people new to the aluminium alloys investigation will find this book to be of assistance for the industry and university fields enabling them to keep up-to-date with the latest developments in aluminium alloys research.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-244-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5974-2",doi:"10.5772/576",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"aluminium-alloys-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:414,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Tibor Kvackaj",publishedDate:"February 4th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/44.jpg",numberOfDownloads:136342,numberOfWosCitations:88,numberOfCrossrefCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitations:81,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:210,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 4th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 1st 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 6th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"17752",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",middleName:null,surname:"Kvackaj",slug:"tibor-kvackaj",fullName:"Tibor Kvackaj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17752/images/1581_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Tibor Kvačkaj obtained the PhD degree in field of study “Materials Science and Metal Forming” at Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University in Košice in 1983. He is head of Department of Metals Forming from 1992, chairman of international conference “TherTechForm” since 1996 and chairman of editorial board of journal “Acta Metallurgica Slovaca”. He published as author and co-author more than 350 original scientific works. His scientific fields are theory and technology of plastic deformations of metals, experimental investigations and mathematical simulations of influence of plastic deformation processes on structure formation and properties metal materials, nanostructural formations by SPD, steel research for autobodies.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"944",title:"Metallurgy",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-metallurgy"}],chapters:[{id:"13391",title:"Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Properties and Structural Developments of high purity Al and Al-Cu-Mg-Zr Aluminium Alloy",doi:"10.5772/14425",slug:"effect-of-severe-plastic-deformation-on-the-properties-and-structural-developments-of-high-purity-al",totalDownloads:3761,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Tibor Kvačkaj, Jana Bidulská, Robert Kočiško and Róbert Bidulský",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13391",authors:[{id:"17752",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",surname:"Kvackaj",slug:"tibor-kvackaj",fullName:"Tibor Kvackaj"},{id:"18245",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Bidulsky",slug:"robert-bidulsky",fullName:"Robert Bidulsky"},{id:"18773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Bidulska",slug:"jana-bidulska",fullName:"Jana Bidulska"},{id:"18774",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Kocisko",slug:"robert-kocisko",fullName:"Robert Kocisko"}],corrections:null},{id:"13392",title:"An Evaluation of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Densification Behaviour of Powder Metallurgy Aluminium Alloy Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu",doi:"10.5772/14790",slug:"an-evaluation-of-severe-plastic-deformation-on-the-densification-behaviour-of-powder-metallurgy-alum",totalDownloads:3536,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Róbert Bidulský, Marco Actis Grande, Jana Bidulská, Róbert Kočiško and Tibor Kvačkaj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13392",authors:[{id:"17752",title:"Prof.",name:"Tibor",surname:"Kvackaj",slug:"tibor-kvackaj",fullName:"Tibor Kvackaj"},{id:"18245",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Bidulsky",slug:"robert-bidulsky",fullName:"Robert Bidulsky"},{id:"18773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Bidulska",slug:"jana-bidulska",fullName:"Jana Bidulska"},{id:"18774",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Kocisko",slug:"robert-kocisko",fullName:"Robert Kocisko"},{id:"18772",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Actis Grande",slug:"marco-actis-grande",fullName:"Marco Actis Grande"}],corrections:null},{id:"13393",title:"An Anisotropic Behaviour Analysis of AA2024 Aluminium Alloy Undergoing Large Plastic Deformations",doi:"10.5772/14729",slug:"an-anisotropic-behaviour-analysis-of-aa2024-aluminium-alloy-undergoing-large-plastic-deformations",totalDownloads:5134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Adinel Gavrus and Henri Francillette",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13393",authors:[{id:"18616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adinel",surname:"Gavrus",slug:"adinel-gavrus",fullName:"Adinel Gavrus"},{id:"18618",title:"Dr.",name:"Henri",surname:"Francillette",slug:"henri-francillette",fullName:"Henri Francillette"}],corrections:null},{id:"13394",title:"A Simple Approach to the Study of the Ageing Behaviour of Laser Beam and Friction Stir Welds between Similar and Dissimilar Alloys",doi:"10.5772/14878",slug:"a-simple-approach-to-the-study-of-the-ageing-behaviour-of-laser-beam-and-friction-stir-welds-between",totalDownloads:3764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Claudio Badini, Claudia Milena Vega Bolivar, Andrea Antonini, Sara Biamino, Paolo Fino, Diego Giovanni Manfredi, Elisa Paola Ambrosio, Francesco Acerra, Giuseppe Campanile and Matteo Pavese",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13394",authors:[{id:"16648",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Manfredi",slug:"diego-manfredi",fullName:"Diego Manfredi"},{id:"18978",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Pavese",slug:"matteo-pavese",fullName:"Matteo Pavese"},{id:"19184",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Badini",slug:"claudio-badini",fullName:"Claudio Badini"},{id:"19185",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Vega Bolivar",slug:"claudia-vega-bolivar",fullName:"Claudia Vega Bolivar"},{id:"19186",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Antonini",slug:"andrea-antonini",fullName:"Andrea Antonini"},{id:"19187",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Biamino",slug:"sara-biamino",fullName:"Sara Biamino"},{id:"19188",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Ambrosio",slug:"elisa-ambrosio",fullName:"Elisa Ambrosio"},{id:"19189",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Fino",slug:"paolo-fino",fullName:"Paolo Fino"},{id:"32326",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Campanile",slug:"giuseppe-campanile",fullName:"Giuseppe Campanile"},{id:"32327",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Acerra",slug:"francesco-acerra",fullName:"Francesco Acerra"}],corrections:null},{id:"13395",title:"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques for Detecting Imperfections in Friction Stir Welds of Aluminium Alloys",doi:"10.5772/14743",slug:"non-destructive-testing-techniques-for-detecting-imperfections-in-friction-stir-welds-of-aluminium-a",totalDownloads:7024,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Pedro Vilaça and Telmo G. Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13395",authors:[{id:"16408",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Vilaça",slug:"pedro-vilaca",fullName:"Pedro Vilaça"},{id:"16438",title:"Prof.",name:"Telmo",surname:"G. Santos",slug:"telmo-g.-santos",fullName:"Telmo G. Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"13396",title:"Aluminium 7020 Alloy and Its Welding Fatigue Behaviour",doi:"10.5772/13949",slug:"aluminium-7020-alloy-and-its-welding-fatigue-behaviour",totalDownloads:7217,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Carlos Bloem, Maria Salvador, Vicente Amigó and Mary Vergara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13396",authors:[{id:"717",title:"Prof.",name:"Mary J.",surname:"Vergara",slug:"mary-j.-vergara",fullName:"Mary J. Vergara"},{id:"16361",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Bloem",slug:"carlos-bloem",fullName:"Carlos Bloem"},{id:"21888",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Salvador",slug:"maria-salvador",fullName:"Maria Salvador"},{id:"21889",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Amigó",slug:"vicente-amigo",fullName:"Vicente Amigó"}],corrections:null},{id:"13397",title:"Fatigue Behaviour of Welded Joints Made of 6061-T651 Aluminium Alloy",doi:"10.5772/14489",slug:"fatigue-behaviour-of-welded-joints-made-of-6061-t651-aluminium-alloy",totalDownloads:8076,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Alfredo S. Ribeiro and Abílio M.P. de Jesus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13397",authors:[{id:"17930",title:"Dr.",name:"Abílio",surname:"de Jesus",slug:"abilio-de-jesus",fullName:"Abílio de Jesus"},{id:"17934",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"alfredo-ribeiro",fullName:"Alfredo Ribeiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"13398",title:"Inhomogeneous Material Modeling and Characterization for Aluminium Alloys and Welded Joints",doi:"10.5772/14890",slug:"inhomogeneous-material-modeling-and-characterization-for-aluminium-alloys-and-welded-joints",totalDownloads:3897,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jisen Qiao and Wenyan Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13398",authors:[{id:"19007",title:"Dr.",name:"Jisen",surname:"Qiao",slug:"jisen-qiao",fullName:"Jisen Qiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"13399",title:"Cyclic Deformation Behavior and Its Optimization at Elevated Temperature",doi:"10.5772/13898",slug:"cyclic-deformation-behavior-and-its-optimization-at-elevated-temperature",totalDownloads:2028,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Patiphan Juijerm and Igor Altenberger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13399",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13399",authors:[{id:"16220",title:"Dr.-Ing.",name:"Patiphan",surname:"Juijerm",slug:"patiphan-juijerm",fullName:"Patiphan Juijerm"},{id:"24091",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Altenberger",slug:"igor-altenberger",fullName:"Igor Altenberger"}],corrections:null},{id:"13400",title:"Summary on Uniaxial Ratchetting of 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy",doi:"10.5772/14147",slug:"summary-on-uniaxial-ratchetting-of-6061-t6-aluminium-alloy",totalDownloads:4300,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Guozheng Kang, Jun Ding and Yujie Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13400",authors:[{id:"16967",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozheng",surname:"Kang",slug:"guozheng-kang",fullName:"Guozheng Kang"},{id:"18805",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Ding",slug:"jun-ding",fullName:"Jun Ding"},{id:"18806",title:"Dr.",name:"Yujie",surname:"Liu",slug:"yujie-liu",fullName:"Yujie Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"13401",title:"Crack Growth in AlCu4Mg1 Alloy under Combined Cyclic Bending and Torsion",doi:"10.5772/14036",slug:"crack-growth-in-alcu4mg1-alloy-under-combined-cyclic-bending-and-torsion",totalDownloads:2479,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Dariusz Rozumek and Ewald Macha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13401",authors:[{id:"16572",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewald",surname:"Macha",slug:"ewald-macha",fullName:"Ewald Macha"},{id:"16603",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",surname:"Rozumek",slug:"dariusz-rozumek",fullName:"Dariusz Rozumek"}],corrections:null},{id:"13402",title:"Fatigue Crack Growth Simulation of Aluminium Alloy under Cyclic Sequence Effects",doi:"10.5772/14898",slug:"fatigue-crack-growth-simulation-of-aluminium-alloy-under-cyclic-sequence-effects",totalDownloads:6411,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"S. Abdullah, S. M. Beden and A. K. Ariffin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13402",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13402",authors:[{id:"15142",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahrum",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"shahrum-abdullah",fullName:"Shahrum Abdullah"}],corrections:null},{id:"13403",title:"Creep and Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth in Aluminium Alloys",doi:"10.5772/15153",slug:"creep-and-creep-fatigue-crack-growth-in-aluminium-alloys",totalDownloads:5858,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Gilbert Hénaff, Grégory Odemer and Bertrand Journet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13403",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13403",authors:[{id:"18622",title:"Prof.",name:"Gilbert",surname:"Henaff",slug:"gilbert-henaff",fullName:"Gilbert Henaff"},{id:"18623",title:"Dr.",name:"Grégory",surname:"Odemer",slug:"gregory-odemer",fullName:"Grégory Odemer"},{id:"19842",title:"Mr.",name:"Bertrand",surname:"Journet",slug:"bertrand-journet",fullName:"Bertrand Journet"}],corrections:null},{id:"13404",title:"New Approaches to Reaction Kinetics during Molten Aluminum Refining Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)",doi:"10.5772/13528",slug:"new-approaches-to-reaction-kinetics-during-molten-aluminum-refining-using-electron-backscatter-diffr",totalDownloads:4189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Alfredo Flores and Jesús Torres",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13404",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13404",authors:[{id:"15033",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Flores",slug:"alfredo-flores",fullName:"Alfredo Flores"}],corrections:null},{id:"13405",title:"Modelling of Precipitation Hardening in Casting Aluminium Alloys",doi:"10.5772/14406",slug:"modelling-of-precipitation-hardening-in-casting-aluminium-alloys",totalDownloads:7160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Linda Wu and W. George Ferguson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13405",authors:[{id:"16007",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",surname:"Wu",slug:"linda-wu",fullName:"Linda Wu"},{id:"17717",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Ferguson",slug:"george-ferguson",fullName:"George Ferguson"}],corrections:null},{id:"13406",title:"Metallographic Etching of Aluminium and Its Alloys for Restoration of Obliterated Marks in Forensic Science Practice and Investigations",doi:"10.5772/15693",slug:"metallographic-etching-of-aluminium-and-its-alloys-for-restoration-of-obliterated-marks-in-forensic-",totalDownloads:19586,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"R. Kuppuswamy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13406",authors:[{id:"17384",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuppuswamy",surname:"Ramaswamy",slug:"kuppuswamy-ramaswamy",fullName:"Kuppuswamy Ramaswamy"}],corrections:null},{id:"13407",title:"Performance Optimization in Machining of Aluminium Alloys for Moulds Production: HSM and EDM",doi:"10.5772/14847",slug:"performance-optimization-in-machining-of-aluminium-alloys-for-moulds-production-hsm-and-edm",totalDownloads:6773,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Andrea Gatto, Elena Bassoli and Luca Iuliano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13407",authors:[{id:"18885",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Gatto",slug:"andrea-gatto",fullName:"Andrea Gatto"},{id:"18899",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",surname:"Iuliano",slug:"luca-iuliano",fullName:"Luca Iuliano"},{id:"18902",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",surname:"Bassoli",slug:"elena-bassoli",fullName:"Elena Bassoli"}],corrections:null},{id:"13408",title:"Machining and Machinability of Aluminum Alloys",doi:"10.5772/14888",slug:"machining-and-machinability-of-aluminum-alloys",totalDownloads:35171,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:35,signatures:"V. Songmene, R. Khettabi, I. Zaghbani, J. Kouam, and A. Djebara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13408",authors:[{id:"16202",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Songmene",slug:"victor-songmene",fullName:"Victor Songmene"},{id:"18542",title:"Dr.",name:"Riad",surname:"Khettabi",slug:"riad-khettabi",fullName:"Riad Khettabi"},{id:"18543",title:"Dr.",name:"Imed",surname:"Zaghbani",slug:"imed-zaghbani",fullName:"Imed Zaghbani"},{id:"18544",title:"Dr.",name:"Jules",surname:"Kouam",slug:"jules-kouam",fullName:"Jules Kouam"},{id:"18545",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhakim",surname:"Djebara",slug:"abdelhakim-djebara",fullName:"Abdelhakim Djebara"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3817",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff86fac7ac8bce142fdc3c0e5a79f30",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",bookSignature:"M. Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3817.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"27",title:"Magnesium Alloys",subtitle:"Design, Processing and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"magnesium-alloys-design-processing-and-properties",bookSignature:"Frank Czerwinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/27.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16295",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Czerwinski",slug:"frank-czerwinski",fullName:"Frank Czerwinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3494",title:"Titanium Alloys",subtitle:"Advances in Properties Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"83dc0b49b280c4df33cb4cac06fc3660",slug:"titanium-alloys-advances-in-properties-control",bookSignature:"Jan Sieniawski and Waldemar Ziaja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109232",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Sieniawski",slug:"jan-sieniawski",fullName:"Jan Sieniawski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3844",title:"Light Metal Alloys Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ddeae36c90447289dd3320146d31861",slug:"light-metal-alloys-applications",bookSignature:"Waldemar A. Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118821",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldemar Alfredo",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"waldemar-alfredo-monteiro",fullName:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"217",title:"Recent Trends in Processing and Degradation of Aluminium Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b334709c43320a6e92eb9c574a8d44d",slug:"recent-trends-in-processing-and-degradation-of-aluminium-alloys",bookSignature:"Zaki Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/217.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52898",title:"Prof.",name:"Zaki",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zaki-ahmad",fullName:"Zaki Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"920",title:"Magnesium Alloys",subtitle:"Corrosion and Surface Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33740111d2545ae64a3b2c3d938fc432",slug:"magnesium-alloys-corrosion-and-surface-treatments",bookSignature:"Frank Czerwinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/920.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16295",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Czerwinski",slug:"frank-czerwinski",fullName:"Frank Czerwinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1471",title:"Titanium Alloys",subtitle:"Towards Achieving Enhanced Properties for Diversified Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcdcf80b9cadfb4e2797127a5cf85700",slug:"titanium-alloys-towards-achieving-enhanced-properties-for-diversified-applications",bookSignature:"A.K.M. Nurul Amin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112624",title:"Dr.",name:"A.K.M. Nurul",surname:"Amin",slug:"a.k.m.-nurul-amin",fullName:"A.K.M. Nurul Amin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3053",title:"Aluminium Alloys",subtitle:"New Trends in Fabrication and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b3d8fcf0bcf5e05087c7fce9c799ecf",slug:"aluminium-alloys-new-trends-in-fabrication-and-applications",bookSignature:"Zaki Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3053.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52898",title:"Prof.",name:"Zaki",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zaki-ahmad",fullName:"Zaki Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4579",title:"Shape Memory Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deea52ac1b8ff752efae734f5d90ec58",slug:"shape-memory-alloys",bookSignature:"Corneliu Cismasiu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4579.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10624",title:"Dr.",name:"Corneliu",surname:"Cismasiu",slug:"corneliu-cismasiu",fullName:"Corneliu Cismasiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1465",title:"Powder Metallurgy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30724bbd30130a71450f323924aee932",slug:"powder-metallurgy",bookSignature:"Katsuyoshi Kondoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111029",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsuyoshi",surname:"Kondoh",slug:"katsuyoshi-kondoh",fullName:"Katsuyoshi Kondoh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66063",slug:"corrigendum-to-introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",title:"Corrigendum to: Introductory Chapter: Historical Perspective and Brief Overview of Insulin",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66063.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66063",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66063",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66063",chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]},book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10918",leadTitle:null,title:"Digital Economy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dbdfd9caf5c4b0038ff4446c7bc6a681",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10918.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"9679",title:"Strategic Analysis of Alternatives for Waste Management",doi:"10.5772/8462",slug:"strategic-analysis-of-alternatives-for-waste-management",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/9679.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9679",totalDownloads:5857,totalViews:160,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/9679",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/9679",book:{slug:"waste-management"},signatures:"Enrique Posada",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3712",title:"Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Waste Management",slug:"waste-management",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Er Sunil Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3712.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7879",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sunil-kumar",fullName:"Sunil Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"9680",title:"The Threshold Target Approach to Waste Management in Emerging Economies: Pragmatic, Realistic, Appropriate",slug:"the-threshold-target-approach-to-waste-management-in-emerging-economies-pragmatic-realistic-appropri",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manfred Fehr",authors:[null]},{id:"9679",title:"Strategic Analysis of Alternatives for Waste Management",slug:"strategic-analysis-of-alternatives-for-waste-management",totalDownloads:5857,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Enrique Posada",authors:[null]},{id:"9683",title:"Professionalism Pays: Industry Associations and Continuing Professional Development for the Waste Management Sector",slug:"professionalism-pays-industry-associations-and-continuing-professional-development-for-the-waste-man",totalDownloads:1910,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georgina Davis",authors:[null]},{id:"9684",title:"Institutional Development in the Urban Waste Market in Portugal. Market Structure, Regulation and Performance Analysis",slug:"institutional-development-in-the-urban-waste-market-in-portugal-market-structure-regulation-and-perf",totalDownloads:2412,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rui Cunha Marques and Pedro Simoes",authors:[null]},{id:"9677",title:"Composting Barrel for Sustainable Organic Waste Management in Bangladesh",slug:"composting-barrel-for-sustainable-organic-waste-management-in-bangladesh",totalDownloads:2855,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Azizul Moqsud",authors:[null]},{id:"9681",title:"Solid Waste Management through the Application of Thermal Methods",slug:"solid-waste-management-through-the-application-of-thermal-methods",totalDownloads:6496,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Konstantinos Moustakas and Maria Loizidou",authors:[null]},{id:"9676",title:"Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management in India",slug:"effective-municipal-solid-waste-management-in-india",totalDownloads:4754,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Sunil Kumar and Tapan Chakrabarti",authors:[null]},{id:"9678",title:"Thermal Conversion Technologies for Solid Wastes: A New Way to Produce Sustainable Energy",slug:"thermal-conversion-technologies-for-solid-wastes-a-new-way-to-produce-sustainable-energy",totalDownloads:6723,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jaime F Puna and M Teresa Santos",authors:[null]},{id:"9674",title:"Managing Wastes in Asia: Looking at the Perspectives of China, Mongolia and the Philippines",slug:"managing-wastes-in-asia-looking-at-the-perspectives-of-china-mongolia-and-the-philippines",totalDownloads:3417,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kevin Roy Serrona, Jeong-soo Yu and Jia Che",authors:[null]},{id:"9675",title:"Basic Concepts in Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfidic Mine-Waste Management",slug:"basic-concepts-in-environmental-geochemistry-of-sulfidic-mine-waste-management",totalDownloads:5667,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Bernhard Dold",authors:[null]},{id:"9682",title:"Synthetic Aggregates Produced by Different Wastes as a Soil Ameliorant, a Potting Media Component and a Waste Management Option.",slug:"synthetic-aggregates-produced-by-different-wastes-as-a-soil-ameliorant-a-potting-media-component-and",totalDownloads:2261,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guttila Yugantha Jayasinghe and Yoshihiro Tokashiki",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"171",title:"Integrated Waste Management",subtitle:"Volume I",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a1c57e4914eb99c25e35de95cc77558",slug:"integrated-waste-management-volume-i",bookSignature:"Sunil Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/171.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7879",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sunil-kumar",fullName:"Sunil Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17427",title:"Governance Crisis or Attitudinal Challenges? Generation, Collection, Storage and Transportation of Solid Waste in Ghana",slug:"governance-crisis-or-attitudinal-challenges-generation-collection-storage-and-transportation-of-soli",signatures:"Oteng-Ababio Martin",authors:[{id:"24999",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Oteng-Ababio",fullName:"Martin Oteng-Ababio",slug:"martin-oteng-ababio"}]},{id:"17428",title:"Institutional Matrix for Sustainable Waste Management",slug:"institutional-matrix-for-sustainable-waste-management",signatures:"Peter Appiah Obeng and Joseph Boateng Agyenim",authors:[{id:"25037",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Appiah",surname:"Obeng",fullName:"Peter Obeng",slug:"peter-obeng"},{id:"48571",title:"Mr",name:"Joseph Boateng",middleName:"Boateng",surname:"Agyenim",fullName:"Joseph Boateng Agyenim",slug:"joseph-boateng-agyenim"}]},{id:"17429",title:"Waste Management Facility Siting and Social Conflicts – the Case of Hungary",slug:"waste-management-facility-siting-and-social-conflicts-the-case-of-hungary",signatures:"Szántó Richárd",authors:[{id:"25223",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Szanto",fullName:"Richard Szanto",slug:"richard-szanto"}]},{id:"17430",title:"Planning the Management of Municipal Solid Waste: The Case of Region “Puglia (Apulia)” in Italy",slug:"planning-the-management-of-municipal-solid-waste-the-case-of-region-puglia-apulia-in-italy",signatures:"Ludovico Spinosa and Carmine Carella",authors:[{id:"37361",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludovico",middleName:null,surname:"Spinosa",fullName:"Ludovico Spinosa",slug:"ludovico-spinosa"},{id:"37754",title:"MSc.",name:"Carmine",middleName:null,surname:"Carella",fullName:"Carmine Carella",slug:"carmine-carella"}]},{id:"17431",title:"Strength and Weakness of Municipal and Packaging Waste System in Poland",slug:"strength-and-weakness-of-municipal-and-packaging-waste-system-in-poland",signatures:"Joanna Kulczycka, Agnieszka Generowicz and Zygmunt Kowalski",authors:[{id:"28180",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kulczycka",fullName:"Joanna Kulczycka",slug:"joanna-kulczycka"},{id:"33866",title:"Prof.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Generowicz",fullName:"Agnieszka Generowicz",slug:"agnieszka-generowicz"},{id:"33867",title:"Prof.",name:"Zygmunt",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalski",fullName:"Zygmunt Kowalski",slug:"zygmunt-kowalski"}]},{id:"17432",title:"Management of Municipal Solid Wastes: A Case Study in Limpopo Province, South Africa",slug:"management-of-municipal-solid-wastes-a-case-study-in-limpopo-province-south-africa",signatures:"J. S. Ogola, L. Chimuka and S. Tshivhase",authors:[{id:"32130",title:"Prof.",name:"Jason S.",middleName:"Samuel",surname:"Ogola",fullName:"Jason S. Ogola",slug:"jason-s.-ogola"},{id:"39114",title:"Prof.",name:"Luke",middleName:null,surname:"Chimuka",fullName:"Luke Chimuka",slug:"luke-chimuka"},{id:"39119",title:"Ms",name:"Shoni",middleName:null,surname:"Tshivhase",fullName:"Shoni Tshivhase",slug:"shoni-tshivhase"}]},{id:"17433",title:"Dry Digestion of Organic Residues",slug:"dry-digestion-of-organic-residues",signatures:"Sigrid Kusch, Winfried Schäfer and Martin Kranert",authors:[{id:"24949",title:"Dr",name:"Sigrid",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",fullName:"Sigrid Kusch",slug:"sigrid-kusch"},{id:"84091",title:"Dr.",name:"Winfried",middleName:null,surname:"Schäfer",fullName:"Winfried Schäfer",slug:"winfried-schafer"},{id:"84092",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Kranert",fullName:"Martin Kranert",slug:"martin-kranert"}]},{id:"17434",title:"Production of Activated Char and Producer Gas Sewage Sludge",slug:"production-of-activated-char-and-producer-gas-sewage-sludge",signatures:"Young Nam Chun",authors:[{id:"26098",title:"Prof.",name:"Young Nam",middleName:null,surname:"Chun",fullName:"Young Nam Chun",slug:"young-nam-chun"}]},{id:"17435",title:"Modelled on Nature – Biological Processes in Waste Management",slug:"modelled-on-nature-biological-processes-in-waste-management",signatures:"Katharina Böhm, Johannes Tintner and Ena Smidt",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt"},{id:"30197",title:"MSc.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Tintner",fullName:"Johannes Tintner",slug:"johannes-tintner"}]},{id:"17436",title:"Development of On-Farm Anaerobic Digestion",slug:"development-of-on-farm-anaerobic-digestion",signatures:"Kevin G Wilkinson",authors:[{id:"27746",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin G.",middleName:null,surname:"Wilkinson",fullName:"Kevin G. Wilkinson",slug:"kevin-g.-wilkinson"}]},{id:"17437",title:"New Municipal Solid Waste Processing Technology Reduces Volume and Provides Beneficial Reuse Applications for Soil Improvement and Dust Control",slug:"new-municipal-solid-waste-processing-technology-reduces-volume-and-provides-beneficial-reuse-applica",signatures:"H.A. Torbert, D.L. Gebhart and R.R. Busby",authors:[{id:"38917",title:"Dr.",name:"Allen",middleName:null,surname:"Torbert",fullName:"Allen Torbert",slug:"allen-torbert"},{id:"38923",title:"Dr.",name:"Dick L.",middleName:null,surname:"Gebhart",fullName:"Dick L. Gebhart",slug:"dick-l.-gebhart"},{id:"38925",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan R.",middleName:null,surname:"Busby",fullName:"Ryan R. Busby",slug:"ryan-r.-busby"}]},{id:"17438",title:"Waste to Energy, Wasting Resources and Livelihoods",slug:"waste-to-energy-wasting-resources-and-livelihoods",signatures:"Jutta Gutberlet",authors:[{id:"27539",title:"Dr.",name:"Jutta",middleName:null,surname:"Gutberlet",fullName:"Jutta Gutberlet",slug:"jutta-gutberlet"}]},{id:"17439",title:"Solid Waste Utilization in Foundries and Metallurgical Plants",slug:"solid-waste-utilization-in-foundries-and-metallurgical-plants",signatures:"Jan Jezierski and Krzysztof Janerka",authors:[{id:"25014",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Jezierski",fullName:"Jan Jezierski",slug:"jan-jezierski"},{id:"37688",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Janerka",fullName:"Krzysztof Janerka",slug:"krzysztof-janerka"}]},{id:"17440",title:"Economic and Operational Feasibility Analysis of Solid Waste Minimization Projects",slug:"economic-and-operational-feasibility-analysis-of-solid-waste-minimization-projects",signatures:"Matthew J. Franchetti",authors:[{id:"25018",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew J.",middleName:null,surname:"Franchetti",fullName:"Matthew J. Franchetti",slug:"matthew-j.-franchetti"}]},{id:"17441",title:"Waste Management at the Construction Site",slug:"waste-management-at-the-construction-site",signatures:"Joseph Laquatra and Mark Pierce",authors:[{id:"25350",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Laquatra",fullName:"Joseph Laquatra",slug:"joseph-laquatra"},{id:"30950",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Pierce",fullName:"Mark Pierce",slug:"mark-pierce"}]},{id:"17442",title:"Deconstruction Roles in the Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Portugal - From Design to Site Management",slug:"deconstruction-roles-in-the-construction-and-demolition-waste-management-in-portugal-from-design-to-",signatures:"João Pedro Couto and Paulo Mendonça",authors:[{id:"27259",title:"Dr.",name:"João Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Couto",fullName:"João Pedro Couto",slug:"joao-pedro-couto"},{id:"46505",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Mendonça",fullName:"Paulo Mendonça",slug:"paulo-mendonca"}]},{id:"17443",title:"Hydraulic Conductivity of Steel Pipe Sheet Pile Cutoff Walls at Coastal Waste Landfill Sites",slug:"hydraulic-conductivity-of-steel-pipe-sheet-pile-cutoff-walls-at-coastal-waste-landfill-sites",signatures:"Shinya Inazumi",authors:[{id:"28473",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Inazumi",fullName:"Shinya Inazumi",slug:"shinya-inazumi"}]},{id:"17444",title:"Environmental-Friendly Biodegradable Polymers and Composites",slug:"environmental-friendly-biodegradable-polymers-and-composites",signatures:"Bergeret Anne",authors:[{id:"25503",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Bergeret",fullName:"Anne Bergeret",slug:"anne-bergeret"}]},{id:"17445",title:"Geochemical Risk Assessment Process for Rio Tinto’s Pilbara Iron Ore Mines",slug:"geochemical-risk-assessment-process-for-rio-tinto-s-pilbara-iron-ore-mines",signatures:"Rosalind Green and Richard K Borden",authors:[{id:"39127",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalind",middleName:null,surname:"Green",fullName:"Rosalind Green",slug:"rosalind-green"},{id:"84760",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard K.",middleName:null,surname:"Borden",fullName:"Richard K. Borden",slug:"richard-k.-borden"}]},{id:"17446",title:"A Study of Elevated Temperatures on the Strength Properties of LCD Glass Powder Cement Mortars",slug:"a-study-of-elevated-temperatures-on-the-strength-properties-of-lcd-glass-powder-cement-mortars",signatures:"Her-Yung Wang and Tsung-Chin Hou",authors:[{id:"29256",title:"Prof.",name:"Her-Yung",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Her-Yung Wang",slug:"her-yung-wang"},{id:"106303",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsung-Chin",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Tsung-Chin Hou",slug:"tsung-chin-hou"}]},{id:"17447",title:"Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Clean-Up of Hazardous Waste Sites",slug:"cost-benefit-analysis-of-the-clean-up-of-hazardous-waste-sites",signatures:"Carla Guerriero and John Cairns",authors:[{id:"26566",title:"MSc",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Guerriero",fullName:"Carla Guerriero",slug:"carla-guerriero"},{id:"38133",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cairns",fullName:"John Cairns",slug:"john-cairns"}]},{id:"17448",title:"Benefits from GIS Based Modelling for Municipal Solid Waste Management",slug:"benefits-from-gis-based-modelling-for-municipal-solid-waste-management",signatures:"Christos Chalkias and Katia Lasaridi",authors:[{id:"27223",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:"N.",surname:"Chalkias",fullName:"Christos Chalkias",slug:"christos-chalkias"},{id:"33249",title:"Prof.",name:"Katia",middleName:null,surname:"Lasaridi",fullName:"Katia Lasaridi",slug:"katia-lasaridi"}]},{id:"17449",title:"Comparison of the Suitability of Two LCA Procedures in Selecting the Best MSW Management System",slug:"comparison-of-the-suitability-of-two-lca-procedures-in-selecting-the-best-msw-management-system",signatures:"Giovanni De Feo and Carmela Malvano",authors:[{id:"29480",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"De Feo",fullName:"Giovanni De Feo",slug:"giovanni-de-feo"},{id:"29487",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmela",middleName:null,surname:"Malvano",fullName:"Carmela Malvano",slug:"carmela-malvano"}]},{id:"17450",title:"Life Cycle Assessment in Municipal Solid Waste Management",slug:"life-cycle-assessment-in-municipal-solid-waste-management",signatures:"Konstadinos Abeliotis",authors:[{id:"38857",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstadinos",middleName:null,surname:"Abeliotis",fullName:"Konstadinos Abeliotis",slug:"konstadinos-abeliotis"}]},{id:"17451",title:"Odour Impact Monitoring for Landfills",slug:"odour-impact-monitoring-for-landfills",signatures:"Magda Brattoli, Gianluigi de Gennaro and Valentina de Pinto",authors:[{id:"29029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluigi",middleName:null,surname:"de Gennaro",fullName:"Gianluigi de Gennaro",slug:"gianluigi-de-gennaro"},{id:"39862",title:"Dr",name:"Magda",middleName:null,surname:"Brattoli",fullName:"Magda Brattoli",slug:"magda-brattoli"},{id:"91241",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"De Pinto",fullName:"Valentina De Pinto",slug:"valentina-de-pinto"}]},{id:"17452",title:"Performance Indicators for Leachate Management: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Portugal",slug:"performance-indicators-for-leachate-management-municipal-solid-waste-landfills-in-portugal",signatures:"Graça Martinho and Joana Santos",authors:[{id:"34091",title:"Prof.",name:"Graça",middleName:null,surname:"Martinho",fullName:"Graça Martinho",slug:"graca-martinho"},{id:"36152",title:"MSc",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Joana Santos",slug:"joana-santos"}]},{id:"17453",title:"Measurements of Carbonaceous Aerosols Using Semi-Continuous Thermal-Optical Method",slug:"measurements-of-carbonaceous-aerosols-using-semi-continuous-thermal-optical-method",signatures:"Xiao-Ying Yu",authors:[{id:"24996",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Yu",slug:"xiao-ying-yu"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74767",title:"Climate Change and Citrus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95488",slug:"climate-change-and-citrus",body:'Citrus and its related genera i.e., Poncirus, Eremocitrus, Fortunella, and Microcitrus belong to the family Rutaceae [1, 2]. Citrus is a prominent fruit tree of tropical and sub-tropical regions that require a suitable climate for quality production. Citrus fruit quality and quantity are inclined by multiple factors including climatic conditions [3]. Change in optimum climate elements like low temperature/freezing, heat stress/heatwaves, CO2 assimilation, drought/water scarcity, intensive rainfall, and relative humidity, may affect directly and indirectly citrus production [4].
Citrus tree (rootstock and scion) growth, development, fruit production, and fruit quality is reduced under the biotic and abiotic stresses [5]. Citrus with tolerant rootstocks against biotic and abiotic factors improve the growth and productivity of the trees [6]. The potential citrus yield is 18–20 tones ha−1, which goes up to 25 tones ha−1 in the developed world; however, the citrus average yield in Pakistan is 10–12 tones ha−1 and is affected by abiotic and biotic stresses [7]. The yield gap is due to biotic, abiotic, and general factors, like agronomic practices in countries of climate risk [8].
The productivity and growth of plants are affected by climate change especially drought and high temperatures collectively [9]. Reactive oxygen species accumulate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [10] is due to water stress and high-temperature stress which reduce the biochemical, physiological, and molecular regulation. Reduction in carbohydrate accumulation affects the flowering, fruit set, and fruit yield. However, to reduce the negative plant physiological stresses, there should be good management practices in citrus orchards. Choice of better scion enhances citrus trees to produce higher yield with good fruit quality [11].
Citrus has a phenological life cycle of the whole year, starting from February to next year January. Flowering starts during February–March in subtropical regions and is generally considered a critical period for citrus production. An increase in temperature and water stress after pollination inhibits ovule fertilization [12], which in return reduces tree fruit set, increases June fruit drop, and reduces tree yield [13, 14, 15]. Fruit growth phases from button size to mature fruit are more sensitive to heat stress and deficit irrigation. Citrus under water deficit conditions faces reduced fruit growth and ripening, which is associated with a decrease in fruit size, an increase in fruit acidity [16], and low tree yield [13]. Water stress at the pre-harvest stage in oranges develops fruit peel wrinkles [17]. An increase in optimum temperature at fruit ripening causes pre-harvest fruit drop and reduced yield (Figure 1).
Key phenological stages and management activities [18].
To deal with heat and water deficit stress, there is a need to improve agronomic management practices and adopt breeding and molecular approaches. Agronomic management practices encompass factors like irrigation, nutrition, pruning, pests, diseases, and other injuries which have a key role in citrus fruits quantity and quality [19]. Breeding approaches need to search out/develop rootstocks that are tolerant/resistant against abiotic and biotic stresses. Based on breeding techniques, better rootstocks can be developed that can mitigate climate risk and other major biotic factors [20]. Molecular approaches are very helpful to deal with heat and water deficit conditions. Modulation in genes and gene expression related to stress help plants to cope and mitigate stress adversity. Henceforth, somatic hybridization, mutation, somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation techniques help to improve trees for thermotolerance [21].
Thus, in this chapter, we present an overview of climate change i.e., heat and drought stress impact on citrus and its management through agronomic, breeding, and molecular approaches.
The main reason behind climate change is greenhouse gasses; especially carbon dioxide accumulation in the environment. Fossil fuel burning is the primary source of greenhouse gasses emission. The use of pesticides in agriculture and cutting of forests are also contributing to the proliferation of such gasses that cause climate change. An optimum amount of these gasses is necessary for controlling the earth’s temperature, but now their concentration is increasing dramatically. From the expected beginning of human civilization about thousand years ago to 1900, the carbon dioxide concentration in the environment was 0.03%, but now due to climate change, it has been reached to 0.04%, the highest in history [22].
The earth’s mean temperature has risen for the past hundred years [23]. The increase in temperature of the earth due to climate change can affect the environment adversely. Today, the average temperature is 4°F more in comparison to the last Ice Age [24]. Global warming is causing the melting of polar caps and warming the ocean’s water, which is leading to greater storms and frequent floods along with heavy winds and rains. A heat rise is also enhancing the incidences of wildfires, which damage natural habitat and creatures [25]. Climate change threatens the world’s population. The world is severely facing the issue of climate change, especially the third world countries. American and European countries are prepared well against climate change [26]; however, the countries of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa are more exposed to environmental changes due to less preparedness and technology to tackle these issues [27]. Norway would be the country likely to survive climate change due to its low vulnerability against climate change. The neighboring countries: Finland (third), Sweden (fourth), Denmark (sixth), and Iceland (eighth) are well prepared. The countries least likely to survive global warming change include the Central African Republic, South Africa, Eritrea, Chad, Somalia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These countries have poor infrastructure, unstable governance, poor health, and food and water scarcity (Figure 2).
The map shows the countries most at risk and least at risk against climate change [28].
NASA center graph associated with climate (Figure 3) indicates the average global surface temperature during the era of 1880–2018. After 1940, an abrupt increase in temperature was noted for a duration of two years and then continuous high temperature was witnessed after 1980–2016 [28]. The researchers believe that global temperature will rise continuously over the next few decades, mainly due to humans generated greenhouse gases. The IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) predicts a rise of 2.5–10°F over the next century [29].
Global surface temperature anatomy 1880–2018 [28].
Water is highly important for plants and its global importance is not difficult to understand. There is a frequent rise in water scarcity due to changes in climatic patterns. It is expected that the world will face a decrease of 66% in water availability up till 2050. The water cycle is adversely affected by climate change. Due to the changing climate, several areas are getting dry. There are 17 nations under the extremely high risk of water scarcity; out of which 12 are in North Africa and Middle East [29]. India and Pakistan, two Asian countries, fell in the list of 17 countries having a risk of water scarcity (Figure 4).
Top 17 countries facing the risk of extremely high water stress [29].
The yield of any crop begins to decrease when the temperature exceeds the ideal temperature range and the water level falls below the ideal water demand of the crop. Temperature and precipitation variables of climate are described as diagrammatic sketch alternatively for intensity and duration of drought, which show a small portion of the climate space presently exceeding tree mortality threshold (Figure 5). It is predicted that there will be high temperature and drought due to extreme climate change, which can cause severe damage to agriculture and could become a risk for tree populations [31].
Climatic variables, temperature, and precipitation, with a range of variability [30].
Plant physiology includes all the dynamic processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, defense, and communication responsible for plant survival [32, 33]. Heatwaves affect the plant’s physiological processes and responses, their ability to tolerate heat, as well as the effectiveness of strategies used for thermotolerance improvement [34]. In citrus fruits, the temperature above than optimum causes a big difference in the leaf to air vapor ratio as well as high leaf temperature, but the shade conditions can relieve the water pressure and lower the temperature of the leaves [35]. Stomatal conductance and carbon dioxide uptake are reduced by superoptimal leaf temperature and water tension [36].
The gas exchange activity is reduced badly in citrus trees under deficient irrigation [37, 38]. CO2 assimilation, conductivity, and transpiration rate decrease under water stress, so these gas exchange parameters are a water stress indicator [39, 40, 41]. Citrus trees under water deficit conditions reduce the conductivity of stomata and increase photorespiration [42], which reduces the yield, size, and quality of fruits [43]. Under groundwater deficiency, citrus trees lead to stomata closure associated with high ABA content and result in a sudden decrease in photosynthesis [16, 44, 45] and production losses [14, 35]. Chlorophyll a is easily damaged compared to chlorophyll b due to lack of water. Genotypes/species that maintain stomata conduction under dry conditions also maintain chlorophyll fluorescence and high growth levels [46].
Altered temperatures and water deficit conditions affect citrus leaf-to-air vapor pressure during the day in the early morning and midday [8], indicating a vapor pressure of 4.3 kPa at 37–40°C and 6.2 kPa at ≥40°C, respectively. Citrus exposed to the temperature above than optimum (37°C) and vapor pressure deficit (3.6 kPa) at 330 μmols−1 CO2 concentration during midday, shows depression in carbon dioxide exchange rate [47]. Swingle citrumelo, a citrus species increased its total biomass when kept under slightly high temperature [8]. Drought stress affects both plant vegetative and reproductive growth parameters [48, 49]. Citrus under water deficit lessens vegetative growth, fruit size and quality and orchards face a major economic loss [14]. Orange trees exposed to prolonged or excessive water deficit can lead to leaf drop, gradual drying of the tips of the branches, and a drastic decline in fruit production due to severe flower and fruit drop [50]. Young lemons exposed to water stress showed a decrease in daily stem diameter and water flow [51]. The growth of plant roots is dependent on the soil water availability. The roots of irrigated soils are well distributed and widespread compared to roots with less irrigation. Valencia orange roots on the Swingle citrumelo rootstock and a significant difference in root distribution between irrigated and non-irrigated trees were observed [52]. Water stress decreases the growth and metabolism of citrus fruits [43, 53] and increases the cost of extracting juice [21]. Dryness also reduces the thickness of fruit peel, making citrus fruits more sensitive to damage during handling and transportation [54]. Irrigation stoppage during initial and final growth phases of Lane Late orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) significantly reduced yield [55]. General studies of water stress in citrus show that the extent and duration of water stress at critical development stages are more vulnerable to the production of citrus. On the other hand, the cultivar and properties of orchards i.e., soil, climate, and cultivation also play important role in success under deficit irrigation [56].
The transport of water is determined inside the plant by the availability of soil water and relative humidity. Plant physiological adjustments under changing environmental conditions maintain the turgor pressure of the plant cell. In perennial species, seasonal variations in environmental conditions can affect water relationship. In citrus fruits, the large crown and low hydraulic conductivity of the trunk and roots contribute to severe water scarcity. [57]. Transient water deficit in citrus at midday [58] reduces photosynthetic rates [47]. Root hydraulic conductivity decreases under drought stress to prevent the plants from mortality. High temperatures can also increase the loss of root moisture to a harmful level [59]. In plants, heat stress appears as the supply of water is insufficient to meet the evaporation requirement. Heat stress is linked to drought as the plant and soil quickly lose water at high temperatures. It is known that heat stress and drought reduce nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency in plants [60].
Citrus leaf water potential and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) are the indicator of water stress. Citrus rootstock Rangpur lime grafted with scion Pera orange resulted in decreased leaf water potential and decreased leaf ABA concentration when subjected to water stress [61]. Citrus trees produce endogenous hormones and their regulation by promoting synthesis and accumulation under severe water stress [43]. Plant phytohormones are found in a minor quantity but drought stress accumulates jasmonic acid [62]. Drought synthesizes roots ABA and leaves by transpiration stream [43, 63]. The amount of sugar, like non-reducing sugar (sucrose) and reducing sugar (fructose and glucose), in contrast to the sorbitol content, decreases dramatically over the drought period. Water stress accumulates proline contents, an important osmoprotective agent, and its concentration increases with increasing water deficit conditions in citrus orchard [64]. Proline levels in leaf were recorded in Gada dahi citrus rootstock on day 24 of the water stress in comparison to tolerant rootstocks, which indicated that the accumulation of proline was greater in susceptible genotypes than in tolerant genotypes due to higher stress. Lower accumulation of proline was due to its protective function, removing radicals, maintaining the redox balance, and reducing cell damage [65]. The total phenol content also increases in plants under drought stress, compared to normal irrigated plants [66, 67]. Proteins are involved in several processes that change the plant metabolism under stress conditions and activate the plant defense signal [19, 68]. The protein content of drought-tolerant genotypes is generally higher than that of drought-sensitive genotypes. Carrizo citrange, a tolerant genotype, shows notable soluble proteins in leaves and roots [69, 70]. Higher MDA and H2O2 contents observed in plants under water stress indicate greater oxidative damage, which determines the severity of the plant and indicates low efficacy of antioxidant machinery of Carrizo citrange drought-tolerant rootstock [43]. Plants produce several antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD, and POD to treat the cell damage caused by stress at the oxidative level. SOD is the main enzyme that is expressed under stress, especially under water stress conditions. Carrizo citrange has shown an excellent defense mechanism under water stress with high activity of CAT, SOD, and POD in roots and leaves [19, 68].
Alteration in anatomy by applying heat stress is established. Stress treatment at 40–45°C was given to similar size plants and anatomical changes (size of the epidermis, size of pith, cortex, leaf thickness, epidermal cells, parenchyma tissue) in root, stem, and rhizomes were studied. The thickness of mesophyll, epidermis, and cortex was increased in stressed plants [71]. Some common anatomical changes include increased densities of stomata and trachomatous, cell size reduction, stomata enclosure, and higher xylem vessels in roots and shoots [72]. It has been demonstrated that grafted plant size is reduced on dwarfing rootstock, and such plants are unable to maintain drought or water-deficient conditions [73]. The researchers explain that the vessel density of root and stem are decreased with tree height [74]. The rootstock growth ability is dramatically affected by the number of xylem traits, xylem phloem ratio, vessel size, and vessel density [73, 75]. Maintaining hydraulic conductance of stem, root [74, 76], vessel size and number is the basic factor in hydraulic conductance maintenance [77]. Fewer small vessels may decrease hydraulic conductance, as a result, growth decrease in fruit trees [78]. Water stressed leaf spongy cells have a dense arrangement and reduce the conductivity of leaf diffusion. These results give an idea to understand the direct relationship between mesophilic conductivity and the porosity of the soils [79].
Stress-related genes are activated through high temperature and drought, [80], and sugars, different functional proteins, amino acids, and amines are synthesized through these genes [81]. HSPs are the heat shock proteins consisting of a group of genes relevant to heat stress in plants and animals [82, 83]. Heat shock proteins play an important role in maintaining/removing ROS, cell membrane integrity, producing antioxidants, and osmolytes [84, 85]. Heat shock proteins protect plant cells/tissues from drought and heat stress [84]. Citrus HSP70 expression has been examined against water scarcity and high-temperature stress in the Poncirus trifoliata rootstock. In P. trifoliata HSP70 and HSP90 genes against abiotic stress are upregulated [86]. HSP90s play a vital role in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, protein breakdown, genomic mutation, and protein trade [81, 87]. Aquaporins are transmembrane channel proteins found in tonoplasts, plasma membranes, and other intracellular membranes and are abundantly expressed in plant roots [88, 89]. Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) are a superfamily of aquaporins that regulate intracellular water passage [90]. The plasma membrane proteins (PIPs) are the most important group of natural proteins that respond to water transport. Overexpression of PIP under abiotic stress conditions confirms the importance of PIP for heat and water stress tolerance [91] as the combination of heat stress and the scarcity of groundwater generally limits the physiology, growth, and productivity of plants [92].
The citrus phenological cycle starts from February to next year January in subtropical regions. Flowering starts during February–March and is generally considered a critical period for fruit production. An increase in temperature and water stress after pollination inhibits ovule fertilization [12] which reduces tree fruit set, increases fruit drop, and reduces tree yield [13]. Phases of fruit growth from button size to mature fruit are more sensitive to deficit irrigation and heat stress. Hence, reduced fruit growth, and delayed ripening occur which are associated with a decrease in fruit size, increase in fruit acidity, and low tree yield [13]. Drought at a pre-harvest stage in oranges develops wrinkle on fruit peel [17]. An increase in optimum temperature at fruit pre-harvest causes fruits drop and reduced yield. Citrus under different phenological stages respond to deficit irrigation or water stress and contribute negatively to yield/production and fruit quality. In an experiment, eleven-year-old sweet orange scion grafted on Carrizo citrange were evaluated against water stress and revealed 10–12% relative yield decline. Gonzalez [37] compared Clementina (Citrus clementina) tree performance under 25–50% deficit irrigation during initial fruit enlargement and pre-maturation phases and recorded a significant negative effect on fruit yield [13]. Navelina sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) yield reduced significantly when irrigation was reduced at 55% with respect to crop water requirement during flowering and fruit set.
Implementation of proper orchard management practices decreases the adverse effects of heat and drought stress. The management includes trees requirement based nutrition and irrigation techniques, organic and synthetic mulches, as well as selecting the most suitable cultivars/rootstocks that are resistant to various stresses.
The selection and development of new rootstocks tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress is inevitable for the stable production of citrus under the scenario of climate change. New and known diseases and environmental conditions also help to force developing new citrus rootstocks according to the demand [93]. Citrus rootstocks like Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana), Rangpur lime (C. limonia), and Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) resist water stress and increase the production of cultivars grafted on these.
Fertilizer application can also be helpful to manage plants against abiotic stresses [94]. Application of Ca and K macronutrients and B and Mn micronutrients modify the function of stomata under heat/high-temperature stress [95]. K, Ca, B and Mn activates physiological and metabolic processes that help maintain a high water potential in tissues, which increases tolerance to heat stress [96]. The use of N, K, Ca and Mg also reduces the toxicity of ROS, thereby increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes in plant cells [96].
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) in managing water and heat stress also play an important role. PGRs like cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid play role in resistance to heat and drought. The application of PGRs increases the water potential and chlorophyll content in citrus trees [97]. The exogenous use of ABA increases productivity in the absence of water [98]. ABA formulations are available with commercial manufacturers to improve the drought tolerance of trees [99, 100].
Mulching underneath the trees is often used as a technique for water conservation [101, 102]. Mulches are used to maintain moisture levels high in the soil, control soil temperature, and evaporation [93, 103]; thereby reduce the need for irrigation during growing seasons [104]. The need for water in the soil is decreased and the ability to withstand drought and heat is increased by using mulches [105, 106]. Plastic films are more effective than organic compost for groundwater protection [107].
Citrus rootstock breeding programs are aimed to combine biotic and abiotic tolerance/resistance in new rootstocks. However, conventional plant breeding (Figure 6) in mitigating the abiotic stresses has limited success against plant productivity [108]. Similarly, developing better rootstocks through breeding by the conventional method is a long-term approach due to many difficulties, particularly the complexity of citrus biology (high heterozygosity, long juvenility, polyembryony) [109, 110]. Typically, from a breeding program, it takes at least 15 years for a new standard variety to emerge in the citrus industry. Moreover, a sexual hybrid is difficult to identify at an early stage. In this case, trifoliate leaf (a morphological marker) is used as a male parent and unifoliate as a female for identification of sexual hybrid at the seedling stage [111]. The trifoliate trait is dominant, and the seedlings showing the parental trifoliate pollen phenotype are considered hybrids. In absence of a trifoliate pollen parent, the hybrids can be identified by using SSR and RAPD molecular markers [112].
Traditional cross-hybridization in citrus. (A) a large unopened bud, (B) emasculation, (C) pollination of the emasculated flower, (D) bagging of the pollinated flower, (E) bagged twig, (F) general view of the seed parent after crossing.
Besides citrus biological constraints, valuable traits like resistance to low/high temperature, root rot, viruses, nematodes, salinity, and drought are important to incorporate in rootstocks. A list of some important biotic and abiotic traits of citrus rootstocks are presented in Table 1, which can help in the development of new tolerant/resistant rootstocks.
Rootstocks | Alkalinity | Chloride | Drought | Tristeza | Nematodes | Phytophthora | Fruit quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cleopatra mandarin | T | TT | pT | T | S | pT | G |
Chios mandarin | T | S | pT | T | S | SS | — |
Sweet orange | T | pT | T | T | S | SS | G |
Macrophylla | TT | TT | TT | S | S | T | L |
Pomeroy Poncirus | SS | SS | S | R | T | T | H |
C-35 citrange | S | S | T | R | T | T | H |
4475 citrumelo | S | pT | pT | R | T | T | H |
Citrandarin | pT | pT | — | R | pT | T | G |
Some biotic and abiotic traits of selective citrus rootstocks [113].
Abbreviations in the table: T; tolerant, TT; very tolerant, pT; poorly tolerant, S; susceptible, SS; very susceptible, G; good, L; low, H; high.
Several rootstock hybrids have been released to the citrus industry worldwide. Swingle citrumelo rootstock is a hybrid of Duncan grapefruit and Trifoliate orange, crossed by Swingle in 1907 and released in 1974. Since then, it has been used successfully as the standard rootstock for better traits i.e., moderate drought tolerance and high fruit quality. Citranges are hybrids of Washington Navel orange and Poncirus trifoliata, out of which Carrizo and Troyer are the two main citranges. These can tolerate water shortages and produce excellent quality fruits. Benton citrange is a cross of Ruby blood orange and trifoliate orange developed in late 1940 and is more tolerant to heat and water scarcity [114]. Brazilian sour orange also shows tolerance against heat, drought, and their combined stress [85].
Hybridization by somatic approaches is a protoplast fusion process that has become an important tool for plant production, combine (partially or totally) desired cultivars somatic cells, species, or genera, resulting in the development of new genetic combination. In addition to intergenerational mixtures in somatic hybridization, more emphasis has been placed on interspecific mixtures between C. reticulata and C. maxima [109, 110] to meet the specific needs of the citrus industry. Poncirus is drought-prone, while Citrange C-35 is more drought-tolerant. Among these rootstocks, 4475 citrumelo have the best ability to adapt to the environment. Cleopatra mandarin + Poncirus trifoliata and Cleopatra mandarin + C-35 Citrange somatic hybrids have resistance to CTV, tolerance to nematodes, and phytophthora. The Sweet orange + Poncirus and the Sweet orange + C-35, as well as the Sweet orange + Citrumelo 4475, can adapt to low moisture soils and tolerate biotic stresses. Macrophylla is a productive rootstock and adapts well to saltwater, limestone, and water stress [115].
In vitro mutagenesis and somaclonal variation are important tissue culture techniques being used in citrus improvement. Somaclonal variation, genetic and phenotypic variation between plants, can be used to improve citrus cultivars under conditions of water and heat stresses. Genetic improvement by in vitro selection of Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) has been made successfully; however, the frequency of somaclonal variation by factors, including genotypes, explant culture length, sources, and environmental composition [116, 117]. Cell lines success stories of some salt-tolerant cultivars are C. sinensis cv. “Shamouti” [118], C. limonium [119] and “Troyer citrange” [120].
Genetic transformation is an alternate technique for citrus genetic improvement. PEG-mediated genetic transformation of citrus fruits is a direct DNA transfer method [120] that seeks to express an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase II gene in isolated protoplasts from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) culture for suspension. The genetic transformation of citrus fruits has mainly been carried out from young materials such as embryogenic cells from the epicotyl segment of in vitro germinated seedlings. Excess protein for late embryogenesis (OHL), heat shock proteins, and certain transcription factors that affect the expression of various stress-related target genes have also been used to improve drought tolerance in transgenic plants. Drought-induced genes with different functions have been identified through molecular and genomic analyses in a variety of plant species such as the C/CBF family (Shinozaki) [121]. By regulating stress gene expression and signal transformation, plants indirectly become more stress-resistant [97, 122]. The TDF genes have been identified as drought-induced and the proteins encoded include fructose aldols bisphosphate, a cold-like protein found in WCOR413. The PIP2 protein, an aquaporin specializing in a water channel to transport water across the plasma membrane, and the tonoplast have been observed in sweet orange. TDF21, TDF38 and TDF80 are involved in the regulation of signal transduction and expression of genes. These are sensitive to stress and also regulate the expression of stress-induced genes, possibly induced by drought.
Soil microbiome research offers the opportunity to improve abiotic stress in plants. The mechanisms by which plants recover from drought and/or heat stress can be mediated by microbes surrounding the plant, particularly the roots, and these are involved in various stages of plant growth. Advances in the application of new molecular and genomic tools and technologies have paved the way for the study of plant microbiota, and these promising advances enable the study of the biological functions of various microorganisms both inside and outside the host tissue.
Significant advances in the characterization of the plant genome and the optimization of techniques for manipulating the plant genome have contributed and will further improve our knowledge and ability to develop stress-resistant plants. Ultimately, genetic engineering or transgenic methods must be combined with conventional breeding activities and supported by markers in order to obtain the desired improved varieties.
Plants have developed complex adaptive mechanisms to withstand diverse and complex abiotic stresses. With the advent of new technologies such as genomics and genetic transformation, significant advances have been made in understanding these complex traits in higher plants. However, the commercial application of successful research results requires additional validation of the products or prototypes in the field.
These efforts will lead to tangible practical outcomes that may help mitigate the effects of climate change, especially concerning drought and heat stresses, and will contribute to improved crop productivity and food security.
Plants adaptation is considered a striking strategy to manage the impacts of climate change. In climate change, the most important factors are fluctuating patterns of temperature and drought which have an adverse effect on plants physiology, morphology, water status, biochemistry, anatomy, genetics, and productivity. Hence the emphasis should be on the development of production systems for improved water-use efficiency and to adapt to the hot and dry conditions through agronomic practices. Development of climate-resilient citrus rootstocks and scion through genomics and biotechnology are essentially required.
The authors are thankful to the Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan for research funding (NRPU-19-8781).
The authors have no conflict of interest with any person or institution.
Customer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15789}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118188},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Dr. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10964",title:"Wearable Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0981ee7867892cc6e0a4edd65b792ac9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10964.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"409",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology",parent:{title:"Microbiology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:17,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:386,numberOfWosCitations:572,numberOfCrossrefCitations:316,numberOfDimensionsCitations:761,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8133",title:"Pathogenic Bacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b26e69f94525a38ead8ac88e3c68631a",slug:"pathogenic-bacteria",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu and Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8032",title:"Staphylococcus and Streptococcus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ddbf132ac8ea9d2a7613836e5a27ca",slug:"staphylococcus-and-streptococcus",bookSignature:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8038",title:"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa",subtitle:"An Armory Within",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"308d6be5ffbb4b2caa0a7c4146a7737d",slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-an-armory-within",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6965",title:"Helicobacter Pylori",subtitle:"New Approaches of an Old Human Microorganism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"acf3954c4d9d440038f3074fb81d7411",slug:"helicobacter-pylori-new-approaches-of-an-old-human-microorganism",bookSignature:"Bruna Maria Roesler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54995",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Roesler",slug:"bruna-maria-roesler",fullName:"Bruna Maria Roesler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6970",title:"The Universe of Escherichia coli",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92027ca0bca1f8ae2971739a4ae6af84",slug:"the-universe-of-escherichia-coli",bookSignature:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6970.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58980",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjanca",middleName:null,surname:"Starčič Erjavec",slug:"marjanca-starcic-erjavec",fullName:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6580",title:"Staphylococcus Aureus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e820aab20964b63f185451d9a7b73f8",slug:"-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",bookSignature:"Hassan Hemeg, Hani Ozbak and Farhat Afrin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6580.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187330",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Hemeg",slug:"hassan-hemeg",fullName:"Hassan Hemeg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6685",title:"Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"301e66d4a6b29d4326c39ff2922ec420",slug:"basic-biology-and-applications-of-actinobacteria",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6764",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87c7d8f86f7c1185aa4dd47c6492951a",slug:"cyanobacteria",bookSignature:"Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6764.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6354",title:"Salmonella",subtitle:"A Re-emerging Pathogen",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e18481d5470f967439dde815fcd52b57",slug:"salmonella-a-re-emerging-pathogen",bookSignature:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",slug:"maria-teresa-mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6425",title:"Probiotics",subtitle:"Current Knowledge and Future Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129bd046ff0fb4db6584e5afeebe98fa",slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6148",title:"Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92128a5094670f6b0c9321640f60d3a3",slug:"bacterial-pathogenesis-and-antibacterial-control",bookSignature:"Sahra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahra",middleName:null,surname:"Kırmusaoğlu",slug:"sahra-kirmusaoglu",fullName:"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:17,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42319",doi:"10.5772/50364",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Hydrogen-Producing Consortia: On Purpose or by Coincidence?",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-hydrogen-producing-consortia-on-purpose-or-by-coincidence-",totalDownloads:3133,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Anna Sikora, Mieczysław Błaszczyk, Marcin Jurkowski and Urszula Zielenkiewicz",authors:[{id:"143688",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",middleName:null,surname:"Zielenkiewicz",slug:"urszula-zielenkiewicz",fullName:"Urszula Zielenkiewicz"},{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"},{id:"162424",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczysław",middleName:null,surname:"Błaszczyk",slug:"mieczyslaw-blaszczyk",fullName:"Mieczysław Błaszczyk"},{id:"162425",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Jurkowski",slug:"marcin-jurkowski",fullName:"Marcin Jurkowski"}]},{id:"49873",doi:"10.5772/62329",title:"An Introduction to Actinobacteria",slug:"an-introduction-to-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:6221,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:53,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"42322",doi:"10.5772/51282",title:"The Current Status and Future Expectations in Industrial Production of Lactic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria",slug:"the-current-status-and-future-expectations-in-industrial-production-of-lactic-acid-by-lactic-acid-ba",totalDownloads:8384,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Sanna Taskila and Heikki Ojamo",authors:[{id:"139705",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Taskila",slug:"taskila",fullName:"Taskila"},{id:"142916",title:"Prof.",name:"Heikki",middleName:null,surname:"Ojamo",slug:"heikki-ojamo",fullName:"Heikki Ojamo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55303",title:"Classification of Anti‐Bacterial Agents and Their Functions",slug:"classification-of-anti-bacterial-agents-and-their-functions",totalDownloads:7445,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"antibacterial-agents",title:"Antibacterial Agents",fullTitle:"Antibacterial Agents"},signatures:"Hamid Ullah and Saqib Ali",authors:[{id:"201024",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Ullah",slug:"hamid-ullah",fullName:"Hamid Ullah"},{id:"202624",title:"Dr.",name:"Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"saqib-ali",fullName:"Saqib Ali"}]},{id:"49873",title:"An Introduction to Actinobacteria",slug:"an-introduction-to-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:6219,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:53,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"49285",title:"Morphological Identification of Actinobacteria",slug:"morphological-identification-of-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:7412,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:27,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Qinyuan Li, Xiu Chen, Yi Jiang and Chenglin Jiang",authors:[{id:"175852",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"chen-jiang",fullName:"Chen Jiang"}]},{id:"59952",title:"Probiotics and Its Relationship with the Cardiovascular System",slug:"probiotics-and-its-relationship-with-the-cardiovascular-system",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics - Current Knowledge and Future Prospects"},signatures:"Suresh Antony and Marlina Ponce de Leon",authors:[{id:"45333",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",middleName:"Jude",surname:"Antony",slug:"suresh-antony",fullName:"Suresh Antony"}]},{id:"49207",title:"Isolation and Cultivation Methods of Actinobacteria",slug:"isolation-and-cultivation-methods-of-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:4401,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Yi Jiang, Qinyuan Li, Xiu Chen and Chenglin Jiang",authors:[{id:"175852",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"chen-jiang",fullName:"Chen Jiang"}]},{id:"59058",title:"Antibacterial Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles",slug:"antibacterial-activity-of-metallic-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1396,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"bacterial-pathogenesis-and-antibacterial-control",title:"Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control",fullTitle:"Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control"},signatures:"Shamaila Shahzadi, Nosheen Zafar and Rehana Sharif",authors:[{id:"26975",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehana",middleName:null,surname:"Sharif",slug:"rehana-sharif",fullName:"Rehana Sharif"},{id:"209851",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahzadi",middleName:null,surname:"Shamaila",slug:"shahzadi-shamaila",fullName:"Shahzadi Shamaila"},{id:"210177",title:"Dr.",name:"Nosheen",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"nosheen-zafar",fullName:"Nosheen Zafar"}]},{id:"49330",title:"Production of Antibacterial Compounds from Actinomycetes",slug:"production-of-antibacterial-compounds-from-actinomycetes",totalDownloads:3295,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Letizia Lo Grasso, Delia Chillura Martino and Rosa Alduina",authors:[{id:"175972",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Alduina",slug:"rosa-alduina",fullName:"Rosa Alduina"},{id:"176031",title:"Dr.",name:"Letizia",middleName:null,surname:"Lo Grasso",slug:"letizia-lo-grasso",fullName:"Letizia Lo Grasso"},{id:"177429",title:"Prof.",name:"Delia",middleName:null,surname:"Chillura Martino",slug:"delia-chillura-martino",fullName:"Delia Chillura Martino"}]},{id:"54862",title:"Current Approaches for Exploration of Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Agents",slug:"current-approaches-for-exploration-of-nanoparticles-as-antibacterial-agents",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"antibacterial-agents",title:"Antibacterial Agents",fullTitle:"Antibacterial Agents"},signatures:"Didem Şen Karaman, Suvi Manner, Adyary Fallarero and Jessica M.\nRosenholm",authors:[{id:"199962",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Sen Karaman",slug:"didem-sen-karaman",fullName:"Didem Sen Karaman"},{id:"200393",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvi",middleName:null,surname:"Manner",slug:"suvi-manner",fullName:"Suvi Manner"},{id:"200398",title:"Prof.",name:"Adyary",middleName:null,surname:"Fallarero",slug:"adyary-fallarero",fullName:"Adyary Fallarero"},{id:"200400",title:"Prof.",name:"Jessica",middleName:"M.",surname:"Rosenholm",slug:"jessica-rosenholm",fullName:"Jessica Rosenholm"}]},{id:"49273",title:"Cultural, Physiological, and Biochemical Identification of Actinobacteria",slug:"cultural-physiological-and-biochemical-identification-of-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:3552,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Qinyuan Li, Xiu Chen, Yi Jiang and Chenglin Jiang",authors:[{id:"175852",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"chen-jiang",fullName:"Chen Jiang"}]},{id:"69255",title:"The War between Bacteria and Bacteriophages",slug:"the-war-between-bacteria-and-bacteriophages",totalDownloads:817,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",fullTitle:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures"},signatures:"Beata Orzechowska and Manal Mohammed",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/197870/joerg-k-n-lindner",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"197870",slug:"joerg-k-n-lindner"},fullPath:"/profiles/197870/joerg-k-n-lindner",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()