The basic situation of monitoring sample plots.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Knaul",authors:[{id:"101958",title:"Dr.",name:"Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Dantés",fullName:"Octavio Gómez-Dantés",slug:"octavio-gomez-dantes"},{id:"101962",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Frenk",fullName:"Julio Frenk",slug:"julio-frenk"}]},{id:"37301",title:"Diseases of Poverty: The Science of the Neglected",slug:"diseases-of-poverty-the-science-of-the-neglected",signatures:"Pascale Allotey, Daniel D. Reidpath and Shajahan Yasin",authors:[{id:"100544",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascale",middleName:null,surname:"Allotey",fullName:"Pascale Allotey",slug:"pascale-allotey"},{id:"100545",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Reidpath",fullName:"Daniel Reidpath",slug:"daniel-reidpath"},{id:"137709",title:"Dr.",name:"Shajahan",middleName:null,surname:"Yasin",fullName:"Shajahan Yasin",slug:"shajahan-yasin"}]},{id:"37302",title:"Health-Longevity Medicine in the Global World",slug:"health-longevity-medicine-in-the-global-world",signatures:"Dan Riga, Sorin Riga, Daniela Motoc, Simona Geacăr and Traian Ionescu",authors:[{id:"93901",title:"Prof.",name:"Dan",middleName:"I.",surname:"Riga",fullName:"Dan Riga",slug:"dan-riga"}]},{id:"37303",title:"Alcoholism and the Russian Mortality Crisis",slug:"alcoholism-and-the-russian-mortality-crisis",signatures:"Irina Denisova and Marina Kartseva",authors:[{id:"90876",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Denisova",fullName:"Irina Denisova",slug:"irina-denisova"},{id:"97814",title:"Ms.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Kartseva",fullName:"Marina Kartseva",slug:"marina-kartseva"}]},{id:"37304",title:"Insomnia and Its Correlates: Current Concepts, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Future Remarks",slug:"insomnia-and-its-correlates-current-concepts-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-future-remarks",signatures:"Yuichiro Abe and Anne Germain",authors:[{id:"107086",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",fullName:"Yuichiro Abe",slug:"yuichiro-abe"}]},{id:"37305",title:"Saving More than Lives: A Gendered Analysis of the Importance of Fertility Preservation for Cancer Patients",slug:"saving-more-than-lives-a-gendered-analysis-of-the-importance-of-fertility-preservation-for-cance",signatures:"Lisa Campo-Engelstein, Sarah Rodriguez and Shauna Gardino",authors:[{id:"114230",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Campo-Engelstein",fullName:"Lisa Campo-Engelstein",slug:"lisa-campo-engelstein"},{id:"117404",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Sarah Rodriguez",slug:"sarah-rodriguez"},{id:"117405",title:"Ms.",name:"Shauna",middleName:null,surname:"Gardino",fullName:"Shauna Gardino",slug:"shauna-gardino"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74741",title:"Afforestation in Karst Area",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95294",slug:"afforestation-in-karst-area",body:'\nRocky desertification land is one of the difficult forestation areas faced by human beings. 12% of the world’s land is facing the problem of rocky desertification. The area of rocky desertification in China is 50 million ha. From Sinian to Triassic, the underlying strata deposited thick carbonate rocks, which laid the material foundation for the formation of rocky desertification in this area. Early studies have shown that the species diversity of vegetation communities will gradually increase with the improvement of environmental conditions and the development of succession stages and the community structure will become better and better (see [1]). The karst area has strong spatial heterogeneity, poor anti-interference ability, low ecosystem function, and very fragile environment. In addition, it is affected by backward productivity and unreasonable human activities. Vegetation is gradually degraded, vegetation coverage is reduced, and the ability of soil to retain water and soil is reduced. It restricts the growth of plants, makes soil erosion present a vicious circle, and slows down the process of ecological civilization construction in karst areas (see [2, 3]).
\nXiangxi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the hinterland of Wuling Mountain, with a forest area of 633,200 hectares and a forest coverage rate of 61%. The territory is rich in biological species resources, with many rare species, which can be called a natural treasure house of wild animal and plant resources and a gene bank of biological species. 19 species of world-famous relict plants such as
The purpose of this study is to restore the near natural forest ecosystem with multi tree species and multi canopy in the rocky desertification area with serious vegetation degradation through silviculture. This experimental study preliminarily achieved the goal, improved the soil production capacity, reduced soil erosion, improved the microclimate of afforestation in rocky desertification area, produced a certain amount of wood, and it has improved the living environment, also increases the income of the people in the area. This effort caused the social production activities into a sustainable virtuous circle.
\nUnder the influence of subtropical monsoon and mountain control, the national long-term scientific research base of Wuling Mountain has obvious Subtropical monsoon climate characteristics. The four seasons are distinct, the precipitation is abundant. The annual average sunshine hours are 1240-1440 h, the annual average temperature is 15.8–16.9°C, the annual active accumulated temperature is 4835–5200°C, the frost free period is 269–292 days, and the annual average rainfall is 1300–1500 mm.
\nSince 1964, the local forestry department has carried out the artificial afforestation movement on the mountain with serious rocky desertification. After 55 years of hard work, 126 native tree species of 39 families and more than 10 exotic tree species have been successfully used to carry out forest vegetation restoration test on 386.7hm2of serious rocky desertification mountain. Here, from the past chaotic rock slope with overgrown weeds, it has become today’s lush and green mountains Linhai has formed a modern forestry construction demonstration base integrating forest management and forestry scientific research in rocky desertification areas.
\nThe national long-term scientific research base for comprehensive management of rocky desertification in Wuling Mountain is selected as the research object. The research base is located in Qingping Town, Yongshun County, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, 110° 13′40.296 “E, 29 ° 3’21.59”N, belonging to the central area of Wuling Mountain Area. The highest altitude is 820 meters and the lowest altitude is 320 meters (Figures 1 and 2).
\nResearch location; a. Research location in China b. The plot distribution map.
Land preparation; A. The level artificial trench B. The level artificial bund C. The local forestry workers carried out land cave-shaped soil preparation in 1973.
The parent rock is limestone, which belongs to severe rocky desertification area. There are three main methods of land preparation in this area:
The artificial trench is suitable for sites with more than 90% rock exposure.
The artificial bund is suitable for slope land with less than 90% rock exposure.
Cave shaped site preparation is suitable for the site of stone bud pile.
In terms of tree species selection, afforestation mode and stand tending management, the selection principle of tree species follows the principle of local tree species and suitable tree species, and In order to increase local species resources and land biodiversity, a small number of exotic species are introduced. For example,
The fixed standard plot survey method was adopted in January 2019. In the study area, eight representative native precious tree species were selected:
Plot name | \nAfforestation patterns | \nPlot area/m2\n | \nCanopy closure | \nStand age/a | \nPercentage of total forest area/% | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.68 | \n25 | \n3% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.7 | \n40 | \n5% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.69 | \n20 | \n4% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.8 | \n42 | \n2% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.82 | \n40 | \n5% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.65 | \n40 | \n3% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.67 | \n37 | \n8% | \n
\n | \nPure forest | \n20 m*30 m | \n0.77 | \n35 | \n5% | \n
The basic situation of monitoring sample plots.
Eight artificial forests were selected for the study. The main research contents are as follows:
\nEach tree was investigated in the sample plot, and one standard tree was selected for stem analysis in each standard plot. Through the measurement of DBH, tree height and volume growth process, the measured data were obtained, and the total growth, annual growth and average growth curve of each tree species were drawn to analyze their growth pattern.
\nThree 2 m * 2 m shrub plots were set up in 8 fixed sample plots of
The biomass of standard wood was measured by stratified harvest method. 500 g samples were taken from the upper, middle and lower layers of branches and stem. The underground part was excavated in three layers of 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm within the radius range of 1 m of sample tree, and were divided into coarse roots (d > 5) three levels of roots (5 cm > d > 1 cm), medium root (5 cm > d > 1 cm) and fine root (d < 1 cm) were placed by classification, and 500 g samples of their fresh weights were weighed. The fresh weights of leaves, stem, bark and roots were measured, and then dried in 85°C oven to constant weight. The water content of each part and the biomass of standard tree were calculated, and the biomass of the whole tree layer was calculated. Calculate the dry mass of each component, calculate the dry mass of the sample wood, and then convert the dry mass per unit area and stand biomass.
\nThe ground diameter, DBH, tree height, crown diameter and stem straightness of all young trees in the plot were recorded, and the average tree height and DBH were calculated.
\nThe soil physical properties were mainly measured for
Soil samples were dried by natural air to remove impurities. 5-10 g samples were screened by 2 mm soil sieve to determine the contents of C, N and P in soil. Soil C was determined by potassium dichromate external heating sulfuric acid oxidation method (LY / T 1237–1999), while soil N and P were determined by semi micro Kjeldahl method (LY / T 1228–1999) and molybdenum antimony resistance Colorimetry (LY/ T 1232–1999) (see [4]).
\n\n
The calculation formula of species importance value is as follows:
Important value = (relative density + relative dominance + relative frequency)/3 × 100% (see [5]).
Species diversity calculation method
Note: In the formula, Nmax is the number of individuals of the most dominant species; N is the total number of individuals; ni is the number of individuals of the i-th species. Pi is the ratio of the number of individuals of the i-th species to the number of individuals of all species in the community; S is the total number of species in the community (see [6]).
\n\n
Quadratic mean diameter at breast height
The quadratic mean diameter at breast height of the stand is calculated based on the section area of the stand height at breast height, as follows:\n
Dg——Stand quadratic mean diameter at breast height
\ndi——Diameter at breast height of the i-th tree
\nn——Total number of trees in the plot
Average stand height
The average height of forest stands adopts the weighted average height of section area, and the calculation formula is:\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
k——Number of stand diameter steps
Volume per plant
The volume per plant is calculated using the average stem profile. The specific calculation formula is as follows:\n
Vaverage——Average forest accumulation per m2\n
\nfc——Average form factor
\ng1.3——Average wood breast height section area
\nh——Average tree height
\nUse Excel to calculate the standard tree’s height (H(t)), diameter at breast height(D(t)), and volume per plant(V(t)), volume average growth (Vθ(t)), volume annual growth (VZ(t)), etc. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS25.0 (see [7]), single-factor analysis of variance was used to test the significant differences in soil physical and chemical properties of different forest stands, and Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between plant community diversity and soil nutrients; origin8.0 was used for mapping.
\nAccording to the survey data of fixed sample plots, the age variation curve of tree height was drawn. The height and growth of each tree species increase with age (Figure 3), but the rapid growth period of each tree species is different. The specific performance is as follows:
Height growth curve.
DBH growth curve.
The growth of diameter at breast height of each tree species increases with age. Specifically, it shows that: the first 1–5 years after planting of
It can be seen from Figure 5 that the volume growth of each tree species increases with age. Specifically, it shows that
Volume growth curve; a. The continuous annual growth volume VZ(t) of plantation forest; b. The average growth volume VQ(t) of plantation forest.
After afforestation, the growth of
The biomass of individual tree was significantly different with different tree species (Table 2). The order of biomass per plant of eight tree species was as follows:
Tree species | \nBiomass per plant /(kg/plant) | \n|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stem | \nBranches | \nTree root | \nTotal | \n|
\n | \n247.09 | \n76.34 | \n59.06 | \n382.48 | \n
\n | \n64.60 | \n20.00 | \n15.40 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n154.68 | \n49.47 | \n35.75 | \n239.91 | \n
\n | \n64.50 | \n20.60 | \n14.90 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n166.16 | \n4.72 | \n34.37 | \n205.25 | \n
\n | \n81.00 | \n2.30 | \n16.70 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n140.95 | \n5.73 | \n20.38 | \n167.05 | \n
\n | \n84.40 | \n3.40 | \n12.20 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n111.9 | \n17.15 | \n20.69 | \n149.73 | \n
\n | \n74.70 | \n11.50 | \n13.80 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n97.88 | \n6.74 | \n21.72 | \n126.35 | \n
\n | \n77.50 | \n5.30 | \n17.20 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n97.72 | \n9.35 | \n17.76 | \n124.82 | \n
\n | \n78.30 | \n7.50 | \n14.20 | \n100.00 | \n
\n | \n93.02 | \n4.38 | \n20.06 | \n117.46 | \n
\n | \n79.20 | \n3.70 | \n17.10 | \n100.00 | \n
Biomass comparison of different tree species.
The biomass of individual tree is converted into stand biomass as shown in Table 3. The biomass of each stand is as follows:
Tree layer:
Undergrowth vegetation layer:
Litter layer:
Total biomass:
Tree layer > litter layer > understory vegetation layer
Tree species | \nAge of forest /a | \nStand biomass /t·ha−1\n | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem | \nBranch | \nTree root | \nUndergrowth vegetation | \nLitter | \nTotal | \n||
\n | \n25 | \n201.79 | \n62.34 | \n48.23 | \n2.65 | \n4.16 | \n319.17 | \n
\n | \n40 | \n116.01 | \n37.10 | \n26.82 | \n2.98 | \n3.69 | \n186.60 | \n
\n | \n20 | \n207.02 | \n31.72 | \n38.27 | \n1.71 | \n2.48 | \n281.20 | \n
\n | \n42 | \n162.01 | \n4.60 | \n33.51 | \n2.06 | \n8.09 | \n210.26 | \n
\n | \n40 | \n152.70 | \n6.20 | \n22.08 | \n1.81 | \n2.60 | \n185.39 | \n
\n | \n40 | \n138.43 | \n13.24 | \n25.16 | \n0.76 | \n4.28 | \n181.88 | \n
\n | \n37 | \n124.02 | \n5.84 | \n26.75 | \n1.94 | \n3.00 | \n161.55 | \n
\n | \n35 | \n119.09 | \n8.20 | \n26.43 | \n2.79 | \n1.81 | \n158.32 | \n
Stand biomass of different tree species.
The results showed that: the total biomass of
Habitat heterogeneity and plant biological characteristics are the main factors affecting the diversity of understory plants (see [8]). The diversity index and evenness index of different plantations were significantly different (Figure 6), indicating that there were differences in the diversity level of understory plants in different plantations. The Berger Parker index of shrub layer in different stands was the largest in
Diversity index of understory plants; a. The shrub diversity index; b. The herb diversity index.
The horizontal spatial distribution of seedlings and young trees is often reflected by the spatial distribution pattern, which will change with the biological characteristics of plants and the comprehensive influence of environmental conditions (see [9]). There are many factors that affect the spatial distribution of seedlings and saplings, and the main factors are seed dispersal and different habitats (see [10]). It can be seen from Table 4 that saplings of dominant species dominate the undergrowth vegetation of different stands. The regeneration of saplings under
Sample plot | \nSeedling species | \nTree height /m | \nDBH/cm | \nAverage crown diameter /m | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n\n | \n3.47 ± 1.21 | \n3.15 ± 0.88 | \n3.47 ± 2.81 | \n
\n | \n4.32 ± 1.17 | \n3.32 ± 0.75 | \n4.35 ± 2.02 | \n|
\n | \n2.87 ± 0.06 | \n1.93 ± 0.55 | \n2.74 ± 0.61 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n1.73 ± 0.11 | \n2.90 ± 0.28 | \n36.5 ± 2.12 | \n
\n | \n1.40 ± 0.14 | \n2.11 ± 0.43 | \n28.6 ± 20.67 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n1.17 ± 0.32 | \n33.2 ± 55.95 | \n0.14 ± 0.19 | \n
\n | \n1.10 ± 0.83 | \n18.22 ± 52.38 | \n0.41 ± 0.65 | \n|
\n | \n2.40 ± 0.28 | \n3.65 ± 0.21 | \n0.09 ± 0.11 | \n|
\n | \n1.25 ± 0.35 | \n0.65 ± 0.21 | \n0.04 ± 0.00 | \n|
\n | \n1.55 ± 0.66 | \n2.18 ± 2.07 | \n0.09 ± 0.08 | \n|
\n | \n1.02 ± 0.6 | \n1.43 ± 0.15 | \n0.11 ± 0.08 | \n|
\n | \n1.27 ± 0.43 | \n3.16 ± 1.81 | \n0.03 ± 0.01 | \n|
\n | \n3.25 ± 0.21 | \n9.95 ± 7.14 | \n0.16 ± 0.00 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n6.21 ± 2.82 | \n3.22 ± 1.10 | \n0.97 ± 0.36 | \n
\n | \n5.22 ± 2.36 | \n3.02 ± 0.90 | \n0.92 ± 0.32 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n6.68 ± 1.72 | \n3.05 ± 0.56 | \n2.77 ± 2.67 | \n
\n | \n3.77 ± 1.10 | \n3.19 ± 0.75 | \n2.51 ± 0.89 | \n|
\n | \n4.81 ± 0.57 | \n3.15 ± 0.49 | \n3.24 ± 1.19 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n1.95 ± 0.82 | \n2.07 ± 1.11 | \n0.46 ± 0.28 | \n
\n | \n1.48 ± 0.82 | \n1.61 ± 0.82 | \n0.37 ± 0.27 | \n|
\n | \n1.15 ± 0.48 | \n1.71 ± 0.66 | \n0.56 ± 0.25 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n7.37 ± 3.32 | \n3.63 ± 1.12 | \n3.41 ± 1.84 | \n
\n | \n2.51 ± 1.13 | \n2.41 ± 1.43 | \n0.75 ± 0.74 | \n|
\n | \n\n | \n4.25 ± 1.07 | \n2.82 ± 0.52 | \n2.88 ± 1.02 | \n
\n | \n4.33 ± 1.73 | \n3.35 ± 1.17 | \n3.65 ± 3.61 | \n
Relationship between tree growth and natural regeneration of young forest under the forest.
Note: Mean ± standard error.
Soil density and total porosity are not only the basic physical characteristics of forest soil, but also important indicators of soil and water conservation, which affect the growth and development of understory plants (see [11]). The soil physical properties of typical
Thickness of soil layer (cm) | \nStand type | \nMoisture content (100%) | \nBulk density (g/cm3) | \nMaximum water holding capacity (100%) | \nMinimum water holding capacity (100%) | \nTotal porosity (100%) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0-15 cm | \n\n | \n0.15 ± 0.05b | \n1.39 ± 0.02ab | \n0.24 ± 0.02a | \n0.22 ± 0.03a | \n0.33 ± 0.03b | \n
\n | \n0.32 ± 0.03a | \n1.29 ± 0.03ab | \n0.36 ± 0.02a | \n0.33 ± 0.03a | \n0.46 ± 0.02a | \n|
\n | \n0.18 ± 0.01b | \n1.47 ± 0.01a | \n0.24 ± 0.01a | \n0.22 ± 0.01a | \n0.36 ± 0.01b | \n|
shrub grassland | \n0.23 ± 0.03ab | \n1.21 ± 0.13b | \n0.35 ± 0.07a | \n0.28 ± 0.04a | \n0.41 ± 0.04a | \n|
15-30 cm | \n\n | \n0.16 ± 0.01b | \n1.38 ± 0.04a | \n0.28 ± 0.01b | \n0.23 ± 0.01b | \n0.34 ± 0.01d | \n
\n | \n0.33 ± 0.01a | \n1.22 ± 0.02ab | \n0.40 ± 0.02a | \n0.34 ± 0.02a | \n0.49 ± 0.01a | \n|
\n | \n0.17 ± 0.01b | \n1.39 ± 0.06a | \n0.24 ± 0.02b | \n0.20 ± 0.01b | \n0.38 ± 0.01c | \n|
shrub grassland | \n0.29 ± 0.05a | \n1.13 ± 0.11b | \n0.40 ± 0.06a | \n0.33 ± 0.05a | \n0.43 ± 0.02b | \n
Soil physical properties of different stands.
Note: Mean ± standard error; the same letter means no significant difference; no same letter means significant difference.
In the depth of 0 ~ 30 cm, the average soil porosity was mixed forest (
Soil is the matrix of plant growth, and its physical and chemical characteristics determine the distribution of plant community types. At the same time, the plant community reacts on the soil to improve its habitat conditions and make the community develop. Through the analysis of soil chemical properties under different stands, the results show that there are some differences in soil properties under different stands (Table 6). Among the eight stands, the contents of TP, SOM and TN in the soil of
Tree species | \nTP g/kg | \nSOM g/kg | \nTN g/kg | \nNH4-N Mg/kg | \nNO3-N Mg/kg | \nAP Mg/kg | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n0.40 ± 0.01a | \n74.13 ± 0.46a | \n3.31 ± 0.08a | \n29.87 ± 0.37c | \n15.46 ± 0.33 g | \n1.79 ± 0.05d | \n
\n | \n0.32 ± 0.01b | \n45.16 ± 0.20e | \n2.29 ± 0.03d | \n26.83 ± 0.03e | \n23.66 ± 0.06d | \n1.31 ± 0.02f | \n
\n | \n0.35 ± 0.01b | \n41.58 ± 0.01f | \n2.09 ± 0.01e | \n20.87 ± 0.04 h | \n19.73 ± 0.12e | \n0.50 ± 0.01 h | \n
\n | \n0.35 ± 0.01b | \n57.96 ± 0.08c | \n2.83 ± 0.03c | \n26.00 ± 0.11f | \n17.76 ± 0.06f | \n1.90 ± 0.03c | \n
\n | \n0.34 ± 0.00b | \n65.83 ± 0.19b | \n3.09 ± 0.01b | \n20.85 ± 0.01 h | \n12.44 ± 0.06 h | \n2.26 ± 0.02a | \n
\n | \n0.27 ± 0.02c | \n48.56 ± 0.04d | \n2.28 ± 0.01d | \n31.00 ± 0.06b | \n25.27 ± 0.07c | \n2.08 ± 0.03b | \n
\n | \n0.35 ± 0.02b | \n41.65 ± 0.20f | \n2.08 ± 0.02e | \n35.83 ± 0.14a | \n33.85 ± 0.03a | \n0.67 ± 0.04 g | \n
\n | \n0.27 ± 0.02c | \n33.70 ± 0.10 g | \n1.90 ± 0.03f | \n27.69 ± 0.06d | \n32.41 ± 0.27b | \n1.49 ± 0.01e | \n
shrub grassland | \n0.40 ± 0.01a | \n25.92 ± 0.03 h | \n1.61 ± 0.04 g | \n21.68 ± 0.33 g | \n32.86 ± 0.19b | \n0.43 ± 0.02 h | \n
Soil nutrient difference analysis of different afforestation tree species.
Note: Mean ± standard error; the same letter means no significant difference; no same letter means significant difference; TP: soil total phosphorus; SOM: soil organic matter; TN: Soil total nitrogen; NH4-N: Soil ammonium nitrogen; NO3-N: Soil nitrate nitrogen; AP: Soil available phosphorus.
According to the analysis of the growth patterns of the eight tree species in the Xiangxi Rocky Desertification Area from three aspects, (1) the total growth of DBH of 8 tree species increased with age. In contrast, the growth of DBH of 8 tree species in this area is slightly less than that in other areas, which may be due to the single community structure, barren soil, uneven thickness of soil layer, and lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements to promote plant growth, root growth is hindered, resulting in a smaller DBH growth and lower productivity. (2) With the growth and development of trees, the canopy density gradually increased, the competition among individuals was obvious, the growth space was insufficient, and the growth rate of successive years was significantly slowed down, which led to the differences in the growth of various tree species. (3) The total volume growth of 8 tree species increased with the growth of age, but the time when each stand reached the main cutting age was different. Therefore, it can be seen that in the rapid growth period of 8 kinds of stands, water and fertilizer management and appropriate thinning should be strengthened to control the stand density (see [12]). The rapid growth period should be fully utilized to effectively promote the rapid growth of tree height and DBH, so as to improve the productivity.
\nAccording to the stand productivity of the eight tree species, it can be seen that broad-leaved branches and leaves are more developed than coniferous trees (see [13]). For example, due to its own biological characteristics, flexible material and low shrinkage rate, the stand productivity of
Species richness can be used to measure the quantitative characteristics of species in the community, and the overall diversity index of plant species under different tree species is not high. The Shannon Wiener index of unforested shrub grassland is higher than that of woodland, which is due to the fact that most vegetation biodiversity is caused by herbaceous plants. There is no tall tree layer in the shrub grassland, and its light environment conditions are better than those under the forested forest, which is conducive to the growth and development of shrubs and herbs; the dominant species of shrub layer in the shrub grassland are
Natural regeneration of multiple tree species occurred under all native tree species,
Soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus are the main nutrient indicators of soil, and organic matter is also an important factor in the formation of soil structure (see [23]). In this study, the SOM, TN, NH4-N and NO3-N of
This study proved that silviculture can quickly realize forest restoration in rocky desertification area. Afforestation technology should focus on afforestation land preparation, tree species selection and forest protection. In order to realize the sustainable forest with multi tree species and multi canopy, the rational application of mixed forest in the process of forest management should be paid more attention. This study is only the first step of forest vegetation restoration in rocky desertification area, and the future work will focus on how to cultivate the next generation of sustainable near natural forest (Figure 7).
\nAerial view of afforested land.
Due to the poor site conditions and poor water distribution in rocky desertification areas, many areas have failed in the process of planting pure forest or mixed forest. For example, the survival rate of young forest is very low because the ecological and physiological relationship between species is not satisfied. The main reason is that the ecological and physiological relationship between species is properly handled. At the same time, the cost is saved and the probability of improper tending is reduced. Not only the pioneer tree species are successful, but also the saplings of multi tree species begin natural succession, which finally forms multi tree species and multi canopy in rocky desertification area, The experimental site provides a good reference template for vegetation restoration in rocky desertification areas.
\nIt is suggested that trees form the families such as
I would like to thank all the scholars for their monographs and their research achievements for their inspiration and help. Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the colleagues who provided help in this writing.
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',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
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