\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5958",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy - New Insights and Contributions",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",subtitle:"New Insights and Contributions",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book contains six chapters dealing with the investigation of seismic and sequence stratigraphy and integrated stratigraphy, including the stratigraphic unconformities, in different geological settings and using several techniques and methods, including the seismostratigraphic and the sequence stratigraphic analysis, the field geological survey, the well log stratigraphic interpretation, and the lithologic and paleobotanical data. Book chapters are separated into two main sections: (i) seismic and sequence stratigraphy and (ii) integrated stratigraphy. There are three chapters in the first section, including the application of sequence and seismic stratigraphy to the fine-grained shales, to the fluvial facies and depositional environments, and to the Late Miocene geological structures offshore of Taiwan. In the second section, there are three chapters dealing with the integrated stratigraphic investigation of Jurassic deposits of the southern Siberian platform, with the stratigraphic unconformities, reviewing the related geological concepts and studying examples from Middle-Upper Paleozoic successions; and, finally, with the integrated stratigraphy of the Cenozoic deposits of the Andean foreland basin (northwestern Argentina).",isbn:"978-953-51-3676-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3675-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4587-5",doi:"10.5772/66242",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",numberOfPages:168,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c7007d85d2a3d26fe08d934f72b0278d",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",publishedDate:"December 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5958.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11520,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:24,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 10th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 31st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100661/images/system/100661.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gemma Aiello was born in Aversa (CE), Italy, on 24 October 1964. In 1989, she graduated in Geological Sciences at the University of Naples 'Federico II.” In 1993, she earned a Ph.D. in Sedimentary Geology at the University of Naples 'Federico II,” Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geological Sciences. She completed a two-year postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Naples 'Federico II,” a CNR-CEE fellowship and several contracts at the Research Institute 'Geomare Sud,” CNR, Naples, Italy. Since 1998, she has been a full-time researcher at the Italian CNR. Dr. Aiello has twenty-five years of experience in the field of sedimentary geology, marine geology and geophysics, participating in different research projects for the Italian National Research Council (CARG, Vector, Centri Regionali di Competenza). She was a contract professor of sedimentology and stratigraphy at the Parthenope University of Naples, Italy, and a teacher in formation courses of technicians in marine science and engineering in Naples, Italy.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"654",title:"Seismology",slug:"seismology"}],chapters:[{id:"57373",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to the Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and to the Integrated Stratigraphy: Concepts and Meanings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71678",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-introduction-to-the-seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-to-the-integrated-",totalDownloads:2023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gemma Aiello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57373",authors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],corrections:null},{id:"57711",title:"Sequence Stratigraphy of Fine-Grained “Shale” Deposits: Case Studies of Representative Shales in the USA and China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71137",slug:"sequence-stratigraphy-of-fine-grained-shale-deposits-case-studies-of-representative-shales-in-the-us",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The fine-grained “shale” deposits host a vast amount of unconventional oil and gas resources. This chapter examines the variations in lithofacies, patterns of well logs, geochemistry, and mineralogy in order to construct a sequence stratigraphic framework of the representative marine Barnett, Woodford, Marcellus, Mowry, and Niobrara fine-grained “shales” (USA) and the marine Longmaxi shale and lacustrine Chang7 lacustrine shale (China). Practical methods are proposed in order to recognize the sequence boundaries, the flooding surfaces, the parasequences and parasequence sets, the system tracts, and variation patterns of facies and rock properties. The case studies for the sequence stratigraphy in the USA and China have revealed that the transgressive systems tract (TST) and the early highstand systems tract (EHST, if identifiable) of fine-grained “shales” have been deposited in anoxic settings. TST and EHST of the siliciclastic “shales” are characterized by high gamma ray, high TOC, and high quartz content, while TST and EHST of the carbonate-dominated fine-grained “shales” are characterized by low gamma ray, organic lean, and carbonate rich fine-grained deposits. The lithofacies, geochemistry, mineralogy, depositional evolution, and reservoir development have been predicted and correlated within a sequence stratigraphic framework for the suggested cases. The best reservoir with the best completion quality is developed in TST and HST in both siliciclastic-dominated and carbonate-dominated fine-grained “shales.”",signatures:"Shu Jiang, Caineng Zou, Dazhong Dong, Wen Lin, Zhenlin Chen, Lei\nChen, Lanyu Wu, Wei Dang and Yajun Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57711",authors:[{id:"138867",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu",surname:"Jiang",slug:"shu-jiang",fullName:"Shu Jiang"},{id:"222278",title:"Prof.",name:"Caineng",surname:"Zou",slug:"caineng-zou",fullName:"Caineng Zou"},{id:"222279",title:"Mr.",name:"Wen",surname:"Lin",slug:"wen-lin",fullName:"Wen Lin"},{id:"222280",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenlin",surname:"Chen",slug:"zhenlin-chen",fullName:"Zhenlin Chen"},{id:"222281",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Chen",slug:"lei-chen",fullName:"Lei Chen"},{id:"222282",title:"Ms.",name:"Lanyu",surname:"Wu",slug:"lanyu-wu",fullName:"Lanyu Wu"},{id:"222283",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Dang",slug:"wei-dang",fullName:"Wei Dang"},{id:"222284",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajun",surname:"Li",slug:"yajun-li",fullName:"Yajun Li"},{id:"222285",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",surname:"Wu",slug:"yue-wu",fullName:"Yue Wu"},{id:"222397",title:"Dr.",name:"Dazhong",surname:"Dong",slug:"dazhong-dong",fullName:"Dazhong Dong"}],corrections:null},{id:"57751",title:"Sequence Stratigraphy of Fluvial Facies: A New Type Representative from Wenliu Area, Bohai Bay Basin, China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71149",slug:"sequence-stratigraphy-of-fluvial-facies-a-new-type-representative-from-wenliu-area-bohai-bay-basin-c",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The application of sequence stratigraphy to the fluvial portion of sedimentary basin fills is most challenging, especially where the fluvial deposits under analysis are isolated or far away from coeval shorelines and marine influences. Taking the Wenliu Area as an example, this chapter aims at addressing researches about another type of river. High-resolution stratigraphic analysis of the lower second member of the Shahejie Formation of the W79 Block of Bohai Bay Basin (China) has revealed that the study area, previously interpreted as a shallow water delta system, actually originated in a subaerial setting with a distributional pattern. The base level fluctuations are mainly controlled by the regional tectonic setting. Active subsidence stages tend to make base level rising semi-cycles, while relative stable stages tend to make base level falling semi-cycles.",signatures:"Jingzhe Li and Jinliang Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57751",authors:[{id:"202289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinliang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jinliang-zhang",fullName:"Jinliang Zhang"},{id:"204039",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingzhe",surname:"Li",slug:"jingzhe-li",fullName:"Jingzhe Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"57104",title:"Seismic Stratigraphic Features of the Late Miocene-Present Unconformities and Related Seismic Units, Northern Offshore Taiwan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70819",slug:"seismic-stratigraphic-features-of-the-late-miocene-present-unconformities-and-related-seismic-units-",totalDownloads:1617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We investigate the seismic stratigraphic features offshore northern Taiwan by using newly collected multichannel seismic data. Two significant regional unconformities U1 and U2 have been identified, which further subdivide the sedimentary sequence into three seismic units as SU I, SU II, and SU III. The lowermost seismic unit SU I is a pre-late Miocene sequence, while the middle and upper seismic unit SU II and SU III result from the interactions between the rapid fault-controlled subsidence and the stable thermal-controlled subsidence. We consider that the present-day offshore northern Taiwan is under a post-collisional state and the unconformities U1 and U2 represent a response to the mountain collapse and to the cessation of the regional volcano-tectonic activities. It is not until 1.5 Ma that northern offshore Taiwan became a post-collisional basin and started to receive sediments, with a rapid fault-controlled subsidence. Afterward, the basin became dominated by a stable thermal-controlled subsidence at 0.2 Ma. Although the main volcano-tectonic activities in the northern offshore Taiwan are ceased, modern geophysical and geochemical investigations have suggested that the tectonism and the volcanism are still active and represent potential threatening geohazard.",signatures:"Jih-Hsin Chang, Eason Yi-Cheng Yang, Ho-Han Hsu, Chih-Chieh Su,\nChar-Shine Liu, Shye-Donq Chiu, Yu-Fang Ma, Yuan-Wei Li, Yen-\nChun Lin and Jen-Sen Shen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57104",authors:[{id:"204936",title:"Dr.",name:"Jih-Hsin",surname:"Chang",slug:"jih-hsin-chang",fullName:"Jih-Hsin Chang"},{id:"205394",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Eason Yi-Cheng",surname:"Yang",slug:"eason-yi-cheng-yang",fullName:"Eason Yi-Cheng Yang"},{id:"205395",title:"Dr.",name:"Ho-Han",surname:"Hsu",slug:"ho-han-hsu",fullName:"Ho-Han Hsu"},{id:"205396",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Chieh",surname:"Su",slug:"chih-chieh-su",fullName:"Chih-Chieh Su"},{id:"205397",title:"Prof.",name:"Char-Shine",surname:"Liu",slug:"char-shine-liu",fullName:"Char-Shine Liu"},{id:"210083",title:"Mr.",name:"Shye-Donq",surname:"Chiu",slug:"shye-donq-chiu",fullName:"Shye-Donq Chiu"},{id:"210084",title:"Ms.",name:"Yu-Fang",surname:"Ma",slug:"yu-fang-ma",fullName:"Yu-Fang Ma"},{id:"210085",title:"MSc.",name:"Yuan-Wei",surname:"Li",slug:"yuan-wei-li",fullName:"Yuan-Wei Li"},{id:"210086",title:"MSc.",name:"Yen-Chun",surname:"Lin",slug:"yen-chun-lin",fullName:"Yen-Chun Lin"},{id:"210087",title:"MSc.",name:"Jen-Sen",surname:"Shen",slug:"jen-sen-shen",fullName:"Jen-Sen Shen"}],corrections:null},{id:"55932",title:"Stratigraphy of Jurassic Sediments of the Southern Siberian Platform (Russia) Studied through Lithologic and Paleobotanical Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69572",slug:"stratigraphy-of-jurassic-sediments-of-the-southern-siberian-platform-russia-studied-through-litholog",totalDownloads:911,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper presents the results of comprehensive lithologic and paleobotanical study of Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk Coal Basin revealed in outcrops and sections within operating coal deposits. The lithologic characteristics of the main stratigraphic units of the Irkutsk Basin: Cheremkhovskaya, Prisayanskaya, and Kudinskaya Formations are given. Two uneven‐aged fossil plant assemblages: Cheremkhovo for middle and upper subformations of Cheremkhovskaya Formation and Prisayan for Prisayanskaya and Kudinskaya Formations have been identified. Equisetites lateralis (Phill.) Phill., E. asiaticus Pryn., Cladophlebis haiburnensis (L. et H.) Sew., Sphenobaiera czekanowskiana (Heer) Flor., S. vigentis Kiritch. et Bat., Czekanowskia baikalica Kiritch. et Samyl., and Cz. rigida Heer species are typical of the Cheremkhovo assemblage. The age of sediments including the Cheremkhovo assemblage is the end of Early Jurassic (conventionally, Toarcian). Coniopteris maakiana (Heer) Pryn. emend. Kiritch. et Trav., C. murrayana (Brongn.) Brongn., C. spectabilis Brick., Cladophlebis nebbensis (Brongn.) Nath., Raphaelia diamensis Sew., R. tapkensis (Heer) Pryn. emend Kost., Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer, Ph. cognata Kiritch., and Ph. irkutensis Dolud. et Rasskaz species are characteristic of the Prisayan assemblage. Prisayan assemblage sediments are dated at the beginning of Middle Jurassic (conventionally, Aalenian). The stratigraphic correlation of Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk Coal Basin with the sedimentary basins of Western Siberia has been carried out based on paleobotanical data.",signatures:"Andrey Olegovich Frolov, Nikolay Ivanovich Akulov and Irina\nMikhailovna Mashchuk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55932",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55932",authors:[{id:"63546",title:"Prof.",name:"Nickolay",surname:"Akulov",slug:"nickolay-akulov",fullName:"Nickolay Akulov"},{id:"201355",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Frolov",slug:"andrey-frolov",fullName:"Andrey Frolov"},{id:"201356",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Mashchuk",slug:"irina-mashchuk",fullName:"Irina Mashchuk"}],corrections:null},{id:"56780",title:"Stratigraphic Unconformities: Review of the Concept and Examples from the Middle-Upper Paleozoic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70373",slug:"stratigraphic-unconformities-review-of-the-concept-and-examples-from-the-middle-upper-paleozoic",totalDownloads:2019,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Only about 10% of geologic time is imprinted in sedimentary strata and the rest is hidden in non-depositional or erosional surfaces called unconformities. Stratigraphic unconformities (disconformities) are principal bounding surfaces in sequence stratigraphy, which a geologist would easily identify in the outcrop but frequently overlook in the subsurface unless core is available. The proportion of disconformities that are misidentified or overlooked in subsurface stratigraphy is quite large, which puts a warning sign on simplistic sequence stratigraphic models. The amount of time imprinted in disconformities can be evaluated using relative weathering maturity of the subaerial profile, cyclostratigraphic calibration, absolute dating, and biostratigraphy. However, using biostratigraphy alone is never enough as biostratigraphic gaps tend to fill with increasing data coverage. Identification of paleo-vadose zones and subaerial exposure profiles is regarded as critical for finding stratigraphic unconformities and is the only approach in strata where geophysically mappable fluvial systems are absent. Drowning unconformities are carbonate platform drowning surfaces that usually produce distinct reflection horizons and have better stratigraphic value in the subsurface than platform-embedded subaerial unconformities. This discussion is supported by examples of subaerial disconformities from the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian of Canada and Russia and with an example of a geographically extensive mid-Devonian drowning unconformity from Northwestern Canada.",signatures:"Pavel Kabanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56780",authors:[{id:"202965",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Kabanov",slug:"pavel-kabanov",fullName:"Pavel Kabanov"}],corrections:null},{id:"56479",title:"Integrated Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Andean Foreland Basin (Northern Argentina)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69985",slug:"integrated-stratigraphy-of-the-cenozoic-andean-foreland-basin-northern-argentina-",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The stratigraphic and sedimentologic characteristics of Cenozoic deposits in north‐western Argentina represent important tectono‐sedimentary constraints on the evolution of the Andean foreland basin in this region. This nonmarine unit unconformably rests on the top of the postrift deposits of the middle Eocene Lumbrera Formation (Santa Bárbara Subgroup, Salta Group) or on older deposits. Eocene‐Pliocene paleoenvironmental changes were the direct result of changes in the tectonic setting and accommodation space. This study describes the results of an integrated analysis of the middle‐upper Eocene to Plio‐Pleistocene deposits filling the basins of the Cordillera Oriental. Fluvial deposits associated with different topographic slopes characterize the basins that formed in the Central Andes of north‐western Argentina due to Cenozoic tectonic convergence. The formation of these basins led to the development of continental sedimentary environments, including an ephemeral fluvial system with aeolian dune fields; a sandy braided fluvial system; a playa lake; a sinuous gravelly sandy fluvial system with lagoons; and lagoons and marshes. These basins, which were probably connected during the first stage of their development, are characterized by different subsidence histories, sedimentary paleoenvironmental evolution patterns, topographic slopes, provenances, and paleocurrent directions, resulting in different tectono‐sedimentary histories.",signatures:"Claudia Inés Galli, Ricardo Narciso Alonso and Lidia Beatriz Coira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56479",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56479",authors:[{id:"207758",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Galli",slug:"claudia-galli",fullName:"Claudia Galli"},{id:"207759",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Alonso",slug:"ricardo-alonso",fullName:"Ricardo Alonso"},{id:"207760",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Coira",slug:"beatriz-coira",fullName:"Beatriz Coira"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6104",title:"Volcanoes",subtitle:"Geological and Geophysical Setting, Theoretical Aspects and Numerical Modeling, Applications to Industry and Their Impact on the Human Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a11586252b4ac42153a8b2bc9a8fcf08",slug:"volcanoes-geological-and-geophysical-setting-theoretical-aspects-and-numerical-modeling-applications-to-industry-and-their-impact-on-the-human-health",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7392",title:"New Insights into the Stratigraphic Setting of Paleozoic to Miocene Deposits",subtitle:"Case Studies from the Persian Gulf, Peninsular Malaysia and South-Eastern Pyrenees",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"594f4fbefe32dfe2375e4153b30235aa",slug:"new-insights-into-the-stratigraphic-setting-of-paleozoic-to-miocene-deposits-case-studies-from-the-persian-gulf-peninsular-malaysia-and-south-eastern-pyrenees",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7768",title:"Sedimentary Processes",subtitle:"Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e66ff69a772c2913167e9987180d7279",slug:"sedimentary-processes-examples-from-asia-turkey-and-nigeria",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7768.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2227",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c2f80af61284334fb3655852de9f7",slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Evgenii Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2051",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Statistical Studies, Observations and 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Millions of infections were occurring worldwide and many health systems were overwhelmed by the volume and in need of a strategy to prevent further infections while still providing healthcare for the ailing [1].
The initial goals for mitigation of the spread of COVID-19 focused on triage. Steps of this triage were as follows: early identification and diagnosis of the virus, isolating the patient, monitoring contacts and quarantining as appropriate. Telemedicine emerged as the perfect tool for contactless triage and suddenly, everyone from clinical administration, nurses, medical assistants, resident doctors and physicians of all specialties were learning to use and exploit its benefits in an effort to slow the spread of COVID-19.
Overrun hospitals then looked to catalyze the implementation of telemedicine for everything from triage of coronavirus symptoms to off site-physician assessment in understaffed intensive care units and finally to the outpatient clinic setting for general health and specialist visits. Due to the acuity of the pandemic, non COVID related patient visits were threatened with disruption of routine care as in-person visits dropped rapidly. Thus, Telemedicine, which will here on be used in this chapter interchangeably with telehealth, became a major focus in the outpatient, clinic setting to address this threat.
This text will focus on the history of telehealth prior to COVID-19, and the initial spike in telemedicine at the onset of the pandemic. The strengths and weaknesses of virtual visits will be outlined, and primary care physician specific considerations will be addressed along with financial and ethical concerns. Finally, deductions regarding the future of telemedicine will be considered.
Telehealth while more recently a “hot topic”, has long been discussed both globally and nationally since at least the 1980s. As early as the year 1996, Medicare was paying for rural telehealth visits, but buy in by both physician and patient was extremely poor. In the United States in 2019, only one percent of rural patients had partaken in telemedicine of any form [2, 3].
At times throughout global health history, the use of telehealth would increase for public health crises response such as during a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) for viruses such as Ebola, Zika and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARC-COV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [1]. Despite these signs of promise of telehealth as a helpful tool, global or national public health guidelines including ethical guidelines never solidified. Perhaps, the technological landscape was not quite right. In contrast, data from 2019, one year prior to COVID-19, showed that 89% of the US population had internet access and 77% were online daily [4].
While telemedicine has historically been on the horizon for several decades, its future value was undecided by both policy makers and patients until recently. The US department of Health and Human Services actually cut the budget of the Hospital Preparedness Program in half in 2018 from what it had been back in 2004. At that time, there had been no trial of a telehealth workforce that could respond rapidly to national emergencies such as a pandemic or a natural disaster. Conversely, also in 2018, the US government expanded telehealth services system wide for the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs [5]. As late as January 2020, merely 24% of United States healthcare entities had telehealth programs [3] although their use was only a small percentage of visits.
Before discussing telehealth further, it is vital to define the term because since its use in the 1980s, the definition has expanded to include different modalities. The World Medical Association has refined its definition the past two decades several times and in 2020 defined telehealth as real-time audio and visual communication between providers and patients. Additionally, this recognized definition of telehealth also represented photo and data collection, remote patient monitoring capability, and virtual check in. Other organizations such as the World Health Organization defined telemedicine in 2007 more generally as a delivery of healthcare in which distance plays a role [6]. More recently, the Department of Health and Human Services released a broader definition of telehealth as, the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long distance clinical health care, patient and professional-related health care education, health administration and public health [7].
Telemedicine has been nothing if not crucial to support the strains put on healthcare since the abrupt onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. As discussed, the surge in the need for telemedicine appeared to occur overnight and healthcare systems including physicians, clinic and hospital staff, and payment systems had to move rapidly in response. Congress passed The Telehealth Services During Certain Emergency Periods Act of 2020 which allowed for a temporary waiving of previous Medicare restrictions surrounding telehealth [8].
Many general practice offices decided to close their physical spaces temporarily to limit staff exposure [9]. In-person office based visits dropped by over 100 million visits in the second quarter of 2020 when compared to the first quarter of 2020 [10]. Leading up to March 2020, less than 10,000 telehealth visits were submitted to the National Health Institute (NHI) in the United States. By the end of that same month, in the midst of the pandemic, more than 400,000 calls were being submitted to the NHI each week [1].
The initial increase in use of telemedicine very clearly pertained to triaging for COVID-19 infections. This served a dual purpose: to mitigate transmission and also to assist in gate-keeping of increasingly overwhelmed emergency departments. Primary care centers quickly adopted these telehealth visits into their practice as the first line of a COVID-triage framework. Symptomatic patients were given a questionnaire by clinical staff and if appropriate, spoke with a physician via telephone or video service. General practitioners would then assess for severity of illness and whether the patient required monitoring, hospital care, or even intensive care [1].
Telemedicine was soon employed to address non-COVID related concerns that were accumulating and unable to be addressed in-person. Initial vital roles of telehealth included blood pressure and cholesterol checks and most notably for increased psychiatric concerns encountered across the United States population in 2020 [10].
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues on and more time passes, multiple benefits of increased telemedicine use have emerged. Working adults, caregivers and frequent travelers who previously were lost to follow up or in need of a timely appointment with their primary care physician may more easily be triaged virtually without missing work. Overall, the time and resources patients have to commit to a telemedicine visit is substantially lower than the time it takes for most patients to drive, park and visit their doctor. Even more importantly, telehealth is associated with decreased financial costs to patients [11].
One analysis of patient’s response to a telemedicine visit showed a majority of patients reported being satisfied with their televisit. This analysis also concluded that a majority of patients would choose a televisit over an in-person visit in the future and there was no difference in satisfaction between telephone and video groups [11]. Another strong point for telemedicine is it does not exclude a person from in person services. Telehealth calls or videos can easily be converted to in-person visits as deemed necessary by the physician.
Telemedicine has emerged at seemingly the perfect moment in time as cell phones are more ubiquitous. In the United States especially, telehealth video calls support the technologically saturated culture and provide new opportunities to educate via email, phone call, video, or social media.
A new modality of care will always bring with it various problems and the same has been proven with the increased use of telemedicine. Telehealth visits more often than not do not include lab work, blood pressure or other vital checks, and screening tests as frequently as in-person visits. Patients may not feel like enough was done for them at their visit if there is not in-person physician interaction and/or an intervention of some kind.
Another concern is the barriers created for certain socio-economic populations. An extensive review of telehealth visits across the year 2020 showed that older age was independently associated with decreased telemedicine use as well as decreased video use. Non-English speaking patients are also significantly less likely to complete a telemedicine visit. Patients with Medicaid, of black race, of Latino ethnicity, of female sex or with a lower median income were less engaged with video use as well. Interestingly, patients with increased risk of morbidity had higher rates of telemedicine completion rates [12]. These patients however, may be the population most in need of more regular in-person services.
Studies that support the safety and efficacy of managing multiple chronic conditions via telehealth and what amount and frequency of in-person follow up are necessary for good outcomes have yet to be done. This ambiguity leaves room for a large range of physician judgment calls which has the potential for missing an opportunity for intervention on a condition like uncontrolled blood pressure. Primary physicians will also find it difficult to be certain of patient compliance. In-person medication refill follow-up visits are often a way in primary care medicine to make sure the patient is on track and to check vital signs and draw periodic labs. Patients in the future will still need assessment of their vital signs and labs. A potential negative effect of telemedicine on the patient is that they may end up having to set up a telemedicine visit and then after evaluation have to travel to a lab or office for a lab draw. This could negate the efficiency of a telemedicine visit when in person office visits can provide all of those services under one roof.
A concern of telehealth expansion, especially whilst the pandemic continues to affect in-person interaction is the loss of new patient pickup. Currently, the recommend use of telehealth is for established patients only. Telehealth therefore may encroach on the opportunity for providers to have availability to accept new patients. However, for those patients that are established with a primary care provider, virtual visits have shown promise for similar clinical effectiveness with less patient cost [4].
Overall, the benefits of telemedicine to keep healthcare running especially in the midst of a pandemic outweigh difficulties that must be addressed along the way. As medicine continue to accept and explore the capabilities of phone and video visits, telemedicine will become a way to make medicine a more efficient and meaningful experience for physician and patient.
The most acutely attuned group of providers to the dramatic shifts in virtual care arguably is the primary care physicians. Since March 2020, outpatient primary clinicians, as well as behavioral health care have accommodated the majority of telehealth calls in the country. Understandably, a large proportion of adults initially postponed routine care as many parts of the country went into lockdown in 2020 and primary care clinics temporarily shut down as well. Chronic conditions therefore went unchecked for prolonged periods of time, creating a longer and more uncontrolled list of ailments when patients returned to the care of their doctor [13]. Primary care physicians, also carry a responsibility to educate on the COVID-19 virus itself and promote vaccination with each encounter, including telehealth. This adds another layer of both time and complexity to each visit.
This demand on the primary care physician for change of practice has sparked new utility of telemedicine and continues to create innovative physician-patient experiences. For example, primary care has implemented a wide spectrum of routine telehealth visits now for things such as chronic condition monitoring, medication reconciliations and management, patient counseling, acute visits and triage. A noticeable gap with telemedicine is that it does not appear to offer much practicality for annual preventative exams [10].
Primary care physicians do have their own concerns as well. While providing further reaching care to the population is advantageous, providers are already expressing concerns about an ever revolving door of new tasks expected of them, a potential extension of office hours cutting into their lifestyle, and diminution of the patient-physician relationship. Specifically, there is concern around an already formidable threat to the working doctor: physician burnout. With an ever changing workflow adapting to new COVID-19 policies, physicians now have to or will have to navigate a schedule with both in-person and telehealth visits and the increased risk of schedules running behind. Another concern voiced from seasoned physicians, is that many nuanced non-verbal cues cannot be picked up by the physician during a telemedicine telephone visit. Even telehealth visits using video do not replace the vital role of the physical examination in the completeness of an assessment of a patient. Providers trained to examine the body are now limited by the resolution of a screen to extract clues around disease process.
However, physicians interviewed did report greater convenience overall for their patients which ultimately, could result in better compliance. Other positives reported included more time for counseling and the capability of evaluating patient home environments via video calls [14].
The American Medical Association makes clear in their Code of Ethics that telemedicine should occur when there is a pre-existing and real patient-physician relationship with the exception being in emergencies and extenuating circumstances [3]. As the initial shock of the pandemic subsides, it is important to assess the quality of the telehealth services being provided to the general population. There is certainly a risk of COVID-19 education, assessment, and prevention overshadowing the pivotal pillar of medicine: preventative health care. Many primary care physicians are now juggling yet another piece of an already complex puzzle comprised of treating chronic conditions, acute conditions, preventative screening, labs, and immunizations.
Privacy is another ethical concern expressed by patients. Many people cannot secure a private place to talk confidentially to their provider without interruption at home. Patients may not trust a telephone or video visit to be as secure as a face-to-face interaction.
Perhaps an even bigger concern for healthcare as a whole is the compensation models surrounding telemedicine. Historically, payment rules have dampened many health care provider’s efforts to implement telemedicine as payment for telemedicine visits did not compete with in-person visits. At the onset of the pandemic, in the spring and summer of 2020, temporary changes in payer rules suddenly allowed reimbursement for providers who administered telemedicine visits equal to in-person visit reimbursement [2]. This benefitted both the healthcare system as an overarching structure to ease the case load burden of the emergency department, but additionally, helped keep many outpatient practices in business. Of note, during this time period, many clinics were not able to have in-person visits at all.
Currently in 2021, further away from the initial shock of the pandemic, the fee-for-service model of payment is causing some physicians to back track on the initial shift toward telemedicine. The pressure from health care systems to move back toward more, if not all, in-person visits stems from the uncertainty of digital service reimbursement. There continues to be too much “red-tape” for some health care providers to remain trusting that virtual visits will financially be at parity with in-person visits. Some experts are pushing for a move toward capitation as the ideal payment model for telemedicine.
At this moment in time, payers are struggling with how to reimburse these multiple new digital options. The question of what will be compensated now extends to telephone visits, video visits, digital monitoring, patient portals and lab and imaging result phone calls and more. Services that once were complimentary with many practices like digital monitoring, may now carry a fee that could deter patients used to a free service. Increased digital modalities will then present new coding and billing challenges as well [15] and with that increased administrative costs. Despite these financial concerns, it is clear that long-term clinic cost could be reduced by keeping telemedicine as a viable part of a practice, but efficiency and payment models will need to catch up.
As the world shifts to digital communication in every sector and the pandemic continues on, telemedicine appears to be here to stay in a more substantial and meaningful way than prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Improved internet access and increased access to technologies like smart phones and web cameras should be addressed to ensure widespread adaptation and “buy-in” to telemedicine. Many countries, in fact, do not have the frameworks or the funding in place for public health emergencies much less for telemedicine to thrive long term. To implement telemedicine effectively, there must be adequate access to technology and sufficient technological and business related support. Vital to its success is restructuring the payment model to include systems like capitation. However, a cohort study evaluating Medicare Advantage health maintenance organization (HMO) plan beneficiaries continuously enrolled from the beginning of 2019 through 2020 found that the use of telemedicine increased at a greater rate and overall volume for organizations using value-based payment models versus fee-for-service payment models. This result bolsters the idea that a strong infrastructure may in fact hold more importance for actualization of telemedicine than a stronger reimbursement incentive [16].
Physicians, especially primary physicians and behavioral health care providers need structured guidelines and education on telemedicine technology and its proper use. There is currently a lack of formal training for physicians in telemedicine as well as lack of literature to support this learning [17]. Further, coordination of care amongst primary care office staff to determine the appropriateness of a telehealth visit and the necessity of length of that visit are vital to ensure a physician can incorporate both virtual and in-person visits into the same work day.
Regarding the future of telemedicine and patient experience and compliance, socioeconomic inequities must be addressed. Non-English speaking patients cannot be left behind as telemedicine continues on; translation services are an essential component of a long-lasting telehealth system. Additionally, distinct and innovative user-friendly telehealth for the elderly population and other populations with audio, motor and visual impairments could help connect a large percentage of healthcare consumers to the benefits of telemedicine [12].
The COVID-19 pandemic shook up all of healthcare and with it sparked a new surge in telemedicine use. Telehealth implementation has protected thousands of healthcare workers and countless patients from excessive and unnecessary virus exposure. Due to its increased use during the pandemic, telemedicine now has been tested by a large population of patients as a supplement or replacement for normal in-person visits. Benefits of having telehealth as an additional way to reach patients appears to outweigh the growing pains that its adaptation presents. Primary care physicians, alongside behavior health care providers, are amongst the top torch bearers of telehealth and must commit to advocating for payer systems that make sense to both a health care practice and their patients.
Ultimately, further quantitative research needs to be carried out to assess the effectiveness of telemedicine’s use alongside traditional clinic visits versus only in-person clinic visits to ensure similar long term health outcomes. Currently, retrospective studies, qualitative studies, and meta-analysis studies exist, but very few if any randomized controlled trials were found in the literature review. Other areas of study that need further investigation include comparison of compliance, patient satisfaction, patient cost and provider compensation.
Without a doubt, the realized and potential benefits of telemedicine if imagined correctly, will open new opportunities for physicians to reach previously underserved or unserved populations [18]. While the Covid-19 pandemic has limited traditional health care models, necessity has driven health care systems and policy makers toward innovation that could benefit all consumers while simultaneously protecting vulnerable patient populations from unnecessary risk.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Tomato (
Viruses are commonly encountered in the living ecosystem. Since it does not have a complete cellular structure, it interacts with prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and maintains its own existence [5, 6]. In recent years, plant viruses and their mechanisms of action have been widely studied due to the loss of agricultural products and their effects on fruit-vegetable quality. Plant viruses have either single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded RNA or DNA nucleotides [7].
Nematodes are one of the most abundant multicellular organisms on the earth. They may live as plant and animal parasites and/or free living. Parasitic nematodes may infect humans, plants, and animals [8]. Among nematodes, about 4100 nematode species have been identified as plant-parasitic nematodes [8]. They cause significant crop losses on tomato plants.
Bacterial, viroid diseases, and insect pests give also significant crop losses affecting tomato production in many regions in the world.
In this chapter, the effect of each pest/pathogen (virus, nematode, viroid, bacteria, and pests) on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions are given.
Tomato viruses are transmitted by vector insects, plant material, and seeds [9]. Transmission of tomato viruses is important to determine the plant material used in the diagnosis, to choose the method of diagnosis, to prevent the spread of the virus, and to develop a method of struggle against the virus. In this part, we examine under two subtitles that some viral diseases, the main host of which is tomato, are transmitted only by plant materials including seeds and are transmitted by vector insects and/or plant material together. In addition, in this section, the general information and classification of viruses, their genetic characteristics, symptoms and damage in tomato plants, and preventing against the viruses have been briefly explained.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) was first reported in tomato in Jordan [10]. ToBRFV belongs the family Virgaviridae and genus
Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) was firstly identified in Mexico in 2013, belongs the family Virgaviridae and genus
Plant-parasitic nematodes are significant pests and cause crop losses, with an estimated yearly loss of USD 173 billion [41]. It is likely that 10% of world crop production is lost as a result of plant-parasitic nematode damage [42]. Most of the plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots and decrease the uptake of water and nutrients [43]. Stylets of the plant-parasitic nematodes are important apparatus used to puncture plant cells and uptaking nutrient contents. The main signs shown by plants affected by nematodes are stunted development, wilting, and susceptibility to contamination by other plant pathogens [44]. Although there are many plant-parasitic nematodes, the most vital plant-parasitic nematodes in the USA are
The genus of
The root-knot nematode,
Tuta absoluta is the main pest in open field and greenhouse tomato cultivation. Adult butterflies are active at night. They lay their eggs, usually under the leaves, in the lower part of the sepals of buds and immature fruits. Its larvae damage all parts of the tomato plant except the root and in each period. The larva feeds by opening galleries between the two epidermes on the leaves of the tomato. The plant may dry out completely due to the galleries opened in the green part of the plant. The pest enters under the sepals of immature tomato fruits. The damaged fruit loses its market value, and rots occur when secondary microorganisms settle in the galleries opened in the fruit [55]. As a biotechnical method, pheromone + water trap or pheromone + light + water trap can be used in greenhouse tomato cultivation for mass trapping against tomato moth [55].
The damage of these pests is important in tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, beans, and eggplant [56]. Whitefly adults use the underside of leaves for feeding, laying eggs and resting. Larvae and adults feed by sucking plant sap. As a result of suction, yellowing occurs in the form of spots on the leaf. In addition, the pest secretes a sweet substance during feeding, with the development of fumagine fungi on this substance, a black layer forms on the leaves, and these parts cannot assimilate. For this reason, the plant weakens, plant growth is adversely affected, yield and quality decrease. Whiteflies give an average of 9–10 offspring per year, depending on the temperature, and a female lays an average of 200-300 eggs. Whitefly adults also play an important role in the transmission of some viral diseases. Especially
Especially tomato, cucumber, and beans are among the important hosts of leaf fly, which is a polyphagous pest. Adults and larvae of the pest cause damage to the plant. Adults lay their eggs between the two epidermes of the leaf [55]. Larvae emerging from the egg feed on the parenchyma tissue between the two epidermes in the leaf, and as a result, galleries are formed. In the following periods, these areas turn yellow, dry, and fall off. It indirectly causes loss of product and value by delaying development in young seedlings and plants [55]. A female can lay about 400 eggs in her lifetime at 30°C. It can give about 10 offspring under greenhouse conditions. In order to obtain healthy plants in the cultural struggle, precautions should be taken against pests, especially during the seedling period, For this purpose, ventilation openings must be covered with gauze. Weeds around and inside the greenhouse must be destroyed. Contaminated plant residues must be destroyed. The soil must be kept moist and the pupae must rot from moisture by mulching, and larvae should be prevented from becoming pupae by passing into the soil. Entry-exit and ventilation openings in greenhouses should be covered with gauze or fine-hole wire to prevent the entry of adults. Yellow sticky traps are used in biotechnical control since planting seedlings. One of the most important parasitoids is Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hym.: Eulophidae). In case of 10 larvae per leaf in tomato, chemical control is decided [55].
Aphids are particularly damaging to tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers, and zucchini. Aphids cause damage by sucking plant sap. Due to the suction, the leaves take a shrivelled, curled appearance. As a result of this suction, the plant weakens, development stops, the yield and quality of the product deteriorate. The sweet substances they secrete cover the plant surface by causing fumagine, and damage occurs as a result of the plant\'s obstruction to assimilation and respiration. It is also the vector of viral diseases. It is known that only
As a polyphagous pest,
Thrips particularly give damage to tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, eggplants, and beans. Adults and larvae injure the epidermis layer of leaves, stems, and fruits of plants and feed by absorbing the sap. The cells in the area where the thripsin is fed die and white silvery spots appear. As a result, the assimilation capacity of the leaves decreases and the leaf edges curl. As a result of feeding on fruit or capsules, silvery spots appear, and deformities occur.
Vascular color change of tomato plant by
Bacterial pith necrosis disease is caused by several pathogenic bacteria,
Bacterial pith necrosis: general wilting and stem necrosis by tomato pith necrosis and stem necrosis and vascular coloring of tomato plants caused by tomato pith necrosis. The brown discoloration is seen.
Bacterial speck of tomato is a serious problem in many greenhouse and field production areas. Disease can occur at every growing stage of tomato, but it causes severe infections at cool, moist conditions. The optimal growth temperature of the bacteria is 24–30°C Disease development stops in hot weather conditions. The disease is ubiquitous [68], Bacteria can survive epiphytically on weed hosts [69]. Bacteria can maintain the viability for 1–2 years as saprophytically on diseased plant residues in the soil [70].
The disease is seed-borne. Infection may begin with soil with contaminated seeds or plant debris. Secondary contamination occurs from wounds or natural openings. Water droplets play an important role in the spread of the disease. During the seedling period, brown-black spots sometimes surrounded by chlorotic margin are seen on the leaves and stems of the seedlings, and sometimes these spots spread and cause drying of the seedling. The spots on the leaves are small, round, dark in color, and unlimited. A yellow halo is usually seen around these spots, which are 1–3 mm in diameter. The spots coalesce over time and form large necrotic areas that lead to deformation and drying of the leaf. Superficial large brown spots are seen on the main stem and branches, leaves, and flower stalks (Figure 4) [71].
The symptoms of bacterial speck disease
Bacterial spot of tomato is a worldwide disease.
The symptoms of bacterial spot of tomato
Bacterial wilt (BW) is the most important disease affecting tomato production in many regions [76]. It causes severe wilting of economically important crops such as tomato, potato, eggplant, chili, and non-solanaceous crops such as banana and groundnut.
Initial symptom of bacteria in tomato is wilting of upper leaves (Figure 6). Complete wilting of the plants is observed in a short time. Brown discoloration of the infected vascular tissues and visible white or yellowish bacterial ooze can be seen [80].
The symptoms of BW of tomato
Some viroids are pathogenic, some can continue to multiply asymptomatically in susceptible plant species. Viroids are classified in two families, Avsunviroidae and Pospiviroidae. It has been reported that there are eight species in the family Pospiviroidae, which cause symptoms to occur intensely in tomatoes, especially in the Solanaceae family [81].
Common symptoms of viroid infection depending on viroid species and variant (species and strain), variety, temperature, and light conditions include chlorosis, tanning, leaf deformation, reduced plant growth, severe yield loss, and non-marketable fruit symptoms in tomato plants [82].
The genus
The type and severity of PSTVd symptoms vary depending on the viroid strain, host species and variety, and environmental conditions. PSTVd infections can be asymptomatic or produce symptoms ranging from mild to severe. PSTVd may cause more severe symptoms at higher temperatures [86]. In tomato, early in infection, infected plants show slow growth and chlorosis in the upper part of the plant, while in advanced stages the growth reduction may become more severe and leaves may turn red and/or purple and become more fragile (Figure 7). At this stage, flowering and fruiting may stop. In advanced stages, plants may die or partially recover.
The disease agent was observed for the first time with the symptom of bark scaling on the three-leaf rootstock of citrus fruits, and it was revealed that it was transmitted by the bud [87]. In 1972, this factor was determined to be a viroid [88]. The agent is classified as a
The symptoms of CEVd (
The symptoms of PSTVd (A) and CEVd (B) in
The symptoms of CLVd in pepper plants. CLVd (A) and
The MPVd agent was first identified in 1996 in the plant
The symptoms of
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) agent was first detected in 1996 in a tomato greenhouse in Manitoba, Canada [99]. As the hosts of the agent;
The effect of TPMVd on plants. TPMVd (A (60 days), B (21 days)) symptoms of
Many devastating diseases widely distribute throughout the world in tomato-growing areas and tomato hosts more than 200 species of pests and pathogens [111]. Bacterial canker caused by seed-borne organism
Whitefly transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV Genus
Plant-pathogens and pests are significantly important and cause an immense amount of crop losses worldwide. Plant-parasitic nematodes, insects, bacteria, viroid, and viruses damage crops at a high rate. Some groups of those diseases and pests parasitize the specific host plant, while others are polyphagous. Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes, insects, bacteria, viroid, and viruses and determination of the parasitism mode of action are important in terms of controlling pests and disease. Plant pathogens and pests show very different symptoms in plants, for example, root knot nematodes cause galls, bacteria cause color changes in plant stems and roots, viruses and viroids cause color changes and deformities in plants. The species of some insects that cause not only their own damage, but also secondary damages due to the fact that some of them carry viruses (for instance
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. 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Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st 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