Major solar irradiation hot spot.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5491",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Knowledge Management Strategies and Applications",title:"Knowledge Management Strategies and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Knowledge management (KM) has become an important business strategy in an era of accelerated globalization, digitalization, and servitization of products and services. Maximizing the use of organizational resources becomes fundamental for continuous growth and prosperity. Organizations of various kinds such as resource-based organizations, product-based organizations, as well as knowledge-intensive service-oriented organizations require specific policies and support services to improve the knowledge management in their respective organizations. Knowledge Management Strategies and Applications focuses on the way organizations can create knowledge, share existing or new knowledge, and disseminate them among the stakeholders, most importantly among the employees, managers, customers, and suppliers. The selected topics are drawn from several fields of studies and give a multidisciplinary outlook. The book will be interesting not only for the researchers and students but also for the managers who want to improve knowledge sharing and innovation capabilities in their organizations.",isbn:"978-953-51-3618-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3617-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4605-6",doi:"10.5772/63142",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"knowledge-management-strategies-and-applications",numberOfPages:276,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"444f4bfe5ee194766c1a90754c296147",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Norrin Halilem, SM Ahasanul Kobir and Cao Yuliang",publishedDate:"November 21st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5491.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14336,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 27th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 22nd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 20th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"190501",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190501/images/system/190501.png",biography:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor of International Business at Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. He has also taught at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, and previously at the University of Paris-Est Creteil, Paris, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; Tianjin University of Technology, China; and Shanghai Institute of Technology, China, as guest lecturer/visiting professor. His research interests focuses on knowledge management strategy, offshore outsourcing and developing dynamic capabilities, innovation and industry 4.0, emerging markets, and social entrepreneurship. He has presented his research in many international conferences including Strategic Management Society (SMS) and Academy of International Business (AIB). Dr. Mohiuddin has published more than 30 articles in peer-reviewed journals and several book chapters.",institutionString:"Laval University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"193924",title:"Dr.",name:"Norrin",middleName:null,surname:"Halilem",slug:"norrin-halilem",fullName:"Norrin Halilem",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193924/images/6475_n.png",biography:"Norrin Halilem, PhD, is an associate professor in Knowledge and Innovation Management (Laval University, Canada), where he teaches to PhD and MBA students. His research contributions concern the development of a systemic view of innovation and knowledge management, which encompasses the study of several actors and themes: academic knowledge producers and entrepreneurs, knowledge intermediation organizations, public and private organizations, or else knowledge and innovation management policy instruments. In management, he has published in Research Policy, Scientometrics, Technovation, Higher Education, and other leading journals, while in health sciences, he has published in Public Health Genomics, Familial Cancer, and other leading journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"193925",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahasanul",middleName:null,surname:"Kobir",slug:"ahasanul-kobir",fullName:"Ahasanul Kobir",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193925/images/6476_n.png",biography:"SM Ahasanul Kobir was born in Bangladesh in 1978. He received the BSc (Hons) degree in Biochemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, India, in 2001; MSc degree in Nutrition and Food Science from Dhaka University, Bangladesh, in 2004; MSc degree in Molecular Genetics and Physiology from Linkoping University, Sweden, in 2007; and MSc degree in Biotechnology from AgroParisTech and PhD degree in Molecular Genetics from the University of Paris XI in Paris, France, in 2008 and in 2012, respectively. In 2013, he joined as a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology at the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain; in 2014, he started his career as a research associate at the Department of Experimental Medicine at the Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA; and since 2015, he has been working as a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. His main areas of research interests are molecular mechanism of pulmonary hypertension and its drug designing, molecular detection and live cell imaging in cancer biology, molecular mechanism of HIV and its drug discovery, biotechnological interest of signaling and regulation in bacterial cells, etc. He is a member of the American Thoracic Society and also received the best abstract award from ATS Conference in 2016. Dr. Kobir published in top journals in his field.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"193926",title:"Dr.",name:"Cao",middleName:null,surname:"Yuliang",slug:"cao-yuliang",fullName:"Cao Yuliang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193926/images/6477_n.png",biography:"Cao Yuliang, PhD, is an associate professor of Management Science at the International College of Business and Technology, Tianjin University of Technology, China. He is also serving as an assistant dean and a master tutor of the International College of Business and Technology. His research interests focus on innovation and entrepreneurship management, supply chain management, and applied economics. He is also currently collaborating with the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1327",title:"Resource Management",slug:"resource-management"}],chapters:[{id:"56578",title:"Tacit Knowledge Sharing: A Literature Review Applied to the Context of the Brazilian Judiciary",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70066",slug:"tacit-knowledge-sharing-a-literature-review-applied-to-the-context-of-the-brazilian-judiciary",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"José Roberto Ferretti and Maria da Conceição L. Afonso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56578",authors:[{id:"192074",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Roberto",surname:"Ferretti",slug:"jose-roberto-ferretti",fullName:"Jose Roberto Ferretti"},{id:"194963",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Da Conceição",surname:"Afonso",slug:"maria-da-conceicao-afonso",fullName:"Maria Da Conceição Afonso"}],corrections:null},{id:"56374",title:"Knowledge Sharing and Human Resource Development in Innovative Organizations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70067",slug:"knowledge-sharing-and-human-resource-development-in-innovative-organizations",totalDownloads:4360,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Michael Beyerlein, Rachele Collins, Shinhee Jeong, Christi Phillips,\nSuravee Sunalai and Lei Xie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56374",authors:[{id:"187922",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Beyerlein",slug:"michael-beyerlein",fullName:"Michael Beyerlein"},{id:"195069",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachele",surname:"Collins",slug:"rachele-collins",fullName:"Rachele Collins"},{id:"195070",title:"Ms.",name:"Shinhee",surname:"Jeong",slug:"shinhee-jeong",fullName:"Shinhee Jeong"},{id:"195071",title:"Ms.",name:"Christi",surname:"Phillips",slug:"christi-phillips",fullName:"Christi Phillips"},{id:"195072",title:"Dr.",name:"Suravee",surname:"Sunalai",slug:"suravee-sunalai",fullName:"Suravee Sunalai"},{id:"195073",title:"Mr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Xie",slug:"lei-xie",fullName:"Lei Xie"}],corrections:null},{id:"56316",title:"Network Market Orientation, Knowledge Management and Born Globals’ Competitiveness",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70064",slug:"network-market-orientation-knowledge-management-and-born-globals-competitiveness",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Diego Monferrer Tirado and Marta Estrada Guillén",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56316",authors:[{id:"190403",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diego",surname:"Monferrer Tirado",slug:"diego-monferrer-tirado",fullName:"Diego Monferrer Tirado"},{id:"190935",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Estrada Guillén",slug:"marta-estrada-guillen",fullName:"Marta Estrada Guillén"}],corrections:null},{id:"56277",title:"Knowledge Management Hybrid Strategy with People, Technology and Process Pillars",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70072",slug:"knowledge-management-hybrid-strategy-with-people-technology-and-process-pillars",totalDownloads:846,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ivy Chan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56277",authors:[{id:"190882",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivy",surname:"Chan",slug:"ivy-chan",fullName:"Ivy Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56375",title:"Knowledge Management for Informally Structured Domains: Challenges and Proposals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70071",slug:"knowledge-management-for-informally-structured-domains-challenges-and-proposals",totalDownloads:535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Karla Olmos-Sánchez and Jorge Rodas-Osollo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56375",authors:[{id:"191271",title:"Dr.",name:"Karla",surname:"Olmos-Sánchez",slug:"karla-olmos-sanchez",fullName:"Karla Olmos-Sánchez"},{id:"191738",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Rodas-Osollo",slug:"jorge-rodas-osollo",fullName:"Jorge Rodas-Osollo"}],corrections:null},{id:"56575",title:"Performance Management by Causal Mapping: An Application Field of Knowledge Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70297",slug:"performance-management-by-causal-mapping-an-application-field-of-knowledge-management",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sarah Kölbel, Wolfgang Ossadnik and Stefan Gergeleit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56575",authors:[{id:"191338",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",surname:"Ossadnik",slug:"wolfgang-ossadnik",fullName:"Wolfgang Ossadnik"},{id:"192805",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Kölbel",slug:"sarah-kolbel",fullName:"Sarah Kölbel"},{id:"192806",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Gergeleit",slug:"stefan-gergeleit",fullName:"Stefan Gergeleit"}],corrections:null},{id:"56918",title:"Intelligent Knowledge Retrieval from Industrial Repositories",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70724",slug:"intelligent-knowledge-retrieval-from-industrial-repositories",totalDownloads:552,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Antonio Martin, Mauricio Burbano and Carlos León",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56918",authors:[{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon"},{id:"106112",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Martin-Montes",slug:"antonio-martin-montes",fullName:"Antonio Martin-Montes"},{id:"195107",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Burbano",slug:"mauricio-burbano",fullName:"Mauricio Burbano"}],corrections:null},{id:"56731",title:"Affective Technology Acceptance Model: Extending Technology Acceptance Model with Positive and Negative Affect",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70351",slug:"affective-technology-acceptance-model-extending-technology-acceptance-model-with-positive-and-negati",totalDownloads:1529,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Angela Lee Siew Hoong, Lip Sam Thi and Mei-Hua Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56731",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56731",authors:[{id:"190265",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr Angela",surname:"Lee",slug:"dr-angela-lee",fullName:"Dr Angela Lee"},{id:"195089",title:"Prof.",name:"Lip Sam",surname:"Thi",slug:"lip-sam-thi",fullName:"Lip Sam Thi"},{id:"195090",title:"Prof.",name:"Mei Hua",surname:"Lin",slug:"mei-hua-lin",fullName:"Mei Hua Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"56383",title:"The Impact of the Internet of Things to Value Added in Knowledge‐Intensive Organizations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70070",slug:"the-impact-of-the-internet-of-things-to-value-added-in-knowledge-intensive-organizations",totalDownloads:846,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Maja Meško, Jana Suklan and Vasja Roblek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56383",authors:[{id:"190185",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Vasja",surname:"Roblek",slug:"vasja-roblek",fullName:"Vasja Roblek"},{id:"190187",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",surname:"Meško",slug:"maja-mesko",fullName:"Maja Meško"},{id:"194501",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jana",surname:"Suklan",slug:"jana-suklan",fullName:"Jana Suklan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56454",title:"Knowledge Management Trends in Biotechnology in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70156",slug:"knowledge-management-trends-in-biotechnology-in-brazil",totalDownloads:643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Maria de Fátima Ebole Santana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56454",authors:[{id:"190174",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Fatima",surname:"Santana",slug:"maria-de-fatima-santana",fullName:"Maria De Fatima Santana"}],corrections:null},{id:"56343",title:"Exploring the Impact of Online Clinical Guidelines on Individual Knowledge Management Behaviors and Individual Net Benefits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70069",slug:"exploring-the-impact-of-online-clinical-guidelines-on-individual-knowledge-management-behaviors-and-",totalDownloads:594,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Shofang Chang, Tain‐Junn Cheng and Chung‐Hsien Chan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56343",authors:[{id:"191115",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shofang",surname:"Chang",slug:"shofang-chang",fullName:"Shofang Chang"},{id:"195177",title:"Dr.",name:"Tain-Junn",surname:"Cheng",slug:"tain-junn-cheng",fullName:"Tain-Junn Cheng"},{id:"195178",title:"Mr.",name:"Chung-Hsien",surname:"Chan",slug:"chung-hsien-chan",fullName:"Chung-Hsien Chan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56378",title:"Knowledge‐Based Assignment Model for Allocation of Employees in Engineering‐to‐Order Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70073",slug:"knowledge-based-assignment-model-for-allocation-of-employees-in-engineering-to-order-production",totalDownloads:687,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Matjaz Roblek, Maja Zajec and Benjamin Urh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56378",authors:[{id:"190863",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Matjaz",surname:"Roblek",slug:"matjaz-roblek",fullName:"Matjaz Roblek"},{id:"195082",title:"MSc.",name:"Maja",surname:"Zajec",slug:"maja-zajec",fullName:"Maja Zajec"},{id:"195083",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Urh",slug:"benjamin-urh",fullName:"Benjamin Urh"}],corrections:null},{id:"54091",title:"An Examination of the Knowledge Management Process in the Emerging Chinese Hotel Industry",doi:"10.5772/67105",slug:"an-examination-of-the-knowledge-management-process-in-the-emerging-chinese-hotel-industry",totalDownloads:645,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Tommy Wong, Linda French and Mark Wickham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54091",authors:[{id:"190629",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",surname:"Wong",slug:"tommy-wong",fullName:"Tommy Wong"},{id:"195020",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",surname:"French",slug:"linda-french",fullName:"Linda French"},{id:"195021",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Wickham",slug:"mark-wickham",fullName:"Mark Wickham"}],corrections:null},{id:"56274",title:"Widening the Understanding of Risk Approaches by Comparing Definitions from Different Disciplines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70074",slug:"widening-the-understanding-of-risk-approaches-by-comparing-definitions-from-different-disciplines",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Gabriele Berg‐Beckhoff, Peter Wiedemann, Balázs Ádám, Joachim\nSchüz, Kristian Breum Ølgaard, Pernille Tanggaard Andersen,\nSteven Ndugwa Kabwama and Jesper Bo Nielsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56274",authors:[{id:"188461",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Berg-Beckhoff",slug:"gabriele-berg-beckhoff",fullName:"Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff"},{id:"188466",title:"Dr.",name:"Pernille",surname:"Tangaard Andersen",slug:"pernille-tangaard-andersen",fullName:"Pernille Tangaard Andersen"},{id:"194908",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Wiedemann",slug:"peter-wiedemann",fullName:"Peter Wiedemann"},{id:"194909",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ádám",surname:"Balázs",slug:"adam-balazs",fullName:"Ádám Balázs"},{id:"194910",title:"Dr.",name:"Joachim",surname:"Schüz",slug:"joachim-schuz",fullName:"Joachim Schüz"},{id:"194911",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristian",surname:"Breum Ølgaard",slug:"kristian-breum-olgaard",fullName:"Kristian Breum Ølgaard"},{id:"194912",title:"MSc.",name:"Steven",surname:"Ndugwa Kabwama",slug:"steven-ndugwa-kabwama",fullName:"Steven Ndugwa Kabwama"},{id:"194913",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesper",surname:"Bo Nielsen",slug:"jesper-bo-nielsen",fullName:"Jesper Bo Nielsen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67321",slug:"corrigendum-to-clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",title:"Corrigendum to: Clinical Approach in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67321.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67321",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67321",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67321",chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10667",leadTitle:null,title:"Intermetallic Compounds - Properties and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f60ddc70564e86f159949eba70130471",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10667.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 1st 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10049",title:"Advanced Functional Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58745a56d54c143e4de8433f3d6eb62e",slug:"advanced-functional-materials",bookSignature:"Nevin Tasaltin, Paul Sunday Nnamchi and Safaa Saud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94825",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",surname:"Tasaltin",slug:"nevin-tasaltin",fullName:"Nevin Tasaltin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7666",title:"Synthesis Methods and Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd26687924373b72a27a0f69e7849486",slug:"synthesis-methods-and-crystallization",bookSignature:"Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7960",title:"Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc49969c3a4e2fc8f65d4722cc4d95a5",slug:"assorted-dimensional-reconfigurable-materials",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7676",title:"Zeolites",subtitle:"New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc664fa55f94b38c13af542041fc3cc",slug:"zeolites-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Karmen Margeta and Anamarija Farkaš",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216140",title:"Dr.",name:"Karmen",surname:"Margeta",slug:"karmen-margeta",fullName:"Karmen Margeta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9321",title:"Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5b349cbde0b129c20f31dc02b94d33b",slug:"advances-in-microporous-and-mesoporous-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Huirache Acuña",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181660",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Huirache Acuña",slug:"rafael-huirache-acuna",fullName:"Rafael Huirache Acuña"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57999",title:"Thin Wall Ductile Iron Castings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72117",slug:"thin-wall-ductile-iron-castings",body:'\n
Thin wall casting (TWC) is developed to produce lighter casting products. The weight reduction in TWC is gained by thinning out the wall thickness of products in whole like plates or partially. Thinning of the cast product will disturb the pouring time and speed up the solidification rate. The pouring time will shorten since the volume of the cast product is decreased due to depletion process. To overcome this, foundrymen tends to increase the pouring temperature. The increase in pouring temperature will expand the temperature differences, which will result in higher solidification rate.
\nIncreasing pouring temperature could not be applied while producing ductile iron (FCD) since the process includes liquid treatment processes, known as inoculation and nodulation. Both processes are limited by temperature and time. The effect of liquid treatment will reduce if the limit of temperature and time is exceeded. This condition will disturb the formation of spheroidal graphite and cause failure in production.
\nThin wall ductile iron (TWDI) is ductile iron casted in TWC. The thicknesses of some products of FCD were reduced in certain parts. Caldera defined TWDI as ductile iron casting with wall thickness below 5 mm [1], while Stefanescu limited its thickness below 3 mm [2]. But the properties of TWDI should fulfil the properties of FCD. TWDI has made it possible for ductile iron to compete with aluminium in terms of weight [3]. The size of the thinnest TWDI plate is 1 mm [4, 5, 6, 7].
\nProblems in producing thin wall ductile iron occur due to its thickness. In general casting, to avoid premature solidification, pouring temperature is raised when the casting product is thin. Premature solidification will lead to defects as presented in Figure 1. However, this method cannot be applied in producing TWDI since there is temperature limitation for liquid treatment process. Liquid treatments, i.e. inoculation and nodulation (Mg treatment), are applied to liquid metal to produce nodule graphite. Liquid treatment will fail if the temperature limit is exceeded.
\nShrinkage defect formation due to premature solidification [8].
Another issue that should also be considered is the formation of carbides as shown in Figure 2. Carbides form as a result of high solidification rate, and solidification rate increases when the thickness of the casting product decreases. Carbides formation in TWDI is to be strongly avoided. To deal with it, solidification rate should be maintained.
\nCarbides formation in TWDI [8].
As mentioned previously, the classification of TWDI is made based on the thickness of casting products which can be applied either in the whole part of product such as plate as shown in Figure 1 or in just some parts such as in the connecting rod invented by Martinez [9] as shown in Figure 2. The thickness of the casting products should not exceed 5 mm.
\nSoedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo have designed two series of plates. In the first series, they designed five plates with the same length and width but different thicknesses. The length is 150 mm while the width is 75 mm. The thicknesses are varied from 5 mm to 1 mm with 1 mm interval. As in the second series, they designed also five plates with the same length, width and thickness. The length and width are still the same as the first series, and the thickness is 1 mm. Since it is just plates, designing the product is not challenging but designing the gating system will be challenging since the design of gating system determines the plates formation. The gating system design made by Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo is discussed in the following section (Figure 3).
\nTWDI plates [8].
Contrary to the plates’ design, applying thin wall casting in components are challenging since the part or parts of component being modified should be carefully selected to ensure that the thinning process will not disturb the function and properties of the component. Martinez invented TWDI connecting rod by modifying the I-beam part. I-beam is not a critical part in connecting rod. Martinez modified the solid I-beam to hollow I-beam as presented in Figure 4. The wall thickness of the hollow I-beam is 4 mm. The hollow I-beam reduces 100 g of weight of the connecting rod.
\nTWDI connecting rod invented by Martinez [9].
There are several ways to maintain cooling rate, but among all of them, casting design is the easiest one. Casting design covers the cast products, gating system and risers. Casting design is important since it determines the quality of the products and their production cost. Regarding TWDI, the casting design should consider fluidity, pouring temperature, pouring time and solidification rate of the molten metal. The casting design should ensure that premature solidification does not occur [10]. The main cause of premature solidification is pouring disruption. To deal with this, pouring stability should always be maintained.
\nMany researchers used steps design to produce TWDI plates. Javaid [11] designs are presented in Figure 5. Javaid used this design to study the effects of chemical composition and process parameters on tensile and impact properties, while Showman [12, 13, 14] used groove steps design as shown in Figure 6 for studying the effects of cooling rate on skin effect formation. Pedersen used both horizontal and vertical steps design, as shown in Figure 7, to gain cooling rate from various plate thicknesses. Javaid also modified steps design as presented in Figure 8 to analyse the effects of position on plates.
\nJavaid designs [11].
Showman designs [12, 13, 14].
Pedersen designs [15, 16, 17]. (a) Horizontal design; (b) vertical design.
Javaid designs [11].
Besides the steps design, Stefanescu used horizontal and vertical design as shown in Figure 9a and b. The vertical design was made after unsatisfactory data gained from its horizontal design [18, 19]. Stefanescu defined his vertical design as gating system, casting products and risers. The casting products were plates of 250 mm in height and 1000 mm in length. The thicknesses of the plates were 6.0, 2.5 and 3.5 mm, which were arranged vertically with cylindrical risers in between. The diameter of the riser is 25 mm, and the number of risers is four [19]. Stefanescu used counter gravity system to maintain the filling rate.
\nStefanescu designs [2, 18, 19, 20]. (a) Horizontal design; (b) vertical design.
Schrems developed a horizontal design as shown in Figure 10, and INTEMA team developed several designs as shown in Figure 11. From his design, Schrems found that the condition of the plates together with their thickness affects mechanical properties and reducing cooling rate will make TWDI characteristic equal to general casting. INTEMA used the design shown in Figure 11a and b to evaluate the graphite characterizations. The results obtained from the first two designs were used to develop the other designs as shown in Figure 11c and d. The new designs were used for further research.
\nSchrems design [21, 22].
INTEMA designs [23, 24, 25, 26, 27].
Labreque used the design shown in Figure 12 to study the effects of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of TWDI. The design developed by Labreque resembles industrial condition. Filling process was maintained by using pouring basin, while the adjustment of undercooling temperature and cooling rate was controlled by using material known as low-density alumina silicate. This combination leads to the similarity of TWDI with the specification of ductile iron.
\nLabreque design [28, 29, 30].
This section shows that all researchers are producing their TWDI plates using varied casting designs in horizontal and vertical casting position. This demonstrates how important is an appropriate gating system design to produce TWDI products, whether plates or components.
\nAs mention previously, Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo in their works developed vertical casting designs to produce their plate series. They developed two models of vertical casting design. The first model was based on Stefanescu vertical casting design which used gating system and risers as presented in Figure 13.
\nSoedarsono designs [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 31, 32, 33]. Vertical casting. 1—Down sprue; 1a—supporting gate; 2—runner; 3—ingate; 4—riser; 5—plate; 6—gas tunnel.
Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo modified the Stefanescu design in the number, dimension and thickness of the plates produced. Stefanescu design produced three plates with the dimension of 100 mm × 25 mm and thicknesses of 2.5, 3.5 and 6.0 mm. The design purposed by Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo produced five plates with the dimension of 150 mm × 75 mm and thicknesses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mm. The casting design consists of down sprue, runner, ingate, risers and plates. Every plate is clamped by risers.
\nSoedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo also modified the arrangement of the plates. Since it is a vertical casting design, they placed the thinnest plate near the ingate. This is contrary to the general rule of casting. In the general rule of casting, ingate should not be placed in the thinnest part since it could block the filling process due to first place to solidify. But Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo assumed that the heat in the running liquid metal will prevent the thinnest part of the casting to solidify or known as premature solidification. Therefore, as long as the liquid metal runs along the system, the thinnest part will not solidify and premature solidification will not happen so the liquid metal can fulfil the mould. This assumption was verified during the casting process. A minor disturbance during the pouring process resulted in defective products.
\nSoedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo proposed three types and all of them produced TWDI plates with ferrite matrix. After evaluating the microstructures and tensile properties of every plates resulting from every types [3, 4, 31, 32, 33], they chose the first type which is presented in Figure 13a for further developments.
\nSoedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo also developed vertical casting design to produce TWDI without using gating system as the second model shown in Figure 14. The dimension and thickness of the plates produced are same as the previous designs. In this model, they proposed two types of design. These designs produced TWDI plates with perlite matrix.
\nSoedarsono designs [6]. Vertical casting without gating system.
Both models were able to produce TWDI plates. This showed that the casting design proposed were able to produce TWDI plates. Comparing the design of both models revealed that the advantage of the second model is high casting yield, while the first design tends to reduce the casting failure. Both models have their own solidification rate as shown by the microstructures. The first model has ferrite as a matrix, and the second one has perlite. Microstructures represent solidification rate. The conclusion made based on the microstructure formation is that the second model has higher solidification rate than the first one.
\nLater Soedarsono, Soemardi and Sulamet-Ariobimo modified the chosen design presented in Figure 13a for further development. They changed the thickness of the plate from 1 to 5 mm to only 1 mm in all position to discover the ability of the casting design. Experimental studies showed that all plates were formed during the casting process and presented with ferrite matrix.
\nBased on the latest design, Sulamet-Ariobimo and Gumilang modified the design of vertical casting. They reduced the number of the plates and minimised the dimension of the gating system to gain higher casting yield. The improved design is presented in Figure 15. This design produced TWDI in perlite matrix.
\nImproved design [34]. 1—Down sprue; 1a—supporting gate; 2—runner; 3—ingate; 4—riser; 5—plate; 6—gas tunnel.
Characterisation, especially tensile test, become an important issue in TWDI production since TWDI properties should be same as FCD and thinning process should not change the material properties. ASTM has determined the tensile specimen for TWDI or TWADI, but JIS has not determined which kind of specimen should be used for TWDI or TWADI.
\nReferring to ASTM Standard, researchers tended to use ASTM E8 [35] as shown in Figure 16, for the tensile specimen. While in JIS, several types of tensile specimens can be applied in plate. However, each type of this specimen gave different results. Sulamet-Ariobimo et al. investigated this [36] and decided to use JIS Z2201 No. 5 [37], shown in Figure 17. This decision was made based on the findings that fracture propagation in TWDI and nonferrous metals needs wider width.
\nTensile specimen of ASTM E8 [35].
Tensile specimen of JIS Z2201 No. 5 [37].
Skin effect [13] or flake graphite rim anomaly [18] is a layer of flake or vermicular graphite formed in outer layer of ductile iron microstructure. This layer tends to appear in sand casting products. The formation of skin effect occurred due to magnesium malfunction. The malfunction of magnesium is caused by several things such as the presence of sulphur or oxygen. Magnesium tends to bind with sulphur which produce MgS or with oxygen which produce MgO. Ruxanda [18] assumed that skin effect was formed due to different level of magnesium content. Aufderheiden [13] found that besides magnesium content, the type of sand also contributed to the formation of skin effect. Sulamet-Ariobimo [38] found that besides magnesium content, cooling rate also influences the formation of skin effect.
\nGoodrich in Dix [19] stated that skin effect tends to disturb the tensile properties. Ruxanda [18] found difference of magnesium content between bulk and rim area. He concluded that skin effect was formed due to the lack of magnesium. Boonmee [39] supported the Ruxanda’s conclusion and concluded that skin effect is formed due to depletion of magnesium. The magnesium depletion is caused by the reaction of magnesium with sulphur and oxygen. Labreque [31] found that although skin effect is detrimental to mechanical properties but up to certain limit, it supports the homogenization of microstructure. Skin effect is an acceptable defect in general casting since it will vanish during the finishing process, but it is vice versa for TWDI. The thickness of TWDI makes it impossible to apply machining process to dispose skin effect. This is the reason why the formation of skin effect in TWDI should be avoided.
\nLight weight components are produced to answer the needs of lower energy consumption. TWDI is produced by applying TWC to ductile iron casting. This will enrich the material preference for lighter weight. TWDI has higher design flexibility than aluminium, which is one of the reasons to choose TWDI rather than aluminium.
\nDuring TWDI production, problems occur due to its thickness and liquid treatment process. A vertical design has been made and is able to produce TWDI plates with 1 mm thickness. This design puts the ingate in the thinnest part, which is controverted to the general rule of casting. The casting will be succeeded if the pouring process runs smoothly, while slight interruption will cause failure.
\nApart from the regular casting defects, the presence of skin effect is also detrimental to TWDI. In general casting, skin effect can be removed by machining process. This removal process cannot be applied in TWDI.
\nThe global solar power demand capacity will grow by 9% every year between 2018 and 2050. According to that a new strategy has been released by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The study of future Photovoltaic energy states the global solar capacity will be increase from 480 GW in 2018 to over 8000 Giga Watt by 2050 [1, 2]. The solar energy can be predicted to some degree from analysis level of climate conditions at the project site, but for the basic explanation that the atmosphere cannot be tracked. But, the solar panels can supply power on demand [3]. The evaluation of power generation load in a certain region shortens by using for duck curve [4, 5]. In the case of solar energy consumers often know in advance that their investments can produce energy only during the daytime. A solar system has a constant power output, the system only needs to be sized larger and it’s needed for excess energy storage system [6, 7, 8]. There are 3 emerging storage technologies that is viable energy solution for renewables such as solar or wind in recent scenario such as 1. Smart batteries, 2. Heat based energy storage, 3. Hydrogen fuel-cells. This approach is not suitable in reality, because the energy loss during charge/discharging duty cycle is up to 10–15%, and the large scale energy storage is currently much expensive [9, 10]. This practical problem as renewable energy has become more widespread, and to get consent power output from a solar system.
\nTo implement the intermittency challenges for effective Modular Scale Battery Energy Storage System (MSBESS), and it’s established as a necessary component for solar integrated micro grid system [11, 12, 13]. India has set itself an admiral target of 175 GW of Renewable energy by 2022. The target will principally comprise of 40 GW Rooftop and 60 GW through large and medium scale grid connected solar power projects in India [14, 15, 16]. In a span of 3 hrs in the evening the conventional sources need to ramp up production by almost 10 GW. A framework was improved to the utilization of localized solar irradiation, and availability of Indian sub-continent region with associating with the open source archive database [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. The results and analysis are presented for detailed study for various region of solar resource potential evaluation. The measurements and demonstration of a simplified with PV software system design latest version 7.0.2 under the simulation of regional solar energy requirements of real-time basis level. Accordingly, one of the main restriction of solar energy, there is no control over when the PV system will be producing the power. In this situation can be solved by converters to interconnection in between the load, and as well as PV storage management system.
\nIndia has a high potential for solar power Generation on about 300 direct sunshine days per year. The regular solar incident in India varies with an annual sunlight of 4 to 7 kWh/m2, which is about 1500 to 2000 hours above the irradiation level gross energy consumption. The renewable energy generated by India in 2020 amounted to grown up 9.46%. Table 1 shows the major irradiation level solar hot spot evaluated in India. Total solar power capacity was installed in India 35,739 MW. Figure 1 show the annual average insolation solar hotspot map.
\nState | \nTotal area (1500 ha) | \nTotal solar potential energy | \nHigh irradiation insolation level | \n
---|---|---|---|
Karnataka [2] | \n19,050 | \n24.7 GW | \n3.5–4.0 kWh/m2/day | \n
Rajasthan [17] | \n34,270 | \n4.8 GW | \n5–7 kWh/m2/day | \n
Maharashtra [17] | \n30,758 | \n64.32 GW | \n3–4 kWh/m2/day | \n
Himachal Pradesh [27] | \n4548 | \n33.8 GW | \n3–4 kWh/m2/day | \n
Jammu Kashmir [27] | \n3781 | \n111.05 GW | \n3–4 kWh/m2/day | \n
Andhra Pradesh [28] | \n27,505 | \n38.4 GW | \n3–4.5 kWh/m2/day | \n
Gujarat [28] | \n18,866 | \n35.7 GW | \n4–4.7 kWh/m2/day | \n
Odisha [29] | \n15,043 | \n25.7 GW | \n4–4.7 kWh/m2/day | \n
Madhya Pradesh [30] | \n30,756 | \n61.6 GW | \n2.9–4.0 kWh/m2/day | \n
Uttar Pradesh [30] | \n24,170 | \n22.8 GW | \n2.9–3.9 kWh/m2/day | \n
Haryana [31] | \n18,096 | \n73.2 MW | \n3.5–4.5 kWh/m2/day | \n
Major solar irradiation hot spot.
Annual average insolation solar hotspot map.
Monthly global average insolation data is collected the entire topography of India with in longitudes 67° to 97°E and 9° to 39°N. The various region of global insolation like as solar power generation identified hotspot in India based on surface measurements obtained from solar radiation station. The average global insolation map is employed to produce for using global information system [23, 24]. The insolation solar direct global is given by the Eq. (1),
\nWhere, G is solar direct global insolation, D is the diffuse component, and Φ is the sun elevation angle. The installation by five regional solar power generation as given in Table 2. There are three main strategy of maximum power generated from solar in India: 1. ground mounted system, 2. rooftop, and 3. off-grid (stand-alone mode). The global radiation is the sum of the total horizontal radiation at any location calculated by radiation directly (Id) and radiation diffusely (Ib) given in the Eq. (2). Most of the individual researchers have proposed numerous models for estimating the meteorological application of global radiation parameters include such as cloudiness, air temperature etc. The global radiation level is calculated by daily solar radiation level in horizontal surface [25, 26]. That is average of the hourly global radiation on the surface as given in Eq. (3). Firz et al. (2004) have suggested change of solar variation depends on the effect of sun earth distance and also the extraterrestrial global radiation on horizontal surface at a location is given by the Eq. (4).
\nMonth | \nIndian Regional solar power generation (GW) | \nTotal (GW) | \n||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | \nWest | \nSouth | \nEast | \nNorth-East | \n||
Jan 2020 | \n945.6 | \n904.8 | \n2712.8 | \n48.3 | \n1.04 | \n4612.7 | \n
Feb 2020 | \n1151.8 | \n979.1 | \n2906.1 | \n51.9 | \n1.5 | \n5090.6 | \n
Mar 2020 | \n1218.1 | \n1091.0 | \n3253.8 | \n68.6 | \n1.59 | \n5633.3 | \n
Apr 2020 | \n839.9 | \n903.7 | \n2358.8 | \n64.6 | \n1.41 | \n4168.6 | \n
May 2020 | \n942.8 | \n926.4 | \n2402.7 | \n53.9 | \n1.3 | \n4327.4 | \n
June 2020 | \n932.4 | \n787.4 | \n2136.1 | \n61.1 | \n1.02 | \n3918.1 | \n
July 2020 | \n785.6 | \n702.8 | \n1889.8 | \n48.4 | \n1.2 | \n3428.0 | \n
Aug 2020 | \n796.6 | \n630.7 | \n2111.3 | \n36.0 | \n0.97 | \n3575.7 | \n
Sep 2020 | \n885.5 | \n585.1 | \n2054.6 | \n38.8 | \n0.93 | \n3565.1 | \n
Oct 2020 | \n988.5 | \n763.8 | \n2074.8 | \n54.2 | \n0.9 | \n3882.41 | \n
Nov 2020 | \n807.4 | \n776.9 | \n2305.0 | \n46.2 | \n1.07 | \n3936.8 | \n
Installation of five regional solar power generation.
Where, H0 - daily extraterrestrial global radiation (\n
The duck curve is a graph of power production in electricity generation on a daily basis which shows a timeline disparity between peak demand and the production of renewable energy. As an example of solar production is increasing the net load curve is taking the shape of a duck’s belly. When the sun goes down, the energy demand from conventional power plants needs to quickly ramp up. Figure 2 shows the evolution of duck curve from 2012 to 2020. In 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) initially used the phrase of duck curve. NREL issued a graph containing the projected power load less, and its anticipated grid integrated solar power supply. The capacity of photovoltaic systems are highest generation of solar power during the day at 10 a.m. towards 5 p.m. it poses a danger that the grid will destabilize over generation [32]. Similarly, after 5 p.m., solar power generation falls quickly, leading to increases the electricity consumption from other sources which need to accelerate their production shortly. This raises the possibility that generation costs and blackouts will be increased if demand is not met.
\nEvolution of the duck curve.
The peak demand occurs after sunset in many energy markets when solar power is not available anymore. In areas where there has been a significant amount of solar power, the amount of power to be generated from sources other than solar or wind shows that around the sunset and peaks in the middle of the night, a chart similar to the silhouette of a duck is created. Unless energy storage is available in some way, after high solar generation companies have to rapidly increase their power production around sunset to repay the loss of solar generation, which is a major concern for grid operators, where photovoltaic expand rapidly [33]. Fly wheeled batteries were found to provide excellent frequency control [34]. Short-term usage of batteries, large enough in use, can help flatten the curve of the duck and avoid fluctuation by generators, which can help maintain the voltage profile. The issue of a duck curve is mainly in India with because of high solar integration, while there is no integration of the grid in other major solar energy producing states such as China and United states [35]. Figure 3 shows the PV plant installations in India from 2012 to 2020. The analysis has been taken from 2012 since the duck curve came into existence from the year 2012. This article explains the promising solution of the Duck curve as to implement the battery storage systems.
\nPV installation in India.
\nFigure 4 shows the duck curve analysis of Rajasthan since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 34,270 ha (hectare), and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 4.8 GW [36].The highest irradiation insolation level is 5–7 kWh/m2/day. Since that desert is located in Rajasthan (state of Indian sub-continent) the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is greater than other states but If we consider the duck curve in Figure 4 shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 4 am to 8 pm. A blue color line in Figure 4 indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS).If we observe the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 12% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 57%.
\nGraphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan.
\nFigure 5 shows the duck curve analysis of Haryana (state of Indian sub-continent)since it has a PV power plant installed in an area of 18,096 ha, and the net output evolved from the PV station is about 73.2 MW [37].The highest irradiation insolation level is 3.5–4.5 kWh/m2/day. Since Haryana is located in the northern part of India and has a very cold climate the amount of solar radiation received in that geographical area is lesser than other states but If we consider the duck curve in Figure 5 shows that from 2012 to 2020 the ducks belly goes on increasing during the hours 12 pm to 6 pm. A blue color line in Figure 5 indicates that the best solution to overcome the duck curve is to implement storage system (SS). If we observe the graph with SS the ducks belly has decreased whereas if SS is not used then the Ducks belly is increased which is indicated by red color. The ramp reduction without SS is only about 2% whereas the ramp reduction with SS is about 7%.
\nGraphical analysis of duck curve in Haryana.
\nFigure 6 shows the Duck curve analysis from 2014 to 2020 of the Rajasthan state with respect to the seasons. Three seasons taken into consideration such as the winter, spring and summer, the amount of solar radiation received in the geographical area of Rajasthan during winter is very less since less solar radiation. So the use of conventional energy sources like hydro or thermal power has demand. But later when seasons change the graph shows changes in the irradiation level and energy utilization.
\nGraphical analysis of duck curve in Rajasthan during winter spring and summer.
In India, the fast moving towards a renewable energy future with solar battery system. In order to continuous growing electricity demand with minimize the fossil fuel and environmental pollution. The maximum solar energy is wasted without energy storage devices i.e., battery or capacitor bank during in daytime [38], because in India sub-continental is the largest country in square 3,287,263 kilometers, and Solar-PV (S-PV) system can contribute in most of the production region in India. Due to extensive development of renewable resources are used to interconnect with micro-grid/smart-grid approach [39]. Modular Scale -Battery Energy Storage System (MS-BESS) is enable power system operators, and it can interconnect utility provider with stored energy for lateral uses. The purpose of MS-BESS connected to a solar system could also work with protecting storage and reducing peak demand [40]. In existing solar batteries are manufactured with some limitations. It can be used for Li-Ion and Li-Po model batteries, that is incorporate the roles of cell balance, charging, discharge, cell display and defense. These tasks are done autonomously charging and discharging with 10–15% losses, the internal battery supplies the electricity for the analysis to be carried out, and extruded batteries with active batteries should be used. However, to charge normally MS-BMSS batteries must be attached in multilevel converters [41, 42]. The battery charging line is attached in parallel to solve this problem, while charging is achieved at low voltage using by parallel charging [43], and in India maximum rooftop [44], standalone models are fixed with residential, domestic purpose.
\nThe battery storage system in India is proposed periodically power absorption to the grid during without peak load time. In this strategy selection is achieved 3 times per day to better match the consumption peak load of domestic user. Which occurs early in morning time slot 1: Starts at midnight and ends at 6.00 A.M, next time slot: 2 in between 6.00 A.M to 6.00 P.M, third time slot start at 6.00 P.M, and it can finish at mid-night. Finally satisfied by PV production is especially in winter time consumption level. In fact at 6.00 P.M the PV module system is absorbed weather forecasts for the next 24 hours, so the PV production period is almost getting over. The calculation of update storage battery management strategy and provisional energy balanced conditions are accurately find the quality of stored energy. In this time the battery do not charged and its supply transfer to the grid will not to be considered. The first model is shown in Figure 7. It can present the S-PV system and peak load for day one: in this first day the sky is clear at 6.00 P.M (Total discharging time is 12 hours). The battery storage and load will be mainly supplied with the help of PV module. The S-PV system in day two and three: the PV will minimum production, due to cloudy weather conditions. Thus, the MS-BMSS will maintain and manage the discharge of storage until in morning of the day, a total discharging time is 36 hours (discharging time in between 18 hours to 54 hours) as shown in Figure 8.
\nPV module and load profile for two day (12 hours discharging time).
PV module and load profile for three days (36 hours discharging time).
The solar-grid connected system presizing in India as of July 2020. Predominantly, the measurement of irradiation level and system grid interaction in south India. S-PV system module type is standard, polycrystalline cells, and mounting method is tilt roof. Especially, the geographical site latitude are 11.41°N, longitude 76.70°E (Ooty), altitude 0 m, and time zone UT + 5.5. The PV field nominal standard test condition power is 30 kWp. The PV software system 7.0.2 Installation of solar collector plane orientation tilt 15°, Azimuth 0°, and It will be produced maximum system output 139.4 kWh/day as shown in Table 3. In this zone solar sun radiation is very low due to wet season is overcast, and the dry season is cloudy weather zone. The temperature typically varies from 46°F to 74°F, and it is rarely below 40°F or above 80°F.
\nMonth | \nGlobal horizontal plane kWh/m2/day | \nGlobal in tilted plane kWh/m2/day | \nSystem Output kWh/day | \nSystem Output kWh | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | \n6.15 | \n7.46 | \n188.3 | \n5836 | \n
Feb | \n6.71 | \n7.58 | \n191.3 | \n5357 | \n
Mar | \n6.56 | \n6.85 | \n173.2 | \n5368 | \n
Apr | \n6.11 | \n5.87 | \n148.3 | \n4450 | \n
May | \n5.89 | \n5.10 | \n129.2 | \n4004 | \n
Jun | \n4.07 | \n3.60 | \n91.07 | \n2732 | \n
July | \n4.01 | \n3.58 | \n90.45 | \n2804 | \n
Aug | \n4.38 | \n4.12 | \n103.9 | \n3221 | \n
Sep | \n4.24 | \n4.28 | \n107.8 | \n3234 | \n
Oct | \n4.76 | \n5.14 | \n129.7 | \n4021 | \n
Nov | \n4.75 | \n5.57 | \n140.4 | \n4212 | \n
Dec | \n5.87 | \n7.23 | \n182.3 | \n5651 | \n
Year | \n2.28 | \n5.53 | \n139.4 | \n50,890 | \n
System output graphical site in Ooty.
Another, geographical site latitude are 13.09°N, longitude 80.28°E (Chennai), time zone UT + 5.5, and altitude 0 m. The PV module and system installation should be the same characteristics pre-sizing evaluation, and it will be produced maximum system output 136.0 kWh/day as shown in Table 4. But, in this zone sun radiation is high. This report delivered the solar output does not depend on the sun temperature. Solar panel is increases heat with the effect of sun temperature, automatically the output current increases. However, the output voltage is linearly decreases. It’s directly by changing the rate of solar heat delivered from atmosphere, and earth. It can achieve indirectly by changing the cloud forming process. The maximum annual energy is 49.6 MW using for back ventilation property with free air circulation. Table 5 shows the total PV installation as per year wise in India. The maximum energy is consumed by solar power grid connected module, and PV irradiations level are measurement in maximum production ranges in Rajasthan (North-state), Karnataka (South-state), and Telangana (South-state). Figure 9 shows the solar power installed generation in Indian sub continental with different state.
\nMonth | \nGlobal horizontal plane kWh/m2/day | \nGlobal in tilted plane kWh/m2/day | \nSystem Output kWh/day | \nSystem Output kWh | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | \n4.82 | \n5.55 | \n139.8 | \n4335 | \n
Feb | \n5.87 | \n6.51 | \n164.1 | \n4594 | \n
Mar | \n6.33 | \n6.62 | \n166.9 | \n5175 | \n
Apr | \n6.47 | \n6.35 | \n160.0 | \n4800 | \n
May | \n6.21 | \n5.82 | \n146.7 | \n4547 | \n
Jun | \n5.64 | \n5.18 | \n130.5 | \n3914 | \n
July | \n5.20 | \n4.82 | \n121.6 | \n3770 | \n
Aug | \n5.24 | \n5.03 | \n126.9 | \n3933 | \n
Sep | \n5.35 | \n5.44 | \n137.1 | \n4113 | \n
Oct | \n4.43 | \n4.70 | \n118.4 | \n3671 | \n
Nov | \n3.84 | \n4.25 | \n107.2 | \n3217 | \n
Dec | \n3.98 | \n4.56 | \n115.0 | \n3565 | \n
Year | \n5.28 | \n5.39 | \n136.0 | \n49,634 | \n
System output graphical site in Chennai.
Year | \nTotal capacity (MW) | \nInstallation per year (MW) | \n
---|---|---|
2010 | \n161 | \n— | \n
2011 | \n461 | \n300 | \n
2012 | \n1205 | \n744 | \n
2013 | \n2319 | \n1114 | \n
2014 | \n2632 | \n313 | \n
2015 | \n3744 | \n1112 | \n
2016 | \n6763 | \n3019 | \n
2017 | \n12,289 | \n5526 | \n
2018 | \n21,651 | \n9362 | \n
2019 | \n28,181 | \n6530 | \n
2020 | \n34627 | \n6446 | \n
Statistical information on PV installations in India from 2010-2020.
Solar grid connected generation in India 2020.
The results has reveal that maximum region in Indian sub-continental an enormous solar power potential located in an different region, where solar radiations are regularly available in all overt the year (expect rainy or cloud season). Furthermore, PV energy is easy –maintain, cost saving, and high durable. So, in this type of PV energy is more suitable for Indian region with identified maximum solar irradiation under state-wise, assessment of PV power spectrum analysis, PV grid system pre-sizing, and battery management system. Finally, the statistical summary that solar insolation values ranges of 2.9–4.0 kWh/m2/day to 5–7 kWh/m2/day with an average value of 5.9 kWh/m2. The important role have been recommended for solar power in order to fulfill the country energy demand. Its way to a future need of sustainable development play major role in Indian sub-continental.
\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9496",title:"Dyslipidemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1d1174ff4ed8ad553c944e99add28154",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9496.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10585",title:"Interleukin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d4ebb087fdb199287bc765704246b60",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10585.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10300",title:"Breast Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bcf3738b16b0a4de6066853ab38b801c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10300.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9589",title:"Depigmentation as a Disease or Therapeutic Goal",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3e1efdb1fc8c403c402da09b242496c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tae-Heung Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9589.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"121353",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Heung",surname:"Kim",slug:"tae-heung-kim",fullName:"Tae-Heung Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9608",title:"Myasthenia Gravis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db6c84e3aa58f3873e1298add7042c44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nizar Souayah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"162634",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",surname:"Souayah",slug:"nizar-souayah",fullName:"Nizar Souayah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eadbd6f9c26be844062ce5cd3b3eb573",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muhammad Saifullah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320968",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saifullah",slug:"muhammad-saifullah",fullName:"Muhammad Saifullah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10542",title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29279e34f971687dc28de62534335ac4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10542.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10281",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73c465d2d70f8deca04b05d7ecae26c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10281.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10304",title:"Giant-Cell Arteritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b144271ebc5d331aab73de18a7f9f4f5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Imtiaz A. Chaudhry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10304.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"66603",title:"Dr.",name:"Imtiaz",surname:"Chaudhry",slug:"imtiaz-chaudhry",fullName:"Imtiaz Chaudhry"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng in Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Christophe Hano and Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10482",title:"Human Teeth – Structure and Composition of Dental Hard Tissues and Developmental Dental Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"82a91346a98d34805e30511d6504bd4c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Gil De Bona and Dr. Hakan Karaaslan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10482.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203919",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Gil De Bona",slug:"ana-gil-de-bona",fullName:"Ana Gil De Bona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:164},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1110",title:"Pediatric Oncology",slug:"pediatric-oncology",parent:{title:"Pediatrics",slug:"pediatrics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5542",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfd9d9e58bf08bc44679a030148793e5",slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",bookSignature:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55168",doi:"10.5772/67366",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"53759",doi:"10.5772/67042",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"}]},{id:"53899",doi:"10.5772/67043",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54149",title:"Dental and Craniofacial Effects on Childhood Cancer Survivors",slug:"dental-and-craniofacial-effects-on-childhood-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:1023,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Orsolya Németh",authors:[{id:"192302",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"orsolya-nemeth",fullName:"Orsolya Németh"}]},{id:"53899",title:"Evaluation and Long-Term Outcomes of Cardiac Toxicity in Paediatric Cancer Patients",slug:"evaluation-and-long-term-outcomes-of-cardiac-toxicity-in-paediatric-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Jake A. Kleinmahon and Bruce F. Landeck, II",authors:[{id:"192552",title:"Dr.",name:"Jake",middleName:null,surname:"Kleinmahon",slug:"jake-kleinmahon",fullName:"Jake Kleinmahon"},{id:"193398",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Landeck",slug:"bruce-landeck",fullName:"Bruce Landeck"}]},{id:"53759",title:"The Forgotten Children",slug:"the-forgotten-children",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Christopher Kuo and Paul M. Kent",authors:[{id:"192650",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"christopher-kuo",fullName:"Christopher Kuo"},{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"}]},{id:"54437",title:"Used of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Symptoms Management and Quality of Life",slug:"used-of-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-on-symptoms-management-and-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Ayşe Gürol and Sevinç Polat",authors:[{id:"192610",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gürol",slug:"ayse-gurol",fullName:"Ayşe Gürol"},{id:"193414",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevinç",middleName:null,surname:"Polat",slug:"sevinc-polat",fullName:"Sevinç Polat"}]},{id:"55168",title:"Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy",slug:"long-term-survivors-of-childhood-cancer-the-late-effects-of-therapy",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Nupur Mittal and Paul Kent",authors:[{id:"192807",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kent",slug:"paul-kent",fullName:"Paul Kent"},{id:"194608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nupur",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"nupur-mittal",fullName:"Nupur Mittal"}]},{id:"55302",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pediatric Cancer Survivors",slug:"introductory-chapter-pediatric-cancer-survivors",totalDownloads:545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pediatric-cancer-survivors",title:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors",fullTitle:"Pediatric Cancer Survivors"},signatures:"Karen Wonders and Brittany Stout",authors:[{id:"52860",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wonders",slug:"karen-wonders",fullName:"Karen Wonders"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pediatric-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/188409/cheng-an-tao",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"188409",slug:"cheng-an-tao"},fullPath:"/profiles/188409/cheng-an-tao",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()