List of gas phase reactions and corresponding rate constants [24].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9949",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lead Chemistry",title:"Lead Chemistry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lead continues to amaze us in a variety of ways. The more we learn, the more we are amazed, or more like it, obsessed! Even though we might think that we know the element quite well, the fact is that more research must be conducted to support its subtle behaviors and effects. The most obvious aspect is the effects of lead on health. Because lead is still in use today, we have to understand the effects of lead on our metabolisms. In addition, more and more compounds of lead have been continuously synthesized and their properties and behaviors are required with the help from a variety of scientific disciplines. To provide information for newcomers, especially students or even the public, the overview of lead effects has been included in this book. Despite the variety of lead aspects the book might seem to contain, at least some topics should suit readers? interests. The rest, meaning the contents for new books, depends on how fast you can take the benefits out of this book!",isbn:"978-1-83962-568-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-567-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-569-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87761",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"lead-chemistry",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"b2f999b9583c748f957f612227976570",bookSignature:"Pipat Chooto",publishedDate:"October 14th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9949.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1093,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 3rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"197984",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pipat",middleName:null,surname:"Chooto",slug:"pipat-chooto",fullName:"Pipat Chooto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197984/images/system/197984.jpeg",biography:"After receiving his BSc. Degree from the Prince of Songkla University, which has been the main place for his work since 1983, Pipat Chooto received his PhD. Degree from Texas A & M University with preliminary expertise in the area of electrochemistry. Cooperating with his PhD. student, Dr. Chalermpol Innuphat, he got initiatives in lead analysis with a surprising number of readings and citations for the publication. Later when his two chapters for IntechOpen books were published, he worked as an editor of the present book, Lead Chemistry.",institutionString:"Prince of Songkla University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"}],chapters:[{id:"71715",title:"Effects of Lead on Reproductive Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91992",slug:"effects-of-lead-on-reproductive-health",totalDownloads:237,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Osmel La Llave León and José M. Salas Pacheco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71715",authors:[{id:"314186",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Osmel",surname:"La Llave León",slug:"osmel-la-llave-leon",fullName:"Osmel La Llave León"},{id:"318013",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose M",surname:"Salas Pacheco",slug:"jose-m-salas-pacheco",fullName:"Jose M Salas Pacheco"}],corrections:null},{id:"72265",title:"Epigenetics and Lead Neurotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92657",slug:"epigenetics-and-lead-neurotoxicity",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Yi Xu, Tian Wang and Jie Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72265",authors:[{id:"318979",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yi",surname:"Xu",slug:"yi-xu",fullName:"Yi Xu"},{id:"320713",title:"BSc.",name:"Tian",surname:"Wang",slug:"tian-wang",fullName:"Tian Wang"},{id:"320714",title:"BSc.",name:"Jie",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jie-zhang",fullName:"Jie Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"72652",title:"Lead: Toxicological Profile, Pollution Aspects and Remedial Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93095",slug:"lead-toxicological-profile-pollution-aspects-and-remedial-solutions",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72652",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72652",authors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],corrections:null},{id:"71193",title:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Lead Oxide Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91362",slug:"synthesis-characterization-applications-and-toxicity-of-lead-oxide-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Amra Bratovcic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71193",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71193",authors:[{id:"313668",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amra",surname:"Bratovcic",slug:"amra-bratovcic",fullName:"Amra Bratovcic"}],corrections:null},{id:"71319",title:"High-Temperature Electrochemical Refining of Secondary Lead",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91429",slug:"high-temperature-electrochemical-refining-of-secondary-lead",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pavel A. Arkhipov and Yury P. Zaykov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71319",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71319",authors:[{id:"313752",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Arkhipov",slug:"pavel-arkhipov",fullName:"Pavel Arkhipov"},{id:"313753",title:"Prof.",name:"Yury",surname:"Zaykov",slug:"yury-zaykov",fullName:"Yury Zaykov"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6426",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:"Material for a Sustainable Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5626c0fe0b53330717e73094946cfd86",slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",bookSignature:"Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6426.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6282",title:"Noble and Precious Metals",subtitle:"Properties, Nanoscale Effects and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4c28d6be4fd7b5f5b787d4dabbf721b",slug:"noble-and-precious-metals-properties-nanoscale-effects-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohindar Singh Seehra and Alan D. Bristow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6282.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48086",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohindar",surname:"Seehra",slug:"mohindar-seehra",fullName:"Mohindar Seehra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7213",title:"Shape-Memory Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e3e756cd4f8a8617dffdc36f8dce7c7",slug:"shape-memory-materials",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6529",title:"Bismuth",subtitle:"Advanced Applications and Defects Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55ed997d678e9c18382af23ab873ba85",slug:"bismuth-advanced-applications-and-defects-characterization",bookSignature:"Ying Zhou, Fan Dong and Shengming Jin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6529.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176372",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying",surname:"Zhou",slug:"ying-zhou",fullName:"Ying Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5825",title:"Superalloys for Industry Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cbaaafeb4958d641b74988e33229020",slug:"superalloys-for-industry-applications",bookSignature:"Sinem Cevik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5825.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"117212",title:"MSc.",name:"Sinem",surname:"Cevik",slug:"sinem-cevik",fullName:"Sinem Cevik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8787",title:"Bismuth",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7751170d0b538f61d14a27a56e6567a5",slug:"bismuth-fundamentals-and-optoelectronic-applications",bookSignature:"Yanhua Luo, Jianxiang Wen and Jianzhong Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226148",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanhua",surname:"Luo",slug:"yanhua-luo",fullName:"Yanhua Luo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7787",title:"Rare Earth Elements and Their Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba4060b0830f7a68f00557da8ed8a39",slug:"rare-earth-elements-and-their-minerals",bookSignature:"Michael Aide and Takahito Nakajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7775",title:"Metallic Glasses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"665fb007e1e410d119fc09d709c41cc3",slug:"metallic-glasses",bookSignature:"Dragica Minić and Milica Vasić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30470",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica",surname:"Minić",slug:"dragica-minic",fullName:"Dragica Minić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6870",title:"Novel Metal Electrodeposition and the Recent Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be9124dc8c5a6c7c7d367cac1ac9062a",slug:"novel-metal-electrodeposition-and-the-recent-application",bookSignature:"Masato Sone and Kazuya Masu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157966",title:"Prof.",name:"Masato",surname:"Sone",slug:"masato-sone",fullName:"Masato Sone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9833",leadTitle:null,title:"Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a517ca4362c1a1ab66459dbb6c846fdb",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9833.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:132,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 13th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"19",title:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science"}],chapters:[{id:"74576",title:"Drug-Induced Delirium among Older People",slug:"drug-induced-delirium-among-older-people",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"30366",title:"Cohesins and Cohesin-Regulators in Meiosis",doi:"10.5772/31553",slug:"cohesins-and-cohesin-regulators-in-mammalian-meiosis",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30366.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30366",totalDownloads:2089,totalViews:100,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"August 16th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 29th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/30366",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/30366",book:{slug:"meiosis-molecular-mechanisms-and-cytogenetic-diversity"},signatures:"Adela Calvente and José L. Barbero",authors:[{id:"87694",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Barbero",fullName:"Jose Luis Barbero",slug:"jose-luis-barbero",email:"jlbarbero@cib.csic.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"88153",title:"Dr",name:"Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Calvente",fullName:"Adela Calvente",slug:"adela-calvente",email:"acalvente@cib.csic.es",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"723",title:"Meiosis",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Cytogenetic Diversity",fullTitle:"Meiosis - Molecular Mechanisms and Cytogenetic Diversity",slug:"meiosis-molecular-mechanisms-and-cytogenetic-diversity",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",bookSignature:"Andrew Swan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/723.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119027",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Swan",slug:"andrew-swan",fullName:"Andrew Swan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30364",title:"Epigenetics of the Synaptonemal Complex",slug:"epigenetics-of-the-synaptonemal-complex",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abrahan Hernández-Hernández, Rosario Ortiz Hernádez and Gerardo H. Vázquez-Nin",authors:[{id:"79157",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerardo Hebert",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Nin",fullName:"Gerardo Hebert Vázquez-Nin",slug:"gerardo-hebert-vazquez-nin"}]},{id:"30365",title:"Facing the Correct Pole: The Challenge of Orienting Chromosomes for Meiotic Divisions",slug:"facing-the-correct-pole-the-challenge-of-orienting-chromosomes-for-meiotic-divisions",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karishma Collette and Györgyi Csankovszki",authors:[{id:"87074",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Csankovszki",fullName:"Csankovszki",slug:"csankovszki"},{id:"87934",title:"MSc.",name:"Karishma",middleName:null,surname:"Collette",fullName:"Karishma Collette",slug:"karishma-collette"}]},{id:"30366",title:"Cohesins and Cohesin-Regulators in Meiosis",slug:"cohesins-and-cohesin-regulators-in-mammalian-meiosis",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Adela Calvente and José L. Barbero",authors:[{id:"87694",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Barbero",fullName:"Jose Luis Barbero",slug:"jose-luis-barbero"},{id:"88153",title:"Dr",name:"Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Calvente",fullName:"Adela Calvente",slug:"adela-calvente"}]},{id:"30367",title:"Dynamics of Cellular Components in Meiotic and Premeiotic Divisions in Drosophila Males",slug:"dynamic-alteration-of-cellular-component-of-male-meiosis-in-drosophila",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshihiro H. Inoue, Chie Miyauchi, Tubasa Ogata and Daishi Kitazawa",authors:[{id:"82205",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Inoue",slug:"inoue"}]},{id:"30368",title:"Sex Chromosomes and Meiosis in Spiders:A Review",slug:"sex-chromosomes-and-meiosis-of-spiders-a-review",totalDownloads:5032,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Douglas Araujo, Marielle Cristina Schneider, Emygdio Paula-Neto and Doralice Maria Cella",authors:[{id:"83860",title:"Dr.",name:"Marielle",middleName:null,surname:"Schneider",fullName:"Marielle Schneider",slug:"marielle-schneider"},{id:"87916",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Douglas Araujo",slug:"douglas-araujo"},{id:"88846",title:"Dr.",name:"Doralice",middleName:null,surname:"Cella",fullName:"Doralice Cella",slug:"doralice-cella"},{id:"88939",title:"BSc",name:"Emygdio",middleName:null,surname:"Paula-Neto",fullName:"Emygdio Paula-Neto",slug:"emygdio-paula-neto"}]},{id:"30369",title:"How Does the Alteration of Meiosis Evolve to Parthenogenesis?- Case Study in a Water Flea, Daphnia pulex -",slug:"how-does-the-alteration-of-meiosis-evolve-to-parthenogenesis-case-study-in-a-water-flea-daphnia-pule",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Chizue Hiruta and Shin Tochinai",authors:[{id:"78357",title:"Dr.",name:"Chizue",middleName:null,surname:"Hiruta",fullName:"Chizue Hiruta",slug:"chizue-hiruta"},{id:"88502",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin",middleName:null,surname:"Tochinai",fullName:"Shin Tochinai",slug:"shin-tochinai"}]},{id:"30370",title:"Avian Meiotic Chromosomes as Model Objects in Cytogenetics",slug:"avian-meiotic-chromosomes-as-model-objects-in-cytogenetics",totalDownloads:2066,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Katarzyna Andraszek and Elżbieta Smalec",authors:[{id:"77391",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Andraszek",fullName:"Katarzyna Andraszek",slug:"katarzyna-andraszek"},{id:"87733",title:"Prof.",name:"Elżbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Smalec",fullName:"Elżbieta Smalec",slug:"elzbieta-smalec"}]},{id:"30371",title:"The Control of Meiotic Arrest and Resumption in Mammalian Oocytes",slug:"the-control-of-meiotic-arrest-and-resumption-in-mammalian-oocytes",totalDownloads:3028,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sylvie Bilodeau-Goeseels and Nora Magyara",authors:[{id:"81098",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Bilodeau-Goeseels",fullName:"Sylvie Bilodeau-Goeseels",slug:"sylvie-bilodeau-goeseels"},{id:"124281",title:"MSc.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Magyara",fullName:"Nora Magyara",slug:"nora-magyara"}]},{id:"30372",title:"Energy Metabolism Regulating Mammalian Oocyte Maturation",slug:"energy-metabolism-regulating-mammalian-oocyte-maturation",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"N. Songsasen",authors:[{id:"96923",title:"Dr.",name:"Nucharin",middleName:null,surname:"Songsasen",fullName:"Nucharin Songsasen",slug:"nucharin-songsasen"}]},{id:"30373",title:"PKC Regulation of Gametogenesis and Early Development",slug:"pkc-regulation-of-gametogenesis-and-early-development",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"James J. Faust, Madhavi Kalive, Anup Abraham and David G. Capco",authors:[{id:"81838",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:"George",surname:"Capco",fullName:"David Capco",slug:"david-capco"},{id:"86408",title:"Mr.",name:"James J.",middleName:null,surname:"Faust",fullName:"James J. Faust",slug:"james-j.-faust"},{id:"86409",title:"Mrs.",name:"Madhavi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalive",fullName:"Madhavi Kalive",slug:"madhavi-kalive"},{id:"86410",title:"Mr.",name:"Anup",middleName:null,surname:"Abraham",fullName:"Anup Abraham",slug:"anup-abraham"}]},{id:"30374",title:"Role of Bcl2l10 in Regulation of Meiotic Cell Cycle in the Mouse Oocyte",slug:"role-of-bcl2l10-in-regulation-of-meiotic-cell-cycle-in-the-mouse-oocyte",totalDownloads:1608,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyung-Ah Lee, Se-Jin Yoon, Eun-Young Kim, Jeehyeon Bae, Hyun-Seo Lee, Su-Yeon Lee and Eun-Ah Kim",authors:[{id:"83793",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyung-Ah",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kyung-Ah Lee",slug:"kyung-ah-lee"}]},{id:"30375",title:"Nuage Components and Their Contents in Mammalian Spermatogenic Cells, as Revealed by Immunoelectron Microscopy",slug:"nuage-components-and-their-contents-in-mammalian-spermatogenic-cells-revealed-by-immunoelectron-micr",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yuko Onohara and Sadaki Yokota",authors:[{id:"80673",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yokota",fullName:"Sadaki Yokota",slug:"sadaki-yokota"},{id:"130590",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Onohara",fullName:"Yuko Onohara",slug:"yuko-onohara"}]},{id:"30376",title:"Meiotic Behaviour of Chromosomes Involved in Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities Determined by Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis",slug:"meiotic-behaviour-of-chromosomes-involved-in-structural-chromosomal-abnormalities-determined-by-prei",totalDownloads:3976,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"L. Xanthopoulou and H. Ghevaria",authors:[{id:"82189",title:"MSc.",name:"Leoni",middleName:null,surname:"Xanthopoulou",fullName:"Leoni Xanthopoulou",slug:"leoni-xanthopoulou"},{id:"87668",title:"Ms.",name:"Harita",middleName:null,surname:"Ghevaria",fullName:"Harita Ghevaria",slug:"harita-ghevaria"}]},{id:"30377",title:"OMICS for the Identification of Biomarkers for Oocyte Competence, with Special Reference to the Mare as a Prospective Model for Human Reproductive Medicine",slug:"omics-for-the-identification-of-biomarkers-for-oocyte-competence-with-special-reference-to-the-mare-",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maria Elena Dell’Aquila, Yoon Sung Cho, Nicola Antonio Martino, Manuel Filioli Uranio, Lucia Rutigliano and Katrin Hinrichs",authors:[{id:"94683",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Dell Aquila",fullName:"Maria Elena Dell Aquila",slug:"maria-elena-dell-aquila"},{id:"131576",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoon Sung",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Yoon Sung Cho",slug:"yoon-sung-cho"},{id:"131577",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martino",fullName:"Nicola Antonio Martino",slug:"nicola-antonio-martino"},{id:"131579",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Filioli Uranio",fullName:"Manuel Filioli Uranio",slug:"manuel-filioli-uranio"},{id:"131582",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Rutigliano",fullName:"Lucia Rutigliano",slug:"lucia-rutigliano"},{id:"131586",title:"Prof.",name:"Katrin",middleName:null,surname:"Hinrichs",fullName:"Katrin Hinrichs",slug:"katrin-hinrichs"}]},{id:"30378",title:"Insight Into the Molecular Program of Meiosis",slug:"insight-into-the-molecular-program-of-meiosis",totalDownloads:1343,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiba Waldman Ben-Asher and Jeremy Don",authors:[{id:"80954",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeremy",middleName:null,surname:"Don",fullName:"Jeremy Don",slug:"jeremy-don"}]},{id:"30379",title:"Quantifying Meiosis: Use of the Fractal Dimension, Df, to Describe and Predict Prophase I Substages and Metaphase I",slug:"quantifying-meiosis-use-of-the-fractal-dimension-df-to-describe-and-predict-prophase-i-substages-and",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cynthia Ross Friedman and Hua-Feng Wang",authors:[{id:"77600",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia",middleName:null,surname:"Ross Friedman",fullName:"Cynthia Ross Friedman",slug:"cynthia-ross-friedman"},{id:"78228",title:"Dr.",name:"Huafeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Huafeng Wang",slug:"huafeng-wang"}]},{id:"30380",title:"Haploid Independent Unreductional Meiosis in Hexaploid Wheat",slug:"haploid-independent-unreductional-meiosis-in-hexaploid-wheat",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Filipe Ressurreição, Augusta Barão, Wanda Viegas and Margarida Delgado",authors:[{id:"88495",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarida",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",fullName:"Margarida Delgado",slug:"margarida-delgado"},{id:"128732",title:"Dr.",name:"Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Ressureição",fullName:"Filipe Ressureição",slug:"filipe-ressureicao"},{id:"128734",title:"Ms.",name:"Augusta",middleName:null,surname:"Barão",fullName:"Augusta Barão",slug:"augusta-barao"},{id:"128735",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanda",middleName:null,surname:"Viegas",fullName:"Wanda Viegas",slug:"wanda-viegas"}]},{id:"30381",title:"Meiotic Behavior in Intra- and Interspecific Sexual and Somatic Polyploid Hybrids of Some Tropical Species",slug:"meiotic-behavior-in-intra-and-interspecific-tetraploid-sexual-and-somatic-hybrids-of-some-tropical-s",totalDownloads:2391,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maria Suely Pagliarini, Maria Lúcia Carneiro Vieira and Cacilda Borges do Valle",authors:[{id:"82909",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Suely",middleName:null,surname:"Pagliarini",fullName:"Maria Suely Pagliarini",slug:"maria-suely-pagliarini"},{id:"92397",title:"Dr.",name:"Cacilda",middleName:"Borges",surname:"Valle",fullName:"Cacilda Valle",slug:"cacilda-valle"},{id:"92401",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:"Carneiro",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Maria Lucia Vieira",slug:"maria-lucia-vieira"}]},{id:"30382",title:"Meiotic Irregularities in Interspecific Crosses Within Edible Alliums",slug:"meiotic-irregularities-in-the-interspecific-crosses-within-edible-alliums",totalDownloads:3583,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Agnieszka Kiełkowska",authors:[{id:"80490",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Kiełkowska",fullName:"Agnieszka Kiełkowska",slug:"agnieszka-kielkowska"}]},{id:"30383",title:"Evaluation of Interspecific-Interploid Hybrids (F1) and Back Crosses (BC1) in Hylocereus Species (Cactaceae)",slug:"evaluation-of-interspecific-interploid-hybrids-f1-and-back-crosses-bc1-in-hylocereus-species-cactace",totalDownloads:3436,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aroldo Cisneros and Noemi Tel-Zur",authors:[{id:"91510",title:"Dr.",name:"Noemi",middleName:null,surname:"Tel-Zur",fullName:"Noemi Tel-Zur",slug:"noemi-tel-zur"}]},{id:"30384",title:"Embryology of Flowering Plants Applied to Cytogenetic Studies on Meiosis",slug:"embryology-of-flowering-plants-applied-to-cytogenetic-studies-on-meiosis",totalDownloads:4762,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jorge E. A. Mariath, André L. L. Vanzela, Eliane Kaltchuk-Santos, Karen L. G. De Toni, Célia G. T. J. Andrade, Adriano Silvério, Erica Duarte-Silva, Carlos R. M. da Silva, Juca A. B. San Martin, Fernanda Nogueira and Simone P. Mendes",authors:[{id:"89164",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Ernesto",middleName:"De Araujo",surname:"Mariath",fullName:"Jorge Ernesto Mariath",slug:"jorge-ernesto-mariath"},{id:"91661",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Vanzela",fullName:"André Vanzela",slug:"andre-vanzela"},{id:"109069",title:"Dr.",name:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus Andrade",slug:"celia-guadalupe-tardeli-de-jesus-andrade"},{id:"124304",title:"Dr.",name:"Eliane",middleName:null,surname:"Kaltchuk-Santos",fullName:"Eliane Kaltchuk-Santos",slug:"eliane-kaltchuk-santos"},{id:"124305",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"De Toni",fullName:"Karen De Toni",slug:"karen-de-toni"},{id:"124307",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Silverio",fullName:"Adriano Silverio",slug:"adriano-silverio"},{id:"124308",title:"Dr.",name:"Érica",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte-Silva",fullName:"Érica Duarte-Silva",slug:"erica-duarte-silva"},{id:"124311",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Carlos Da Silva",slug:"carlos-da-silva"},{id:"124312",title:"MSc.",name:"Juca",middleName:null,surname:"San Martin",fullName:"Juca San Martin",slug:"juca-san-martin"},{id:"124315",title:"BSc.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira",fullName:"Fernanda Nogueira",slug:"fernanda-nogueira"}]},{id:"30385",title:"Investigating Host Induced Meiosis in a Fungal Plant Pathogen",slug:"investigating-host-induced-meiosis-in-a-fungal-plant-pathogen-",totalDownloads:1853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"B. J. Saville, M. E. Donaldson and C. E. Doyle",authors:[{id:"80494",title:"Dr.",name:"Barry",middleName:"James",surname:"Saville",fullName:"Barry Saville",slug:"barry-saville"},{id:"89024",title:"MSc.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Donaldson",fullName:"Michael Donaldson",slug:"michael-donaldson"},{id:"89025",title:"BSc.",name:"Colleen",middleName:null,surname:"Doyle",fullName:"Colleen Doyle",slug:"colleen-doyle"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1282",title:"DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd9649a587843768849e0ae8ef79cf35",slug:"dna-repair",bookSignature:"Inna Kruman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1282.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40791",title:"Dr.",name:"Inna",surname:"Kruman",slug:"inna-kruman",fullName:"Inna Kruman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23141",title:"A Recombination Puzzle Solved: Role for New DNA Repair Systems in Helicobacter pylori Diversity/Persistence",slug:"a-recombination-puzzle-solved-role-for-new-dna-repair-systems-in-helicobacter-pylori-diversity-persi",signatures:"Ge Wang and Robert J. Maier",authors:[{id:"56034",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Maier",fullName:"Robert Maier",slug:"robert-maier"},{id:"56036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ge",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Ge Wang",slug:"ge-wang"}]},{id:"23142",title:"RloC: A Translation-Disabling tRNase Implicated in Phage Exclusion During Recovery from DNA Damage",slug:"rloc-a-translation-disabling-trnase-implicated-in-phage-exclusion-during-recovery-from-dna-damage",signatures:"Gabriel Kaufmann, Elena Davidov, Emmanuelle Steinfels-Kohn, Ekaterina Krutkina, Daniel Klaiman, Tamar Margalit, Michal Chai-Danino and Alexander Kotlyar",authors:[{id:"52693",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Kaufmann",fullName:"Gabriel Kaufmann",slug:"gabriel-kaufmann"},{id:"55747",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Steinfels-Kohn",fullName:"Emmanuelle Steinfels-Kohn",slug:"emmanuelle-steinfels-kohn"},{id:"55748",title:"Ms",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Davidov",fullName:"Elena Davidov",slug:"elena-davidov"},{id:"95750",title:"Ms.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Krutkina",fullName:"Ekaterina Krutkina",slug:"ekaterina-krutkina"},{id:"95751",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Klaiman",fullName:"Daniel Klaiman",slug:"daniel-klaiman"},{id:"95753",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kotlyar",fullName:"Alexander Kotlyar",slug:"alexander-kotlyar"},{id:"95755",title:"BSc.",name:"Tamar",middleName:null,surname:"Margalit",fullName:"Tamar Margalit",slug:"tamar-margalit"},{id:"95756",title:"MSc.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Chai-Danino",fullName:"Michal Chai-Danino",slug:"michal-chai-danino"}]},{id:"23143",title:"The Role of DDB2 in Regulating Cell Survival and Apoptosis Following DNA Damage - A Mini-Review",slug:"the-role-of-ddb2-in-regulating-cell-survival-and-apoptosis-following-dna-damage-a-mini-review",signatures:"Chuck C.-K. Chao",authors:[{id:"41415",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuck",middleName:null,surname:"Chao",fullName:"Chuck Chao",slug:"chuck-chao"}]},{id:"23144",title:"The Potential Roles of DNA-Repair Proteins in Centrosome Maintenance",slug:"the-potential-roles-of-dna-repair-proteins-in-centrosome-maintenance",signatures:"Mikio Shimada, Akihiro Kato and Junya Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"42943",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikio",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",fullName:"Mikio Shimada",slug:"mikio-shimada"},{id:"93740",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",fullName:"Akihiro Kato",slug:"akihiro-kato"},{id:"93741",title:"Dr.",name:"Junya",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Junya Kobayashi",slug:"junya-kobayashi"}]},{id:"23145",title:"Shared Regulatory Motifs in Promoters of Human DNA Repair Genes",slug:"shared-regulatory-motifs-in-promoters-of-human-dna-repair-genes",signatures:"Lonnie R. Welch, Laura M. Koehly and Laura Elnitski",authors:[{id:"55045",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Elnitski",fullName:"Laura Elnitski",slug:"laura-elnitski"},{id:"58042",title:"Prof.",name:"Lonnie",middleName:"R",surname:"Welch",fullName:"Lonnie Welch",slug:"lonnie-welch"},{id:"58066",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:"Marie",surname:"Koehly",fullName:"Laura Koehly",slug:"laura-koehly"}]},{id:"23146",title:"Mitochondrial DNA Damage: Role of Ogg1 and Aconitase",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-damage-role-of-ogg1-and-aconitase",signatures:"Gang Liu and David W. Kamp",authors:[{id:"41904",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Kamp",fullName:"David Kamp",slug:"david-kamp"},{id:"56879",title:"Dr.",name:"Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Gang Liu",slug:"gang-liu"}]},{id:"23147",title:"Structure-Function Relationship of DNA Repair Proteins: Lessons from BRCA1 and RAD51 Studies",slug:"structure-function-relationship-of-dna-repair-proteins-lessons-from-brca1-and-rad51-studies",signatures:"Effrossyni Boutou, Vassiliki Pappa, Horst-Werner Stuerzbecher and Constantinos E. Vorgias",authors:[{id:"58442",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Vorgias",fullName:"Constantinos Vorgias",slug:"constantinos-vorgias"},{id:"58473",title:"Dr.",name:"Vassiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Pappa",fullName:"Vassiliki Pappa",slug:"vassiliki-pappa"},{id:"58579",title:"Dr.",name:"Effrossyni",middleName:null,surname:"Boutou",fullName:"Effrossyni Boutou",slug:"effrossyni-boutou"},{id:"58775",title:"Prof.",name:"Horst-Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Stuerzbecher",fullName:"Horst-Werner Stuerzbecher",slug:"horst-werner-stuerzbecher"}]},{id:"23148",title:"The Involvement of E2F1 in the Regulation of XRCC1-Dependent Base Excision DNA Repair",slug:"the-involvement-of-e2f1-in-the-regulation-of-xrcc1-dependent-base-excision-dna-repair",signatures:"Yulin Zhang and Dexi Chen",authors:[{id:"58196",title:"Prof.",name:"Dexi",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Dexi Chen",slug:"dexi-chen"},{id:"105721",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yulin Zhang",slug:"yulin-zhang"}]},{id:"23149",title:"Posttranslational Modifications of Rad51 Protein and Its Direct Partners: Role and Effect on Homologous Recombination – Mediated DNA Repair",slug:"posttranslational-modifications-of-rad51-protein-and-its-direct-partners-role-and-effect-on-homologo",signatures:"Milena Popova, Sébastien Henry and Fabrice Fleury",authors:[{id:"42982",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Fleury",fullName:"Fabrice Fleury",slug:"fabrice-fleury"},{id:"57791",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Popova",fullName:"Milena Popova",slug:"milena-popova"},{id:"57792",title:"Mr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Henry",fullName:"Sébastien Henry",slug:"sebastien-henry"}]},{id:"23150",title:"Post-Transcriptional Regulation of E2F Transcription Factors: Fine-Tuning DNA Repair, Cell Cycle Progression and Survival in Development & Disease",slug:"post-transcriptional-regulation-of-e2f-transcription-factors-fine-tuning-dna-repair-cell-cycle-progr",signatures:"Lina Dagnino, Randeep Kaur Singh and David Judah",authors:[{id:"46548",title:"Dr.",name:"Lina",middleName:null,surname:"Dagnino",fullName:"Lina Dagnino",slug:"lina-dagnino"},{id:"57591",title:"Ms.",name:"Randeep",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Randeep Singh",slug:"randeep-singh"},{id:"57592",title:"Mr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Judah",fullName:"David Judah",slug:"david-judah"}]},{id:"23151",title:"Eidetic Analysis of the Premature Chromosome Condensation Process",slug:"eidetic-analysis-of-the-premature-chromosome-condensation-process",signatures:"Dorota Rybaczek",authors:[{id:"40583",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Rybaczek",fullName:"Dorota Rybaczek",slug:"dorota-rybaczek"}]},{id:"23152",title:"A DNA Repair Protein BRCA1 as a Potentially Molecular Target for the Anticancer Platinum Drug Cisplatin",slug:"a-dna-repair-protein-brca1-as-a-potentially-molecular-target-for-the-anticancer-platinum-drug-cispla",signatures:"Adisorn Ratanaphan",authors:[{id:"41290",title:"Dr.",name:"Adisorn",middleName:null,surname:"Ratanaphan",fullName:"Adisorn Ratanaphan",slug:"adisorn-ratanaphan"}]},{id:"23153",title:"Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model System to Study the Role of Human DDB2 in Chromatin Repair",slug:"saccharomyces-cerevisiae-as-a-model-system-to-study-the-role-of-human-ddb2-in-chromatin-repair",signatures:"Kristi L. Jones, Ling Zhang and Feng Gong",authors:[{id:"40853",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Feng Gong",slug:"feng-gong"},{id:"40858",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang"},{id:"93534",title:"Ms.",name:"Kristi",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Kristi Jones",slug:"kristi-jones"}]},{id:"23154",title:"Cell Cycle and DNA Damage Response in Postmitotic Neurons",slug:"cell-cycle-and-dna-damage-response-in-postmitotic-neurons",signatures:"Inna I. Kruman",authors:[{id:"40791",title:"Dr.",name:"Inna",middleName:null,surname:"Kruman",fullName:"Inna Kruman",slug:"inna-kruman"}]},{id:"23155",title:"TopBP1 in DNA Damage Response",slug:"topbp1-in-dna-damage-response",signatures:"Ewa Forma, Magdalena Brys and Wanda M. Krajewska",authors:[{id:"47014",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanda",middleName:"Małgorzata",surname:"Krajewska",fullName:"Wanda Krajewska",slug:"wanda-krajewska"},{id:"57484",title:"MSc.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Forma",fullName:"Ewa Forma",slug:"ewa-forma"},{id:"57485",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Brys",fullName:"Magdalena Brys",slug:"magdalena-brys"}]},{id:"23156",title:"Post-Meiotic DNA Damage and Response in Male Germ Cells",slug:"post-meiotic-dna-damage-and-response-in-male-germ-cells",signatures:"Frédéric Leduc, Geneviève Acteau, Marie-Chantal Grégoire, Olivier Simard, Jessica Leroux, Audrey Carrier-Leclerc, Mélina Arguin and Guylain Boissonneault",authors:[{id:"42832",title:"Dr.",name:"Guylain",middleName:null,surname:"Boissonneault",fullName:"Guylain Boissonneault",slug:"guylain-boissonneault"},{id:"93611",title:"MSc.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Leduc",fullName:"Frédéric Leduc",slug:"frederic-leduc"},{id:"93613",title:"BSc.",name:"Geneviève",middleName:null,surname:"Acteau",fullName:"Geneviève Acteau",slug:"genevieve-acteau"},{id:"93614",title:"MSc",name:"Marie-Chantal",middleName:null,surname:"Grégoire",fullName:"Marie-Chantal Grégoire",slug:"marie-chantal-gregoire"},{id:"93615",title:"BSc.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Simard",fullName:"Olivier Simard",slug:"olivier-simard"},{id:"93616",title:"BSc.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Leroux",fullName:"Jessica Leroux",slug:"jessica-leroux"},{id:"93618",title:"Ms.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Carrier-Leclerc",fullName:"Audrey Carrier-Leclerc",slug:"audrey-carrier-leclerc"},{id:"93619",title:"MSc.",name:"Mélina",middleName:null,surname:"Arguin",fullName:"Mélina Arguin",slug:"melina-arguin"}]},{id:"23157",title:"BRCA2 Mutations and Consequences for DNA Repair",slug:"brca2-mutations-and-consequences-for-dna-repair",signatures:"Erika T. Brown",authors:[{id:"41145",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",fullName:"Erika Brown",slug:"erika-brown"}]},{id:"23158",title:"Roles of MicroRNA in DNA Damage and Repair",slug:"roles-of-microrna-in-dna-damage-and-repair",signatures:"Xinrong Chen and Tao Chen",authors:[{id:"44557",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Tao Chen",slug:"tao-chen"},{id:"44563",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinrong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xinrong Chen",slug:"xinrong-chen"}]},{id:"23159",title:"Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair",slug:"meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair",signatures:"Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod",authors:[{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein"},{id:"61947",title:"Prof.",name:"Rick",middleName:null,surname:"Michod",fullName:"Rick Michod",slug:"rick-michod"},{id:"62025",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein"}]},{id:"23160",title:"From Seed to Tree: The Functioning and Evolution of DNA Repair in Plants",slug:"from-seed-to-tree-the-functioning-and-evolution-of-dna-repair-in-plants",signatures:"Jaana Vuosku, Marko Suokas, Johanna Kestilä, Tytti Sarjala and Hely Häggman",authors:[{id:"49286",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaana",middleName:null,surname:"Vuosku",fullName:"Jaana Vuosku",slug:"jaana-vuosku"},{id:"58305",title:"MSc.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Suokas",fullName:"Marko Suokas",slug:"marko-suokas"},{id:"58306",title:"MSc.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kestilä",fullName:"Johanna Kestilä",slug:"johanna-kestila"},{id:"58307",title:"Dr.",name:"Tytti",middleName:null,surname:"Sarjala",fullName:"Tytti Sarjala",slug:"tytti-sarjala"},{id:"58308",title:"Prof.",name:"Hely",middleName:null,surname:"Häggman",fullName:"Hely Häggman",slug:"hely-haggman"}]},{id:"23161",title:"The Gratuitous Repair on Undamaged DNA Misfold",slug:"the-gratuitous-repair-on-undamaged-dna-misfold",signatures:"Xuefeng Pan, Peng Xiao, Hongqun Li, Dongxu Zhao and Fei Duan",authors:[{id:"47738",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuefeng",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Xuefeng Pan",slug:"xuefeng-pan"}]},{id:"23162",title:"ATP-Binding Cassette Properties of Recombination Mediator Protein RecF",slug:"atp-binding-cassette-properties-of-recombination-mediator-protein-recf",signatures:"Sergey Korolev",authors:[{id:"42111",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Korolev",fullName:"Sergey Korolev",slug:"sergey-korolev"}]},{id:"23163",title:"DNA Damage Recognition for Mammalian Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair",slug:"dna-damage-recognition-for-mammalian-global-genome-nucleotide-excision-repair",signatures:"Kaoru Sugasawa",authors:[{id:"51299",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaoru",middleName:null,surname:"Sugasawa",fullName:"Kaoru Sugasawa",slug:"kaoru-sugasawa"}]},{id:"23164",title:"DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Through Non-Homologous End-Joining: Recruitment and Assembly of the Players",slug:"dna-double-strand-break-repair-through-non-homologous-end-joining-recruitment-and-assembly-of-the-pl",signatures:"Radhika Pankaj Kamdar and Yoshihisa Matsumoto",authors:[{id:"42493",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Yoshihisa Matsumoto",slug:"yoshihisa-matsumoto"},{id:"57668",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhika Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kamdar",fullName:"Radhika Pankaj Kamdar",slug:"radhika-pankaj-kamdar"}]},{id:"23165",title:"DNA Repair Capacity-Related to Genetic Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Genes and Aflatoxin B1-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Chinese Population",slug:"dna-repair-capacity-related-to-genetic-polymorphisms-of-dna-repair-genes-and-aflatoxin-b1-related-he",signatures:"Xi-Dai Long, Jin-Guang Yao, Zhi Zeng, Cen-Han Huang,\nPinhu Liao, Zan-Song Huang, Yong-Zhi Huang, Fu-Zhi Ban, Xiao-Yin Huang, Li-Min Yao, Lu-Dan Fan and Guo-Hui Fu",authors:[{id:"40527",title:"Dr.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",slug:"xi-dai-long"}]},{id:"23166",title:"Low Penetrance Genetic Variations in DNA Repair Genes and Cancer Susceptibility",slug:"low-penetrance-genetic-variations-in-dna-repair-genes-and-cancer-susceptibility",signatures:"Ravindran Ankathil",authors:[{id:"56743",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravindran",middleName:null,surname:"Ankathil",fullName:"Ravindran Ankathil",slug:"ravindran-ankathil"}]},{id:"23167",title:"Polymorphisms in Nucleotide Excision Repair Genes and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review",slug:"polymorphisms-in-nucleotide-excision-repair-genes-and-risk-of-colorectal-cancer-a-systematic-review",signatures:"Rikke Dalgaard Hansen and Ulla Vogel",authors:[{id:"41763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulla",middleName:null,surname:"Vogel",fullName:"Ulla Vogel",slug:"ulla-vogel"},{id:"49234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rikke Dalgaard",middleName:null,surname:"Hansen",fullName:"Rikke Dalgaard Hansen",slug:"rikke-dalgaard-hansen"}]},{id:"23168",title:"Variants and Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Genes and Neurodegenerative Diseases",slug:"variants-and-polymorphisms-of-dna-repair-genes-and-neurodegenerative-diseases",signatures:"Fabio Coppede",authors:[{id:"46639",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Coppedè",fullName:"Fabio Coppedè",slug:"fabio-coppede"}]},{id:"23169",title:"Characterization of 5’-Flanking Regions of Various Human Telomere Maintenance Factor-Encoding Genes",slug:"characterization-of-5-flanking-regions-of-various-human-telomere-maintenance-factor-encoding-genes",signatures:"Fumiaki Uchiumi, Takahiro Oyama, Kensuke Ozaki and Sei-ichi Tanuma",authors:[{id:"47235",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uchiumi",fullName:"Fumiaki Uchiumi",slug:"fumiaki-uchiumi"},{id:"56770",title:"Mr.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Oyama",fullName:"Takahiro Oyama",slug:"takahiro-oyama"},{id:"56771",title:"Dr.",name:"Sei-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Tanuma",fullName:"Sei-Ichi Tanuma",slug:"sei-ichi-tanuma"},{id:"91200",title:"BSc.",name:"Kensuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ozaki",fullName:"Kensuke Ozaki",slug:"kensuke-ozaki"}]},{id:"23170",title:"Roles of DNA Repair Proteins in Telomere Maintenance",slug:"roles-of-dna-repair-proteins-in-telomere-maintenance",signatures:"Masaru Ueno",authors:[{id:"41159",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaru",middleName:null,surname:"Ueno",fullName:"Masaru Ueno",slug:"masaru-ueno"}]},{id:"23171",title:"DNA Repair Measured by the Comet Assay",slug:"dna-repair-measured-by-the-comet-assay",signatures:"Amaya Azqueta, Sergey Shaposhnikov and Andrew R. Collins",authors:[{id:"47952",title:"Dr.",name:"Amaya",middleName:null,surname:"Azqueta",fullName:"Amaya Azqueta",slug:"amaya-azqueta"},{id:"57813",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Shaposhnikov",fullName:"Sergey Shaposhnikov",slug:"sergey-shaposhnikov"},{id:"57814",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew R",middleName:null,surname:"Collins",fullName:"Andrew R Collins",slug:"andrew-r-collins"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68593",title:"How to Use the Monte Carlo Simulation Technique? Application: A Study of the Gas Phase during Thin Film Deposition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88559",slug:"how-to-use-the-monte-carlo-simulation-technique-application-a-study-of-the-gas-phase-during-thin-fil",body:'In statistical physics only a few problems can be solved exactly. For complex problems, numerical methods can give exact results for problems that could only be solved in an approximate way. Numerical simulation can be a way to test the theory. The numerical results can be compared to the experimental results. The numerical simulation is placed between the fundamental and the experimental treatment; it has a quasi-experimental character (numerical experience). For problems of statistical physics, the most widely used simulation methods are the Monte Carlo method and the molecular dynamics method.
The first Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was proposed by Metropolis et al. in 1953 [1]. The second Monte Carlo simulation was proposed by Wood and Parker in 1957 [2]. The obtained results were in good agreement with the experimental results of Bridgman [3] and those of Michels et al. [4]. In this method we attribute a series of initial positions chosen randomly to a system of N particles interacting through a defined potential. A sequence of particle configurations is generated by giving successive displacements to particles; we only retain configurations to ensure that the probability density is that of the chosen.
Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) has been first introduced to simulate the behavior of fluids and solids at the molecular or atomic level. MDS was used for the first time by Alder and Wainwright in the late 1950s [5, 6] to study the interactions of hard spheres. The principle is the resolution of equations of motion for a hard sphere system in a simulation cell. The basic algorithm is Verlet’s algorithm [7].
In this chapter, we will present techniques of numerical simulations using the Monte Carlo method. We will present an application on the gas phase during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of thin films. The application concerns collisions between particles. Particles are in Brownian motion. Collisions, elastic or inelastic, are considered to be binary. Non-elastic collisions result in effective chemical reactions.
In Section 2, we cite some MCS and MDS works on PECVD processes. Section 3 presents general rules on numerical simulation methods. Section 4 presents how to simulate a physical problem using MCS? We present the Metropolis algorithm as a scheme to trait random configurations and different modules related to elaborate an MCS code. In Section 5, we apply the MCS on SiH4/H2 gas mixture during a PECVD process. Finally the conclusion summarizes the contents of the chapter.
The PECVD is the most widely used technique to produce hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films (a-Si:H) for solar cells and for film transistors and electronic devices [8, 9]. Reactions during plasma deposition are complex and are not understood completely.
Gorbachev et al. [10, 11, 12] have developed a model that is based on chemical reactions and different processes in a PECVD reactor. The model takes into account the formation of SinHm oligomers (n ≤ 5). It presents a simulation of the growth of the films. Gorbachev et al. found that Si2H5 and Si3H7 strongly influence the growth of the film [11].
Valipa et al. [13] calculated the β reactivity of the SiH3 radical on a surface of a silicon lattice plane during the growth of a-Si:H using MDS. The mechanisms of physical and chemical interactions of low temperature plasmas with surfaces can be explored using MDS [14].
For a CH4/H2 mixture, Farouk et al. used the Monte Carlo method (PIC/MC); they calculated the ionization rate of the plasma and the deposition rate of the thin layer [15]. Rodgers et al. [16] have developed three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of diamond (100) surface CVD. Other works on MCS are in [17, 18, 19].
In our previous works [20, 21, 22, 23, 24], we were interested in the study of the gas phase and the interaction of plasmas with the surface, for SiH4/H2 and CH4/H2 gas mixtures during PECVD processes. The used numerical simulation techniques were MCS and MDS. To complete the studies, we used the fluid model [25].
The starting point of numerical simulation is a physical phenomenon; its purpose is to obtain useful physical results. Between these two points, several steps can be identified. These steps are general and they are applicable for MCS. The steps can be summarized as follows:
The physical phenomenon must be defined by the description of the dominant domain of physics. The main assumptions and simplifying approximations are necessary to understand the physical phenomenon and the design of the first model.
Mathematical model requires a mathematical formulation of the problem. It may be a problem of elements or discrete object or a problem of a continuous medium; it may be a spatiotemporal problem or frequency problem and may be a deterministic or probabilistic problem.
It would be interesting to know the mathematical equations that govern the phenomenon:
The forces between particles and elements
The potential interaction
The determination of a time scale
The determination of a length scale
Definition of constant magnitudes of motion and equilibrium magnitudes
Continuity equations, balance equations, transfer equations, etc.
The MCS technique has been chosen for this work; knowing its basic algorithm is necessary for elaborating the simulation. This step requires some actions:
Validation of the model on simple cases
Simulation calculation on complex phenomena
The MCS is based on a probabilistic process with a random choice of configurations and samples of the situation of the physical system. The two pedagogical examples most cited in the literature are the integration of a single variable function and Ising’s model of spin. In the following subsection, we define the integration of a single variable function. We introduce the Ising model at the end of Section 4.2.2.
Calculation of the definite integral for a function f(x) of a single variable x on domain {a, b} has been proposed (Figure 1):
The integral of a function f(x).
Let:
Let xi and yi be real random numbers (i = 1, 2,…, N), and let H be a real number greater than the f(x) for x belonging to the domain {a, b} (or x ∈ {a, b}).
Let r1 and r2 be two random numbers belonging to the domain {0, 1} according to a uniform distribution law. Generators (e.g., Ran, RANDOM, RANDUM, or other IMSL mathematical libraries) of random numbers can be used:
where xi and yi are random numbers (xi ∈ {a, b} and yi ∈ {0, H}).
The Monte Carlo (MC) method is based on a probabilistic process. Let N be the total number of cases chosen (possible cases). It is necessary to count the number of favorable cases (or the number of points below the curve y = f(x)); let yi ≤ f(xi)). The number of favorable cases is Nfav. When N➔∞, the value I of the integral is [26]:
An example [26] is the calculation of the value π by calculating the integral I on a quarter circle of unit radius (R = 1.0). The pairs of random numbers (xi, yi) satisfying the condition: xi2 + yi2 ≤ 1. The function f(x) is equal to
We take a = 0.0, b = 1.0, and H = 1.0.
For different values of N, we show that the numerical solution tends to π = 4I.
Although this integral is simple, it shows the strength and simplicity of the method. The technique can be generalized for the integration of multivariate functions.
We note that integration by the MC method is based on:
The choice of random configurations according to a uniform distribution law
Each configuration chosen is either favorable or unfavorable (the “or” is exclusive).
For statistical physics problems, the probabilistic choice of configurations is not always deterministic; the favorable and unfavorable cases are not exclusive. According to the Metropolis algorithm [26, 27], the steps of the simulation are:
Choice of a simulation cell of adequate shape to the studied phenomena. The size of the simulation cell is related to a scale of length characteristic of the forces and interaction potential of the studied phenomenon. This cell may contain Npc particles (and/or elements).
Choice of an initial configuration that responds to some physical and thermodynamic properties. The total or internal energy of the system is Ei.
Infinitesimal random displacement of a particle (or element of the system) and calculation of the new internal energy of the system Ef. This displacement is related to the physical magnitudes: time scale and length scale. The physical system tends toward a minimization of the internal energy of the system with some fluctuation. Let ΔE = Ef-Ei the fluctuation.
If ΔE ≤ 0; the new configuration is retained (favorable) and the different averages can be obtained; go to step (c).
If ΔE > 0; a random number ε is chosen such that 0 < ε < 1. Let the probability Pr equal to: Pr = exp. (−ΔE/kBT) (where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature).
If ε < Pr, accept the move and in any case go back to step (c) for a new choice of an infinitesimal displacement (new configuration). Note that if such a trial move is rejected, the old configuration is again counted in the averaging with probability Pr.
Figure 2 shows how to choose between the selected configurations. Let ε be a random number following a uniform law; If ε1 ≤ Pr the configuration is retained, and if ε2 > Pr the configuration is rejected.
Configuration choice according to Metropolis scheme.
Numerical simulation using the MC method is a very important tool for the study of static properties. The basic algorithm is based on probability notions. Understanding of the distribution function and/or interaction potentials is the heart of the calculation.
In equilibrium statistical physics, the system has a certain probability that can be in any states. The probability of being in a state μ with energy H(μ) is given by the Boltzmann distribution P(μ):
where T is the absolute temperature and kB is called Boltzmann’s constant. It is conventional to denote the quantity (kBT)−1 by the symbol β. The normalizing factor Z, or partition function, is given by:
The average of a quantity Q fora system in equilibrium is:
The internal energy U, is given by:
which can be written in terms of a derivative of the partition function:
From thermodynamics we have expressions for the specific heat C, the entropy S, and the Helmholtz free energy F:
or
and
and
We can calculate other parameters affecting the system.
The Monte Carlo method is an excellent technique for estimating probabilities, and we can take advantage of this property in evaluating the results. The simplest and most popular model of a system of interacting variables in statistical physics is the Ising model. It consists of spins σi which are confined to the sites of a lattice and which may have only the values (+1) and (−1). These spins interact with their nearest neighbors on the lattice with interaction constant J; they can interact with an external magnetic field B coupling to the spins. The Hamiltonian H for this model is [26]:
The Ising model has been studied in one and two dimensions to obtain results of thermal properties, phase transition, and magnetic properties [26, 27, 28]. For chosen values of J and/or B, different steps may be taken for the calculations (simulation cell, initialization, configurations, boundary conditions, calculation algorithms). For any configuration, each spin takes the two possible directions. The detail of the calculation procedure is not the purpose of this chapter.
We give a system of N particles (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) placed in a cell of fixed volume, generally of cubic form. The initial positions may, depending on the case, be distributed randomly according to a certain law (uniform or otherwise) or have a given symmetry. In a fluid, a gas, or a plasma, the particles may have random positions in general; in a solid or surface, with a crystal structure, the particles take ordered positions. The choice of random initial positions allows great freedom on the choice of the number of particles in the cell.
At the first step, the particles are given velocities that are generally selected to have a zero total momentum. If the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the initial velocities will be randomly chosen according to a Maxwell-Boltzmann law. In the general case, the velocity distribution is according to the problem dealt with. All other phase properties can be initialized to the particles; the main thing is the conservation of the total quantities of the system.
The particles interact with each other according to chosen interaction potentials. Since the interaction potentials are specific for each “numerical experiment,” the main part of the work consists in calculating the interaction energies for each proposed configuration.
The choice of interaction potentials is directly related to the mathematical formulation of the problem according to the state of the medium: fluid, gas, plasma, or solid. It can be Lennard-Jones potential, Coulomb potential, Debye potential, Morse potential, Stillinger-Weber potential, Born-Mayer potential, Moliere potential, or others.
In general, two main boundary conditions are used: periodic boundary conditions (PBC) and minimum image convention (MIC) [29].
To minimize the surface effect, periodic boundary conditions (PBC) [30] are invariably imposed. The simulation cell is reproduced throughout the space to form an infinite mesh. We can simulate the properties of an infinite system. The particles that we follow are in the central cell; if a particle crosses a wall with a certain velocity, its image returns with the same velocity by the opposite wall. Under these conditions, the number of particles in the central cell, and consequently the density, is constant. These conditions also allow the conservation of the energy and the momentum of the system and do not introduce periodic effects (because of the interaction between particles).
According to the hypotheses and according to the geometry of the problem, other boundary conditions are proposed [26]. For example, in order to model thin films, the simulation cells are longitudinal and parallel to the film; one uses PBC in the directions parallel to the film. In the direction normal to the film, free edge boundary conditions can be used. In such cases, it may be appropriate to also include surface fields and surface interactions. In this way, one can study phenomena such as wetting, interface localization-delocalization transitions, surface-induced ordering and disordering, etc.
The core of the program includes calculating the potential energies of particle configuration and particle collisions. The interactions and collisions between particles can be elastic or inelastic; they can be binary or collective. For computation, the interaction energy of a particle with its neighbors is carried out by refocusing a base cell on the particle. This particle only interacts with particles in this region. This is called the “minimal image convention” (MIC) [1].
Generally, a RANDOM generator of real random numbers ri belonging to the domain {0, 1} (or ri ∈ {0, 1} is available. This distribution law is uniform.
To have a real random number xi belonging to the domain {a, b} (or xi
To have a real random number xi belonging to the domain {a, b} (or xi ∈ {a,b}) according to a formula (or law) of nonuniform distribution f(x), a histogram technique is used. Let Nm be the number of intervals. If the mesh is regular (Figure 3):
Random number selection according to f (x) distribution.
We define:
We define the sequence:
and the sequence:
Hence each real random number ri belongs to the domain {0, 1} (where ri ∈ {0, 1}) (according to the uniform law); this number belongs to the domain {rxj-1, rxj}. It corresponds to a random value xran of the domain {xj-1, xj}; this number satisfies the formula (or the law) of nonuniform distribution f(x).
This technique can be generalized for a nonuniform distribution law f(x) with an irregular mesh Δxi, or with tabular data f(xi) with i = 1,…, m.
The technique can be generalized, too, for a discrete distribution law f(i) with i = 1,…, m.
In the literature, the reader can find simple algorithms for the choice of random numbers of some simple functions (Gaussian, etc.).
It is necessary to find some parameters allowing the control of the smooth course of the evolution of the system. We must look for the constants of movement. For example for an isolated system, we have the conservation of the total energy and the quantity of matter.
By using the numerical simulation, it is possible to calculate many spatiotemporal quantities F(r,t). These quantities can be positions, speeds, kinetic moments, particle energies, concentrations, transport coefficients, etc. It would then be possible to calculate all other quantities related to F(r,t).
For the calculation of the averages, one can note the quantities on the space, on the time or on both. The histogram methods can be used. Static or dynamic distribution functions and spatial or temporal correlation functions can be calculated. It should be noted that the SMC is much more adequate for static properties because of the probabilistic choice of configurations.
Any calculated function or parameter F(r,t) can be used for another application in another calculation program.
In the MCS model discussed extensively in this chapter, it’s more about collisions between particles. It’s particle-particle MCS or PP-MCS. In many problems of physics, the general idea is the same, but the applications and proposed models are numerous.
Other MCS models, named particle-in-cell MCS (PIC-MCS), are based on particle-cell interactions. In these last models, we also use a probabilistic choice of configurations and small variations in the state of the system (following the Metropolis algorithm); the interaction is between the particle with a cell, a mesh, or a drop. The parameters and variables of the cell, although local and instantaneous, are macroscopic. These parameters and variables can be thermodynamic, fluid, or electromagnetic. An example of the model based on PIC-MCS is described by Mattei et al. [31] for simulation of electromagnetic particle-in-cell collision in inductively coupled plasmas. Several works can be found in the literature on this same line of work. Other MCS models using particles may be considered. [32].
For statistical physics problem solving (such as thin film deposition problems), MCS models use experimental, numerical, or theoretical data from other methods and models. Models can be improved to hybrid models. In the hybrid models, connections between two modules can be realized. The first module is MCS; the second module is fluid, electromagnetic, or other. An example of a three-module hybrid model is presented by Mao and Bogaerts [33] to study gas mixtures in PECVD system. The three modules are MCS, fluid, and electromagnetic. The first module EM calculates the electromagnetic fields by solving Maxwell equations. These fields are used as inputs in the module MCS, where the electron density, electron temperature, electron energy distribution function, and electron impact reaction rates can be computed with a Monte Carlo procedure. Subsequently, the module fluid calculates densities and fluxes of the various plasma species (i.e., heavy particles and electrons) with continuity equations and the electrostatic field with Poisson’s equation. This electrostatic field is used as input again in the EM. This cycle is iterated until convergence. The schematic of the hybrid model is given in Figure 4.
Schematic of a hybrid model of three modules used to study gas mixtures in the PECVD [33].
To solve statistical physics problems with evolutions as a function of time, kinetic models of MCS (kMCS) are used. Using kMCS, Battaile and Srolovitz [17] described kinetic phenomena of the diffusive motion of a single interstitial atom in a close-packed metal crystal. The motion of the interstitial atom is usually limited to two types: vibration of the atom around the center of the interstitial hole in which it resides and hops to nearest-neighbor interstitial sites. The atom can hop into any of the nearest-neighbor interstitial sites; it executes a random walk. In an MC simulation of this diffusion process, the new position of the interstitial atom is chosen at random from a list of the adjacent interstitial sites.
Other CVD and PECVD works on MCS are presented in Ref.s [15, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. They show how MCS methods can study properties of gas mixtures and properties of the growth of thin films.
In this section, we present an example of PP-MCS of collisions and reactions in gas phase of SiH4/H2 mixture used in PECVD process. Some paragraphs have been treated in previous works [21, 24].
We use a MCS to study collisions and chemical reactions in gas phase of SiH4/H2 mixture used in the PECVD process. In this phase, important reactions have been identified that contribute to the production and the consumption of hydrogen (H), silylene (SiH2), and silyl (SiH3). The hydrogen consumption reactions SiH4 + H → SiH3 + H2 and SiH3 + H → SiH2 + H2 are found to play a central role in deciding the distribution of hydrogen [39].The plasma chemistry indicates that H atoms and SiH3 radicals play an important role in the a-Si:H deposition process [40]. Experimentally, it is generally accepted that SiH3 radicals dominate a-Si:H and μc-Si film growth from SiH4 plasmas in the PECVD; it is the key precursor of a-Si:H deposition [41]. The proposed MCS allowed to get the ratio SiH2/SiH3 and mean value of densities of species. It provides information on SiH4 dissociation and on the production of SiH3, H, SiH2, and Si2H6 and other important parameters.
The plasma in the PECVD reactor is weakly ionized. For our study, the mixture gas contains 22% of SiH4 and 78% of H2; the pressure is 100 mtorr, the temperature of the gas ranges from 373 to 723 K, the electron temperature is about 2.5 eV, and the electron density is 3. 108 cm−3. The process is considered to be stationary. We take into account electrons and eight neutral species (SiH4, SiH3, SiH2, H, H2, Si2H6, Si2H5, SiH). Reactions taken into account include seven electron-neutral and 14 neutral-neutral reactions. Table 1 shows the 21 reactions and rate constants Kreac. At low temperature, the neutrals interact occasionally with each other and move under the effect of thermal agitation; their velocity distribution function is Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Electrons have the mean velocity with kinetic energy Te.
Symbol | Reactions | Kreac (cm3/s) |
---|---|---|
R1 | SiH4 + e→SiH3 + H+e | k1 = 3 × 10−11 [42] |
R2 | SiH4 + e→SiH2 + 2H + e | K2 = 1.5 × 10−10 [42] |
R3 | SiH4 + e→SiH + H + H2 + e | K3 = 9.34 × 10−12 [42] |
R4 | SiH4 + e→SiH2 + H2 + e | K4 = 7.19 × 10−12 [42] |
R5 | H2 + e→2H + e | K5 = 4.49 × 10−12 [42] |
R6 | Si2H6 + e→SiH3 + SiH2 + H + e | K6 = 3.72 × 10−10 [42] |
R7 | Si2H6 + e→SiH4 + SiH2 +e | K7 = 1.1 × 1010× (1.(1./(1. + (0.63 × P)))) [43] |
R8 | SiH4 + H→SiH3 + H2 | K8 = 2.8 × 10−11 × exp.(−1250/T) [44] |
R9 | SiH4 + SiH2→Si2H6 | K9 = 1.1 × 1010 × (1.−(1./(1. + (0.63 × P)))) [43] |
R10 | SiH3 + SiH3→SiH4 + SiH2 | K10 = 0.45 × 1.5 × 10−10 [44] |
R11 | SiH4 + Si2H5→SiH3 + Si2H6 | K11 = 5 × 10−13 [42] |
R12 | SiH3 + H→SiH2 + H2 | K12 = 2 × 10−11 [44] |
R13 | SiH3 + Si2H6→SiH4 + Si2H5 | K13 = 4 × 10−10 × exp. (−2500/T) [44] |
R14 | SiH2 + H→SiH + H2 | k14 = 2 × 10−11 [44] |
R15 | Si2H6 + H→Si2H5 + H2 | K15 = 0.66 × 2.4 × 10−10 × exp. (−1250/T) [43] |
R16 | Si2H6 + H→SiH4 + SiH3 | K16 = 0.34 × 2.4 × 10−10 × exp. (−1250/T) [44] |
R17 | SiH + H2→SiH3 | K17 = 2 × 10−12 [43] |
R18 | SiH2 + SiH3→Si2H5 | K18 = 3.77 × 10−13 [43] |
R19 | SiH2 + H2→SiH4 | K19 = 3 × 10−12 × (1. + (1./1. + (0.03 × P))) [43] |
R20 | 2SiH3→Si2H6 | K20 = 0.1 × 1.5 × 10−10 [43] |
R21 | SiH4 + SiH→Si2H5 | K21 = (1.−(1./(1. + (0.33 × P)))) × (6.9 × 10−10) [43] |
List of gas phase reactions and corresponding rate constants [24].
Let
And chemical reaction for the production of A is as:
Rate production and consumption for any species A are taken as:
The MCS is based on binary collisions at the microscopic level. Elastic collisions are between all particles, and inelastic collisions (or effective collisions) are those that result in a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction needs a collision involving at least two particles (atoms, ions, electrons, or molecules). According to kinetic theory, gases consist of particles in random motion. These particles are uniformly distributed in a cell which has a parallelepiped form of sizes Lx, Ly, and Lz (Figure 5). These particles move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or the walls of their container. Dimensions and volume of Monte Carlo cell must take into consideration the mean free path of species.
Form of the simulation cell.
Let ni be the density of neutral spice i (i = 1,…, 8). The first particle i is randomly chosen according to a probability of neutral species Prsp,I (nonuniform discrete distribution) given by:
The chosen particle takes randomly three components of space in cell ri(xi, yi, zi) according to the normal distribution (nonuniform distribution). It takes also randomly three components of velocity vi (vxi, vyi, vzi) according to Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Let ni and nj be the densities of species i and j in the gas and Vij the relative velocity between the two species i and j.
According to the kinetic theory of gases, we have for an incident particle i on a target particle j the average collision frequency νij as:
where <sij> is the cross section of the particle j.
The mean free path <λι> of species i is:
The time between two collisions τij is then:
For chemical effective reactions (inelastic collisions) between two reactive species i and j giving products i’ and j’, the rate constant reaction verifies [45]:
General rules of collision theory are applied:
The new velocities of the colliding particles are calculated using conservation of energy and momentum for elastic collisions.
Conservation of total energy as isolated system.
Movement of the center of mass and relative motion around the center of mass.
The reader can refer to some fundamental physics books that deal with general notions of collisions and corresponding parameters [45, 46, 47, 48].
The plasma in the PECVD reactor is weakly ionized. At low temperature, particles interact occasionally with each other and move under the effect of thermal agitation. In reality, only a small fraction of collisions are effective (result in a chemical reaction) [21].
In our MCS, after traveling a random walk given by a Gaussian distribution, the first chosen particle collides with a second particle (molecule, atom, radical, or electron). The last particle j is randomly chosen according to a (i-j) collision probability Prcol,j (nonuniform discrete distribution) given by:
where
The activation energy is given by:
where the pre-exponential factor is assumed to be the collision frequency factor and Kreac is the rate constant of the gas phase reaction.
The two colliding particles (e.g., the electron and SiH4 molecule) can interact by several reactions (R1, R2, R3, and R4 in Table 1); we choose randomly one of gas phase reactions occurring according to a, nonuniform discrete distribution reaction probability Prreac (i,j):
where
All chemical systems go naturally toward states of minimum Gibbs free energy [21, 24]. A chemical reaction tends to occur in the direction of lower Gibbs free energy. To determine the direction of the reaction that is taking place, we use the old and new values of Kreac and the equilibrium constant with reactants and product concentrations. Each set of binary collisions can be related or converted into time. As cited in section (a), Table 1 gives gas phase reactions and corresponding rate constants used in this MCS.
To continue the simulation, after the elastic collision, particle i takes new values of components velocity and new mean free path; mean free path is taken from a normal (nonuniform) distribution (Gaussian distribution). If the collision is inelastic, we have to take a new particle.
From Metropolis algorithm, the scheme of this MCS is as follows:
Choices of particle of spice i with random position, velocity, and mean free path; periodic boundary conditions are used to keep particles in the elementary cell.
Choices of random collision with a spice j.
Study of collision type (elastic, inelastic). If the collision is elastic the particle i move with a new velocity and mean free path, and we return to step (b). If the collision is inelastic particles i and j give new particles i’ and j’, according to Metropolis scheme, and we return to step (a) or (b). Periodic boundary conditions are used to keep particles in the elementary cell.
At each step, we can note the different statistics.
Once the species are selected for the simulation model, an estimate of species densities should be made. Following the model of interaction and collisions between particles (binary, collective, etc.), a first choice of the minimum number Ni of particles of each species is made. A first estimate of the sizes (Lx, Ly, Lz) of the elementary cell is made.
The study of the types of interaction potentials and the calculation of the approximate values of the force ranges, the kinetic energies, the internal energies, and the energies of activation make it possible to correct the minimal numbers Ni of particles and the sizes (Lx, Ly, Lz) of the elementary cell.
Let kp be the number of a species, kp = 1,…, 9. The minimal numbers Qnp(kp) and the sizes (Lx, Ly, Lz) have to be discussed for statistical calculations.
For numerical programming, according to the programming language used and according to the size (or the computational capacity) of the computer, it is necessary to find a judicious choice of the tables of integer or real values and which values would be useful to save all during simulation. Let Ncol,m be the maximum number of elastic collisions per particle, and let Ncycle be the number of cycles to average the simulation calculations.
For this MCS, the numerical chosen values are in Table 2.
Cell dimensions and steps for collisions | Number of species Kp | Initial number of particles in cell | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lx (m) | 4.68 10−6 | 1 | Qnp(SiH4) | Qnp1 |
Ly (m) | 4.68 10−6 | 2 | Qnp(SiH3) | 10 |
Lz (m) | 20.0 10−3 | 3 | Qnp(SiH2) | 10 |
4 | Qnp(H) | 10 | ||
Ncol,m | 500 | 5 | Qnp(H2) | Qnp5 |
Ncycle internal cycle | 2000 | 6 | Qnp(Si2H6) | 10 |
Ncycle external cycle | 200,000 | 7 | Qnp(SiH) | 10 |
8 | Qnp(Si2H5) | 10 | ||
9 | Qnp(e) | Qnp9 |
Used quantities and parameters in calculations for the gas temperature Tg = 520 K.
For radicals (e.g., SiH3), particle numbers Qnp(k) are very small; we take Qnp(k) = 10. These numbers cannot take value 1 or 0, even if a species k is in trace form in the gas. The value 0 for a species k means that any other species k’ does not make a collision with the species k; and the value 1 means that we have no collisions between particles of the same species in the cell.
Qnp1, Qnp5, and Qnp9 are calculated from the volume of cell, the pressure, the temperature, and the total number of particles in the cell (Qnp1 = 0.81187824 * 109; Qnp5 = 0.20296956 * 109; Qnp9 = 131).
As we have chosen a stationary regime, we must reach the values and properties at equilibrium. The results of the simulation show this trend. In MCS, averaged values, distribution functions, autocorrelation functions, and correlation functions can be calculated. To ensure rapid convergence of calculations, it would be useful to look for statistically symmetric (or stationary or unsteady) parameters [26, 50].
As an example for our MCS calculation, we have:
The number of Si2H6, SiH, and Si2H5 particles reaching the surface is negligible.
Let Ns,i and Ns, H2 be the densities of a species i and H2 reaching the surface. The ratios Ns,i/Ns, H2 are too small (Table 3).
Let Ns,i be the density of a species i reaching the surface and Nv,i the density of same species i in volume. The ratios Ns,i/Nv,i are too small (Table 4); the surface effect is negligible.
The reactions begin with the dissociation (consumption) of H2 and SiH4 by R5, R1, and R2 reactions.
The production of SiH3 is done by R8, and then there is production of SiH2 by R12.
The reaction R2: SiH4 + e → SiH2 + 2H + e plays the central role in SiH4 dissociation by electron impact [24]. This result is compatible with [39].
The second important chemical reaction in the SiH4 dissociation is R1: SiH4 + e → SiH3 + H + e [24]. This result is compatible with that of Perkins et al. [51] and that of Doyle et al. [52].
Type | H2 | SiH4 | H | SiH3 | SiH2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ns,i/Ns, H2 | 1 | 0.23 | 1.67 10−4 | 8.60 10−5 | 9.86 10−6 |
Ratios Ns,i/Ns, H2 of particles reaching the surface compared to H2.
Type | SiH4 | SiH3 | SiH2 |
---|---|---|---|
v, j | 6.695 10−6 | 7.965 10−6 | 775 10−6 |
Ratios Ns,i/Nv,i of particles reaching the surface compared to volume.
MCS is a widely used method in statistical physics to study thermodynamic, structural, or phase properties. It is based on random and probabilistic processes. The purpose of this chapter is to present the technique for general use in physics for the study of thin film deposition problems. The technique can be generalized to other fields of science: biology, economics, transportation, and social sciences.
We started by presenting general rules for numerical simulation methods. Metropolis algorithm has been considered as the basic algorithm. After, we presented the different steps for the realization of a MCS code. We chose the particle-particle model MCS (PP-MCS) to explain the different steps and procedures to be applied in the deposition of thin layers by PECVD processes. We have shown that this technique can be generalized to the particle-in-cell MCS (PIC-MCS) case or kinetic MCS (kMCS), as it can be joined with other modules to give hybrid models. It is important to know how to choose random configurations from the laws or probability distributions in the system.
A numerical application is presented for collisions in a SiH4/H2 gas mixture in the PECVD process. A preliminary work of determination of the chemical reactions between molecules and radicals is made. A choice of the simulation cell is made, and the definition of the probabilities of the collisions between peers is made. The Metropolis algorithm makes it possible to follow the various elastic and inelastic collisions; it also makes it possible to make the statistics of the interactions with the surface. The results are compatible with [39, 51, 52].
Other questions may be asked to account for molecular ions, surface and volume kinetics, or thin film formation. The techniques and different models of the MCS (PP-MCS, MCS-PIC, kMCS) allow taking care of these questions.
The interconnection of the MCS with other models (MDS, hybrid model, fluid model, electromagnetic model, etc.) would allow answering more questions. The methods can be applied to other specialties than the physical sciences.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\n\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\n\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"166",title:"Statistics",slug:"mathematics-statistics",parent:{title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:148,numberOfWosCitations:86,numberOfCrossrefCitations:93,numberOfDimensionsCitations:161,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"mathematics-statistics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9218",title:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cf83c23db5b0ae47192d34ec8091162",slug:"bayesian-inference-on-complicated-data",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7680",title:"Statistical Methodologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9ba6b053350f5e59925bce32b1d692d",slug:"statistical-methodologies",bookSignature:"Jan Peter Hessling",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7372",title:"Bayesian Networks",subtitle:"Advances and Novel Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee81401d110a5f6bca2997a28e8d169b",slug:"bayesian-networks-advances-and-novel-applications",bookSignature:"Douglas McNair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219757",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"McNair",slug:"douglas-mcnair",fullName:"Douglas McNair"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8362",title:"Time Series Analysis",subtitle:"Data, Methods, and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e98dd03d921c19cc2324e91845d5160",slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Chun-Kit Ngan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227503",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-Kit",middleName:null,surname:"Ngan",slug:"chun-kit-ngan",fullName:"Chun-Kit Ngan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6703",title:"Statistics",subtitle:"Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f67636870f28cdf080018abaddd953d2",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",bookSignature:"Türkmen Göksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190299",title:"Dr.",name:"Türkmen",middleName:null,surname:"Göksel",slug:"turkmen-goksel",fullName:"Türkmen Göksel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5856",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"950e8a681056d4b6bdc024121529d1ce",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",bookSignature:"Valter Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187136",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"valter-silva",fullName:"Valter Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5964",title:"Bayesian Inference",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b05b9b63cb02573c7e0cc5e877e35c61",slug:"bayesian-inference",bookSignature:"Javier Prieto Tejedor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5964.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177972",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier Prieto",middleName:null,surname:"Tejedor",slug:"javier-prieto-tejedor",fullName:"Javier Prieto Tejedor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5446",title:"Advances in Statistical Methodologies and Their Application to Real Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e5e8e7a09c351b3e0377d6ac6ccc35",slug:"advances-in-statistical-methodologies-and-their-application-to-real-problems",bookSignature:"Tsukasa Hokimoto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsukasa",middleName:null,surname:"Hokimoto",slug:"tsukasa-hokimoto",fullName:"Tsukasa Hokimoto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3812",title:"Dynamic Programming and Bayesian Inference",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f507023ddf3414519592ec0f0d6b25e3",slug:"dynamic-programming-and-bayesian-inference-concepts-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Saber Fallah",middleName:null,surname:"Nezhad",slug:"mohammad-saber-fallah-nezhad",fullName:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2155",title:"Bayesian Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c08ecbb5580e47a9c16cdaec48c2adc",slug:"bayesian-networks",bookSignature:"Wichian Premchaiswadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10820",title:"Dr.",name:"Wichian",middleName:null,surname:"Premchaiswadi",slug:"wichian-premchaiswadi",fullName:"Wichian Premchaiswadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59209",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73690",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:3648,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"64216",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81170",title:"CNN Approaches for Time Series Classification",slug:"cnn-approaches-for-time-series-classification",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",title:"Time Series Analysis",fullTitle:"Time Series Analysis - Data, Methods, and Applications"},signatures:"Lamyaa Sadouk",authors:[{id:"257943",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lamyaa",middleName:null,surname:"Sadouk",slug:"lamyaa-sadouk",fullName:"Lamyaa Sadouk"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:3659,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:2142,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"56653",title:"Bayesian Hypothesis Testing: An Alternative to Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) in Psychology and Social Sciences",slug:"bayesian-hypothesis-testing-an-alternative-to-null-hypothesis-significance-testing-nhst-in-psycholog",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"bayesian-inference",title:"Bayesian Inference",fullTitle:"Bayesian Inference"},signatures:"Alonso Ortega and Gorka Navarrete",authors:[{id:"203438",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"alonso-ortega",fullName:"Alonso Ortega"},{id:"208842",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorka",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"gorka-navarrete",fullName:"Gorka Navarrete"}]},{id:"61268",title:"The Application of Discrete Choice Models in Transport",slug:"the-application-of-discrete-choice-models-in-transport",totalDownloads:995,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Foued Aloulou",authors:null},{id:"71603",title:"A Brief Tour of Bayesian Sampling Methods",slug:"a-brief-tour-of-bayesian-sampling-methods",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"bayesian-inference-on-complicated-data",title:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data",fullTitle:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data"},signatures:"Michelle Y. Wang and Trevor Park",authors:null},{id:"56066",title:"Development of Falling Film Heat Transfer Coefficient for Industrial Chemical Processes Evaporator Design",slug:"development-of-falling-film-heat-transfer-coefficient-for-industrial-chemical-processes-evaporator-d",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Muhammad Burhan and Kim Choon\nNg",authors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"}]},{id:"35660",title:"Making a Predictive Diagnostic Model for Rangeland Management by Implementing a State and Transition Model Within a Bayesian Belief Network (Case Study: Ghom- Iran)",slug:"making-a-predictive-diagnostic-model-for-rangeland-management-by-implementing-a-state-and-transition",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"bayesian-networks",title:"Bayesian Networks",fullTitle:"Bayesian Networks"},signatures:"Hossein Bashari",authors:[{id:"10124",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Bashari",slug:"hossein-bashari",fullName:"Hossein Bashari"}]},{id:"64216",title:"CNN Approaches for Time Series Classification",slug:"cnn-approaches-for-time-series-classification",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",title:"Time Series Analysis",fullTitle:"Time Series Analysis - Data, Methods, and Applications"},signatures:"Lamyaa Sadouk",authors:[{id:"257943",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lamyaa",middleName:null,surname:"Sadouk",slug:"lamyaa-sadouk",fullName:"Lamyaa Sadouk"}]},{id:"54071",title:"Validation of Instrument Measuring Continuous Variable in Medicine",slug:"validation-of-instrument-measuring-continuous-variable-in-medicine",totalDownloads:1402,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-statistical-methodologies-and-their-application-to-real-problems",title:"Advances in Statistical Methodologies and Their Application to Real Problems",fullTitle:"Advances in Statistical Methodologies and Their Application to Real Problems"},signatures:"Rafdzah Zaki",authors:[{id:"190238",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafdzah",middleName:null,surname:"Zaki",slug:"rafdzah-zaki",fullName:"Rafdzah Zaki"}]},{id:"68138",title:"Bayesian Graphical Model Application for Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria",slug:"bayesian-graphical-model-application-for-monetary-policy-and-macroeconomic-performance-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"bayesian-networks-advances-and-novel-applications",title:"Bayesian Networks",fullTitle:"Bayesian Networks - Advances and Novel Applications"},signatures:"David Oluseun Olayungbo",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"mathematics-statistics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/187896/guillaume-guimbretiere",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"187896",slug:"guillaume-guimbretiere"},fullPath:"/profiles/187896/guillaume-guimbretiere",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()