The numerical results of spirometry testing for a patient with airflow obstruction
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9441",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress",title:"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)",subtitle:"Past, Present, and Progress",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The 21st century is characterized as an era of natural resource depletion, and humanity is faced with several threats due to the lack of food, energy, and water. Climate change and sea-level rise are at unprecedented levels, being phenomena that make predicting the future of ocean resources more complicated. Oceans contain a limitless amount of water with small (but finite) temperature differences from their surfaces to their floors. To advance the utilization of ocean resources, this book readdresses the past achievements, present developments, and future progress of ocean thermal energy, from basic sciences to sociology and cultural aspects.",isbn:"978-1-78985-572-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-571-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-521-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86591",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-past-present-and-progress",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b0f6032c45ead7f1cb11bb488bfcd48d",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9441.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6333,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 1st 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!0,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21045/images/system/21045.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Albert S. Kim earned his physics degree of BS from Kyung Hee University and MS from Yonsei University, South Korea. He received his MS (1997) and Ph.D. (2000) in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles, USA. He joined the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 2001. \r\nDr. Kim’s scientific accomplishments include the US National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career (CAREER) Award (2005), the University of Hawaii Regents’ Medal for Excellence in Research (2006) and the Medal for Excellence in Teaching (2017). Professor Kim has published almost 60 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters. He researches on computational environmental physics for engineering purposes.",institutionString:"University of Hawaii at Manoa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Hawaii at Manoa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"204519",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyeon-Ju",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"hyeon-ju-kim",fullName:"Hyeon-Ju Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204519/images/system/204519.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Kim is the Principal Researcher, Offshore Plant, and Marine Energy Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO) and Project Manager of the Korean OTEC program. He received his Ph.D. at the Dept. of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University. His fields of specialization are Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system technology, Seawater Desalination, and Mineral Extraction system technology, Deep Ocean Water Application technology for Food, Energy and Water. He is Vice Chairman of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering and a Member of the board of directors of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy, The Korean Society of Ocean Engineering, etc.",institutionString:"Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"71764",title:"Can Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Seawater Utilisation Assist Small Island Developing States? A Case Study of Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91945",slug:"can-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-and-seawater-utilisation-assist-small-island-developing-states-a",totalDownloads:823,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The deployment of a land-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant in South Tarawa, Kiribati, Pacific Islands Region, in 2020/2021, represents a major technical achievement, alongside an international development opportunity. Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) are archipelago nations with small land areas and large oceanic exclusive economic zones. Geographical isolation and large transport distances make economic development a challenge. A lack of affordable and reliable energy in many PSIDS is a development inhibitor. PSIDS are situated within the areas of highest ocean thermal potential in the world. Temperature differences between surface and 1 km depth waters, are in excess of 24°C. Regional geology and tectonics allow access to deeper, colder, waters within few kilometres of many shorelines, and close to market. Seawater Utilization technologies can catalyse varied industrial development (e.g., fresh water/aquaculture/agriculture/mineral salts). The KRISO (Korean Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering)-Government of Kiribati OTEC partnership is already 7 years old (2013–2020) and has involved extensive negotiations, awareness raising programmes, and inclusive collaboration. The project will test OTEC technologies and explore a range development opportunities for Kiribati. The programme could become a role model for the application of the concept of ‘Interconnected Geoscience’.",signatures:"Michael G. Petterson and Hyeon Ju Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71764",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71764",authors:[{id:"204519",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyeon-Ju",surname:"Kim",slug:"hyeon-ju-kim",fullName:"Hyeon-Ju Kim"},{id:"304123",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Petterson",slug:"michael-petterson",fullName:"Michael Petterson"}],corrections:null},{id:"71102",title:"The Social Energy: Contexts for Its Assessment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91168",slug:"the-social-energy-contexts-for-its-assessment",totalDownloads:819,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recognition that interdisciplinary approaches must be integrated in any planning that concerns science and technology has shifted from theoretical perspectives to practical implementation. The once distant worlds of Engineering and Social Sciences must cross their boundaries if they are to contribute to the transition toward a carbon-neutral energy supply. The objective of this chapter is to explicitly state the connection of the social dimension with engineering applications (such as the OTEC technology) by developing basic elements of social analysis and explaining the conceptual and practical framework of instruments and practices like the social impact assessment. The chapter will mention the holistic perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the general debate of integrating the social sciences and humanities in environmental change research.",signatures:"Alonso Pérez Pérez, Mauricio Latapí Agudelo and Graciela Rivera Camacho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71102",authors:[{id:"306562",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",surname:"Pérez Pérez",slug:"alonso-perez-perez",fullName:"Alonso Pérez Pérez"},{id:"306856",title:"MSc.",name:"Mauricio Andres",surname:"Latapi Agudelo",slug:"mauricio-andres-latapi-agudelo",fullName:"Mauricio Andres Latapi Agudelo"},{id:"307095",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Graciela",surname:"Rivera Camacho",slug:"graciela-rivera-camacho",fullName:"Graciela Rivera Camacho"}],corrections:null},{id:"70647",title:"Current Development and Prospect of Turbine in OTEC",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90608",slug:"current-development-and-prospect-of-turbine-in-otec",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter mainly introduces the development and prospect of turbines utilized in ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), including brief introduction, aerodynamic design, mechanical and electric control system, problems, and prospect of the turbine in OTEC. At the beginning, the first section mainly introduces compositions and types of turbine in OTEC systems, different working fluids in the turbine, status of OTEC turbine currently in the world, and so on. After that, the aerodynamic design of turbine has the greatest impact on the efficiency of the turbine and is the most important process during the turbine development. Therefore, the second section focuses on turbine aerodynamic design. Furthermore, the third section mainly introduces the mechanical system and the electric control system of the turbine. Finally, the problems in the turbine currently are listed, and the prospects for the development of the turbine in OTEC are discussed in the fourth section.",signatures:"Weimin Liu, Yunzheng Ge, Lei Liu and Yun Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70647",authors:[{id:"304136",title:"Dr.",name:"Weimin",surname:"Liu",slug:"weimin-liu",fullName:"Weimin Liu"},{id:"304138",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yunzheng",surname:"Ge",slug:"yunzheng-ge",fullName:"Yunzheng Ge"},{id:"304139",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun",surname:"Chen",slug:"yun-chen",fullName:"Yun Chen"},{id:"306181",title:"MSc.",name:"Lei",surname:"Liu",slug:"lei-liu",fullName:"Lei Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"70689",title:"Novel OTEC Cycle Using Efficiency Enhancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90791",slug:"novel-otec-cycle-using-efficiency-enhancer",totalDownloads:980,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant is designed to improve the efficiency of the existing plants. Various researches are being conducted to increase the plant’s efficiency and output with the use of an enhancer, and studies for performance improvement are also in progress from the Kalina and Uehara cycles to ejector pump OTEC (EP-OTEC). Their performance can be improved by increasing the evaporation pressure using an unused heat source and reducing the heat consumption using a reheating system and a regenerator. In the case of EP-OTEC, an ejector is installed near the turbine-exit to reduce the pressure and therefore increase the power output. In simulations and experiments conducted in this study, EP-OTEC showed 38% efficiency improvement from the basic cycle, which is due to the power output volume increase. The optimum ratio was derived by adjusting the pressure ratio. The demonstration plant to be developed in the future is expected to be applied to the high-efficiency OTEC demonstration plant with improved performance, and new technologies will be continuously developed considering economics and commercial viability.",signatures:"Hosaeng Lee, Seungtaek Lim, Jungin Yoon and Hyeonju Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70689",authors:[{id:"204519",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyeon-Ju",surname:"Kim",slug:"hyeon-ju-kim",fullName:"Hyeon-Ju Kim"},{id:"309185",title:"Dr.",name:"Ho-Saeng",surname:"Lee",slug:"ho-saeng-lee",fullName:"Ho-Saeng Lee"},{id:"309188",title:"Mr.",name:"Seung-Taek",surname:"Kim",slug:"seung-taek-kim",fullName:"Seung-Taek Kim"},{id:"309189",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung-In",surname:"Yoon",slug:"jung-in-yoon",fullName:"Jung-In Yoon"}],corrections:null},{id:"70632",title:"Analysis and Development of Closed Cycle OTEC System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90609",slug:"analysis-and-development-of-closed-cycle-otec-system",totalDownloads:682,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the methodology for the selection of the working fluid, the environmental and working conditions for operation, and the development carried out for the design of a closed cycle OTEC prototype plant. This prototype uses the temperature difference between the cooler deep waters and the warmer surface waters of the Mexican Caribbean Sea to feed a thermal machine capable of generating 1 kW of electrical energy; and it works with an organic Rankine cycle, composed of a pump, a turbine, and two heat exchangers. The advances carried out in installing the prototype are also presented.",signatures:"Estela Cerezo Acevedo, Jessica G. Tobal Cupul, Victor M. Romero Medina, Elda Gomez Barragan and Miguel Angel Alatorre Mendieta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70632",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70632",authors:[{id:"306709",title:"Dr.",name:"Estela",surname:"Cerezo-Acevedo",slug:"estela-cerezo-acevedo",fullName:"Estela Cerezo-Acevedo"},{id:"306711",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Manuel",surname:"Romero Medina",slug:"victor-manuel-romero-medina",fullName:"Victor Manuel Romero Medina"},{id:"306712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Alatorre Mendieta",slug:"miguel-alatorre-mendieta",fullName:"Miguel Alatorre Mendieta"},{id:"309398",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica Guadalupe",surname:"Tobal Cupul",slug:"jessica-guadalupe-tobal-cupul",fullName:"Jessica Guadalupe Tobal Cupul"},{id:"309399",title:"Dr.",name:"Elda",surname:"Gomez Barragan",slug:"elda-gomez-barragan",fullName:"Elda Gomez Barragan"}],corrections:null},{id:"70537",title:"Research and Development Activities of Ocean Thermal Energy-Driven Development in Malaysia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90610",slug:"research-and-development-activities-of-ocean-thermal-energy-driven-development-in-malaysia",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The search for potential investors in the conversion of ocean thermal energy to power or hydrogen, and its spinoff projects in Malaysia and the region, continues. In the meantime, several pre-feasibility studies have been completed for selected sites, including that of Pulau Layang-Layang and Pulau Kalumpang (Sabah, Malaysia); Timor-Leste, and off Pulau Weh (Aceh, Indonesia). Various research projects have been completed such as the conversion of solar-thermal to the chilled-water system; the cooling of tropical soils for the culture of temperate crops; the design of offshore structure off the continental slope; hydrogen fuel production and distribution, deep seawater properties to reduce obesity, cholesterol and blood pressure; and the legal-institutional framework for the development of ocean thermal energy conversion. UTM Ocean Thermal Energy Centre (UTM OTEC) has entered into the Collaborative Research Agreement with the Institute of Ocean Energy of Saga University (Japan) to undertake joint research for the development of an experimental rig that introduces a hybrid system with stainless steel heat exchanger. Other aspects of this joint research would include a new design for 3 kW turbine, the introduction of nano-working fluids, the eDNA of intake waters, and improved productivity in the culture of high-value marine produce and products.",signatures:"A. Bakar Jaafar, Mohd Khairi Abu Husain and Azrin Ariffin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70537",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70537",authors:[{id:"193214",title:"Dr.",name:"Abu Bakar",surname:"Jaafar",slug:"abu-bakar-jaafar",fullName:"Abu Bakar Jaafar"},{id:"311007",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Khairi",surname:"Abu Husain",slug:"mohd-khairi-abu-husain",fullName:"Mohd Khairi Abu Husain"},{id:"311008",title:"Mr.",name:"Azrin",surname:"Ariffin",slug:"azrin-ariffin",fullName:"Azrin Ariffin"}],corrections:null},{id:"70334",title:"General Criteria for Optimal Site Selection for the Installation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Plants in the Mexican Pacific",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90280",slug:"general-criteria-for-optimal-site-selection-for-the-installation-of-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to provide an assessment of the resource potential for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) in the Mexican Pacific Ocean (MPO). Research methodology adopted in this study is a combination of geographic information system (GIS), to identify the most promising site in the MPO for OTEC deployment. Site selection criteria rely on conditions such as distance to cold water pumping, bathymetry, thermal difference (not less than 20°C), and social and environmental aspects. Finally we concluded that sites located in the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca have the highest potential of the entire MPO, although there are other areas in the states of Baja California Sur, Nayarit, or Michoacan that might have some interest for OTEC technology.",signatures:"Alejandro García Huante, Yandy Rodríguez Cueto, Erika Paola Garduño Ruiz and Ricardo Efraín Hernández Contreras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70334",authors:[{id:"306425",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"García Huante",slug:"alejandro-garcia-huante",fullName:"Alejandro García Huante"},{id:"306426",title:"MSc.",name:"Yandy",surname:"Rodríguez Cueto",slug:"yandy-rodriguez-cueto",fullName:"Yandy Rodríguez Cueto"},{id:"306427",title:"MSc.",name:"Erika Paola",surname:"Garduño Ruíz",slug:"erika-paola-garduno-ruiz",fullName:"Erika Paola Garduño Ruíz"},{id:"306428",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo Efraín",surname:"Hernández Contreras",slug:"ricardo-efrain-hernandez-contreras",fullName:"Ricardo Efraín Hernández Contreras"}],corrections:null},{id:"71144",title:"Environmental Impact Assessment of the Operation of an Open Cycle OTEC 1MWe Power Plant in the Cozumel Island, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91179",slug:"environmental-impact-assessment-of-the-operation-of-an-open-cycle-otec-1mwe-power-plant-in-the-cozum",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An environmental impact assessment (EIA) was made for the operation of a 1MWe open-cycle OTEC plant on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Due to its bathymetric characteristics and its proximity to the population center, the ideal location for the placement of the OTEC plant is in the western coastal area of the island. An environmental inventory was developed in which the susceptible factors to be impacted were described (air, soil, water, landscape, geology and flora). The essential components of the OC-OTEC PLANT operation process were studied: vacuum pump, flash evaporator, turbine, condenser and pipes. An impact matrix (Leopold matrix) was created, which prompts to impacts on the environment list, generated by the OC-OTEC PLANT operation: CO2 emissions; nutrients dragged to the surface; artificial reef effect/contamination by heavy metal salts; drag and compression of organisms; redistribution of oceanic water bodies; impacts by organic antifouling chemicals; noise; illumination; turtle nesting alteration; brine discharges; cause significant public controversy; alteration and interruption of migration routes; and waste, among others. Once the most significant impacts were assessed through the Leopold matrix, corrective and preventive measures were established on those actions, in order to minimize their negative impact on the environment.",signatures:"Enrique Celestino Carrera Chan, María Fernanda Sabido Tun, Juan Francisco Bárcenas Graniel and Estela Cerezo Acevedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71144",authors:[{id:"306709",title:"Dr.",name:"Estela",surname:"Cerezo-Acevedo",slug:"estela-cerezo-acevedo",fullName:"Estela Cerezo-Acevedo"},{id:"306847",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Francisco",surname:"Bárcenas Graniel",slug:"juan-francisco-barcenas-graniel",fullName:"Juan Francisco Bárcenas Graniel"},{id:"306868",title:"BSc.",name:"Enrique Celestino",surname:"Carrera Chan",slug:"enrique-celestino-carrera-chan",fullName:"Enrique Celestino Carrera Chan"},{id:"306869",title:"BSc.",name:"María Fernanda",surname:"Sabido Tun",slug:"maria-fernanda-sabido-tun",fullName:"María Fernanda Sabido Tun"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3633",title:"Solar Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-energy",bookSignature:"Radu D Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4479",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Approaches and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6907a79a7d35f34d0c719d6297a2667",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1288",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Dye-Sensitized Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05a255471069664ecf5fbf8778b92076",slug:"solar-cells-dye-sensitized-devices",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"877",title:"Third Generation Photovoltaics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3bdfaebac38dab83a69c488bcda219d",slug:"third-generation-photovoltaics",bookSignature:"Vasilis Fthenakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/877.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68723",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilis",surname:"Fthenakis",slug:"vasilis-fthenakis",fullName:"Vasilis Fthenakis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1290",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Aspects and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52415367e48e5b68d47325bdfc81cdce",slug:"solar-cells-new-aspects-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3118",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Research and Application Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5502d7fd7559d60419f2615615ae4cf5",slug:"solar-cells-research-and-application-perspectives",bookSignature:"Arturo Morales-Acevedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90486",title:"Prof.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Morales-Acevedo",slug:"arturo-morales-acevedo",fullName:"Arturo Morales-Acevedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3676",title:"Solar Collectors and Panels",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-collectors-and-panels--theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Reccab Manyala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12002",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reccab",surname:"Manyala",slug:"reccab-manyala",fullName:"Reccab Manyala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1289",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Silicon Wafer-Based Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76fb5123cd9acbf3c37678c5e9bd056a",slug:"solar-cells-silicon-wafer-based-technologies",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73763",slug:"corrigendum-to-microbial-biofilms",title:"Corrigendum to: Microbial Biofilms",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73763.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73763",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73763",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73763",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73763",chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"71189",slug:"microbial-biofilms",signatures:"Princy Choudhary, Sangeeta Singh and Vishnu Agarwal",dateSubmitted:"September 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"December 6th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"October 7th 2020",book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"220858",title:"Ms.",name:"Princy",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",fullName:"Princy Choudhary",slug:"princy-choudhary",email:"princy.choudhary34@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Information Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"251063",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Sangeeta Singh",slug:"sangeeta-singh",email:"sangeeta@iiita.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"318847",title:"Dr.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",fullName:"Vishnu Agarwal",slug:"vishnu-agarwal",email:"vishnua@mnnit.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8967",title:"Bacterial Biofilms",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bacterial Biofilms",slug:"bacterial-biofilms",publishedDate:"October 7th 2020",bookSignature:"Sadik Dincer, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe and Afet Arkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8967.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11901",leadTitle:null,title:"Cyclodextrins - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tSince the discovery of toroidal oligosaccharide-based seminatural products so-called cyclodextrins around 130 years ago by Villiers, they seem to be the most studied macrocyclic hosts in supramolecular chemistry. Interestingly, cyclodextrins are produced hundreds-of-thousands of tons every year through environmentally benign techniques and methods. More importantly, their crucial properties can be altered significantly through their ability to form inclusion complexes and also utilize their functionalizations. Remarkably, their unique ‘molecular encapsulation feature’ had already been exploited in a myriad of industrial products, technologies, & analytical practices. And their fascination towards researchers & industrialists worldwide could be seen from their diverse vital applications in pharmacy, biomedicine, nanotechnology, environmental protection, wastewater treatment, solar cells, conducting polymer, catalysis, drug-carriers, agrochemistry & cosmetology, etc. In contrast to the earlier books on cyclodextrins, herewith we planned to showcase the new developments in this emerging area with an intention, Of where this wonderful field presently stands and where it might go in years to come. Hope this new package in cyclodextrin chemistry would be informative to the readers of both academia & industry in addition to the undergraduate and post-graduate students.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-258-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-257-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-259-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"31f22441bda291f7968afd488ec33073",bookSignature:"Dr. Rashid Ali",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11901.jpg",keywords:"Structural Features, Physiochemical Properties, Cyclodextrin-Metals Hybrids, Aggregates, Photochemical Applications, Host-Guest Chemistry, Molecular Recognization, Drug Delivery, Cyclodextrin Polymers, Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Industrial, Environmental",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 31st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 30th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in supramolecular & organic chemistry, Dr. Rashid Ali received his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. His 12 years of research experience include a post-PhD at Sookmyung W. University, South Korea. He published more than 45 original papers in journals like Nature Chemistry, JACS, and Green Chemistry and authored an upcoming book entitled ‘Indicator Displacement Assays (IDAs): An Innovative Molecular Sensing Approach’.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"334623",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashid",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"rashid-ali",fullName:"Rashid Ali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334623/images/system/334623.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rashid Ali is a pioneering researcher engaged in the area of supramolecular & organic chemistry who earned his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, at present one of the best institutes in India. He has 12 years of research experience, one spent at Sookmyung Women's University, South Korea, and is a holder of more than 45 original papers published in journals including Nature Chemistry, JACS, Chem. Commun., Green chemistry, and Coord. Chem. Rev. He has also published several book chapters and many more are on the way; he authored a book (currently under preparation) in Bentham Science entitled ‘Indicator Displacement Assays (IDAs): An Innovative Molecular Sensing Approach’. Besides having numerous collaborations worldwide he is also a reviewer for numerous international journals. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (a Central University), New Delhi, India.",institutionString:"Jamia Millia Islamia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347259",firstName:"Karmen",lastName:"Daleta",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"karmen@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46414",title:"Airflow Limitation and Spirometry",doi:"10.5772/57549",slug:"airflow-limitation-and-spirometry",body:'A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may present with symptoms (dyspnea, cough, sputum production, chest tightness, wheezing, etc.) and appropriate history (cigarette smoking or occupational exposures). However, based on current accepted criteria established by professional societies, the diagnosis of COPD needs to be confirmed by the presence of airflow limitation as measured by spirometry testing. Unfortunately, as will be discussed in this report, the interpretation of spirometry testing that reveals airflow obstruction (a reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio) is an arbitrary metric for the presence of COPD.
As it is used, spirometry is one type of pulmonary function test that can measure the total amount of air that an individual can inhale and exhale and the speed or velocity with which the air moves. The test requires full cooperation of the individual performing the test, the supervision of a technician trained in this testing, and appropriate testing equipment (spirometer). The results of the testing session performed by the individual are reviewed to determine acceptable quality and repeatability before interpretation of the results can take place. Then the interpretation of airflow limitation can be made based upon the actual values of testing when compared to reference values for that individual.
Expiratory flow rates from the lung have maximal values that cannot be exceeded in spite of increasing effort generated by the respiratory muscles of exhalation. The maximal flow that is achieved occurs close to total lung capacity and then decreases as lung volume (and in turn airway diameter) decreases until the lungs reach residual volume. This expiratory flow rate is affected by the elastic recoil of the lung and airway diameter. Expiratory flow limitation can be explained in its simplest terms by a gas flowing through a collapsible tube. In the examples below, the lungs and conducting airways can be represented by a balloon for the alveolar spaces with a single tube as the conducting airways.
At rest (Figure 1), there is a balance between the negative pleural pressure (caused in turn by the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall) that is exerting a force to distend the lungs and alveolar spaces and the elastic forces of the lung parenchymal structures that are causing the alveolar spaces to collapse. As a result of the equal forces, the alveolar pressure is zero and there is no pressure gradient to cause air to be exhaled. In terms of lung volume status, this balance between the outward chest wall force and the inward pulmonary parenchymal forces is the functional residual capacity (FRC).
(a) Ppl=pleural pressure, Pel is the elastic recoil pressure of the lung, Palv is the resulting alveolar pressure which is a combination or balance between the elastic force which is attempting to collapse the alveolar space and the pleural pressure that is attempting to expand the alveolar space. Under these conditions, there is no flow rate of air since there is no pressure gradient from the alveolar space to the outside. (b) Force applied by respiratory muscles results in positive intrapleural pressure which when added to elastic recoil pressure of the parenchyma leads to positive intra-alveolar pressure which in turn creates a positive pressure gradient so that expiratory flow of air can occur.
When the expiratory respiratory muscles are activated, there is in an increase in the pleural pressure from-10 cmH2O to+10 cmH2O (Figure 2). This external pressure on the alveolar spaces is then in addition to the elastic force of the parenchymal structures to create a positive alveolar pressure of+20 cmH2O. There is now a pressure gradient from the alveolar space to the outside of the lungs and as a result, air flow occurs. Because of the resistive forces in the airways, there will be a decrease in this driving pressure along the airway until a point is reached where the pressure within the airway is matched by the surrounding pleural pressure. This is referred to as the equal pressure point. The equal pressure point is defined physiologically and not anatomically and, for any individual, the anatomic location of the EPP may change with time based upon airway tone and other factors.
If the airway at this equal pressure point is in the larger airways/bronchi where cartilaginous support exists there would not be collapse of the airways. However, if this equal pressure point occurs closer to the alveolar spaces in smaller non-cartilaginous airways, then compression and collapse of the airway may occur. In either case, the expiratory flow rate is determined primarily by the elastic recoil pressure which in part determines the pressure gradient from the alveolar spaces to the outside and by the resistive elements of the airways which determine the pressure drop as flow occurs along the airways. Increasing the respiratory force generated by the expiratory respiratory muscles has little direct effect on most of the airflow during exhalation from total lung capacity to residual volume. In that regard, the expiratory flow is limited.
As stated, the pressure drop when flow occurs during exhalation is determined by the presence of resistive forces within the airways. Airway resistance in turn depends on the flow pattern of the exhaled air (laminar vs turbulent flow), as well as the number and diameter of the airways which in turn determines the total cross-sectional area of the airways from the smallest airways to the major airways (bronchi and trachea). Because the airways divide again and again from the major airways, the number of smaller airways at the terminus of the conducting airways (0.6 mm) is over 40-60,000 in a normal individual so that the cross-sectional area is increased from 2.5 cm2 at the trachea to 180 cm2 at the level of these smaller airways.
Studies have shown that the airways < 2mm only contribute < 20% of the total airways resistance during expiratory flow. However, in the presence of COPD, that value has been shown to increase by 4-40 fold [1]. The question has been whether in COPD, the increase in resistance is due to a loss or destruction of these smaller airways or to a narrowing of these airways by disease. More recent studies using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and micro-CT imaging have shown that there is a combination of both a decrease in the number of the smaller airways due to destruction and also a reduction the airway diameter of these airways due to disease [1].
In summary, the factors that result in expiratory flow are 1) the elastic recoil of the lungs which is greater at higher lung volumes (highest at total lung capacity and decreases as exhalation occurs) and 2) resistive elements of the airways (lowest at total lung capacity and increases as exhalation occurs) that determine the pressure drop as airflow occurs along the airway. In COPD, both of these factors can be affected. The elastic recoil of the lungs can be reduced in COPD if there is evidence of emphysema that results in destruction of parenchymal tissue and the elastic forces that cause the lungs to collapse. Also, in COPD with loss of the number of airways and reduction in airway diameter due to disease, the resistive elements are increased with a greater pressure drop for any given flow rate along the airways. Also, the loss of supporting forces with emphysematous changes will also reduce the stiffness of the airways resulting in airway collapse with movement of the equal pressure point closer to the alveolar spaces.
The hallmark of airflow limitation is reduced maximal expiratory flow rates as measured by spirometry. The pathological changes in the lungs that result in the reduced expiratory flow rates are 1) increased flow resistive properties of the airways (as in chronic bronchitis) and 2) reduced elastic recoil of the lung (as in emphysema). In COPD, the airways can be narrowed as a result of inflammatory changes and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the airway wall and increased amount of mucous and inflammatory material within the airway lumen. There is increased resistance to airflow as a result of the narrowed airway leading to reduced flow rates for the same driving pressure that is generated to cause expiratory flow. In addition, loss of parenchymal tissue with emphyematous changes can reduce the support of airway walls contributing to airway narrowing and increased airway resistance. Also, the emphysematous changes reduce the elastic recoil and in turn the pressure gradient that is in part responsible for the generation of the expiratory flow rates. The contribution of these separate pathological changes has been studied extensively to determine the location of the greatest effect on reduced expiratory flow rates. The specific mechanisms involved are complex and have been the subject of extensive physiological research. It is sufficient to say that the clinically relevant measurement of maximal expiratory flow rates by spirometry is thought to be an appropriate measurement used to evaluate the reduction in flow rates that is the hallmark of and confirms the diagnosis of COPD.
Spirometry testing has been used to confirm the presence of airflow limitation or obstruction in COPD but the testing must be performed correctly. Spirometry testing must be done according to established guidelines [2,3] to ensure adequate quality of test results. This means that the equipment (spirometers) used must meet basic requirements [2] and the technicians performing the testing should have completed appropriate training that includes courses such as those that use the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Spirometry Training Guide. Also, as part of the ongoing testing process, spirometry results will be reviewed with feedback to the technicians to ensure continued adequate quality of results. Testing is performed for the individual patient until three acceptable maneuvers are obtained with the necessary evidence for repeatability. The testing is done both at baseline and after the administration of a bronchodilator (post-bronchodilator results).
Once testing is completed, the spirometry test results for that individual (specifically the forced expiratory volume in one-second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the ratio of those two values FEV1/FVC) are compared to predicted values based on established reference equations [4].
The results of spirometry testing can be shown both in graphical format and by numerical results in tabular format (Table 1). Airflow limitation or obstruction as identified by spirometry is shown in Figures 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b.
(a) Volume-time relationship from spiromtery testing for exhaled air in a normal individual and an individual with airflow obstruction (obstructive). Volume of exhaled air is in liters and time of exhalation in seconds. Note in airflow obstruction the volume of air exhaled at any time point is reduced compared to the exhaled air for the normal individual. (b) Calculation of the values of spirometry testing for a normal individual and an individual with airflow obstruction (obstructive). FEV1 refers to the forced expiratory volume in one second and FVC refers to the forced vital capacity. The parameter that best describes the presence of airflow obstruction is a reduction in the ratio of FEV1 to FVC as shown here: 27% for the ratio in the individual with airflow obstruction vs. 75% for the ratio for the normal individual.
The results of a spirometry testing maneuver can be displayed as a volume-time tracing as shown in Figures 2a and 2b. After the individual has inhaled deeply to maximal inhaled volume (total lung capacity), he or she is asked to exhale forcefully and maximally without hesitation and told to keep exhaling until told to stop. The resulting tracing demonstrates the exhaled volume in liters against the time of exhalation in seconds. (Figures 2a and 2b) For a normal individual, the volume of air that is exhaled in the first second (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second or FEV1) is usually about 70-80% of the total amount of air that can be exhaled (total amount of exhaled air is called the Forced Vital Capacity or FVC). It is that ratio of FEV1/FVC when reduced that determines if airflow limitation is present. As shown in the example in Figures 2a and 2b, the normal individual has a ratio of FEV1/FVC of 3.0 liters to 4.0 liters (3/4 or 75%) whereas the other individual with airflow obstruction or limitation has a ratio of FEV1/FVC of 1.0 liters to 3.7 liters (1/3.7 or 27%). A reduced FEV1/FVC ratio is the criterion for the intepretation of airflow obstruction.
In addition to displaying the results of spirometry as volume-time tracings, the same results can be expressed or displayed as flow-volume tracings or loops with both expiratory limbs and inspiratory limbs being displayed (Figures 3a and 3b). This additional information can be useful for evaluation of the actual expiratory flow rates achieved with spirometry and is also useful for the technician and the reviewer of spirometry testing to determine if the testing maneuvers are acceptable without errors. Errors that can occur with spirometry testing can be at the beginning of the maneuver (hesitancy, cough, sub-optimal effort, etc.) or at the end of the test (did not exhale completely).
(a) and (b) Representations of airflow obstruction using flow vs. volume relationships. Flow of exhaled and inspired air in liters/second and volume of air exhaled and inhaled in liters. The red line refers to the baseline measurement of spirometry testing and the blue line represents the results after a bronchodilator has been given to the individual. The points refer to predicted values for the individual. (a) these figures shows an individual who has airflow obstruction of moderate severity. (b) these figures show an individual who has airflow obstruction that is very severe.
Another example of spirometry test results is shown in Table 1 for a different individual with baseline testing and testing again after the administration of the one-time use of a bronchodilator.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||||
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
FVC, L | \n\t\t\t2.05 | \n\t\t\t4.18 | \n\t\t\t49 | \n\t\t\t3.27 | \n\t\t\t2.23 | \n\t\t\t53 | \n\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t|
FEV1, L | \n\t\t\t1.11 | \n\t\t\t3.05 | \n\t\t\t36 | \n\t\t\t2.27 | \n\t\t\t1.19 | \n\t\t\t39 | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t|
FEV1/FVC, % | \n\t\t\t54 | \n\t\t\t73 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 63 | \n\t\t\t53 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t | |
FEF25-75%, L/sec | \n\t\t\t0.48 | \n\t\t\t2.28 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t\t0.73 | \n\t\t\t0.61 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
The numerical results of spirometry testing for a patient with airflow obstruction
FVC: Forced vital capacity; FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, FEF25-75%: Forced Expiratory Flow rates between 25 and 75% of vital capacity.
As mentioned, the determination of airflow limitation by spirometry depends on the criterion of a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. The specific definition of the actual criterion for airflow limitation or airflow obstruction has been a point of discussion based upon different statements from professional groups. Clinical guidelines for COPD disease management include the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [5], the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Outpatient Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [6], and the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Standards for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with COPD [7]. These three guidance documents have recommended being more inclusive for identifying individuals who may have COPD and have proposed that the presence of airflow limitation exists when the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio is < 0.70. These guidelines acknowledge that this approach may be overly sensitive and include older individuals who are normal but who have an FEV1/FVC ratio that is < 0.70. Other guidance documents are based on a statistical approach for the interpretation of airflow limitation using reference equations which in turn are based on population studies. The ATS/ERS document on Interpretative Strategies for Lung Function Tests [2] states that the presence of an obstructive ventilatory defect exists when the FEV1/FVC ratio is below the 5th percentile of its predicted value, a value referred to as the lower limit of normal or LLN for that ratio based on the chosen reference values. The most recent revised GOLD guidance [5] does acknowledge that the LLN values are based on a normal distribution and that the use of a fixed ratio of 0.70 will result in more frequent diagnosis of COPD in the elderly. This problem of the difference between using a fixed cutoff of 70% for the ratio of FEV1/FVC compared with using the LLN for this ratio is illustrated in Figure 4. Younger individuals with an FEV1/FVC above 70% but below the LLN would be classified as no airflow obstruction by use of a 70% cutoff but would be interpreted as airflow obstruction by use of the LLN (false negatives). On the other hand, older individuals with FEV1/FVC ratios below 70% but above the LLN would be classified as having airflow obstruction by the use of a 70% cutoff but would have no airflow obstruction by use of the LLN (false positives).
The difference for the interpretation of the presence of airflow obstruction by using an absolute cutoff of 70% or less for the ratio of FEV1/FVC as the criteria for airflow obstruction compared to using values for this ratio that are lower than the lower limit of normal (LLN) based on the NHANES III reference equation [
Post-bronchodilator spirometry test results can be used for the determination of airflow limitation recognizing that as many as 50% of patients with COPD will have a significant response to the one-time use of a bronchodilator (at least a 12% increase and a 200ml absolute increase in FEV1 or FVC). The use of post-bronchodilator results is consistent with the aforementioned clinical guidance documents [4,5,6].
Once airflow limitation is determined to be present, the severity of limitation is then assessed based on the FEV1 % of predicted value. Using the ATS/ERS guidelines for Interpretative Strategies for Lung Function Tests [2], the following severity categories are used:
Mild obstruction: FEV1% predicted > 70% (which means the actual value measured is greater than 70% of the predicted value which in turn is based on the patient\'s age, height and gender with correction for race as appropriate).
Moderate obstruction: FEV1% predicted <69% but > 60%
Moderately Severe obstruction: FEV1% predicted <59% but > 50%
Severe obstruction: FEV1% predicted <49% but > 35%
Very Severe obstruction: FEV1% predicted <34%
There may be patients whose results from spirometry testing or from complete pulmonary function testing (if available) may be equivocal for the presence of airflow limitation or COPD. In those cases, it is recommended that the patient be referred to the pulmonary specialists for further evaluation. This may also include the presence of emphysema as noted on imaging studies such as CT scans of the chest.
Although it has been recommended by those professional societies that a reduction in FEV1/FVC using either a 70% cutoff or the LLN should be used to establish a diagnosis of COPD, there has been some controversy over this recommendation. The choice of either 70% or a LLN is an arbitrary value given that there are problems with an absolute cutoff of 70% knowing the decline in FEV1/FVC that occurs with aging and the LLN which was determined by a statistical analysis of the results of spirometry testing in a population of non-smoking, "normal" individuals [4]. Thus, the clinical significance of a value for FEV1/FVC below either 70% or LLN is of questionable relevance given the pathological changes that can occur with COPD involving the airways and parenchyma [8]. It is known that there is not one physiological parameter that can completely describe all the changes that occur in the disease that is COPD. Unfortunately, until we develop better means to characterize this disease, we are left with using spirometry to diagnose and characterize the severity of the disease.
Airflow limitation as determined by spirometry testing is the hallmark of COPD. The spirometry testing criterion for airflow limitation is a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio when compared to the lower limit of normal for that measurement from a reference population. It is critical that the test be done in an acceptable manner under the supervision of a trained technician. The results of spirometry testing can be useful in characterizing the presence and severity of the obstructive lung disease for that individual.
Many neuropsychiatric disorders are thought to have a multifactorial etiology, with interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors likely contributing to their onset and progression [1]. ASD has a particularly complex genetic architecture, with implicated genes accumulating thanks to more accessible and less costly high-throughput genotyping and sequencing technologies. Between 15 to 25% of ASD cases occur in the context of clinically defined monogenic syndromes and chromosomal rearrangements [2], and therefore have a genetic diagnosis. However, most patients still do not have a clearly identified genetic cause. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), carried out in large cohorts using SNP arrays, did not find consistently associated ASD genes [3], but showed that individuals with ASD carry a significantly higher burden of
Recent ASD heritability estimates vary between 64 and 85% [8, 9], and incomplete concordance rates between monozygotic twins are reported [10, 11]. These observations suggest that ASD, and its hallmark clinical heterogeneity, is not solely determined by genetics, and that environmental factors may contribute to its risk. Due to the extreme vulnerability of the developing brain to environmental stressors [12], the impact of environmental factors in this neurodevelopmental pathology is of particular concern. In this context, the environment comprises all non-genetic factors that can influence the onset or progression of the disease. Generally, environmental factors include xenobiotics,
From conception to death, individuals are to some degree shaped by an ever-changing environment. However, its impact in health and disease through the life course is still mostly unexplored. Given the early onset of ASD, environmental exposure during the prenatal period to the second year of life is of particular relevance, while at later stages it may still modulate disease progression and possibly treatment efficacy [13, 15]. In this review we focus specifically on the role of xenobiotics in ASD, and on the impact of interactions between genetic variants and xenobiotic exposure. Literature reporting xenobiotic exposure in ASD is already extensive. We expect this systematic review may guide and encourage further studies to elucidate the impact of gene–environment interactions in ASD.
We systematically reviewed studies in two categories: (a) studies reporting xenobiotic exposure implicated in ASD; (b) studies reporting interactions between the previously defined xenobiotics and any genetic factor. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard checklist [16]. Systematic reviews of the literature were performed successively for categories (a) and (b).
PubMed and EBSCO were queried from inception to November 2020, for records published in peer-reviewed English-language journals.
For records in category (a) PubMed and EBSCO were interrogated using updated and dropped clinical terms (“autis*”; “asperger” and “pervasive developmental disorder”) in combination with the terms “environment*”, or “xenobiotic”, or “toxin” or with terms for xenobiotics’ names (“antidepressants”; “air pollutants”; “bisphenol A”; “folic acid”; “metal”; “PBDE”; “PCB”; “pesticide”; “PFC”; “phthalate”; “vitamin D”). Regarding category (b) the query was done using the same clinical terms in combination with “gene–environment” term and with terms for xenobiotics names identified in previous search.
All identified records were imported to the Mendeley reference manager. PRISMA flowcharts for (a) and (b) categories are shown in Figure 1. For record screening, the following exclusion criteria were applied: 1) review articles and letters to editor; 2) articles where the participants’ diagnosis of ASD was not confirmed according to criteria from
PRISMA flowcharts for (1A) the identification of articles reporting associations between xenobiotic exposure and ASD; (1B) the identification of articles reporting associations between gene–environment interactions and ASD.
After screening, for category (a) eligible articles were included in the final results if they reported statistically significant associations between xenobiotic exposure and ASD risk. Prenatal to early postnatal (
Figure 1A shows the flowchart for the identification of relevant publications. After removing duplicates, a total of 4108 unique records were screened using the defined exclusion criteria, resulting in 130 eligible research papers. Application of the inclusion criterion (
The identified xenobiotics were categorized in seven major groups: Air Pollutants, Toxic Heavy Metals, Non-Persistent Organic Pollutants (non-POPs), Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Pesticides, Pharmacological Drugs and Nutritional Factors (Figure 2). POPs include bisphenol A and phthalates, while non-POPs include polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). The first five groups comprise ubiquitous toxins present in air, daily use products and the food chain, while exposure to the last two groups occurs through ingestion.
Number of studies reporting negative and positive associations between exposure to xenobiotics and ASD, including prenatal to early postnatal and childhood to early adulthood exposures. NO2 – Nitrogen dioxide; O3 – Ozone; PM2.5 – Particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM10 – Particulate matter with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm; SO2 – Sulfur dioxide; PAHs – Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; BPA – Bisphenol a; PBDEs – Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PCBs – Polychlorinated biphenyls; PFCs – Perfluorinated compounds; OC pesticides – Organochlorine pesticides; OP pesticides – Organophosphate pesticides.
Historical proof-of-concept evidence for a role of xenobiotic exposure in ASD comes from three studies, which reported for the first time a very high prevalence of the disorder among subjects prenatally exposed to teratogens. Specifically, these studies reported an ASD prevalence of 4% among individuals exposed to thalidomide [63], of 8.8% in subjects exposed to valproic acid [59] and of 21.4% in individuals exposed to misoprostol [64] (Table S1).
Evidence supporting an association with ASD is stronger for exposure to air pollutants and pesticides, as all studies examining these toxins report an increased risk for the disorder (Table S1). Usually, these studies gather air quality or pesticide application data for large geographical areas and, by applying geocoding methods, investigate how exposure patterns relate to ASD prevalence. Each of these studies includes, at least, one hundred cases, with larger ones examining exposure in thousands of subjects [18, 22, 23, 29, 30, 52]. Environmental agencies are instrumental for collection of airborne pollutant and pesticide data in large populations from geographically defined areas, enabling valuable geocoding approaches. Because heavy metals can circulate in the air, large population geocoding studies, involving hundreds of subjects, are also applied to assess exposure to these chemicals [31, 32, 34]. Some studies quantifying exposure to heavy metals, as well as those that analyze POPs, non-POPs or vitamin D, need to resort to biological matrices. Because this data is so labor intensive to collect, most evidence comes from small datasets of less than one hundred subjects. For instance, this review identified 4 studies assessing heavy metals in biological matrices like hair, nails and teeth, all carried out in small numbers of subjects [33, 35, 36, 38]. Regarding POPs and non-POPs, evidence for an association with ASD is still limited, as fewer reports addressed these chemicals (Table S1). Two studies provide evidence for an increased risk of ASD from prenatal exposure to PCBs [43, 44] while, in other two, PFCs prenatal exposure was found to decrease ASD risk [45, 46]. Concerning PBDEs, the only study reporting associations with the disorder observed a decreased risk due to exposure to BDE-153 and BDE-100 congeners, but an increased risk, only in girls, due to exposure to BDE-47 [42]. For bisphenol A and phthalates, two small size studies for each chemical report an increased risk of ASD associated with childhood exposure [39, 40, 41]. All studies on antidepressants report an increased risk of ASD (Table S1) and, as these usually resort to medical records to assess exposure, include thousands of subjects. A decreased risk of the pathology due to folic acid supplementation is observed by assessing medical records from large samples [68, 69]. However, two recent small size reports, which measured folic acid levels in maternal serum, show an increased risk of ASD associated with prenatal folic acid intake at very high concentrations [70, 71]. In case–control datasets a decreased risk for the disorder is associated with higher prenatal and childhood blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the main circulating form of this nutrient, with mean serum concentrations values ranging from 9.9 ng/ml to 28.5 ng/ml in cases and 15.0 ng/ml to 40.1 ng/ml in controls [72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88]. Most of these studies comprise less than one hundred subjects, however 3 studies examining dried blood spots [84, 86] or medical records [81] were carried out in hundreds or thousands of subjects.
Figure 1B shows a flowchart for the identification of relevant publications. The query revealed 392 unique records, of which 15 remained after application of exclusion criteria. Nine research articles reported gene–environment interactions in ASD (Table 1). The environmental component of these interactions included air pollutants (PM10, NO2 and O3), PCBs, manganese and nutritional factors (folic acid and vitamin D), while the genetic component was a specific genotype or, in one study, the overall burden of copy number duplications (Table 1).
Study | Genetic factor | Xenobiotic | Ncases|Ncontrols | Main conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Schmidt et al 2012 [65] | 677 C > T genotype in | Folic acid | 272|154 | Daily prenatal maternal folic acid intake >600 μg was associated with a reduced ASD risk when the mother, the child or both had the low-activity 677 C > T variant. |
Volk et al 2014 [21] | rs1858830 CC genotype in | NO2 and PM10 | 251|156 | Carriers of the CC genotype with higher prenatal exposure to NO2 or to PM10 were at increased risk of ASD when compared to subjects with CG or GG genotypes and lower exposure. |
Rahbar et al 2015 [90]; and Rahbar et al 2018 [91] | Ile/Ile genotype of | Manganese | 100|100 [90]; 163|163 [91] | Among carriers of Ile/Ile |
Schmidt et al 2015 [92] | rs10741657 AA genotype in | Vitamin D | 384|234 | AA genotype associated with a decreased ASD risk when maternal vitamin D intake was <400 IU. |
Coşkun et al 2016 [93] | rs2228570 TT genotype in | Vitamin D | 237|243 | Trend for an association of the TT genotype with elevated circulating 25(OH)D levels in children with ASD. |
Kim et al 2017 [94] | Copy number duplications burden | O3 | 158|147 | Higher burden of CNVs, namely duplications, and O3 exposure increases ASD risk. |
Mandic-Maravic et al 2019 [95] | Any medication | 113|114 | Maternal use of medication during pregnancy associated with high ASD risk in offspring with a | |
Bach et al. 2020 [96] | PCB-153 | 169|169 | Positive association between PCB-153 levels and ASD risk among carriers of |
Gene–environment interactions reported in ASD. Listed are gene-environment interactions pairs associated with ASD as identified by the systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines.
25(OH)D – 25-hydroxyvitamin D;
Most of the genes assessed in these studies are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics.
Five attributes that are transversal to many of the xenobiotics reviewed in this study, including air pollutants, toxic heavy metals, POPs, non-POPs and pesticides, likely account for the increased risk of ASD associated with their exposure: 1) ubiquitous exposure; 2) bioaccumulation potential; 3) neurotoxicity; 4) endocrine-disrupting potential and 5) ability to cross physiological barriers.
Exposure to these toxins is ubiquitous, since they are present in the environment, in everyday household and industrial products, and in food. For airborne toxins, this ubiquity is exacerbated by transboundary flows of pollutants, a phenomenon in which toxins circulate long distances and deposit on land and water bodies far from their sources [98]. POPs exhibit high lipid solubility and low hydrophilicity, and are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical or biological processes, increasing their risk of bioaccumulation in human adipose tissue, the ecosystem and in the food chain [99]. Some air pollutants (
Most of these toxins have well established neurotoxic properties [102]. Many, including bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and lead, are also endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), defined as any “
Given the awareness regarding the hazardous health effects of exposure to these toxins, restrictive policies or bans on their use are often legislated. These include bans on the agricultural application of harmful pesticides [111], the widespread production of bisphenol A-free baby bottles [112] and regulations on PCBs, PBDEs and PFCs production [113]. However, such legislations are not always fully effective. For instance, despite bans, exposure to POPs is still ubiquitous because of their resistance to degradation [113]. Restrictions on bisphenol A use led to replacement by analogues (bisphenol F and bisphenol S) for which harmful effects are also reported [114], and are therefore regrettable substitutions. The transgenerational effects of these toxins are also important, as they can affect not only the exposed individual, but also subsequent generations, through epigenetic mechanisms [99, 104]. Most of the identified chemicals have been persistently used since the 1950s, leading to a growing environmental burden and accumulation of insults over several generations. Consequently, some authors speculate that these delayed effects may account in part for the steady prevalence increase in ASD reported in the last decades [115].
The increased prevalence of ASD among subjects prenatally exposed to three pharmaceutical drugs (thalidomide, valproic acid and misoprostol) provided the first strong evidence for the involvement of environmental risk factors in ASD. Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug, widely prescribed to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women during the 50s, while misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogue used as an abortion inductor and valproic acid is prescribed for epilepsy and bipolar disorder. These drugs are teratogens (
We also identified 5 research articles associating maternal antidepressant intake during pregnancy with ASD risk, particularly for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs act by increasing the extracellular levels of serotonin and are known to cross the placenta [117] and to be secreted through breast milk at low levels [118]. Increased serotonin levels have repeatedly been found in blood samples from ASD subjects [119]. While individual research studies report associations between prenatal exposure to antidepressants and ASD, a recent meta-analysis [120] underpins the inconsistency of overall findings. Thus, a clinical balance between the risks of untreated maternal depression and unclear neurodevelopmental risks of antidepressant exposure for the offspring is warranted.
The most encouraging results for protective factors for ASD come from studies examining disease risk and nutrient sufficiency. Overall, there is significant evidence that folic acid and vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and childhood are prophylactic for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Folic acid promotes the closure of the neural tube, reducing the risk of early neurodevelopmental problems: periconceptional folic acid intake prevents up to 70% of neural tube defects, with national health agencies recommending that women of childbearing age take 0.4 to 1 mg folic acid daily prior and during gestation [121]. However, while the natural folate is initially metabolized in the gut, folic acid is mainly metabolized in the liver, where the activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), the enzyme that converts folic acid to its biologically active form tetrahydrofolate, is reduced [122]. Thus, sustained high folic acid supplementation may eventually become noxious due to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid [122]. In agreement, two studies have observed a higher risk of ASD when mothers consume extremely high levels of this nutrient during pregnancy [70, 71].
Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and is therefore crucial for various biological processes, among which the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Animal studies have also shown that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in the brain since early in development [123]. Despite the growing number of studies reporting insufficiency of vitamin D in children with ASD, ambiguous cut-off levels for vitamin D insufficiency render difficult comparisons between studies [124].
The identification of consistent environmental risk factors for ASD is very relevant in view of the failure of genetics to fully explain the disease etiology and the clinical spectrum. However, integrating the emergent data on environmental risk factors for ASD with established genetic findings has been challenging. In this systematic review we identified 9 studies reporting specific gene–environment interaction pairs in ASD.
Because most of the identified genes cluster in biotransformation processes, their dysregulation may result in a deficient metabolism of xenobiotics, inducing pathological mechanisms that contribute to ASD onset.
While relatively scarce, the identified studies already offer valuable insights supporting the potential for preventive strategies based on environmental predictors for subjects carrying a genetic susceptibility variant. For example, controlling exposure to high levels of NO2 or PM10 of carriers of the
In 2005, Wild introduced the term “
To assess environmental exposure in ASD, the prospective cohort study MARBLES [129] recruits pregnant women who already have a biological child with the disorder, and are therefore at higher risk of a second child with ASD. The MARBLES study collects longitudinal information from the children, up to 36 months old, including environmental exposure, genetic and clinical data. This design allows the assessment of pre and early post-natal exposure to risk factors that may contribute to ASD risk. Because participants are recruited before or during pregnancy, monitoring of gestation and early childhood offers a chance to accurately measure exposures, allowing for the identification of early biomarkers.
Other studies with similar designs apply spectrometric methods to quantify the levels of toxins or their metabolites in biological matrices, usually through the collection of blood [42, 43, 44, 45], urine [39, 41, 51] or hair [33, 38] samples. However, prospective designs are not always possible, and cross-sectional studies do not allow assessment of past exposures. Retrospective studies are a viable alternative, benefiting from new methods that allow assessment of previous exposure [14]. For instance, vanguard studies are now using naturally shed deciduous teeth [35] to retrospectively quantify exposure to xenobiotics in ASD subjects. During odontogenesis, deciduous teeth store signatures of exposure to chemicals, from the second trimester
Another promising matrix takes advantage of archived dried blood spots collected through population-wide newborn-screenings for metabolic and congenital diseases. Chemicals relevant for ASD have been successfully detected in archived blood spots, including bisphenol A, PFCs, lead, mercury, PBDEs and PCBs [130, 131]. When correctly collected and stored, analytes remain stable in neonatal spots for years.
Other retrospective studies employ geo-referencing methods to collect information regarding exposure to air pollutants, pesticides and some heavy metals [18, 19, 24, 27, 32, 34, 49, 52]. These studies leverage indoor and outdoor air quality data, usage of agricultural pesticides or the location of environmentally-significant sites (
Overall, a comprehensive analysis of the exposome must address a multiplicity of factors that includes not only exposure to chemicals in variable settings and situations, but also medical procedures, events and lifestyle, psychosocial and cultural variables.
All research studies identified in this review that report gene–environment interactions in ASD, published up to November 2020, examined specific xenobiotics (Table 1). Knowledge regarding interactions between genetics and the environment is vast outside of ASD context, and might be the basis to define what specific interactions to analyze. Leveraging from public, manually curated, literature-based resources, such as the
Given the emerging evidence highlighted by this literature review, there is a clear need to shift from studies that separately address the role of genetics and the environment towards multidisciplinary strategies that explore both components as interacting risk factors. Such strategies will inform about the mechanisms through which environmental exposure interacts with genetic background, contributing to ASD onset. Models must further consider ASD phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. To fully understand the etiology of this very complex disorder, genetic, environmental exposure, epigenetic and clinical data needs to be collected simultaneously for the same group of individuals. It is possible that different gene–gene and gene–environment interactions are associated with distinct clinical subgroups of individuals with ASD and, consequently, phenotypic stratification may also be incorporated into study design. Conceiving such designs is challenging, especially given the large population datasets that are needed to achieve statistical power for the discovery of small-effect variables associated with the disorder [136, 137]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, including data mining and machine learning algorithms, will be crucial to overcome the challenge of integrating substantial amounts of data, allowing the detection of environmental exposure patterns contributing to ASD onset.
Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying gene–environment interactions that contribute to ASD is fundamental to distinguish between causal and non-causal exposures identified through association studies. While knowledge on this is still limited, given the diversity of risk factors it is likely that multiple mechanisms converge in ASD etiology.
Genetic mutations rendering some individuals more susceptible to certain xenobiotics is the simplest gene–environment interaction mechanism. For instance, a gene functional polymorphism that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of a given toxin may lead to its detrimental accumulation in the organism. Many xenobiotic-responding enzymes, like cytochrome P450 enzymes and GSTs, are expressed in the brain, suggesting the occurrence of metabolic processes that inactivate toxins locally [108].
Epigenetics, a gene expression regulatory process that involves heritable and reversible biochemical modifications of DNA or histones, independent of the DNA sequence, acts at the interface between genes and the environment. These processes include DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation events, and post-transcriptional regulation by non-coding RNAs, which are known to be involved in brain development [138]. Environmental factors can modulate genetics through epigenetic mechanisms and xenobiotics implicated ASD are known to alter epigenetic patterns. For instance, valproic acid inhibits histone deacetylases up-regulating the expression of various genes [139]. 5-MethylTHF, a metabolite of folic acid produced by MTHFR enzymatic activity, is a donor of the carbon group used to methylate DNA [140]. Consequently,
Neuropathological mechanisms that putatively lead to ASD, such as oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, hypoxic damage, abnormal signaling pathways and endocrine disruption, can be induced by exposure to xenobiotics. Reduced brain levels of glutathione, the major endogenous cellular antioxidant responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics, and other oxidative stress biomarkers have been observed in ASD subjects [145]. Evidence for increased levels of neuro-inflammation biomarkers in ASD, including brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation, which may be stimulated by allergens such as pesticides, has been reported [146]. Proxies for fetal and newborn hypoxia, indicating a deprivation of oxygen supply, have been reported in neonates that later develop ASD [26] and may be elicited by early-life events. Xenobiotics also interact directly with intracellular neurotransmitter pathways [108] leading to signaling impairments. For example, acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that catalyzes the acetylcholine neurotransmitter breakdown, is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphate pesticides [147] Most of the identified xenobiotics are endocrine disruptors and a role for hormonal imbalances in the disorder is plausible, particularly given the male skewness in ASD diagnoses. Atypical steroidogenic activity, namely increased androgen [148] and estrogen [149] levels in the amniotic fluid, has been reported in affected males. Gender-specific effects of environmental toxins [110] and consequent hormonal imbalances may also be implicated in the female protective effect, a hypothesis proposed to explain the ASD male bias.
A novel area of interest in ASD is the role of gut-brain axis, which refers to biochemical signaling connections between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome likely accounts for a high comorbidity of gastrointestinal symptoms in ASD patients [150]. While the liver is the predominant site of xenobiotic metabolism, the gastrointestinal tract is the first line of defense against ingested compounds, and is rich in both host and microbial enzymes. As the gut microbiota metabolize hundreds of dietary, pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals, dysbiosis could lead to impairments in the gut-brain axis resulting in neurological insults.
This review highlights the accumulating evidence for a role of exposure to xenobiotics in ASD risk, and reinforces the need of developing strategies that consider genetics and the environment as interacting components in ASD etiology. This is further supported by the still limited but promising results originating from studies that explore gene–environment interactions.
However, the current knowledge is likely just the tip of the iceberg. Given the enormous progress in high throughput methodologies for analysis of biomolecules (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics), together with the development of comprehensive surveys on environmental exposure and advances in artificial intelligence methods for the integrative analysis of large amounts of data, the field is ripe for new discoveries. The expectation is that knowledge of the exposome of individuals can be integrated with their genomes to define patterns of interactions that cause their particular configuration of behaviors in the autism spectrum. There are however many challenges ahead, particularly concerning the collection of such extensive information from patients in sufficient numbers for integrative analysis.
Because environmental exposure is amenable to adjustment or avoidance, the most important clinical outcome of better understanding gene–environment interactions in ASD is the potential for mitigating risk by controlling exposure of individuals with a genetic vulnerability. This line of research thus opens novel and important perspectives to future prevention and personalized interventions for ASD.
This work was supported by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), through funding of the project “Gene-environment interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorder” [Grant PTDC/MED-OUT/28937/2017]. JXS was supported by a BioSys PhD programme fellowship from FCT (Portugal) with reference PD/BD/114386/2016. CR was supported by a grant from FCT (Ref: POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-016428).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Xenobiotic | Study | Ncases/ Ncontrols | Time of exposure | Exposure assessment | Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 | Becerra et al. 2013 | 7421/ 72253 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Volk et al. 2013 | 279/ 245 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Jung et al. 2013 | 342/ 48731 | Prenatal to childhood | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Volk et al. 2014 | 251/156 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Raz et al. 2017 | 2098/ 54191 | Postnatal (9 m) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Ritz et al. 2018 | 15387/ 68139 | Postnatal (9 m) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
O3 | Becerra et al. 2013 | 5839/ 55757 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Jung et al. 2013 | 342/ 48731 | Prenatal to childhood | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Kaufman et al. 2019 | 428/ 6420 | Postnatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
McGuinn et al. 2020 | 674/855 | Prenatal 3rdtrimester | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
PM2.5 | Becerra et al. 2013 | 5839/ 55757 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Volk et al. 2013 | 279/245 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Volk et al. 2014 | 251/156 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Raz et al. 2015 | 245/ 1522 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Talbott et al. 2015 | 217/226 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Chen et al. 2018 | 124/ 1240 | Postnatal to childhood | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Ritz et al. 2018 | 15387/ 68139 | Postnatal (9 m) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Kaufman et al. 2019 | 428/ 6420 | Prenatal to Postnatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Jo et al. 2019 | 2471/ 243949 | Prenatal 1sttrimester | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
McGuinn et al. 2020 | 674/855 | Postnatal (1st year) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
PM10 | Volk et al. 2013 | 279/245 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Volk et al. 2014 | 251/156 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Kalkbrenner et al. 2015 | 979/ 14666 | Prenatal 3rdtrimester | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Chen et al. 2018 | 124/ 1240 | Postnatal to childhood | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Ritz et al. 2018 | 15387/ 68139 | Postnatal (9 m) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
SO2 | Jung et al. 2013 | 342/ 48731 | Prenatal to childhood | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Ritz et al. 2018 | 15387/ 68139 | Postnatal (9 m) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
PAHs | von Ehrenstein et al. 2014 | 104/ 53181 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Talbott et al. 2015 (2) | 215/ 4856 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Lead | Priya and Geetha 2011 | 45/50 | Childhood (4-12y) | Hair and nails | Increased |
Roberts et al. 2013 | 325/ 22101 | Perinatal (at birth) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
von Ehrenstein et al. 2014 | 348/ 78373 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Talbott et al. 2015 (2) | 215/ 4856 | Prenatal | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Arora et al. 2017 | 22/54 | Postnatal (15w) | Deciduous teeth | Increased | |
El-Ansary et al. 2017 | 35/30 | Childhood (3-12y) | Red blood cells | Increased | |
Manganese | Roberts et al. 2013 | 325/ 22101 | Perinatal (at birth) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Arora et al. 2017 | 22/54 | Postnatal (15w) | Deciduous teeth | Decreased | |
Mercury | Windham et al. 2006 | 284/657 | Perinatal (at birth) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased |
Obrenovich et al. 2011 | 26/39 | Childhood (up to 6y) | Hair | Decreased | |
Roberts et al. 2013 | 325/ 22101 | Perinatal (at birth) | Geocoding/air quality | Increased | |
Priya and Geetha 2011 | 45/50 | Childhood (4-12y) | Hair and nailS | Increased | |
El-Ansary et al. 2017 | 35/30 | Childhood (3-12y) | Red blood cells | Increased | |
BPA | Stein et al. 2015 | 46/52 | Childhood (10.1 ± 3.7y) | Urine | Increased |
Kardas et al. 2016 | 48/41 | Childhood (7.5 ± 2.9y) | Serum | Increased | |
Phthalates | Testa et al. 2012 | 48/45 | Childhood (11.0 ± 5y) | Urine | Increased |
Kardas et al. 2016 | 48/41 | Childhood (7.5 ± 2.9y) | Serum | Increased | |
PBDEs | Lyall et al. 2017 (1) | 545/418 | Prenatal 2ndtrimester | Maternal serum | Increased Decreased |
PCBs | Cheslack-Postava et al. 2013 | 75/75 | Prenatal (early pregnancy) | Maternal serum | Increased |
Lyall et al. 2017 (2) | 545/418 | Prenatal (2nd trimester) | Maternal serum | Increased | |
PFCs | Lyall et al. 2018 | 553/443 | Prenatal 2ndtrimester | Maternal serum | Decreased |
Long et al. 2019 | 75/135 | Prenatal | Amniotic fluid | Decreased | |
OC pesticides | Roberts et al. 2007 | 465/ 6975 | Prenatal 1sttrimester | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased |
Cheslack-Postava et al. 2013 | 75/75 | Prenatal 1sttrimester | Maternal serum | Increased | |
Brown et al. 2018 | 778/778 | Prenatal 1st or 2nd trimesters | Maternal serum | Increased | |
OP pesticides | Shelton et al. 2014 | 486/ 315 | Prenatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased |
Schmidt et al. 2017 | 296/ 220 | Prenatal | Survey | Increased | |
Philippat et al. 2018 | 46/102 | Prenatal | Maternal urine | Increased | |
von Ehrenstein et al. 2019 | 2961/ 35370 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased | |
Pyrethroids | Shelton et al. 2014 | 486/315 | Prenatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased |
Hicks et al. 2017 | 159/298 | Prenatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased | |
von Ehrenstein et al. 2019 | 2961/ 35370 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased | |
Glyphosate | von Ehrenstein et al. 2019 | 2961/ 35370 | Prenatal to postnatal | Geocoding/pesticides data | Increased |
Antidepressants | Croen et al. 2011 | 298/ 1507 | Prenatal | Medical records | Increased |
Rai et al. 2013 | 4429/ 43277 | Prenatal | Medical records | Increased | |
Gidaya et al. 2014 | 5215/ 52150 | Prenatal | Medical records | Increased | |
Harrington et al. 2015 | 421/ 464 | Prenatal | interview and medical records | Increased | |
Rai et al. 2017 | 5378/ 249232 | Prenatal | Interview and medical records | Increased | |
Valproic Acid | Moore et al. 2000 | 52 | Prenatal | Survey | Increased |
Bromley et al. 2008 | 10/622 | Prenatal | Interview and medical records | Increased | |
Bromley et al. 2013 | 12/509 | Prenatal | Interview and medical records | Increased | |
Christensen et al. 2013 | 5437/ 630178 | Prenatal | Medical records | Increased | |
Thalidomide | Stromland et al. 1994 | 100 | Prenatal 1sttrimester | Medical records | Increased |
Misoprostol | Bandim et al. 2003 | 23 | Prenatal 1sttrimester | Interview | Increased |
Folic Acid | Schmidt et al. 2012 | 429/ 278 | Prenatal (early pregnancy) | Interview | Decreased |
Surén et al. 2013 | 270/ 84906 | Prenatal (early pregnancy) | Survey | Decreased | |
Al-Farsi et al. 2013 | 40/40 | Childhood (3-5y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Nilsen et al. 2013 | 234/89602 | Prenatal | Medical records | Decreased | |
Levine et al. 2018 | 572/ 44728 | Prenatal | Medical records | Decreased | |
Raghavan et al. 2018 | 86/1171 | Postnatal (2-3d) | Maternal plasma | Increased | |
Egorova et al. 2020 | 100/100 | Prenatal | Maternal serum | Increased | |
Vitamin D | Meguid et al. 2010 | 70/42 | Childhood (5.3 ± 2.8y) | Serum | Decreased |
Tostes et al. 2012 | 24/24 | Childhood (7.4 ± 2.7y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Mostafa and AL-Ayadhi 2012 | 50/30 | Childhood (8.2 ± 2.4y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Neumeyer et al. 2013 | 18/19 | Childhood (10.6 ± 0.4y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Gong et al. 2014 | 48/48 | Childhood (3.7 ± 1.2y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Bener et al. 2014 | 254/254 | Childhood (5.5 ± 1.6y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Kocovska et al. 2014 | 40/40 | Early adulthood (18.9 ± 2.9y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Fernell et al. 2015 | 58/58 | Neonatal | Dried Blood Spots | Decreased | |
Magnusson et al. 2016 | 9882/ 499757 | Prenatal to childhood | Medical records | Decreased | |
Bener et al. 2017 | 308/ 308 | Childhood (5.4 ± 1.7y) | Serum | Decreased | |
El-Ansary et al. 2018 | 28/27 | Childhood (7.0 ± 2.3y) | Plasma | Decreased | |
Guo et al. 2018 | 332/197 | Childhood (4.9 ± 1.5y) | Serum | Decreased | |
Wu et al. 2018 | 310/ 1240 | Neonatal | Dried Blood Spots | Decreased | |
Arastoo et al. 2019 | 31/31 | Childhood | Serum | Decreased | |
Lee et al. 2019 | 1399/ 1607 | Neonatal | Dried blood spots | Decreased | |
Alzghoul et al. 2019 | 83/106 | Childhood | Serum | Decreased | |
Sengenc et al. 2020 | 100/100 | Childhood | Serum | Decreased | |
Petruzzelli et al. 2020 | 54/36 | Childhood | Serum | Decreased |
Studies reporting xenobiotic exposure associated with ASD, identified through systematic literature review. For each study the numbers of ASD cases (Ncases) and controls (Ncontrols), the timing of exposure (specific time-points of prenatal, postnatal or childhood periods are shown when stated by the referenced authors), the exposure assessment method, and the direction of association are listed (increased or decreased risk by exposure).
BPA – bisphenol A; d – days old; m – months old; NO2 – nitrogen dioxide; O3 – ozone; OC pesticides – organochlorine pesticides; OP pesticides – organophosphate pesticides; PAHs – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PBDEs – polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PCBs – polychlorinated biphenyls; PFCs – perfluorinated compounds; PM2.5 – particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM10 – particulate matter with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm; SO2 – sulfur dioxide; w – weeks old; y – years old.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed and Prof. Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Pavel Samec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farzana Khan Perveen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12130",title:"Sustainable Built Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed1dbae71b967e06efb049208f0c1068",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12130.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12131",title:"Climate Change and Fires",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea0858f07a3e87aaf9e5eaa75b4b44bd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12131.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12180",title:"Wetlands",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8957c5c2baaed32223f911a6d4aa5a03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12180.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12221",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"439a018ee0c4960560cb798601f2a372",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12221.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:15},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4420},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"136",title:"Environmental Sustainability",slug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-sustainability",parent:{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:19,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:465,numberOfWosCitations:163,numberOfCrossrefCitations:191,numberOfDimensionsCitations:376,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"136",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10682",title:"Pathways and Challenges for Efficient Desalination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca25e9eca70d54deb503d2663f75218c",slug:"pathways-and-challenges-for-efficient-desalination",bookSignature:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Mike Dixon, Giancarlo Barassi, Ben Bin Xu and Yinzhu Jiang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10682.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10976",title:"Water Conservation",subtitle:"Inevitable Strategy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a5f75a1eed9cb67133fe6ce0f8848f5",slug:"water-conservation-inevitable-strategy",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz, Ahmed Albahnasawi, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10976.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:"the-nature-causes-effects-and-mitigation-of-climate-change-on-the-environment",bookSignature:"Stuart A. Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:"Arthur",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11074",title:"Water Quality",subtitle:"Factors and Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3f3c2405260fed102e4ef982cff54c6",slug:"water-quality-factors-and-impacts",bookSignature:"Daniel Dunea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180202",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dunea",slug:"daniel-dunea",fullName:"Daniel Dunea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9981",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f408ce58f029e746911fe558ca4bbd0",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",bookSignature:"Bahareh Kalantar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"267005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahareh",middleName:null,surname:"Kalantar",slug:"bahareh-kalantar",fullName:"Bahareh Kalantar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9555",title:"Green Supply Chain",subtitle:"Competitiveness and Sustainability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a403c686a47c5af28a8568d40dfd94a",slug:"green-supply-chain-competitiveness-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9555.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:"carbon-based-material-for-environmental-protection-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli, Marco Frediani and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7720",title:"CO2 Sequestration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed248a547024414e5c4fb0b149f8565f",slug:"co2-sequestration",bookSignature:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão, Adriana Marcela Silva-Olaya and Junio Cota Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237834",title:"Dr.",name:"Leidivan",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida Frazão",slug:"leidivan-almeida-frazao",fullName:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8983",title:"Sustainability Concept In Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7e452ede9e56b4a3b7e35c835f8446",slug:"sustainability-concept-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:19,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44241",doi:"10.5772/55124",title:"Coping Mechanisms of Plants to Metal Contaminated Soil",slug:"coping-mechanisms-of-plants-to-metal-contaminated-soil",totalDownloads:4151,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Melanie Mehes-Smith, Kabwe Nkongolo and Ewa Cholewa",authors:[{id:"78238",title:"Prof.",name:"Kabwe",middleName:null,surname:"Nkongolo",slug:"kabwe-nkongolo",fullName:"Kabwe Nkongolo"}]},{id:"64381",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82025",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:4386,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources; sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]},{id:"51000",doi:"10.5772/63726",title:"Towards Sustainable Sanitation in an Urbanising World",slug:"towards-sustainable-sanitation-in-an-urbanising-world",totalDownloads:3175,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Urban sanitation in low‐ and middle‐income countries is at an inflection point. It is increasingly acknowledged that conventional sewer‐based sanitation cannot be the only solution for expanding urban areas. There are other objective reasons apart from the lack of capital. The lack of stable energy supplies, of spare parts and of human resources for reliable operation, and the increasing water scarcity are factors that seriously limit the expansion of centralised systems. This chapter argues that a new paradigm for urban sanitation is possible, if the heterogeneity within developing cities is reflected in the implementation of different sanitation systems, adapted to each urban context and integrated under one institutional roof. This new paradigm entails: (1) innovative management arrangements; (2) increased participation and the integration of individual, community and private sector initiatives; (3) thinking at scale to open new opportunities; (4) improved analysis of the situation and awareness raising. Moving beyond conventional approaches towards sustainable urbanisation needs to follow both a top‐down and a bottom‐up approach, with proper incentives and a variety of sanitation systems which, in a future perspective, will become part of the ‘urban ecosystem’.",book:{id:"5235",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Philippe Reymond, Samuel Renggli and Christoph Lüthi",authors:[{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi"},{id:"182136",title:"Mr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Reymond",slug:"philippe-reymond",fullName:"Philippe Reymond"},{id:"182137",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Renggli",slug:"samuel-renggli",fullName:"Samuel Renggli"}]},{id:"44263",doi:"10.5772/54339",title:"Conservation and Sustainability of Mexican Caribbean Coral Reefs and the Threats of a Human-Induced Phase-Shift",slug:"conservation-and-sustainability-of-mexican-caribbean-coral-reefs-and-the-threats-of-a-human-induced-",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"José D. Carriquiry, Linda M. Barranco-Servin, Julio A. Villaescusa,\nVictor F. Camacho-Ibar, Hector Reyes-Bonilla and Amílcar L. Cupul-\nMagaña",authors:[{id:"158136",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose D.",middleName:"D.",surname:"Carriquiry",slug:"jose-d.-carriquiry",fullName:"Jose D. Carriquiry"},{id:"160078",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio A.",middleName:null,surname:"Villaescusa",slug:"julio-a.-villaescusa",fullName:"Julio A. Villaescusa"},{id:"160079",title:"MSc.",name:"Linda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Barranco-Servin",slug:"linda-m.-barranco-servin",fullName:"Linda M. Barranco-Servin"},{id:"160082",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor F.",middleName:null,surname:"Camacho-Ibar",slug:"victor-f.-camacho-ibar",fullName:"Victor F. Camacho-Ibar"},{id:"167394",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Bonilla",slug:"hector-reyes-bonilla",fullName:"Hector Reyes-Bonilla"},{id:"167395",title:"Dr.",name:"Amilcar L.",middleName:null,surname:"Cupul-Magaña",slug:"amilcar-l.-cupul-magana",fullName:"Amilcar L. Cupul-Magaña"}]},{id:"42926",doi:"10.5772/55736",title:"Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects",slug:"disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-assessment-understanding-preparedness-response-and-recove",totalDownloads:10017,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Raheem A. Usman, F.B. Olorunfemi, G.P. Awotayo, A.M. Tunde and\nB.A. Usman",authors:[{id:"156875",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman A",middleName:null,surname:"Raheem",slug:"usman-a-raheem",fullName:"Usman A Raheem"},{id:"166449",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M",middleName:null,surname:"Tunde",slug:"a.m-tunde",fullName:"A.M Tunde"},{id:"167886",title:"Dr.",name:"F.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunfemi",slug:"f.b.-olorunfemi",fullName:"F.B. Olorunfemi"},{id:"167887",title:"Dr.",name:"G.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Awotayo",slug:"g.p.-awotayo",fullName:"G.P. Awotayo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64381",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:4386,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources; sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]},{id:"67342",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heritage Conservation - Rehabilitation of Architectural and Urban Heritage",slug:"introductory-chapter-heritage-conservation-rehabilitation-of-architectural-and-urban-heritage",totalDownloads:2557,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Kabila Faris Hmood",authors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}]},{id:"76898",title:"The Relationship between Land Use and Climate Change: A Case Study of Nepal",slug:"the-relationship-between-land-use-and-climate-change-a-case-study-of-nepal",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Land Use and Climate change are interrelated to each other. This change influences one another at various temporal and spatial scales; however, improper land uses are the primary causal factor on climate change. It studies relevant literature and Nepal’s case to assess the relationship between land use and climate change. Similarly focuses on how land-use impacts climate change and vice versa. In recent centuries land-use change significant effects on ecological variables and climate change. Likewise, understanding the research on both topics will help decision-makers and conservation planners manage land and climate.",book:{id:"10754",slug:"the-nature-causes-effects-and-mitigation-of-climate-change-on-the-environment",title:"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment",fullTitle:"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment"},signatures:"Pawan Thapa",authors:[{id:"349566",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Thapa",slug:"pawan-thapa",fullName:"Pawan Thapa"}]},{id:"50282",title:"Relation Between Land Use and Transportation Planning in the Scope of Smart Growth Strategies: Case Study of Denizli, Turkey",slug:"relation-between-land-use-and-transportation-planning-in-the-scope-of-smart-growth-strategies-case-s",totalDownloads:4635,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the decision-making process of planning residential areas in developing countries, importance of the commercial areas and need for a sustainable urban transportation infrastructure have generally been ignored based on several sociopolitical reasons. Meanwhile, decision-making periods of location choice and determining areal densities are conducted without quantitative spatial/technical analyses. Those urban matters bring along new planning paradigms like smart growth (SG) and new urbanism. SG is a land use planning paradigm which indicates that traffic problems should be minimized by transit alternatives, effective demand management and providing a balance between land use and transportation planning. This study aims to apply SG strategies to the land use planning process and evaluate the accuracy of land use planning decisions in the perspective of sustainable transportation. In order to reveal the effects of land use planning decisions on the available transportation infrastructure, two scenarios are investigated for 2030. In the first scenario “do nothing” option is considered, while the residential area densities and trip generation rates are regulated based on SG strategies in the second scenario. The results showed that the land use and traffic impact analyses should simultaneously be conducted before land use configuration process.",book:{id:"5235",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Gorkem Gulhan and Huseyin Ceylan",authors:[{id:"182126",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorkem",middleName:null,surname:"Gulhan",slug:"gorkem-gulhan",fullName:"Gorkem Gulhan"},{id:"185555",title:"Dr.",name:"Huseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Ceylan",slug:"huseyin-ceylan",fullName:"Huseyin Ceylan"}]},{id:"42926",title:"Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects",slug:"disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-assessment-understanding-preparedness-response-and-recove",totalDownloads:10017,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Raheem A. Usman, F.B. Olorunfemi, G.P. Awotayo, A.M. Tunde and\nB.A. Usman",authors:[{id:"156875",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman A",middleName:null,surname:"Raheem",slug:"usman-a-raheem",fullName:"Usman A Raheem"},{id:"166449",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M",middleName:null,surname:"Tunde",slug:"a.m-tunde",fullName:"A.M Tunde"},{id:"167886",title:"Dr.",name:"F.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunfemi",slug:"f.b.-olorunfemi",fullName:"F.B. Olorunfemi"},{id:"167887",title:"Dr.",name:"G.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Awotayo",slug:"g.p.-awotayo",fullName:"G.P. Awotayo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"136",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:699,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"