\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9789",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Challenges in Pancreatic Cancer",title:"Challenges in Pancreatic Cancer",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal solid organ tumors with a poor five-year survival rate despite current oncological advances. The early and proper diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is of great importance for the improvement of the overall prognosis. This book provides an overview of the current challenges and states of pancreatic cancer and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, including information on diagnostic tools, treatment strategies, and mechanisms of pancreatic cancer therapy resistance.",isbn:"978-1-83962-959-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-958-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-960-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87597",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"challenges-in-pancreatic-cancer",numberOfPages:114,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3b964c6b45191c7191773b594ad7820f",bookSignature:"Mila Dimitrova Kovacheva-Slavova and Borislav Georgiev Vladimirov",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9789.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1487,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"59632",title:"Prof.",name:"Borislav",middleName:null,surname:"Vladimirov",slug:"borislav-vladimirov",fullName:"Borislav Vladimirov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/59632/images/system/59632.JPG",biography:"Prof. Vladimirov is head of the Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria, where he obtained his Ph.D. in the area of endoscopy treatment of bile ducts and pancreatic diseases. His main research interests are gastrointestinal diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, peptic diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, and tumors of the digestive system. His main activities include digestive endoscopy, education (pre- and post-graduate), and clinical research. Dr. Vladimirov is a coordinator of many national and international projects. He has published more than 200 articles in Bulgarian and international medical journals. Dr. Vladimirov is a member of several Bulgarian and European scientific societies.",institutionString:"Medical University of Sofia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Medical University of Sofia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"275279",title:"Dr.",name:"Mila",middleName:null,surname:"Kovacheva-Slavova",slug:"mila-kovacheva-slavova",fullName:"Mila Kovacheva-Slavova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275279/images/system/275279.png",biography:"Dr. Mila Kovacheva-Slavova graduated from Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria, where she obtained her Ph.D. in the area of pancreatic disorders. She is an assistant professor in the Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University, Sofia, and is an active member in many national and international research projects. Dr. Kovacheva-Slavova\\'s research interests include diagnosis, therapy, and follow-up of pancreatic diseases, gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases, tumors of the digestive system, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Her scientific work has been presented at numerous meetings and awarded at prestigious congresses in Europe, the United States, and South America.",institutionString:"Medical University of Sofia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078",title:"Gastrointestinal Oncology",slug:"gastrointestinal-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"78452",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99128",slug:"introductory-chapter-pancreatic-cancer",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mila Dimitrova Kovacheva-Slavova and Borislav Georgiev Vladimirov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78452",authors:[{id:"59632",title:"Prof.",name:"Borislav",surname:"Vladimirov",slug:"borislav-vladimirov",fullName:"Borislav Vladimirov"},{id:"275279",title:"Dr.",name:"Mila",surname:"Kovacheva-Slavova",slug:"mila-kovacheva-slavova",fullName:"Mila Kovacheva-Slavova"}],corrections:null},{id:"73897",title:"Advance in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94413",slug:"advance-in-pancreatic-cancer-diagnosis-and-therapy",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pancreatic carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the word wild. Although the advance in treatment this disease, the 5-years survival rate is still rather low. In the recent year, many new therapy and treatment avenues have been developed for pancreatic cancer. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the following aspect: 1) the treatment modality in pancreatic cancer, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy; 2) the mechanism of pancreatic cancer treatment resistance, especially in cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment; 3) the diagnosis tools in pancreatic cancer, including serum markers, imaging methods and endoscopic ultrasonography. Novel molecular probes based on the nanotechnology in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer are also discussed.",signatures:"Xiaojie Cai, Jie Gao, Yanfang Liu, Ming Wang, Qiulian Ma, Aihua Gong, Dongqing Wang and Haitao Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73897",authors:[{id:"138467",title:"Dr.",name:"Haitao",surname:"Zhu",slug:"haitao-zhu",fullName:"Haitao Zhu"},{id:"138468",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfang",surname:"Liu",slug:"yanfang-liu",fullName:"Yanfang Liu"},{id:"156754",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongqing",surname:"Wang",slug:"dongqing-wang",fullName:"Dongqing Wang"},{id:"314875",title:"Mrs.",name:"Qiulian",surname:"Ma",slug:"qiulian-ma",fullName:"Qiulian Ma"},{id:"318036",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaojie",surname:"Cai",slug:"xiaojie-cai",fullName:"Xiaojie Cai"},{id:"318037",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jie",surname:"Gao",slug:"jie-gao",fullName:"Jie Gao"},{id:"318038",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ming",surname:"Wang",slug:"ming-wang",fullName:"Ming Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"73023",title:"KRas4BG12C/D/PDE6δ Heterodimeric Molecular Complex: A Target Molecular Multicomplex for the Identification and Evaluation of Nontoxic Pharmacological Compounds for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93402",slug:"kras4bg12c-d-pde6-heterodimeric-molecular-complex-a-target-molecular-multicomplex-for-the-identifica",totalDownloads:360,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The search for new targeted therapies to improve the quality of life of patients with pancreatic cancer has taken about 30 years. Compounds that can inhibit the K-Ras4B oncoprotein signaling pathway have been sought. Taking into account that the interaction of KRas4B with PDE6δ is essential for its transport and subsequent activation in the plasma membrane, our working group identified and evaluated in vitro and in vivo small organic molecules that could act as molecular staples to stabilize the KRas4B/PDE6δ heterodimeric complex. From this group of molecules, 38 compounds with high interaction energies on the structure of the crystallized molecular complex were selected, indicating that they efficiently stabilized the molecular complex. In vitro evaluation of compounds called D14, C22, and C19 showed significant specific effects on the cell viability of pancreatic cancer cells (and not on normal cells), thus inducing death by apoptosis and significantly inhibiting the activation of the pathways, signaling AKT and ERK. In addition to these experimental findings, we were also able to detect that compounds D14 and C22 showed significant tumor growth inhibitory activity in pancreatic cancer cell-induced subcutaneous xenograft models.",signatures:"Paola Briseño-Díaz, Dora Emma Velez-Uriza, Pedro Cruz-Nova, Martiniano Bello Ramirez, Jose Correa-Basurto, Rosaura Hernandez-Rivas, Ma del Rocio Thompson Bonilla and Miguel Ángel Vargas Mejía",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73023",authors:[{id:"184170",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Correa Basurto",slug:"jose-correa-basurto",fullName:"Jose Correa Basurto"},{id:"187791",title:"Dr.",name:"Martiniano",surname:"Bello Ramirez",slug:"martiniano-bello-ramirez",fullName:"Martiniano Bello Ramirez"},{id:"309231",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"Vargas Mejía",slug:"miguel-angel-vargas-mejia",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Vargas Mejía"},{id:"315044",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",surname:"Briseño Díaz",slug:"paola-briseno-diaz",fullName:"Paola Briseño Díaz"},{id:"315046",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Cruz-Nova",slug:"pedro-cruz-nova",fullName:"Pedro Cruz-Nova"},{id:"315047",title:"Dr.",name:"Dora",surname:"Emma Velez-Uriza",slug:"dora-emma-velez-uriza",fullName:"Dora Emma Velez-Uriza"},{id:"315048",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma",surname:"del Rocio Thompson Bonilla",slug:"ma-del-rocio-thompson-bonilla",fullName:"Ma del Rocio Thompson Bonilla"},{id:"315593",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosaura",surname:"Hernadez-Rivas",slug:"rosaura-hernadez-rivas",fullName:"Rosaura Hernadez-Rivas"}],corrections:null},{id:"72812",title:"Computer Assistance in the Minimally Invasive Ablation Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93226",slug:"computer-assistance-in-the-minimally-invasive-ablation-treatment-of-pancreatic-cancer",totalDownloads:361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The insertion of ablation needles towards pancreatic tumors demands excellent anatomical knowledge and interdisciplinary skills from the medical professional. While the placement of a single needle next to the structures at risk surrounding the pancreas is considered a challenging task, irreversible electroporation requires multiple needles to be placed in parallel at a specific location. Minimally invasive procedures complicate the already ambitious procedure, yet the ablation method bears potential to increase the overall survival for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Current studies require more clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of irreversible electroporation in pancreatic cancer by means of randomized controlled, multicenter trials. However, the ablation treatment is currently applied in expert centers only, which is due to the complex task of the needle placement. Computer-assisted surgery has shown its potential in different fields of applications to improve the targeting of diseased tissue and the confidence of the medical professional. The application of computer-assisted needle navigation for pancreatic cancer ablation holds the prospect to make the procedure more reproducible and safer.",signatures:"Benjamin Eigl, Andreas Andreou, Matthias Peterhans, Stefan Weber and Beat Gloor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72812",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72812",authors:[{id:"236762",title:"Prof.",name:"Beat",surname:"Gloor",slug:"beat-gloor",fullName:"Beat Gloor"},{id:"245967",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Eigl",slug:"benjamin-eigl",fullName:"Benjamin Eigl"},{id:"318749",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Andreou",slug:"andreas-andreou",fullName:"Andreas Andreou"},{id:"318750",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",surname:"Peterhans",slug:"matthias-peterhans",fullName:"Matthias Peterhans"},{id:"318751",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Weber",slug:"stefan-weber",fullName:"Stefan Weber"}],corrections:null},{id:"73461",title:"Current Systemic Treatment Options for Metastatic and Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93225",slug:"current-systemic-treatment-options-for-metastatic-and-unresectable-pancreatic-cancer",totalDownloads:233,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Metastatic and local advanced unresectable pancreatic cancers are lethal conditions that always carry a poor prognosis with rare exceptions. Currently, the mainstay of therapy is cytotoxic chemotherapy plus best supportive care. First-line therapy for patients with a good performance status includes FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel regimens. Patients carrying a deleterious germline BRCA mutation can be treated with maintenance olaparib after FOLFIRINOX. Patients with a poor performance status, but still fit enough for chemotherapy, may be treated with single agent gemcitabine. Second-line therapy will depend on previous therapy and current performance status. Options for patients treated with gemcitabine-based regimens are 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin plus either nanoliposomal irinotecan, irinotecan or oxaliplatin. Patients that were treated with first line FOLFIRINOX may benefit from a gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, but evidence from randomized trials is lacking. Other options like immunotherapy and targeted therapies yield benefit only in very selected cases, and it is still an area of research.",signatures:"Christian Caglevic, Mauricio Mahave, Cristobal Sanhueza and Luis Ubillos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73461",authors:[{id:"237892",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Caglevic",slug:"christian-caglevic",fullName:"Christian Caglevic"},{id:"237899",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Mahave",slug:"mauricio-mahave",fullName:"Mauricio Mahave"},{id:"317767",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristobal",surname:"Sanhueza",slug:"cristobal-sanhueza",fullName:"Cristobal Sanhueza"},{id:"317768",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Ubillos",slug:"luis-ubillos",fullName:"Luis Ubillos"}],corrections:null},{id:"75803",title:"An Overview of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96259",slug:"an-overview-of-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a group of endocrine tumors that constitute 7% of all pancreatic neoplasms. They can be benign or malignant. Their presentation can vary from slow growing, non infiltrative, indolent masses to rapidly progressing, highly aggressive, metastasizing tumors. In the past, there was paucity of scientific data available about the diagnosis and treatment strategy of these neoplasms but in recent years, ongoing research has inferred much data regarding classification, prognostic stratification and therapy of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In this chapter we will discuss epidemiology, clinical presentation and classification, diagnosis and management of these tumors. We will also deliberate about the latest developments in treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with focus on recent studies done on this topic.",signatures:"Neha Sharma and Deepti Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75803",authors:[{id:"244342",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepti",surname:"Sharma",slug:"deepti-sharma",fullName:"Deepti Sharma"},{id:"255595",title:"Dr.",name:"Neha",surname:"Sharma",slug:"neha-sharma",fullName:"Neha Sharma"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"655",title:"Colorectal Cancer Biology",subtitle:"From Genes to Tumor",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9395fca282ee086f4d33451bca1eadbc",slug:"colorectal-cancer-biology-from-genes-to-tumor",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"744",title:"Neuroblastoma",subtitle:"Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"771ff9574ef2d155e663e4af7244d5ce",slug:"neuroblastoma-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Shimada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/744.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77693",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Shimada",slug:"hiroyuki-shimada",fullName:"Hiroyuki Shimada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"696",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Basic Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"893673ea2bfb1c196266aa55ae52f1f0",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-basic-research",bookSignature:"Wan-Yee Lau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73356",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph W.Y.",surname:"Lau",slug:"joseph-w.y.-lau",fullName:"Joseph W.Y. 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The impact of brain aging on cognition is far from uniform, ranging from perfect fitness to cognitive impairment. The prevalence of dementia is estimated to increase from 57.4 million in 2019 to 152.8 million in 2050 [1], thus representing a major public health problem. Still, evidence shows that more than one-third of all cases of dementia could be prevented or modified by changes in lifestyle, correction of risk factors, and specific therapeutic interventions [2, 3, 4, 5]. In fact, despite the absence of pharmacological treatment for degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is known that vascular risk factors increase the likelihood of cognitive decline. Simple measures, the control of hypertension, for instance, may revert cognitive impairment and reduce conversion to dementia [6]. Likewise, healthy lifestyle patterns, physical exercise, and intellectual and social enrichment may improve performance and change the biomarker trajectories of individuals classified as cognitively impaired [7, 8, 9].
Promoting the presence of protective factors throughout life may help to cope with the negative consequences of pathology through resilience or resistance mechanisms. The term “resistance” refers to the notion of avoiding pathology (i.e., being free from significant AD pathology) in the sense that it is inferred from an observed absence or lower level of dementia-associated brain injury, relative to an expected greater frequency or severity based on age, genetic factors, or other individual characteristics. On the other hand, “resilience” is mostly used in the sense of coping with pathology (i.e., remaining cognitively intact despite significant AD pathology) and is inferred from the observation of a higher than expected cognitive functioning related to the level of brain injury [10, 11]. While the first is linked to an absence or delay of brain changes (“brain maintenance”), the latter is closely associated with the concept of the reserve, which can be measured or inferred either as brain structural and/or physiological premorbid capacity [11, 12].
The construct of reserve firstly emerged to describe patients with extensive destruction of nervous tissue following brain damage but not the expected level of functional changes [13]. It was then proposed that larger brains, with greater weight and a larger number of neurons, could have protective effects on the cognitive decline due to a higher “brain reserve” capacity [14]. Years later, Stern [15] defined the concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR) as the brain’s ability to optimize and maximize performance through the differential recruitment of brain networks or the use of alternative cognitive strategies to cope with brain dysfunction. Stern’s proposal claims that the mechanisms underlying CR are active processes by which the brain tries to compensate for the neural loss. These processes can be influenced by the interaction between innate factors (e.g., in utero or genetically determined) and, mainly, lifelong experience (e.g., intelligence, education, occupation, physical exercise, leisure activities, or social involvement). In contrast, the passive models propose that response to neural damage is related to brain size or the number of synapses (brain reserve), which can affect the threshold for clinical expression [16]. Brain reserve and CR are not mutually exclusive in the sense that brain reserve does not protect against the accumulation of pathology, but it does protect against its negative effects [17]. Instead, they influence each other—life experiences and the involvement in stimulating cognitive activities can modify brain anatomy (i.e., neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis) and positively regulate compounds that promote neural plasticity [18].
The concept of CR has progressively evolved in such a way that it is now central in the literature on normal and pathological aging, notwithstanding the theoretical pitfalls and methodological controversies generated by years of studies and reserve-associated concepts. The most striking challenges are the absence of an operational definition of CR and the lack of clarification of its neural bases, the relationship between the brain and CR, and which factors affect brain reserve [19]. Making an effort to overcome these difficulties, a consensus report tried to clarify CR terminology [17] by claiming “resilience” as an umbrella concept that describes the process of coping with age- and disease-related changes, which includes multiple reserve related-concepts, such as brain reserve, brain maintenance, and CR.
Normal aging is characterized by several brain changes at the morphometric and functional level, and associated neuropsychological changes, that are particularly relevant in the frontal lobes on which Executive Functions (EF) heavily depend upon [20]. Among other areas of cognition, EF play a critical role in everyday life, allowing individuals to plan ahead, focus attention, and switch between tasks, hence maintaining effective levels of independent functioning. Variable EF trajectories include development into early adulthood and decline into older age, associated with structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex [21]. Despite this age-related decline, EF also assumes an important role in maintaining global cognitive efficiency in the late period of life, thanks to a higher CR [22].
There is considerable interest in understanding the processes underlying cognitive decline (and whether they result from specific or general impairments that reflect different patterns and different pathological processes) but also in how the brain actively copes with these deleterious effects on EF so functional independence can be maintained. Next in this chapter, we will review evidence that focuses on certain socio-behavioral CR proxies (e.g., education, occupational complexity, leisure activities, and social involvement), how they may help to cope with age-related changes and brain pathology, and how they relate with EF. Further, differences between “active” versus “passive” models of reserve and the underlying CR mechanism (“neural reserve” vs. “neural compensation”) are described.
One of the major limitations of the CR construct is that it can hardly be measured directly. Three methods are usually used to quantify and measure it—(a) socio-behavioral indicators, (b) residual approach, and (c) functional neuroimaging studies [17]. Hence, studies should include not only measures of the status of the brain (reflecting brain alteration or pathology), but also clinical or cognitive performance (consequences of brain damage), and socio-behavioral indicators (e.g., an index of life-long experience/premorbid capacity) when assessing the role of CR. The goal is to be able to predict an individual’s cognitive performance through the interaction between the proposed CR factors and the state of the brain/pathology.
Several studies have shown that CR proxies may decrease the rate of conversion to dementia in subjects with identical degrees of the pathological burden of AD [23, 24], and even have a protective role against the cognitive impairment associated with brain white-matter changes (WMC) or higher ventricular volume [25, 26] delaying the onset of clinical deficits [27]. Understanding the role of these proxies on the prediction of cognitive trajectories serves a two-fold objective, either it is disease prevention or disease diagnosis.
Different CR proxies have been identified [28], but recent systematic reviews indicate that education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement are the most common indicators [29, 30, 31].
The number of years of formal education is the most consistently used across studies. A protective effect of education for age-associated cognitive decline appears to result in higher levels of CR [30, 32]. This is supported by strong positive associations between the number of years of formal education and crystallized measures (e.g., vocabulary) and EF, explaining, in the latter case, even more variance than age itself [33, 34, 35], compared with fluid abilities, such as processing speed, memory, or visuospatial abilities [34, 36, 37]. Robust scientific evidence also supports that lower-educated individuals are more likely to suffer from dementia in a wide range of settings [38]. For example, Contador et al. [39] found that living in a rural area (early and mid-life stages) increased the likelihood of dementia, with the risk being particularly high in people with low education. However, the effect of education on age-related cognitive changes remains controversial [40]. Kremen et al. [41] sought to demonstrate that the impact of CR factors is primarily downstream of intellectual capacity. These researchers concluded that brain development is substantial during childhood and adolescence and that further education from the age of 20 years would contribute much less to brain development. Moreover, it should be considered that the quality of the educational experience is not the same for all individuals, which may influence its potential impact as a CR proxy.
The protective effect of education not only mediates the transition between normal and pathological aging but also between stages of cognitive impairment. Based on the hypothesis that less automatized cognitive domains (or those that did not achieve proper consolidation throughout life) may deteriorate sooner than more consolidated ones, a recent retrospective study aimed to investigate whether education modifies the profile of cognitive/executive performance (i.e., sustained and divided attention, inhibitory control, working memory, verbal, motor and graphomotor fluency, planning, abstract reasoning, and episodic memory) in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). It was found that despite a similar pattern of cognitive decline in both higher and lower education groups, patients with higher education revealed a trend toward a higher proportion of abnormal performances (≤ −1.5 standard deviation on age- and education-adjusted normative scores) and a steeper decline in measures of sustained attention and episodic memory [42]. These findings suggest that patients with higher levels of education have a higher CR because they show a more pronounced decline in executive control that does not reflect differences in clinical disease staging [35, 43, 44]. On the opposite extreme of educational level, elderly illiterate subjects may be more vulnerable to cognitive decline and dementia, due to the lack of the protective effect of education [45, 46, 47, 48, 49].
It is worth noting that, although education is usually measured by the number of years of formal education, there may be other indicators that better capture its true impact. In a recent prospective longitudinal cohort study on aging and cognition, which recruited and followed 275 healthy community subjects seen in primary care settings, with 50 years or older, over a 5-year period, investigators found that being male, older, and with a lower age- and education-adjusted z-scores on divided attention/mental flexibility measures were significant independent predictors of cognitive impairment 5 years later. Moreover, vocabulary emerged as a stronger predictor of cognitive stability or decline than education, independently of their correlation [50]. This highlights the relevance of this measure by reflecting more accurately the degree of cognitive stimulation and intellectual enrichment that may account for subtle differences between subjects at the same educational level, particularly relevant in overall low-literacy populations.
Occupational and leisure activities may also have markedly significant protective effects on cognitive decline and dementia, especially for individuals whose jobs involve social interaction [51]. In fact, it is known that engagement in mentally stimulating activities throughout life may promote neural connectivity [52]. With respect to occupational activity, cognitively demanding work conditions are associated with a decreased risk of cognitive decline in older adults [53]. Middle-aged people at risk for AD (decreased hippocampal volume and increased brain atrophy) with greater occupational complexity (e.g., involving complex social interactions) maintained a similar level of cognitive performance as those with less pathology [51, 54]. However, since higher levels of education are usually associated with jobs that are more cognitively demanding, whether or not the protective effect of education is independent of the levels of work complexity in middle age remains controversial [55, 56]. Moreover, a synergistic effect of low education and occupation on the risk of developing AD was described by Stern et al. [57], particularly when it is combined with cognitively demanding work activity in adulthood [55, 57]. For instance, some studies indicate that level of literacy is a more accurate measure of CR than years of education [58], especially in those individuals from disadvantaged groups or with null/low educational attainment [39, 59]. Regarding involvement in leisure activities, it has also been associated with a reduced risk of AD [60, 61] and protective effects against cognitive decline [62, 63].
There seems to be evidence that lifestyle and the environment effectively regulate cognitive aging and that this regulation may be particularly relevant in the hippocampal-mediated memory functions in mammals. Although the causal nature of this relationship has not yet been established [64], studies in animal models seem to indicate that it may exist, but more clinical studies are needed to specifically understand how social involvement and integration can be used to prevent cognitive decline. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying this relationship seem to indicate a relevant role for growth factors, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis processes. In this context, physical activity, for instance, has been identified as inducing neurogenesis due to its benefits on structural and functional plasticity in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks. Accordingly, maintaining an active social life at older ages can improve CR and benefit cognitive function. This is especially relevant since some aspects, such as education or occupational complexity, developed at a young age and middle age cannot be modified. Social activity can contribute to an increased reserve even in a more advanced stage of life, with gains in cognitive performance. In fact, living alone was significantly associated with an increase in cognitive complaints and a significant predictor of future cognitive decline in specific linguistic/executive measures, such as verbal fluency over a 5-year follow-up [33, 65, 66]. Social interactions can be viewed as natural forms of cognitive stimulation and may play a relevant part in the stimulation of language skills, whereas living alone would represent a relative cognitive deprivation situation, with reduced cognitive stimulation and lower CR [67, 68]. Interventions that reduce social isolation at a more advanced stage can benefit cognitive function both directly and indirectly by building reserve, especially in individuals with low CR in middle age. This aspect has important implications for interventions suggesting that combating social isolation can contribute to a healthier cognition [69].
Traditionally, late-mature regions, such as the frontal lobes, are considered especially vulnerable to normal age changes, inspiring theories of cognitive aging, such as the “last in, first-out” or “retrogenesis” hypothesis. This hypothesis considers an anteroposterior gradient of age vulnerability, which explains the decline in EF often observed in healthy older adults [70].
Executive functions, such as processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, top–down suppression, or shifting ability, are shaped by education and by other CR proxies. A decline in executive performance has been shown to be associated with low performance in activities of daily living and to predict conversion from MCI to dementia [71, 72]. Moreover, EF are known to be sensitive to damage in other parts of the brain, such as subcortical white matter changes [34], thalamic nuclei, the limbic system, and basal ganglia [73] apart from prefrontal lobe damage.
The perspective that age-related cognitive decline emerges when a person is no longer able to compensate for the reduced functioning of the primary brain structures and circuits, is largely supported in the literature. Relevant conceptual models have emerged over the last 20 years, aiming to describe and understand brain reorganization in response to age-related changes and brain injury. Older adults may use alternative networks to aim for the same level of functioning as younger individuals, which can represent a mechanism of neural compensation [74, 75]. The “Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition” (STAC) model proposed by Park and Reuter-Lorenz [76] claims the recruitment of additional circuits as a way to strengthen the declining structures whose functioning has become inefficient. These strategies lose efficiency in the aged brain and are eventually no longer accessible when there is cerebral pathology, as in the case of AD. The “normalcy-pathology homology” phenomenon suggests that there are regions more vulnerable to age-related changes and that this age vulnerability renders them more susceptible to additional pathological AD-related changes. This is particularly clear in frontotemporal regions where the elderly, even with a low risk of AD, present prominent cortical reductions [70].
The Cognitive Reserve framework suggests that individual differences in cognitive performance are based on more efficient recruitment of brain networks (neural reserve) or the enhanced ability to recruit alternate (compensation) brain networks [15, 77]. Regarding neural reserve, it is postulated that inter-individual variability related to the efficiency, capacity, or flexibility of the brain networks will influence how the healthy brain can deal with the demands imposed by the emergence of brain injuries or pathologies. The neural reserve allows healthy young individuals with greater CR to solve tasks more efficiently and more capably and, in turn, may better confront the disruptions imposed by brain pathology due to the increased flexibility of brain networks. Neural compensation concerns task-related activation, a mechanism that only appears when new resources are needed to maintain or improve performance due to changes in the brain structure. Hence, neural compensation is a mechanism usually referring to people who have brain pathology [15, 77]. The degree of compensation can also vary in individuals in terms of expression and effectiveness. In fact, neural compensation refers to inter-individual variability to compensate for the disruption of standard processing networks. In this situation, brain structures or networks that are not normally used by individuals with intact brains become activated. Both neural reserve and neural compensation support CR, with compensation being the most common mechanism in more advanced stages of the aging spectrum [78].
As previously stated, individuals with higher CR can maintain a more efficient and capable network or compensate advantageously in the face of a comparable amount of brain pathology [79]. Accordingly, Scarmeas et al. [80], using a set of memory tasks, identified brain regions where systematic relationships between CR and brain activation differed as a function of aging. Thus, when facing certain tasks, young and older people activate similar brain regions but as the difficulty of the memory task increased the magnitude of activation was often higher in older individuals, suggesting more efforts to achieve a comparable level of performance, which can be related to network efficiency. In addition, the older adults recruited additional regions of the brain not used by young people while performing certain memory tasks, which can represent a form of active neural compensation [80]. A similar pattern of compensation was also found when comparing old adults schooled later in life with old adults schooled at the proper age, in a memory recognition task using Magnetoencephalography (MEG), and the first ones displayed additional activations to keep the level of performance [81].
In the last few decades, scientific studies have tried to capture the “neural implementation” of CR through functional neuroimaging [78]. This approach seeks to identify resting state or task-related functional activation brain networks that may underlie CR. Potentially, the expression of these networks may be associated with the influence of CR proxies, moderating the effect of brain changes on cognition. If these networks were identified through functional neuroimaging research methods (not properly used in clinical practice), their degree of manifestation would be a more direct measure of CR than other types of proxies [17]. Tucker and Stern [37] suggested that there may be at least one “generic CR network” that can be activated during the performance of many tasks, explaining how CR protects against brain pathology, which seems to be a promising line of future investigation [17].
A recent systematic review indicates that a resting-state network, implicating medial temporal regions and cingulate cortex (anterior or posterior), is associated with neural reserve, whereas frontal regions and the dorsal attentional network (DAN), activated during the cognitive engagement, are related to neural compensation [78]. Task-related studies have found a positive correlation between CR proxies (mostly premorbid IQ and education) and higher frontal activity in healthy older adults compared to young adults [82, 83, 84, 85]. Moreover, a positive association between CR (i.e., education-occupation attainment, premorbid IQ , and leisure activities) and frontal activity in MCI and AD patients compared to healthy older adults has been found [86, 87].
The mechanisms on which the function and resilience of large-scale brain networks are based are still poorly understood. Early lifespan environmental influences can contribute to understanding phenomena such as reserve, as, at least partially, to determine the variance of the underlying structural network. This may have implications for global and regional network controllability. A dynamic network theory can be crucial for advancing the understanding of the resilience of the human brain, reinforcing the need for a spatiotemporal analysis in complex systems [88]. In fact, the human capacity to perform a variety of tasks seems to be associated with cognitive control networks, specifically the frontoparietal control network (FPN) in the left posterior parietal cortex. The adaptability of this network, whose global connectivity pattern seems to change more than other networks, and the connectivity patterns that can be used to identify task performance, point to the importance of this network in cognitive control and task performance. It seems to be possible through “flexible hubs,” that is, regions that quickly update their connectivity pattern according to task demands [89].
This greater variability in FPN connectivity, both between networks and between tasks, supports the notion that this network implements core flexible hubs, allowing cognitive control across various and distinct tasks [89]. This is especially relevant for this chapter’s purpose as the existence of this control network appears to be crucial for reserve. Specifically, one of its hubs, the left frontal cortex (LFC, covering BA 6/44) [90, 91], is a likely candidate for the neural implementation of CR. The resting-state connectivity of that LFC hub region had previously been associated with protective factors such as high IQ and high cognitive performance. Concretely, it had already been demonstrated that the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is a hub region with an especially high global connectivity but, more than that, it has been shown that this global connectivity could predict the fluid intelligence of individuals, appearing to be a global hub connector [92]. This level of the organization thus appears to be especially relevant for understanding the brain and CR that involve distributed circuits and complex psychological constructs.
Global connectivity of the LFC hub (close to the Broca area), in resting-state fMRI, is associated with more years of education (CR proxy) and with milder effects of FDG-PET hypometabolism on memory performance in prodromal AD [91]. This can be important for instance in the selection of participants for intervention trials since MCI patients with higher CR seem to have a higher likelihood to benefit from a cognitive intervention [93].
Increased frontoparietal activation may reflect a compensatory mechanism, helping to protect memory task performance in early-stage AD. Additionally, increased global connectivity of LFC can support frontoparietal increased activation and that is associated with CR, moderating the association between AD neuropathology and cognitive decline, and helping to maintain better memory performance [90]. In a task-related fMRI study, the authors tried to understand if LFC hub connectivity during an episodic memory task was associated with a reserve in aging and MCI. More years of education were associated with increased LFC connectivity during memory processing, and increased LFC connectivity was associated with a higher reserve in the memory domain. This result pattern was found in controls and MCI groups, which was interpreted as suggestive that connectivity of a key hub of the frontoparietal control network contributes to reserve in both normal and pathological aging. This conclusion reinforces that LFC is a good candidate for the neural basis of reserve and that a higher LFC connectivity may be a long-lasting trait that is influenced by environmental stimuli, namely education [91]. In fact, CR, being the result of multiple and distinct stimulations, involves connectivity between different tasks and domains. Consistently with this, the LFC (BA 6/44) ranks among the top 5% of brain regions in terms of number of connections in the brain, being high and globally connected to the rest of the brain and is a key connector hub between different functional networks [91]. Taken together the results seem to point out that the cognitive control network, particularly LFC, works as a hub of the frontoparietal control network, which is associated with greater reserve. Later work showed that education is associated with better performance on memory tasks thanks to greater efficiency of functional networks, clearly demonstrating the effects of education on DMN/DAN small-worldness, mediated via LFC connectivity, and reinforcing its role as a neural basis of the reserve [94].
Moreover, evidence also shows that education facilitates the brain’s ability to form segregated functional groups of networks, with stronger signals in parietal and occipital regions [95]. This fact reinforces the perspective that more years of schooling trigger a more specialized use of neural processing. However, CR (residual variance in memory and general executive functioning) was also associated with higher global network efficiency (i.e., functional integration). In this sense, this study corroborates that CR is associated both with increased functional connectivity and better organization of the network topology.
The protective role of higher global functional connectivity in the FPN and higher local connectivity between the salience network (anterior cingulate cortex) and medial frontal cortex can significantly mitigate the impact of white matter lesions on EF [96], emphasizing the role of the cognitive control network as a neural substrate for CR. As pointed out by the authors, both the salience and the FPN are important cognitive control networks, that are crucial for appropriate brain functioning, with the FPN flexibly regulating the activity of other networks and the salience network integrating inputs from different sources. Their results reinforce the notion that cognitive control networks may play a role in brain resilience mechanisms with increased connectivity being linked to better cognition.
Overall, these findings suggest that greater activity of frontal regions, namely via LFC connectivity, is a potential component of functional networks underlying neural compensation. Conversely, MTL regions, which are known to be critical for the conversion from MCI to AD, may reflect the capacity of the neural reserve [97, 98].
The understanding of the mechanisms involved with successful aging is far from straightforward and the growing number of publications in this field shows the interest of the scientific community to understand the importance of complex related concepts in its promotion. In this chapter, we focused on several socio-behavioral CR proxies identified as protective factors against cognitive decline and dementia and how they impact EF by means of neural compensation mechanisms related to the increased functional activity of the frontal lobe.
The relationship between CR proxies and the maintenance of cognitive efficiency in the context of age-related changes/brain pathology is dynamic. Not only do the skills, social involvement, and occupational attainment developed throughout life have a mediating role in improving neural connections (i.e., in terms of activation, flexibility, and efficiency), but also this enhancement of brain connectivity patterns expresses itself in better cognitive performance. Despite its vulnerability to the effects of senescence, the frontal lobes play a key role in CR allowing for the preservation of the overall cognitive function by means of enrichment of EF (e.g., planning, sequencing, inhibitory control, abstract reasoning) via a higher CR. Indeed, people with high CR show an advantage in the use of these more developed EF, thus increasing frontal lobe activity. The use of alternative task-relevant circuits compensates for effectiveness (e.g., MTL, especially relevant for memory and selectively affected in AD) thus mitigating the clinical expression of dementia. In this compensation mechanism, DAN and FPN networks are particularly relevant, with a sub-region in the LFC being identified as a potential candidate for a neural marker of CR.
Several caveats still, however, need to be fully addressed. First and foremost, it is unclear how CR proxies may specifically influence different aetiologies of dementia and modulate different cognitive trajectories. Second, EF cannot have a double role as an age−/pathology-dependent measure and as a factor that changes the relationship. As a consequence, all EF may not be appropriate measures for CR, since it is not stable throughout life and is vulnerable to age-related changes. Thus, according to the gain/loss hypothesis, one should carefully select aspects of EF that are robust and resistant to aging, in order to include them as components of CR. Stern et al. [99] considered that this approach should be better explored in the future, despite currently presenting some limitations that are difficult to overcome. From the outset, the fact that the brain measures used to predict cognition only partially capture brain pathology or physiology and different lifestyles cannot be explained by known brain predictors can lead to a high risk of including many aspects that are not reserved. Third, the differential impact of CR depending on the demographic characteristics of the population or discrepancies in measuring CR measures or outcomes (i.e., cognitive or functional) needs to be addressed as well. In fact, precise operational definitions of CR and other related theoretical constructs are needed. Advances in multimodal imaging, preferably longitudinal studies, will allow a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying CR. Future work should focus on the design of studies that will help to clarify the relationship between CR proxies and brain reserve, as well as improve their measurement. These studies will make it possible to improve and integrate the existing conceptual models of the moderation of CR in cognitive performance. Further, it is expected that the contribution of these investigations could lead to objective guidelines and strategies for the development of differentiated, validated, and accessible intervention programs aimed to provide more functionality and better quality of life in older adults [17].
If the existence of a compensatory capacity in individuals with a high CR seems to be clear, it is consensual that it is still not entirely clear what reserve consists of in neural terms. Potential candidates have been proposed but the discovery of this neural basis is particularly relevant as, in addition to traditional cognitive and psychosocial stimulation techniques, it could also open doors to more direct brain stimulation allowing the use of a whole arsenal of new non-invasive brain stimulation technologies which is predicted to have increasing importance in intervention.
This work is financially supported by the National Funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the project UIDB/04279/2020. The authors thank the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health and Católica Research Centre for Psychological, Family & Social Wellbeing, Universidade Católica Portuguesa for their support.
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Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]},{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41060,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"37707",doi:"10.5772/51110",title:"Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect",slug:"principle-of-meat-aroma-flavors-and-future-prospect",totalDownloads:7452,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef",authors:[{id:"153361",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ba",slug:"hoa-van-ba",fullName:"Hoa Van Ba"},{id:"163181",title:"Prof.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Amna",slug:"touseef-amna",fullName:"Touseef Amna"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13759,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27589,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82382",title:"A Cultural Approach in the Synchronous Class in English Teaching and Learning",slug:"a-cultural-approach-in-the-synchronous-class-in-english-teaching-and-learning",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105553",abstract:"If culture is defined as a way of training to obtain knowledge through educational channels, the concept is associated with educability. Therefore, teaching cognitive, attitudinal, and procedural knowledge directly indicates teaching and learning culture to acquire norms and patterns of sociocultural behavior. The purpose of this study was: to debate about the way interaction among students and teachers in synchronous classes based on life’s materials, topics, and methods, and critical or reflective thinking can be adapted by the teacher to the students’ closest environment to communicate in English as an international language. If a language is taught, spoken, and learned in the country, culture surrounding the context is taught. If this language is not spoken in the place, the knowledge system also transmits norms and values, different from those of the language. So, the students get, culturally and socially, modes of action, principles, and knowledge through international language learning. Thus, teaching and learning English as an international language means the way possible interaction has opportunities for every student’s growth and the way their personality formation gets integral results. English taught and learned as an international language denotes reaching the students’ world and needs to communicate in English as a meaningful international language.",book:{id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy - Challenges, Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg"},signatures:"Ned Vito Quevedo Arnaiz, Nemis García Arias and Fredy Pablo Cañizares Galarza"},{id:"82470",title:"The Effect of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Care Workers: Challenges for Social Services Leaders",slug:"the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-quality-of-life-of-care-workers-challenges-for-social-services-leaders",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105603",abstract:"Stressful situations are likely to impact health and social care workers’ quality of life negatively. Indeed, mental, physical, and emotional health problems have been reported in relation to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of health care workers. Instead of health care workers’ reality, and despite the care sector’s relevance, studies of the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of care workers have not been sufficiently explored. Recognizing the effect of COVID on the quality of life of care workers will collaborate with leaders of organizations, social work practitioners, and academics in the design of policies that promote better working conditions. Therefore, during 2021, a study was carried out in Chile where 150 social services and care workers were surveyed in Chile using a version of COV19-QoL in Spanish. The impact of COVID on quality of life is described, and the challenges that this reality implies to social service leaders are presented.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Magdalena Calderón-Orellana, Alejandra Inostroza and Paula Miranda Sánchez"},{id:"82448",title:"Virus World Vulnerability: A Critical Reading of Gender and Performance in Bo Burnham’s “Inside” (2021)",slug:"virus-world-vulnerability-a-critical-reading-of-gender-and-performance-in-bo-burnham-s-inside-2021",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105182",abstract:"Through an engagement with the seminal work of Raewyn Connell on masculinities and hegemonic masculinity, this chapter argues for the hegemonic norm as producing behaviour among men that can be traced in multiple male subjectivities. The argument is that men respond to the prevailing masculine norm by enacting self-protective disavowal—a complex psychological process that involves the reordering of reality in the interests of the maintenance of power, and one that is seen in cases of both legitimate and imagined threats to the self and the body. Self-protective disavowal is at the core of the Same Shit phenomenon—the idea that while the experience of masculinity varies across culture and position in the gender order, self-protective disavowal is a constant that leads to predicable patterns among men. The discussion then explores deliberate vulnerability as a kind of anti-protective disavowal in Bo Burnham’s INSIDE, a complex, undefinable ‘special’ released on Netflix in 2021. The chapter considers Burnham’s work as a departure from self-protective disavowal and Same Shit masculinity through deliberate vulnerability and critically evaluates the value of this alternative, especially given the nihilism that reigns over the work and calls into question the validity of uncritically romanticization of alternatives.",book:{id:"10540",title:"Masculinity Studies - An Interdisciplinary Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10540.jpg"},signatures:"Chris McWade"},{id:"82454",title:"Prospects and Pitfalls Experienced by Social Workers Working in a Confounding Environment in a South African Setting",slug:"prospects-and-pitfalls-experienced-by-social-workers-working-in-a-confounding-environment-in-a-south",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105604",abstract:"While social workers are professionally and aptly placed to facilitate a turn-around environment rife with a conglomeration of challenges such as poverty, ignorance, and diseases, the chapter discusses the developmental prospects and pitfalls that confound their practice in South Africa. Opportunely, social work interventions continue to gain developmental mileage through increased training of social workers, their increased deployment in various versatile domains of social and economic development and increased widening of the scope of social work research, especially current research in fields such as HIV/AIDS and coronavirus. On the other side of the coin, the chapter discusses social work pitfalls attributed to professional curricular gaps as social work continue to follow a western-centric curriculum; the presence of various metaphysical beliefs and myths that weaken or derail social work interventions and a weaker research environment to offer a plausible and timely solution to the prevalent problems. The chapter concludes by calling for a paradigm shift in the social work curriculum as well as its indigenization to productively respond to the South African socio-cultural and geographical milieu.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Simon Murote Kang’ethe"},{id:"82425",title:"Financial Reporting and Analysis of Tesla Green Technology in the United States Market",slug:"financial-reporting-and-analysis-of-tesla-green-technology-in-the-united-states-market",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105065",abstract:"This study aims to discuss and analyze the financial position and performance of the US Tesla green technology company in the United States. This study uses a case study approach, financial data, and website methodologies to collect and analyze the research data. The case study is Tesla, Inc., which is a US electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Austin, Texas. Tesla is a green technology company that produces and designs electric cars, battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar roof tiles and solar panels, and related products and services. Tesla is growing fastly by introducing new green products, and it is now one of the world’s most valuable enterprises. It has a high market capitalization of almost US$1 trillion to become the world’s most valuable automaker. This study concludes that Tesla has changed their strategy to become the most worldwide sales of purely battery electric vehicles, capturing 23% of the market and 16% of the plug-in electric battery in the market for 2020. It has also developed a significant installer of photovoltaic systems through its subsidiary Tesla Energy in the United States. One of the largest global battery energy-storage systems suppliers is Tesla Energy, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours installed in 2021.",book:{id:"11251",title:"Banking and Accounting",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11251.jpg"},signatures:"Nizar Mohammad Alsharari"},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",abstract:"In the last decades, the never-ending and unlimited expanding of both international economies and operations became globalization. Among its main features, one could recall the enormous increase of world macro-economic quantities (Gross World Product, Inter-continental Trade, FDI), as well as financial values (public debts and currency printing). The chapter tries to quantify them, by a statistical analysis of historical data (Section 1). Section 2 is dedicated to the strategic problems of firms, in particular the threats and opportunities for (inter) national firms willing to become global, and obstacles are included in Section 3. This given, it deals with the behavior of countries from the political and juridical points of view, and those ones passed form initial perplexities, distaste, or even hostility to a favorable behavior. Conclusions (Section 4) recall both the problematic alternative for globalized companies between “the world as our next door” and their social responsibilities and the similar problem for host countries, between socioeconomic advantages and protection of local workers, resources, and environment.",book:{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg"},signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:282},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"