Tribological parameters.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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He is currently an Assistant Professor - Energy Technology, School of Engineering Technology at Purdue University, USA. He is the Founder and Director of Advanced Power Units and Renewable Distributed Energy Lab (A_PURDUE). His research focuses on Modeling, Design, Multi-Objectives Optimization, Simulation, Analysis, and Control of various aspects such as Smart Nano & Micro- Grids; Electric Mobility & Transportation Electrification, Renewable Energy Systems; Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles; Electric Vehicles; Special Purposes Electric Machines; Deep Learning Techniques; Distributed Generation Systems; Thermoelectric Generation; Special Power Electronics Converters; Power Systems; Energy Storage & Conservation; and Engineering Education. So far, He has 9 books, 5 chapters in books, 63 journal papers, 73 conference papers, and 106 other publications with his collaborators, and students related to his research interests. 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This type of coatings currently has a wide range of investigations, which have been able to generate different configurations such as binary, ternary or quaternary systems, single or multilayer systems, as well as a great combination of different elements that have conferred characteristics. Special to this type of coatings, such as high hardness, high biocompatibility, high resistance to wear, high resistance to corrosion, among other specific characteristics required depending on their use and application. A specific type of coatings such as those based on nitrides, which have generated great interest within various and novel coating systems, these coatings were implemented approximately since 1970 [4], being one of the first anti-wear coatings used in the industry. This type of coatings have great hardness, high resistance to wear and high resistance to corrosion among other interesting properties, such as TiN [4], TiCrN [5], [Al2O3/Si3N4] [6], TiCN [7], BCN [8] among other configurations.
Nitride-based coatings are constituted by the incorporation of nitrogen atoms (N) within the crystalline structure of transition metals such as Ti, Al, Cr, V among others, which generates a distortion within their structure, causing internal stresses, with changing specific properties of the material. In addition, the inclusion of N atoms interstitially within the structures generates a physicochemical change in the material, giving it changes in its behavior based on a new metal-ceramic structure that it now presents. Therefore, properties such as hardness and corrosion resistance increase considerably in relation to simpler coatings based on transition metals. On the other hand, the distortion within their structures due to the inclusion of N atoms generating stresses within their structure as mentioned above, causes physical changes in the coating, such as an increase in the density of these coatings, which influences characteristics. Surface surfaces such as roughness and the presence of these residual stresses within the structure, causes an increase in the mechanical properties of the coating, among other changes in material properties.
The deposition of the coatings was performed using a multi-target sputtering magnetron. This specific type of system allows to perform the multilayer deposition process in situ. This equipment uses four (4) magnetrons (Torus - 4 “, 10 cm Kurt J. Lesker) with diameters of 10 cm, three (3) radio frequency sources (13.56 MHz, RFX 600A), and three (3) direct current sources (MDX 500, Advanced Energy). In addition, the pressure during the deposition process in monitored by a control and measurement system (Baraton, MKS), which has four (4) gas flow controllers, a radiation heating system (Athena 500), which has a maximum temperature of 400°C, and a planetary type rotary sampling system. For TiN, TiCrN, TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings, titanium (Ti), titanium carbide (TiC) and Chromium-Aluminum (Cr-Al) targets were used, respectively; each cathode with an approximate purity of 99.99%. Two (2) different type of substrate were used, silicon with preferential crystallographic orientation (100) and AISI 1045 and H13 steel substrates respectively. The silicon substrates were subjected to a surface cleaning process in an ultrasonic system and the steel substrates were prepared superficially using sandpaper (SiC) and finally polished in a metallographic polisher. Before starting the deposition process, a vacuum with a pressure of 1.4x10−4 mbar was applied. The TiCN coating was deposited using a working pressure of 1.4x10−2 mbar in a gas mixture of 50 sccm (Ar) and 16 sccm (N2) at 250°C, and a r.f power density of 5 W/cm2 was applied on the TiC target. For BCN coating, it was deposited by a pressure of 7.4x10−3 mbar in a gas mixture of 44 sccm (Ar) and 6 sccm (N2) at 250°C, and a r.f power density of 7 W/cm2 was applied on the BC target. For the CrAlN coating was deposited using a working pressure of 6.4x10−3 mbar was used a gas mixture of 50 sccm (Ar) and 5.5 sccm (N2) at 250°C, and the r.f power density applied to the Cr target and Al target was 2.5 W/cm2 and 4.5 W/cm2, respectively [8]. The deposition of the Si3N4 based coatings was performed by magnetron sputtering with an r.f source (13.56 MHz) on silicon (100) and AISI 316 stainless steel substrates. A cathode (Si3N4) with a purity of 99.9% approximately. During the deposition a power of 550 W was used and a bias voltage of −20 V was applied, the distance between substrates-targets was approximately 7 cm, and the deposition process was carried out at a temperature of 200°C inside the chamber. In addition, the substrate holder rotated at a speed of 60 RPM during the entire deposition process with a working pressure of 5.1x103 mbar. The coating obtained a thickness of approximately 2.5 μm.
The structural analysis of TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (PANalytical X ‘pert proTM), using a Cu Kα radiation source with a wavelength of λ = 1.5405 Å. By X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) using a SAGE HR100 (SPECSTM) equipment with a monochromatic source (Mg Kα 1253.6 eV), CasaXPS V2.3.15 software was used to determine the chemical composition of the obtained coatings. The morphological study of the coatings was carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an Asylum Research MFP-3D® device and with a scanning prove image processor (SPIP®), the grain size and roughness of the coatings obtained were calculated. The mechanical study was carried out by nanoindentation using an Ubi1-HysitronTM device, which uses a Berkovich diamond tip at variable loads. From this test, load–displacement curves were obtained as a function of penetration for the coatings. Based on these curves, hardness and elastic modulus were determined using the Oliver-Phar method.
The tribological characterization of the coatings was performed under ASTM G99-17 standard, using a Microtest MT 4001-98 tribometer. This equipment consists of a rotating platform, with controlled speed on which the test sample is adjusted in an environment with or without lubricant. On this surface, a mechanical arm which contains a counterpart (100Cr6 or Steel 440) with a spherical shape of 6 mm in diameter in direct contact with the surface under study is adjusted. A load applied to the counterpart (5 N) is adjusted on this mechanical arm; with an angular velocity of 160 rpm and linear velocity of 0.1 m/s and other parameters of each tribological test are presented in Table 1. In addition, a JEOL model JSM-6490LVTM scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the wear track. The adhesive characterization of the coatings was performed under ASTM G171-03 standard, using a Microtest MTR2 equipment, the parameter used in the test were; a sliding distance of 6 mm, variable load from 0 to 90 N and a sliding velocity of of 1.97 mm/min using a Rockwell C indenter. In addition, the identification of cohesive failure (Lc1) and adhesive failure (Lc2) was performed using the NANOVEA SCRATCH TESTER software, which analyzes the change of the friction coefficient versus load or distance, and the results were corroborated by optical micrographs and SEM micrographs of the scratch tracks. The coatings thickness and the wear scratch images were obtained by using a KLA Tencor D-120 profilometer; the thickness of all the coatings was 3 μm [6, 9].
TiN, TiCrN | TiCN, CrAlN, BCN | Si3N4 | |
---|---|---|---|
Load (N) | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Counterpart | 440 | 100Cr6 | 100Cr6 |
Environments | dry | Dry and lubricated | Dry and lubricated |
Substrate | Steel H13 | Steel 1045 | Steel 316 |
Distance (m) | 100 | 1000 | 300 |
Lubricant | 20 W50 | 20 W50 | |
Angular Velocity (rpm) | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Linear Velocity (m/seg) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Tribological parameters.
Figure 1 shows the diffraction patterns for the initial coating based on (TiN), where diffraction peaks located in the crystallographic planes (111) (200, 220), (311), (222) and (400) were obtained. In addition, the incorporation of Cr atoms within its structure for the formation of the coating (TiCrN), which still shows the same characteristics peaks. On the other hand, the displacement of the characteristics peaks of the multilayer system formed by [TiN/TiCrN] can be evidenced as a function of the increase in the bilayers number deposited on Si substrates (100). Determining that the increase in the number of interfaces causes a distortion of the crystalline structure due to residual stresses within this multilayers system, which will influence the mechanical and tribological properties of this type of coatings. From these results it was possible to infer that all coatings have a face-centered cubic crystal structure (FCC) [5, 10].
X-ray diffraction patterns for monolayers [TiN and TiCrN] and multilayers [TiN/TiCrN]n as a function of the number of bilayers 1, 25, and 50.
Figure 2 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns for more complex coatings such as TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings. From these results, 2θ diffraction sequences were evident for face-centered cubic (FCC), NaCl type structures with and Fm3m space group [11]. The conformation of this type of coatings (TiCN, BCN and CrAlN) is associated by the substitution mechanism, in which, the carbon atoms (C) substitute the nitrogen atoms (N), giving rise the ordered CN systems in Ti, B and unordered for TiCN and BCN coatings. On the other hand, the CrAlN coating is the result of the coupling the two FCC phases of AlN and CrN, which generated a conjugated complex, where Al and Cr atoms are located in reticular positions and aluminum atoms (Al) are substituted by atoms of (Cr) while nitrogen atoms are located in the interstitial position of the CrAlN crystal [12, 13, 14]. Through these results, a NaCl-type FCC structure was determined for the three coatings, in which Ti, B, Cr and Al atoms would be located at the Wyckoff 4a site and the Wyckoff 4b site is randomly occupied by C and N atoms. Thus, titanium carbon-nitride as well as boron carbo-nitride are agreement with the international indexing files JCPDF 00-042-1488 and JCPDF 00-035-1293, while for aluminum chromium nitride two indexing are performed, taking into account the structure of chromium nitride (CrN) JCPDF 00-003-1157 and aluminum nitride (AlN) JCPD 00-025-1495 [15]. In addition, it can be observed that the CrAlN coating is constituted by CrN and AlN, which present the same NaCl-type FCC crystal structure and a 225-Fm3m space group. These results established that the higher intensity peak (111) located at the for angles 2θ = 36.342° and 43.228° for TiCN and BCN coatings respectively. Otherwise, for the CrAlN coating, where the peak of higher intensity (200) was located at angle 2θ = 41.646°. Finally, shifts towards smaller 2θ angles relative to the positions where the material is stress-free (dotted line). These shifts of the diffraction peaks suggest a variation of the lattice parameter of the crystal structures of the coatings. Considering that TiCN, CrAlN and BCN coatings present cubic structures, it can be observed that when the value of the theta angle (θ) decreases, the lattice parameter increases, evidencing an increase of the internal stresses (compression type) within the crystalline structure of the coatings.
Diffraction patterns for all coatings: (a) TiCN, (b) BCN and (c) CrAlN. Dotted lines indicate the peaks position obtained from the international indexing files (JCPDF) of TiCN, BCN and CrN–AlN respectively.
Figure 3 shows the XRD diffraction patterns for Si3N4 coating deposited on silicon (100), where diffraction peaks located in the (111), (220), (311), (400), (511), (440) and (533) crystallographic planes characteristics of a face-centered cubic structure FCC were obtained. In addition, a preferential texturization is observed in the (311) plane, it was also observed that the peaks presented horizontal displacements at 2θ with respect to those reported in the JCPDC 00-051-1334 file (dotted line), were caused by internal stresses generated during the deposition process, which caused a deformation in the crystallographic planes of the structure of the coatings.
Diffraction patterns of the Si3N4 single layers coating deposited on silicon.
Figure 4 shows the survey spectra for the TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings. These spectra presented high intensity peaks where their location with their respective binding energies were determined. For the TiCN coating, Ti (2p3), C (1 s) and Si (2p) peaks located at the binding energy 458.4 eV; 396.8 eV; 284.8 eV and 61.6 eV respectively were obtained; for the BCN coating, N (1 s), C (1 s) and B (1 s) peaks located at the binding energy 400 eV; 285.6 eV and 192.8 eV respectively were obtained; and for the CrAlN coating Cr (2p), N(1 s), Al (2 s) and Al (2p) peaks located at the binding energy 475.99 eV; 396.97 eV; 119 eV and 74 eV respectively were obtained. Previous studies indicated that the signals of C (1 s) and N (1 s) are associated with C-N and Ti-N bonds, these results are agreement with the literature [16]. Analysis of the XPS spectra for the BCN coating showed the binding energies corresponding to the N (1 s), C (1 s) and B (1 s) signals were consistent to the formation of the BCN ternary compound as corroborated in the literature [17]. For the ternary CrAlN coating, Cr (2p3/2), Al (2p) and N (1 s) signals associated with Cr-Al bonds were presented, binding energies for Cr-N and Al-N were also evidenced, confirming the formation of the ternary CrAlN compound [18]. Finally, the stoichiometry was determined for all the coatings (Ti32.45-C35.83-N31.72, B48.63-C31.22-N20.15 and Cr40.27-Al38.01-N21.72).
XPS survey results for the three coatings used: (a) TiCN, (b) BCN and (c) CrAlN.
Figure 5a show the depth spectra for the Si3N4 coating, showing the spectral lines of the elements present in the coating by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. From this result, elements such as Si and N, and elements in low quantity such as Oxygen were found. In order to know the detailed surface stoichiometry of the coating, the high resolution XPS spectra of Si-2p and N-1 s species are also presented in the Figure 5b and c respectively. The Si3N4 coating has an atomic N/Si ratio of 1.32 (stoichiometry
Depth spectra obtained by the XPS technique for the Si3N4 nitride coatings and high resolution XPS spectra for the Si3N4 coating: (a) Si-2p signal; (b) N-1s signal.
To quantitatively study the surface morphology of the samples, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was used. Figure 6a and b present the images corresponding to titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium chromium nitride (TiCrN) respectively. From these results, it was evident that the TiCrN surface has a more regular surface compared to TiN. This surface change is attributed to the incorporation of chromium (Cr) into its crystalline structure, which causes a compressive deformation, making a much denser and compact structure with a more orderly growth.
Atomic force microscopy for single layer coatings: (a) TiCrN and (b) TiN.
Figure 4c and d show the roughness and grain size for the TiN and TiCrN layers and the [TiN/TiCrN] based multilayer system as a function of the bilayers number n = 1, 25 and 50 respectively. These results indicated that the TiCrN layer presented better surface properties (roughness and grain size) compared to the TiN layer. In addition, by means of the multilayer system, it was evidenced that by increasing the bilayers number or interfaces, the surfaces presented a lower number of imperfections due to the fact that the system becomes much denser generating a more regular surface, because an increase in the density of the system is promoted due to a higher number of interfaces. Authors such as J.C. Caicedo et al. [22] also showed this behavior in multilayer systems. In addition, the roughness is a factor that influenced the tribological properties, influencing the formation of asperities, the type of contact and the wear generated at the beginning of the tribological test [23, 24].
Using SPIP® statical analysis software, AFM images were obtained in contact mode (Figure 7a–c). From these images, the surface roughness and grain size values of each coating were obtained (Figure 8a and b). From these images it can be clearly observed the change in surface morphology as the nature of the coating changes, taking into account that the three materials have a similar thickness.
AFM images for all coatings: (a) TiCN, (b) CrAlN and (c) BCN.
Influence of TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings’ nature on morphological surface: (a) roughness as a function of coating materials, (b) grain size as a function of coating materials.
Figure 8 shows the relationship between surface roughness and grain size. These results indicated that the TiCN coating presented the higher values for roughness = 7.01 μm and grain size = 62.6 μm; followed by the CrAlN coating, which presented roughness = 6.47 μm and grain size = 58.8 μm. Finally, the BCN coating presented the best characteristics (lowest values) of roughness = 4.12 μm and grain size = 51.6 μm. Thus, there was a decrease of 41.23% and 17.57% for roughness and grain size respectively. From the results obtained by AFM, it was observed that the BCN coating presented the best results, which is due to the susceptibility of BCN to grow with low roughness on the substrate with respect to the other coatings, also producing the reduction of the grain size (which is directly proportional to the reduction of the roughness), causing a more compact coating to be generated.
Figure 9 presents the AFM images of the Si3N4 coating, where it was determined that the coating presented a grain morphology with circular geometry with a low grain size and a homogeneous surface. This surface characteristic is attributed to a high ionic bombardment of Ar+ atoms generated during the deposition process, which modifies the surface morphology of the coating. Thus, ion bombardment causes an increase in the energy of the atoms adsorbed on the substrate surface, generating an increase in the nucleation sites. This results in a reduction of grain size, roughness and columnar growth, as well as an increase in the density of the coatings [5, 25]. Figure 9b shows the values of the roughness and grain size for the coating, where it was determined that the Si3N4 surface presented optimal results, so these morphological characteristics will greatly affect the mechanical and tribological properties of this coating.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for the single layer Si3N4 coatings, showing the morphological analysis of the Si3N4 coatings: roughness and grain size.
Figure 10 shows the load-depth curves obtained during the nanoindentation test fir the TiN and TiCrN single layer coating and the TiN/TiCrN multilayer system as a function of the bilayers number. These results showed a higher penetration fir the substrate (steel H13). In addition, the TiCrN layer showed a lower penetration compared to the TiN layer and for the multilayer system, there was a decrease in penetration as the bilayers number increased. This behavior is due to the surface properties of each coating as corroborated in the Figure 10b and c. Thus, Figure 10b and c shows the values of hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) for the individual coating and multilayers system (TiN, TiCrN and [TiN/TiCrN]) where it was determined that both presented hardness higher than 10 Gpa, which serves as a parameter to qualify them as hard coatings, which allows to have a longer life time and lower wear rates in cutting tools that implement this type of coatings [26]. Finally, these results show a hardness of 18.5 Gpa and an elastic modulus 284.17 Mpa, as well as a hardness of 20.35 Gpa and elastic modulus 314.2 Mpa for the TiN and TiCrN single layers, respectively. The TiCrN single layer showed better properties due to the higher compressive stresses generated in the coating during the sputtering of the deposition process [22].
Nanoindentation results (a) Load-displacement curves for the TiN and TiCrN single layers; (b) Hardness and (c) Elastic modulus values.
After the structural and morphological studies presented above, the mechanical properties of TiCN, CrAlN and BCN coatings deposited on AISI 1045 steel substrates presented in the Figure 11a were analyzed by means of load-displacement curves. Figure 11b and c show the hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings, where values were obtained for TiCN (H = 28 Gpa, E=224 Mpa), followed by CrAlN (H=30 Gpa, E=251 Gpa= and then BCN (H=33 Gpa, E=335 Gpa). These results obtained are attributed to surface factors such as those presented by AFM (Figure 7), where a direct relationship between the roughness and grain size is show. Thus, having a smaller grain size results in a higher grain edge density and these grain edges act as impediments to the movement of dislocations. Thus, higher shear stresses are required for the dislocations to pass through these obstacles, so these coatings will have better mechanical properties [27, 28, 29, 30]. On the other hand, the elastic modulus (E) of coatings is related to the type of material, but not to its microstructure; in this sense the elastic modulus (E) depends on its crystalline structure and microstructural factors such as the lattice parameter.
Nanoindentation results: (a)Load-displacement curves for the TiCN, CrAlN and BCN single layers, (b) Hardness and (c) Elastic modulus values.
Figure 12 shows the results of hardness (H) and reduced elastic modulus (Er) of the Si3N4 coating deposited on an AISI 316 steel. Through these results it was possible to determine that this coating presented a higher resistance to being indented in comparison to the Al2O3 coating. This behavior is attributed to surface factors such as a smaller grain size, which means an increase in the amount of grain boundaries, which act as impediments to the displacement of dislocations. On the other hand, the presence of compressive stresses generated during the deposition process contributed to the increase in the hardness of this coating. Thus, the Si3N4 coating obtained the best mechanical properties such as hardness (H) and reduction elastic modulus (Er).
Load-depth curves for the Si3N4 coatings and mechanical properties as a function of the material: hardness and reduced modulus of elasticity Si3N4 coatings.
Figure 13 shows the tribological behavior of individual TiN and TiCrN coatings as well as the [TiN/TiCrN] multilayer system as a function of the bilayers number. Through this behavior, two characteristics stages were identified. Stage I, known as the starting period, where there is a rapid increase in the friction coefficient due to the direct contact between the asperities and the counterpart (Steel 440), in this way, these asperities are eliminated and deformed. Stage II, known as running-in, in which the deformation of the asperities is maintained together with the appearance of defects of the coating, leading to the formation of wear particles or debris [24]. Figure 13b show the value of the friction coefficient in the stabilization stage. From this result, it is evident that the TiCrN coating showed a decrease compared to the TiN coating, this decrease in the coefficient is attributed to the deformation of the crystalline structure by the incorporation of chromium atoms, which modifies its surface and mechanical properties, as show above (Figures 6 and 10). Furthermore, this tribological behavior can be related to the mechanical friction model proposed by Archad, where the friction coefficient of each coating depends on surface factors such as roughness R(s,a), and elastic–plastic properties (hardness H, or elastic modulus Er). By means of this model, it is established that when the surface of the coating has a low roughness (Figure 6) and a high hardness (Figure 10) the friction coefficient will be lower since there will be less wear on the surface [31].
Tribological study of single layer coatings [TiN and TiCrN] and multilayer system [TiN/TiCrN]n as a function of the bilayers number (a) Friction coefficient versus distance and (b) Friction coefficient values for single layer [TiN and TiCrN] and multilayer system [TiN/TiCrN]n.
The study of the adhesion of coatings was carried out by means of the scratch teste. For this, Figure 14a and b show the behavior of TiN and TiCrN coatings respectively, where two characteristics stages known as (Lc1 and Lc2) could be characterized. Lc1, is known as the cohesive failure where the first cracks or first failure in the coating start to occur and Lc2 known as the adhesive type failure where delamination occurs at the edge of the scratch track presented in Figure 14c. In addition, Figure 14a and b show the adhesion strength for the single layer coatings as a function of Lc1 and Lc2 failures, where the change in slope corresponding to the adhesive and cohesive failure are observed. Thus, there results were corroborated with the micrographs of the wear tracks of each test where the morphological changes suffered by the surface due to the cohesive and adhesive failure can be appreciated [32].
Friction coefficient and normal strength versus distance and critical load Lc2 for single layers (TiN and TiCrN) and optical micrographs of the wear track of the dynamic scratch test at a resolution of x10.
Finally, Figure 14d show the value of the critical load (Lc2) for the TiN and TiCrN single layer coatings as well as the multilayer system [TiN/TiCrN] as a function of the bilayers number. From these results it was possible to show that the TiCrN coating presented a higher resistance to be delaminated, this increase of the Lc2 load in comparison to the TiN coating is attributed to physical factors, such as the change produced within its crystalline structure by the incorporation of chromium atoms in its structure as corroborated in Figure 1. This change in the crystalline structure due to the increase of compressive stresses generated that a higher amount of external energy is required to cause a delamination of the coating. In addition, for the multilayer system, it was determined that the increase in the number of interfaces directly affects the delamination resistance of the coatings, because the interfaces restrict movement of the cracks through the coating.
Figure 15 show the tribological behavior of TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings deposited on AISI 1045 steel substrate when in direct contact with a 100Cr6 steel counterpart in lubricated and non-lubricated environments. These results showed two characteristic stages, stage I, known as the starting period, which is related to the interference of the friction mechanism due to the initial surface contact associated with the surface and counterpart; therefore; this contact generated a rapid increase in the friction coefficient and stage II is characterized by the friction coefficient presents a settlement period, where a deformation and elimination of the asperities takes place, causing a stabilization of the friction coefficient. Thus, at the settling distance there is an equilibrium of the friction coefficient in relation to the adhesive and interferential friction mechanisms. Therefore, the value of the friction coefficient will depend on the predominant effect related to the adhesive and interferential mechanisms. Finally, Figure 13b shows the value of the friction coefficient for all coatings and substrate (AISI 1045) in the non-lubricated environment, where they were obtained for Substrate = 0.82; TiCN = 0.74; CrAlN = 0.66 and BCN = 0.6. On the other hand, the values of the friction coefficient obtained in a lubricated environment were Substrate = 0.26; TiCN = 0.24; CrAlN = 0.23 and BCN = 0.21. Taking into account the last result, it was established that the BCN coating presented the best tribological behavior for both environments (dry and lubricated), this good behavior is attributed to its surface and mechanical properties presented above.
Tribological results of the AISI 1045 steel substrates with TiCN, BCN and CrAlN single layer coatings with and without lubrication: friction coefficient as a function of the sliding distance and friction coefficient for different coatings (TiCN, CrAlN and BCN): without lubrication and with lubrication.
Through the results obtained by the scratch test presented in Figure 16, it was possible to evidence an increase of the critical load (Lc2) as a function of the nature of the coating (TiCN, CrAlN and BCN). Moreover, the change of the critical load is related to the increase of the mechanical properties of the coatings (Figure 11), the reduction of the surface roughness (Figures 7 and 8) and the reduction of the friction coefficient (Figure 15). In addition, factor such as resistance to plastic deformation and elastic recovery prevent the propagation and displacement of cracks through the coating, thus requiring a higher applied external load to cause failure between the coating and the substrate (adhesive failure). Therefore, an increase in the critical adhesive load (Lc2) of 46.03% was found for the boron carbide nitride (BCN) coating relative to the coating with lower mechanical properties (TiCN).
Friction coefficient as a function of the applied load for all TiCN, BCN and CrAlN coatings showing the cohesive failure (LC1) and adhesive failure (LC2) and critical load as a function of the coating’s nature (TiCN, BCN and CrAlN).
Figure 17a shows the friction coefficient of Si3N4 based coating deposited on AISI 316 steel substrates in a lubricated and dry environment. The results of the tribological study in dry environment evidenced two characteristic stages during the test. Stage I, known as the starting period, is associated with the interferential friction mechanism due to the direct contact between the surface roughness of the coating and the counterpart (100Cr6 steel), whereby, which, the roughness decreases and generates wear particles on the surface [5]. These particles cause a rapid increase in the friction coefficient followed by a slight decrease until it stabilizes. Subsequently, in stage II, the reduction of these roughness is maintained along with the appearance of new defects in the coating, leading to a stabilization of the friction coefficient [33].
Friction coefficient for Si3N4 coatings in lubricated and non-lubricated environment: (a) friction coefficient versus sliding distance (b) friction coefficient as a function of the material evaluated.
In the lubricated environment, the curves show a different behavior in relation to the tribological study in dry environment (not lubricated), since the incorporate of the lubricant inside the tribological contact generated a large decrease in the friction coefficient. Therefore, the decrease in the friction coefficient is attributed to the fact that the lubricant supports the applied external load, decreasing the roughness reduction and caused a lower amount of wear particles (debris) on the tribo-system surface. Figure 17b shows the value of the friction coefficient as a function of the material, in dry and lubricated environment. This behavior is related to the friction model proposed by Archad [31]. This model correlates the mechanical (H, Er) and morphological (roughness) properties of the coating, where surface with better mechanical properties and lower roughness will present a lower friction coefficient, as was the case for the Si3N4 coating. This is due to the fact that the Si3N4 coating is able to withstand the continuous passage of the counterpart in relation to the uncoated steel substrate, thus producing a lower wear rate on its surface.
Figure 18 shows the friction coefficient as a function of critical load for Si3N4 coating, in addition to the SEM micrograph of the scratch track where the types of failures, cohesive failure (Lc1) and adhesive failure (Lc2), were determined. In the cohesive failure (Lc1) the first cracks are produced by the applied external load, and in the adhesive failure (Lc2) a delamination is generated at the edge of the scratch track. These tribological characteristics are due to the mechanical and surface properties of the coating.
SEM micrographs of the wear tracks generated in the scratch test for Si3N4 coatings deposited on 316 stainless steel substrates.
From the study of the mechanical and tribological behavior of TiN and TiCrN coating. It was determined that the TiCrN coating presented the best set of properties, these better properties were attributed to the incorporation of chromium (Cr) atoms within the crystalline structure of TiN. Therefore, structural, morphological and mechanical changes were produced, which influenced its behavior under applied load states.
The above results determined that the boron nitride (BCN) coating had the lowest friction coefficient (0.208) in a lubricated environment and had a friction coefficient of 0.6 in a non-lubricated environment. This tribological behavior is associated with its low roughness and high mechanical properties with respect to the coatings (TiCN and CrAlN). In this research, a decrease in the friction coefficient was obtained comparing non-lubricated and lubricated environments by 68.2%, 65% and 65.3% for TiCN, CrAlN and BCN coatings, respectively. On the other hand, cohesive failure (Lc1) and adhesive failure (Lc2) were obtained for BCN coating with 38.41 N and 49.32 N, respectively.
The tribological properties analyzed by Pin On Disk in dry and lubricated environment for the Si3N4 coating presented the lowest friction coefficient in relation to uncoated steel. This behavior is attributed to its structural, mechanical and morphological properties, so the Si3N4 coating proved to be a suitable candidate to be implemented in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
This research was supported by Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia; CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain; Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (CDT-ASTIN-SENA), Cali, Colombia; Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia.
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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. 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The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10088,totalCrossrefCites:90,totalDimensionsCites:209,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:5710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:30993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"80951",title:"Approach to the Difficult Airway in Laryngeal Cancer",slug:"approach-to-the-difficult-airway-in-laryngeal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104111",abstract:"The laryngeal cancer is the second most frequent neoplasm of the upper aerodigestive tract. In these patients, the incidence of difficult airway is very high, and sometimes the anatomy can be modified because of the previous treatments like radiotherapy, making difficult intubation and difficult mask ventilation. To prevent an emergency, it is a priority to make an approach plan, appropriate preoperative assessment, have the necessary tools, and work together with the surgical team.",book:{id:"11086",title:"Laryngology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11086.jpg"},signatures:"Dra. Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa"},{id:"81890",title:"Coronary Arteries Bypass Grafting as a Salvage Surgery in Ischemic Heart Failure",slug:"coronary-arteries-bypass-grafting-as-a-salvage-surgery-in-ischemic-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104939",abstract:"Ischemic cardiomyopathy accounts for approximately two-thirds of all Heart Failure (HF) cases. Recent studies indicates that revascularization provides superior outcomes compared with optimal medical therapy (OMT) alone. Current European and American guidelines recommend an invasive approach in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 35% and with multivessel disease (MVD). Randomized controlled trials in these patients have proven that long-term survival is greater following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) than with OMT alone. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease that is amenable to surgical revascularization should undergo combination of surgical revascularization and medical therapy rather than medical therapy alone. In some cases, combined CABG with other surgeries are vital salvage procedures, such as atrial fibrillation, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and LV remodeling. Based on small but, nontrivial, early mortality risk associated with CABG surgery as well as other post-CABG morbidities, patients may also reasonably choose medical therapy as initial treatment option. Revascularization remains an important treatment option for patients with ongoing anginal symptoms despite optimal medical therapy. In this chapter, we will highlight the role of CABG in heart failure treatment and when to use it as a salvage surgery before referring the patient for heart transplantation.",book:{id:"11235",title:"Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11235.jpg"},signatures:"Samuel Jacob, Pankaj Garg, Games Gramm and Saqib Masroor"},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",abstract:"Early consumption of foods containing sugar is increasing and one of the consequences of this exposure is caries in early childhood, that is, in children under 6 years of age. Early consumption results in the child’s taste and food choice throughout life, maintaining cariogenic dietary patterns. It is important to emphasize that most eating behaviors occur due to family influence. Therefore, an approach in dental prenatal care and consultations until the first year of age, allows the establishment of eating habits and oral hygiene, as well as guidelines and instructions for the adoption of certain measures that contribute to the health of pregnant women and babies. Based on the present study, we conclude the importance of establishing the relationship between the dentist and the pregnant woman, since early educational actions act directly on health in the gestational period and the child’s growth. The early consumption of sugar is correlated with the occurrence of caries in early childhood due to family habits. Therefore, it becomes relevant instructions that help in maintaining healthy nutritional habits and correct oral hygiene practices, since focusing on educational actions increases the chances of healthy gestational and infant development.",book:{id:"11565",title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg"},signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva"},{id:"81872",title:"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Manifestations",slug:"benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-clinical-manifestations",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104823",abstract:"The prostate secretes 20% of the seminal fluid. One of its main pathologies is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the most common benign disease in older men. It has an 8–10% prevalence in men 40 years of age and older, increasing to more than 90% in men over 90 years, with lower urinary tract symptoms being one of its main complications. Although the etiology of BPH is not still fully known, testosterone and estradiol have shown a permissive role. Likewise, other factors have emerged, such as inflammation, growth factors, and prolactin, which influence the development of BPH. These factors act through binding to specific receptors, intervening in BPH and prostate cancer development. Existing treatments significantly reduce clinical symptoms, including lower urinary tract symptoms. However, it is a nonpreventable disease; some factors can reduce its incidence: diet, physical activity, and moderate consumption of alcohol and tobacco, some of which have been proposed to have a protective role. Therefore, this chapter aims to update the preclinical and clinical evidence on the etiology of this disease, briefly describing the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic and preventive modalities in managing BPH.",book:{id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg"},signatures:"Luz Irene Pascual Mathey"},{id:"81837",title:"Unshielded Magnetocardiography in Clinical Practice: Detection of Myocardial Damage in CAD Patients and in Patients Recovered from COVID-19",slug:"unshielded-magnetocardiography-in-clinical-practice-detection-of-myocardial-damage-in-cad-patients-a",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104924",abstract:"The chapter deals with magnetocardiography—a specific section of electrocardiography, which is designed to analyze the magnetic component of the electromagnetic field of the heart. Magnetocardiography is described as clinical information technology (IT), i.e., a set of methods, software, and hardware combined into a technological chain, the product of which is an automated diagnostic report. There are several examples of magnetocardiographic information technology implementation in clinical routine, aiming to register and evaluate subtle changes in the electromagnetic field of the heart for early diagnosis of the most common and dangerous heart diseases, especially coronary heart disease. It is shown that new metrics of analysis of spatial structure of 2D and 3D magnetocardiographic maps of current density distribution allow diagnosis with high accuracy of various forms of myocardial ischemia as well as myocardial damage in patients, recently recovered from COVID-19.",book:{id:"11218",title:"Electrocardiograms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11218.jpg"},signatures:"Illya Chaikovsky, Anatoly Kazmirchyk, Sergey Sofienko, You-Bin Liu, Ya-Feng Zhou, Xie Feng, Lin Xu and Yan-Fei Huang"},{id:"81886",title:"Protocols for Bleeding and Thrombosis in Pediatric Intensive Care Units",slug:"protocols-for-bleeding-and-thrombosis-in-pediatric-intensive-care-units",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104882",abstract:"Bleeding and thrombosis are the common hematological complications found in children who are admitted in the pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Some of those complications could be mild, however some could be serious or life-threatening for critically-ill children. The etiologies of those conditions could be due to the underlying diseases, i.e., congenital bleeding disorders, complications of the diseases, i.e. coagulopathy due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and also the side effects from the treatments themselves, i.e., massive transfusion or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Early detection and management and prevention of those complications could decrease the morbidity and mortality of the children in PICUs. Although most guidelines of management of those bleeding and thrombosis in adults is well established, the evidences for the management of those conditions in children are limited. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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