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Marchat, Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco and César López-Camarillo",authors:[{id:"35092",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco",fullName:"Esther Orozco",slug:"esther-orozco"},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo"},{id:"48366",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marchat",fullName:"Laurence A. Marchat",slug:"laurence-a.-marchat"},{id:"59012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mavil",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Casamichana",fullName:"Mavil Lopez Casamichana",slug:"mavil-lopez-casamichana"}]},{id:"22723",title:"Mechanisms of Mutagenic DNA Nucleobase Damages and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Repairs Investigated by Quantum Chemical Methods",slug:"mechanisms-of-mutagenic-dna-nucleobase-damages-and-their-chemical-and-enzymatic-repairs-investigated",signatures:"Eric A. C. Bushnell, Jorge Llano, Leif A. Eriksson and James W. Gauld",authors:[{id:"46910",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:"W.",surname:"Gauld",fullName:"James Gauld",slug:"james-gauld"},{id:"58413",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Llano",fullName:"Jorge Llano",slug:"jorge-llano"},{id:"58414",title:"Dr.",name:"Leif",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Leif Eriksson",slug:"leif-eriksson"},{id:"72304",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:"Andrew Charles",surname:"Bushnell",fullName:"Eric Bushnell",slug:"eric-bushnell"}]},{id:"22724",title:"DNA Radiosensitization: The Search for Repair Refractive Lesions Including Double Strand Breaks and Interstrand Crosslinks",slug:"dna-radiosensitization-the-search-for-repair-refractive-lesions-including-double-strand-breaks-and-i",signatures:"Tsvetan G. Gantchev, Marie-Eve Dextraze and Darel J. Hunting",authors:[{id:"54287",title:"Prof.",name:"Darel",middleName:null,surname:"Hunting",fullName:"Darel Hunting",slug:"darel-hunting"},{id:"58047",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvetan",middleName:null,surname:"Gantchev",fullName:"Tsvetan Gantchev",slug:"tsvetan-gantchev"}]},{id:"22725",title:"The Influence of Individual Genome Sensitivity in DNA Damage Repair Assessment in Chronic Professional Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"the-influence-of-individual-genome-sensitivity-in-dna-damage-repair-assessment-in-chronic-profession",signatures:"Mirta Milić, Ružica Rozgaj, Vilena Kašuba, Ana Marija Jazbec, Patrizia Hrelia and Sabrina Angelini",authors:[{id:"40591",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirta",middleName:null,surname:"Milić",fullName:"Mirta Milić",slug:"mirta-milic"},{id:"57808",title:"Dr.",name:"Ružica",middleName:null,surname:"Rozgaj",fullName:"Ružica Rozgaj",slug:"ruzica-rozgaj"},{id:"57809",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilena",middleName:null,surname:"Kasuba",fullName:"Vilena Kasuba",slug:"vilena-kasuba"},{id:"57810",title:"Prof.",name:"Anamarija",middleName:null,surname:"Jazbec",fullName:"Anamarija Jazbec",slug:"anamarija-jazbec"},{id:"57811",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Angelini",fullName:"Sabrina Angelini",slug:"sabrina-angelini"},{id:"57812",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Hrelia",fullName:"Patrizia Hrelia",slug:"patrizia-hrelia"}]},{id:"22726",title:"Application of Host Cell Reactivation in Evaluating the Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Environmental Toxicants on Cellular DNA Repair Activity in Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"application-of-host-cell-reactivation-in-evaluating-the-effects-of-anticancer-drugs-and-environmenta",signatures:"Yi-Shan Tsai, Jau-Ling Huang and Chang-Shen Lin",authors:[{id:"57600",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chang Shen Lin",slug:"chang-shen-lin"},{id:"57606",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Yi-Shan Tsai",slug:"yi-shan-tsai"},{id:"57607",title:"Dr.",name:"Jau-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jau-Ling Huang",slug:"jau-ling-huang"}]},{id:"22727",title:"Role of Radioprotectors in the Inhibition of DNA Damage and Modulation of DNA Repair After Exposure to Gamma-Radiation",slug:"role-of-radioprotectors-in-the-inhibition-of-dna-damage-and-modulation-of-dna-repair-after-exposure-",signatures:"Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",authors:[{id:"56167",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas Paul Asir",middleName:null,surname:"Devasagayam",fullName:"Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",slug:"thomas-paul-asir-devasagayam"},{id:"56170",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharmedra K",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",fullName:"Dharmedra K Maurya",slug:"dharmedra-k-maurya"}]},{id:"22728",title:"DNA-Binding Radioprotectors",slug:"dna-binding-radioprotectors",signatures:"Pavel Lobachevsky, Alesia Ivashkevich, Olga A. 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Chen",authors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Clark Chen",slug:"clark-chen"},{id:"85623",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kimberly Ng",slug:"kimberly-ng"},{id:"86785",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Lawson",fullName:"Joshua Lawson",slug:"joshua-lawson"},{id:"86788",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kesari",fullName:"Santosh Kesari",slug:"santosh-kesari"},{id:"86789",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Carter",fullName:"Bob Carter",slug:"bob-carter"},{id:"86790",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirstopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kahle",fullName:"Kirstopher Kahle",slug:"kirstopher-kahle"}]},{id:"22730",title:"The Botanical Extract Feverfew PFE Reduces DNA Damage and Induces DNA Repair Processes",slug:"the-botanical-extract-feverfew-pfe-reduces-dna-damage-and-induces-dna-repair-processes",signatures:"Michael D. Southall, Simarna Kaur and Khalid Mahmood",authors:[{id:"42297",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Southall",fullName:"Michael Southall",slug:"michael-southall"},{id:"54272",title:"Dr.",name:"Simarna",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Simarna Kaur",slug:"simarna-kaur"},{id:"54559",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Khalid Mahmood",slug:"khalid-mahmood"}]},{id:"22731",title:"Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems",slug:"food-factors-and-oxidative-dna-damage-dna-repair-systems",signatures:"Takeshi Hirano and Kazuyoshi Tamae",authors:[{id:"41165",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirano",fullName:"Takeshi Hirano",slug:"takeshi-hirano"},{id:"41284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamae",fullName:"Kazuyoshi Tamae",slug:"kazuyoshi-tamae"}]},{id:"22732",title:"Enhancing DNA Repair by Combining only Dietary Supplement Ingredients that do not Metabolically Compete in Order to Achieve Synergism",slug:"enhancing-dna-repair-by-combining-only-dietary-supplement-ingredients-that-do-not-metabolically-comp",signatures:"Ronald W. Pero",authors:[{id:"56402",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Pero",fullName:"Ronald Pero",slug:"ronald-pero"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64151",title:"Cardiovascular and Functional Capacity of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81680",slug:"cardiovascular-and-functional-capacity-of-patients-with-knee-osteoarthritis",body:'Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoarthritis (OA) are the leading diseases of the most common disease clusters [1, 2]. Knee OA is a common health problem in the general population [3]. It is characterized by the abrasion of joint cartilage, changes in the extracellular matrix, subchondral bone ossification, and osteophyte formation [4]. The socioeconomic load of OA, which has a serious morbidity and disability rate, is very heavy. In the United States, 30.8 million patients with OA caused a medical expenditure of over 340 billion dollars between 2008 and 2011 [5]. The worldwide prevalence of symptomatic knee OA is increasing [6].
The most common localization of OA is the knee joint, and symptomatic knee OA affects 24% of the general population [7]. The fact that hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are found together with OA has led to the speculation of a metabolic “OA phenotype” [2]. It was hypothesized that obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting blood sugar, and hypertension contribute to the incidence and progression of OA, which, in turn, led to another hypothesis that OA is an independent metabolic risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [8, 9]. A series of cross-sectional studies showed a positive relationship between OA and cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome [2, 10, 11].
In 2017, Kendzerska et al. in a study comprising 18,490 patients with 10.0% hip OA, 15.3% knee OA, and 16.3% hand OA found that 31.9% cardiovascular events occurred in approximately 13.4 years in these patients, especially in the knee OA group. They also mentioned that the walking difficulty in knee OA severely increased the risk of a cardiovascular event.
Many cardiovascular events could be prevented by managing OA, with an increase in the cardiovascular capacity and mobility [12]. A low socioeconomic level has been reported to be directly related to the incidence of age and obesity [13, 14]. A low income level, educational status, prolongation of life, and obesity were the important factors in the increase of OA in Brazil [15]. De Rezende et al. in their study comprising 198 patients with OA imparted a training to 150 of them. The physical activity level before the training was mild in 11 participants, moderate in 12 participants, and high in 2 participants, and after the training, it was mild in 74 participants, moderate in 40 participants, and high in 9 participants [15].
Physical activity is especially accepted as a treatment method for patients with cardiovascular, vascular, and metabolic diseases. The World Health Organization recommends daily recreational or leisure activities, transportation, profession, household chores, games, sports, and planned exercises in the context of family and community activities [16]. Patients with OA typically have lower levels of physical activity compared with the general population [17].
In 2017, Kanavaki et al. conducted a systematic review of qualitative evidence on the inhibitors and facilitators of physical activity in knee and hip OA. A total of 5449 studies were identified; of these, 2657 abstracts were screened and 51 full texts were evaluated. Seven authors were contacted for more information. Ten studies with qualitative metadata that included 173 middle-aged patients were reviewed. The selected studies were found to be of moderate and high quality. The results suggested that half of the studies did not have a clear data analysis or were not well defined and only a few provided the desired characteristics. In the present study, the inhibitors and facilitators were examined under three conceptual headlines: physical health, interpersonal and psychological factors, and socioenvironmental factors. Facilitators in physical health included mobility, getting rid of symptoms, and health. Facilitators in interpersonal and psychological factors included beneficial exercise, information about exercise, maintaining motivation despite OA, organizations, prioritization, personal effort, responsibility, and the will to be physically more active. Facilitators in social environment included support from health professionals and social support to make the physical activity easier. Inhibitors in physical health included pain and other symptoms and perceived functional limitations. Inhibitors in interpersonal and psychological factors included non-effective physical activity, harmful or suspicious activity, loss of motivation, and loss of behavioral regulation. Inhibitors in social environment included lack of advice and encouragement from health workers, social comparison as demotivation, and lack of social support [18].
In 2017, Gay et al. conducted a qualitative study on the motivation and inhibitors for physical activity in patients with knee OA. A total of 27 patients with a mean age of 67 years were included in the study, of which 17 were women. The physical motivators for physical activity included well-being, reduced pain, and self-perception; personal activity included life style and psychological well-being; social activity included relationships and opinions of friend circles; and for environmental activity included living conditions. The motivators were found to differ according to gender. Inhibitors for physical activity were as follows: psychological—fear of pain and lack of motivation and physical—knee pain and asthenia. Moreover, life events such as potential depression and hospitalization were also identified as inhibitors for physical activity [19].
Nociceptive and neuropathic pain accompanying the disease leads to disorders in mood and sleep, which, in turn, lead to a decrease in the quality of life [20]. In 2017, Aşkın et al. conducted a study comprising 60 patients with knee OA with neuropathic pain and found that 66.7% had significantly reduced functional capacities and quality of life as a result of the clinical evaluation carried out with the chair stand test. Although inhibitors and facilitators increase the effectiveness of treatment in the development of cardiovascular and functional capacity within OA management, they also help decrease the symptoms in a shorter period of time, contribute to the quality of life, and thus facilitate the decrease of morbidity-induced deaths [21].
In a recent meta-analytic study by Hall et al., 40% of patients with OA were found to have cardiovascular diseases and 10–14% of those who had diabetes mellitus together with OA also suffered from obesity and metabolic syndrome [22, 23]. Calders et al. performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in which 17 studies were examined. In this study, worsening OA-related pain was associated with comorbid disease. Studies also found that heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus associated with OA led to a further deterioration in physical functioning [24].
Chronic inflammation is a global major health problem that affects tens of millions of people in North America and Europe [25, 26]. The long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in OA increased the blood pressure and even leads to heart attack, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The presence of these diseases accompanied by OA increased the danger even more [27]. Among joint-related diseases, patients with osteoarthritis (OA) are the most prone to develop hypertension. This situation constitutes a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [28]. Patients with OA have an increased risk of experiencing a stroke because of a decrease in the mobility [29]. With increasing elderly population, obesity and decreased physical activity have increased the incidence and prevalence of OA, which, on the other hand, have accelerated vascular comorbidity [30]. Along with vascular diseases, the overlap of OA prevalence has also raised the question of possible common mechanisms and the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for this situation [31].
The chronic or intermittent increase in systemic inflammation suggests a connection between OA and vascular diseases. OA is a noninflammatory systemic chronic disease. Systemic inflammatory mechanisms in OA are still being discussed [8, 31, 32]. For example, chronic and low-grade inflammation occurs with age, and OA is a disease that more often occurs with an advanced age. However, changes also occur in the blood immune system in these patients who were suggested to have a systemic change in the inflammatory process that is associated with OA independent of age [31, 33, 34, 35]. Among OA and cardiovascular diseases, there are inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6) [36, 37], oxidative pathways [38, 39], and C-reactive protein containing [31, 40, 41] common inflammatory mediators. Inflammation leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction in places with previous cardiovascular events. Impaired flow-mediated dilation responses in patients with OA in this group showed a weak vascular endothelial function. This situation might be a marker for peripheral vascular dysfunction [31, 42].
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is a systemic vascular mechanism, a key in the bone resorption modifier, and associated with vascular endothelia, is one of the precursors of early atherosclerosis. OPG plays a role in both bone remodeling and atherosclerosis. OPG serum levels were found to be high in patients with advanced OA. A high OPG level may lead to the progression of OA and dysfunctional vascular remodeling [31, 43]. Khazraji et al. emphasized in a compilation study, examining the relationship between OA and cerebrovascular disease, that the common relationship between cerebrovascular hemodynamics and cognitive functions in people with and without OA risk needs to be explored [31].
The decrease in aerobic capacity in the lower extremity OA negatively affects independence in daily life activities. Studies have shown that various aerobic exercises, such as walking, running, cycling, aquatic exercises, and aerobic dance, have a positive effect on pain, joint stiffness, functional capacity, and aerobic capacity in patients with hip and knee OA [44]. Studies have stated that walking in patients with OA can improve aerobic capacity and physical activity without increasing the stress in the joints and can be used safely [45]. In 2011, Escalante et al. conducted a systematic review of the effect of exercises on functional aerobic capacity in patients with lower extremity OA. The study found that although aerobic exercise programs were recommended for patients with knee and hip OA, only a few randomized control studies were performed. They have stated that there was no consensus in terms of the content, duration, and frequency of the exercise programs, and the exercise programs including tai chi, aerobic, and mixed exercises had better results compared with hydrotherapy [45].
Although swimming is the ideal exercise for patients with OA, only a few studies have investigated the effect of regular swimming on vascular dysfunction and inflammation. Similar studies have shown that ground-based exercises have similar benefits. Alkatan et al. conducted a randomized controlled study with middle-aged patients with OA in 2016. One group was given supervised swimming and the other group cycling training for 12 weeks. After the training, central arterial stiffness determined by carotid femoral pulsation wave velocity decreased in both groups. Also, according to simultaneous ultrasonography and applanation tonometry, the carotid artery stiffness decreased. In the swimming group, the evaluation of the brachial flow-mediated dilation showed a development in vascular endothelial functions, but no change was observed in the cycling group [42].
Garza et al. conducted a study in the year 2017 with 33 patients aged more than 40. All the patients were diagnosed with OA. They have founded that decreased ischiotibial muscle flexibility reduced the functional capacity, also flexibility and functional capacity increased and pain decreased through exercise [46]. Obesity is considered to be one of the most important and potentially preventable risk factors for OA. Besides the mechanical load of obesity on OA, leptin, visfatin, adiponectin, and resistin were found to have metabolic effects on the pathogenesis and progression of adipokines and others. Obesity has an important role in the reduction of functional capacity in OA, as a result of the disability [47].
Difficulty in walking in people with hip and knee OA constitutes a great risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events [48, 49]. In 2016, Hawker et al. conducted a study using 1996 patients (with a mean age of 71.4 years) with hip and knee OA and found that 77.7% had hypertension, 54% had cardiovascular diseases, 42.9% had obesity, and 15.3% were smokers. The HAQ walking difficulty score in these patients was found to be two-third. This interval showed that these patients had medium-to-serious disabilities. Of these patients, 54.9% used a walking aid. An average of 6.1 years later, 184 people (51.3%) experienced one or more complications specific to diabetes; 5.7 years later, 191 patients experienced cardiovascular events [50].
Besides facilitating weight loss in the management of knee OA [51, 52], exercise is strongly recommended because of its positive changes in symptoms and functional capacity [53, 54]. The aquatic environment allows an individual to exercise because it reduces the load on the joints. Recent studies compared ground-based exercises with aquatic exercises in terms of lower extremities of patients with OA and found that aquatic exercises statistically significantly reduced the pain [55]. Kunduracılar et al. investigated the effect of two different aquatic exercises on pain, functional and exercise capacity, and balance with a program that lasted for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, implemented on 89 patients diagnosed with OA. They applied ground-based exercises together with lower extremity aquatic exercises to one group and ground-based exercises together with upper and lower extremity exercises and body exercises to the other group. The control group was only given ground-based exercises. All three groups were positively affected in terms of pain, balance, and functional capacity. However, the second group, where both exercises were given, was found to have the best outcome in terms of increased functional and exercise capacity [56]. Bernad-Pineda et al. conducted a study comprising 1849 patients with knee (61.5%) and hip (19%) OA in 2014 and found that a decrease in quality of life also led to a decrease in functional capacity [57].
The studies showed that exercise played an important role in the management of OA-related symptoms and also contributed to the functional capacity in the everyday life activities of the patients. In 2017, Peeler et al. went on with the hypothesis that unsafe and ineffective exercise practices might exacerbate the symptoms in the joint. They used a new treadmill, without the risk of exacerbation during exercises, in patients with pathology in the lower extremities, within a low-load exercise training that allows lower body positive pressure (LBPP). The treadmill uses a waist-high air chamber filled with positive air pressure (i.e., LBPP) to accurately and reliably diminish body weight during exercise. The 12-week LBPP-supported treadmill program in this study comprising 31 patients increased the functional capacity of the patients and allowed them to freely carry out their daily activities. The study concluded that the 12-week LBPP-supported treadmill program was a safe exercise for patients with mild and medium OA without exacerbating the symptoms [58].
Another way to strengthen the muscles via exercise is the whole-body vibration (WBV). In recent years, WBV has been used frequently to improve muscle performance [59]. Many studies have documented that WBV is very effective in increasing the functional capacity and metabolism in age-related muscle atrophies [60, 61]. In this training, contrary to the other exercise programs, less pressure was put on the joint. Recent studies have shown that this technique was statistically more successful in reducing symptoms and regaining functions in patients with OA [62]. Bokaeian et al. in a study in 2016 applied strengthening training for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles to a group with knee OA (n = 139) and the WBV technique along with the strengthening exercises to another group (n = 15) in three sessions per week for a total of 8 weeks. The results showed an increase in quadriceps muscle strength and functional activity [63]. In 2017, Waller et al. conducted a 4-month program of postmenopausal high-intensity aquatic resistance training, which included 87 postmenopausal patients with mild OA, to examine its effect on body composition and walking speed of the patients. After the study, the patients were followed up for 12 months. The findings revealed that the walking speed increased and the cardiovascular system developed; however, while the gains in the increased walking speed were maintained, the cardiovascular gains were lost in the 12-month follow-up [64].
In conclusion, the assessment of cardiovascular and functional capacity and the inclusion of training programs in the treatment of OA reduced the load of the disease. Besides, these programs could reduce the frequency of comorbid illnesses, hospital admissions, and deaths associated with OA. It could increase the quality of life of the patients and is believed to make positive changes on survival. However, further studies in this regard might be more beneficial, and OA grievances should be prioritized in health policies.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). 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