\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4486",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",title:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book serves as a good starting point for anyone interested in the application of tissue engineering. It offers a colorful mix of topics, which explain the obstacles and possible solutions for TE applications. The first part covers the use of adult stem cells and their applications. The following chapters offer an insight into the development of a tailored biomaterial for organ replacement and highlight the importance of cell-biomaterial interaction. In summary, this book offers insights into a wide variety of cells, biomaterials, interfaces and applications of the next generation biotechnology, which is tissue engineering.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1731-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7226-0",doi:"10.5772/58497",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"cells-and-biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",numberOfPages:384,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"1c333e655d47208db36f2a886b49c160",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",publishedDate:"November 26th 2014",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4486.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24190,numberOfWosCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:84,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 30th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 4th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6495/images/1947_n.jpg",biography:"Daniel Eberli MD. Ph.D. is a scientific physician working in the translational field of urologic tissue engineering. He has a medical degree from the Medical School in Zurich, Switzerland, and a Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine from Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC. He currently has a faculty position at the Department of Urology at the University Hospital Zurich, where he devotes half of his time to patient care. He is a lecturer at the Medical School of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Together with his research team, he is working on novel biomaterials for bladder reconstruction, improving autonomic innervation, cellular treatment of incontinence and tracking of stem cells.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"47754",title:"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells — Are They the Optimal Cell Source for Urinary Tract Regeneration?",doi:"10.5772/59223",slug:"adipose-derived-stem-cells-are-they-the-optimal-cell-source-for-urinary-tract-regeneration-",totalDownloads:1860,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Hazem Orabi, Cassandra R. Goulet, Julie Fradette and Stéphane\nBolduc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47754",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47754",authors:[{id:"7027",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",surname:"Bolduc",slug:"stephane-bolduc",fullName:"Stephane Bolduc"},{id:"173148",title:"MSc.",name:"Cassandra",surname:"R Goulet",slug:"cassandra-r-goulet",fullName:"Cassandra R Goulet"},{id:"173149",title:"Dr.",name:"Hazem",surname:"Orabi",slug:"hazem-orabi",fullName:"Hazem Orabi"},{id:"173150",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",surname:"Fradette",slug:"julie-fradette",fullName:"Julie Fradette"}],corrections:null},{id:"47633",title:"Mechanisms of Cell Regeneration — From Differentiation to Maintenance of Cell Phenotype",doi:"10.5772/59150",slug:"mechanisms-of-cell-regeneration-from-differentiation-to-maintenance-of-cell-phenotype",totalDownloads:4169,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Arnaldo Rodrigues Santos Jr, Vitor Andrade Nascimento, Selma\nCandelária Genari and Christiane Bertachini Lombello",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47633",authors:[{id:"6309",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnaldo",surname:"Santos",slug:"arnaldo-santos",fullName:"Arnaldo Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"47616",title:"Regulatory Loops Consisting of Transcription Factors and microRNA Species Determine the Mineralizing Characteristics of Cell Phenotypes — Implications for Bone Engineering and Prevention of Soft Tissue Mineralization",doi:"10.5772/59149",slug:"regulatory-loops-consisting-of-transcription-factors-and-microrna-species-determine-the-mineralizing",totalDownloads:1563,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jan O. Gordeladze, Øystein Stakkestad, Sigrid Haugen, Janne E.\nReseland, Unni Syversen, Gaute F. Johnsen, Håvard J. Haugen, Ståle\nP. Lyngstadaas, Mona Møller and Mauro Valtieri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47616",authors:[{id:"36345",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Gordeladze",slug:"jan-gordeladze",fullName:"Jan Gordeladze"}],corrections:null},{id:"47556",title:"Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Current Tissue Engineering Concepts",doi:"10.5772/59219",slug:"adult-mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-current-tissue-engineering-concepts",totalDownloads:1527,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Susanne Jung and Johannes Kleinheinz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47556",authors:[{id:"64189",title:"Dr.",name:"Susanne",surname:"Jung",slug:"susanne-jung",fullName:"Susanne Jung"}],corrections:null},{id:"47782",title:"Mass Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells — Impact of Bioreactor Design and Flow Conditions on Proliferation and Differentiation",doi:"10.5772/59385",slug:"mass-production-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-impact-of-bioreactor-design-and-flow-conditions-on-prolife",totalDownloads:4429,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,signatures:"Valentin Jossen, Ralf Pörtner, Stephan C. Kaiser, Matthias Kraume,\nDieter Eibl and Regine Eibl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47782",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47782",authors:[{id:"52441",title:"Prof.",name:"Dieter",surname:"Eibl",slug:"dieter-eibl",fullName:"Dieter Eibl"},{id:"171203",title:"Prof.",name:"Ralf",surname:"Pörtner",slug:"ralf-portner",fullName:"Ralf Pörtner"},{id:"171347",title:"Prof.",name:"Regine",surname:"Eibl",slug:"regine-eibl",fullName:"Regine Eibl"},{id:"171348",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Jossen",slug:"valentin-jossen",fullName:"Valentin Jossen"}],corrections:null},{id:"47660",title:"Non-Invasive Imaging Modalities for Clinical Investigation in Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/59356",slug:"non-invasive-imaging-modalities-for-clinical-investigation-in-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Deana G. Haralampieva, Simon M. Ametamey, Tullio Sulser and\nDaniel Eberli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47660",authors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"},{id:"95139",title:"Prof.",name:"Tullio",surname:"Sulser",slug:"tullio-sulser",fullName:"Tullio Sulser"},{id:"171180",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Deana",surname:"Haralampieva",slug:"deana-haralampieva",fullName:"Deana Haralampieva"},{id:"171386",title:"Prof.",name:"Simon Mensah",surname:"Ametamey",slug:"simon-mensah-ametamey",fullName:"Simon Mensah Ametamey"}],corrections:null},{id:"47663",title:"Materials for Central Nervous System Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/59339",slug:"materials-for-central-nervous-system-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:1913,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Manuel Pérez-Garnes, Juan A Barcia, Ulises Gómez-Pinedo, Manuel\nMonleón Pradas and Ana Vallés-Lluch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47663",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47663",authors:[{id:"119237",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Monleon",slug:"manuel-monleon",fullName:"Manuel Monleon"},{id:"162117",title:"MSc.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Pérez Garnés",slug:"manuel-perez-garnes",fullName:"Manuel Pérez Garnés"},{id:"162125",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Vallés Lluch",slug:"ana-valles-lluch",fullName:"Ana Vallés Lluch"},{id:"171341",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Antonio",surname:"Barcia",slug:"juan-antonio-barcia",fullName:"Juan Antonio Barcia"},{id:"173109",title:"Dr.",name:"Gómez-Pinedo",surname:"Ulises",slug:"gomez-pinedo-ulises",fullName:"Gómez-Pinedo Ulises"}],corrections:null},{id:"47758",title:"The Role of Acellular Flowable Matrix in Tissue Regeneration",doi:"10.5772/59406",slug:"the-role-of-acellular-flowable-matrix-in-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:1417,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Dragica Maja Smrke and Danijela Semenič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47758",authors:[{id:"138491",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",surname:"Semenič",slug:"danijela-semenic",fullName:"Danijela Semenič"},{id:"138492",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragica Maja",surname:"Smrke",slug:"dragica-maja-smrke",fullName:"Dragica Maja Smrke"}],corrections:null},{id:"47675",title:"An Organ Regeneration Platform for Industrial Production of Hollow Neo-Organs",doi:"10.5772/59465",slug:"an-organ-regeneration-platform-for-industrial-production-of-hollow-neo-organs",totalDownloads:1234,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Joydeep Basu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47675",authors:[{id:"63444",title:"Dr.",name:"Joydeep",surname:"Basu",slug:"joydeep-basu",fullName:"Joydeep Basu"}],corrections:null},{id:"47667",title:"Bioengineering of Vascular Conduits",doi:"10.5772/59148",slug:"bioengineering-of-vascular-conduits",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"A. Pontini, M.M. Sfriso, M.I. Buompensiere, V. Vindigni and F.\r\nBassetto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47667",authors:[{id:"172441",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Pontini",slug:"alex-pontini",fullName:"Alex Pontini"}],corrections:null},{id:"47655",title:"Production of Tissue-Engineered Human 3D Bronchi In Vitro",doi:"10.5772/59192",slug:"production-of-tissue-engineered-human-3d-bronchi-in-vitro",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Sara Bouhout, Jadson Moreira Pereira, Franck Simon, Stéphane\nChabaud, Stéphane Bolduc, Massimo Conti, Alex Therien, Eric\nRousseau, Véronique J. Moulin, Jean-Pierre Lavoie, Michel Rouleau\nand Francine Goulet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47655",authors:[{id:"47390",title:"Dr.",name:"Francine",surname:"Goulet",slug:"francine-goulet",fullName:"Francine Goulet"},{id:"48412",title:"Dr.",name:"Véronique",surname:"Moulin",slug:"veronique-moulin",fullName:"Véronique Moulin"},{id:"67097",title:"Prof.",name:"Éric",surname:"Rousseau",slug:"eric-rousseau",fullName:"Éric Rousseau"},{id:"122992",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Bouhout",slug:"sara-bouhout",fullName:"Sara Bouhout"},{id:"171425",title:"MSc.",name:"Jadson",surname:"Moreira Pereira",slug:"jadson-moreira-pereira",fullName:"Jadson Moreira Pereira"},{id:"171426",title:"MSc.",name:"Franck",surname:"Simon",slug:"franck-simon",fullName:"Franck Simon"},{id:"171427",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",surname:"Chabaud",slug:"stephane-chabaud",fullName:"Stéphane Chabaud"},{id:"171428",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Therien",slug:"alex-therien",fullName:"Alex Therien"},{id:"171429",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Conti",slug:"massimo-conti",fullName:"Massimo Conti"},{id:"171430",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",surname:"Lavoie",slug:"jean-pierre-lavoie",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Lavoie"},{id:"171431",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",surname:"Rouleau",slug:"michel-rouleau",fullName:"Michel Rouleau"},{id:"173076",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",surname:"Bolduc",slug:"stephane-bolduc",fullName:"Stéphane Bolduc"}],corrections:null},{id:"47632",title:"Experimental Design for the Innervation of Tooth Forming from Implanted Cell Re-associations",doi:"10.5772/59340",slug:"experimental-design-for-the-innervation-of-tooth-forming-from-implanted-cell-re-associations",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"T. Kökten, H. Lesot and S. Kuchler-Bopp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47632",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47632",authors:[{id:"52182",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Lesot",slug:"herve-lesot",fullName:"Herve Lesot"},{id:"171457",title:"Dr.",name:"Tunay",surname:"Kokten",slug:"tunay-kokten",fullName:"Tunay Kokten"},{id:"171458",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Kuchler‐Bopp",slug:"sabine-kuchlerbopp",fullName:"Sabine Kuchler‐Bopp"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3348",title:"Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39bb39271df3b373edb7d5e2cdeffb18",slug:"tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"637",title:"Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bef0b1c31f0555294c7d49580c8d241",slug:"tissue-engineering-for-tissue-and-organ-regeneration",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3361",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe914d49a96b3dcd00d27292ae23536e",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Jose A. Andrades",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40914",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose A.",surname:"Andrades",slug:"jose-a.-andrades",fullName:"Jose A. Andrades"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"786",title:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06d8a9addc021349418ffcc670142467",slug:"advances-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Sabine Wislet-Gendebien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/786.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65329",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Wislet",slug:"sabine-wislet",fullName:"Sabine Wislet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"560",title:"Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"293cde681a800f168d0b3ceb13bac38a",slug:"bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Haim Tal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97351",title:"Prof.",name:"Haim",surname:"Tal",slug:"haim-tal",fullName:"Haim Tal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2631",title:"Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues",subtitle:"From Molecules to Humans",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34fa138dc948d7121e2915ac84ea30cf",slug:"current-basic-and-pathological-approaches-to-the-function-of-muscle-cells-and-tissues-from-molecules-to-humans",bookSignature:"Haruo Sugi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140827",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Haruo",surname:"Sugi",slug:"haruo-sugi",fullName:"Haruo Sugi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4610",title:"Muscle Cell and Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2719cb06d2a1327298528772eacec55",slug:"muscle-cell-and-tissue",bookSignature:"Kunihiro Sakuma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173502",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunihiro",surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"824",title:"Tissue Regeneration",subtitle:"From Basic Biology to Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b540e4a2d901e0b3c940f69d0fc058",slug:"tissue-regeneration-from-basic-biology-to-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Jamie Davies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/824.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63994",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamie",surname:"Davies",slug:"jamie-davies",fullName:"Jamie Davies"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1164",title:"Liver Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be0be1547892e51bdc5638ab00191138",slug:"liver-regeneration",bookSignature:"Pedro M. Baptista",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43679",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74026",slug:"corrigendum-to-calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",title:"Corrigendum to: Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74026.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74026",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74026",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74026",chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7129",leadTitle:null,title:"Neutrophils",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book highlights the numerous important properties of neutrophils and their role in various diseases, and as a possible therapeutic target as well. The first chapter briefly discusses the main effector neutrophil functions, which is followed by two chapters discussing the importance of different neutrophil receptors (cannabinoid and Fc?R) and their role in various disease conditions. The fourth chapter discusses the differential expression profile of CD16+CD11b+ on the surface of neutrophils as a tool for the diagnosis of acute infections. The last chapter discusses the physics of the NADPH oxidase system and the use of different chemiluminigenic probes for the detection of various reactive oxygen intermediates of the circulating neutrophils.",isbn:"978-1-78985-286-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-285-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-005-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73927",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"neutrophils",numberOfPages:98,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f71e75cb45249658d48e765d179ce9f",bookSignature:"Maitham Khajah",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7129.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2460,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfTotalCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 17th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 16th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"904",title:"Intravascular Immunity",slug:"pure-immunology-intravascular-immunity"}],chapters:[{id:"65212",title:"Introductory Chapter: Background Summary Regarding Neutrophils",slug:"introductory-chapter-background-summary-regarding-neutrophils",totalDownloads:419,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah"}]},{id:"64543",title:"Cannabinoid Receptors as Regulators of Neutrophil Activity in Inflammatory Diseases",slug:"cannabinoid-receptors-as-regulators-of-neutrophil-activity-in-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:516,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[null]},{id:"63248",title:"Neutrophil Activation by Antibody Receptors",slug:"neutrophil-activation-by-antibody-receptors",totalDownloads:674,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"192432",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Rosales",slug:"carlos-rosales",fullName:"Carlos Rosales"},{id:"198687",title:"Dr.",name:"Eileen",surname:"Uribe-Querol",slug:"eileen-uribe-querol",fullName:"Eileen Uribe-Querol"}]},{id:"64155",title:"Remodeling of Phenotype CD16 + CD11b + Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Acute Viral and Acute Bacterial Infections",slug:"remodeling-of-phenotype-cd16-cd11b-neutrophilic-granulocytes-in-acute-viral-and-acute-bacterial-infe",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64123",title:"Essence of Reducing Equivalent Transfer Powering Neutrophil Oxidative Microbicidal Action and Chemiluminescence",slug:"essence-of-reducing-equivalent-transfer-powering-neutrophil-oxidative-microbicidal-action-and-chemil",totalDownloads:446,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5834",title:"Role of Neutrophils in Disease Pathogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a626ce289341f74b7e3bba3bbcfb2aea",slug:"role-of-neutrophils-in-disease-pathogenesis",bookSignature:"Maitham Abbas Khajah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5834.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8590",title:"Macrophage Activation",subtitle:"Biology and Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e15abd1b0e08f1b67d33592999c52c32",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",bookSignature:"Khalid Hussain Bhat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162478",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Hussain",surname:"Bhat",slug:"khalid-hussain-bhat",fullName:"Khalid Hussain Bhat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20916",title:"Sediment Transport Modelling and Morphological Trends at a Tidal Inlet",doi:"10.5772/24228",slug:"sediment-transport-modelling-and-morphological-trends-at-a-tidal-inlet",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20916.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20916",totalDownloads:4161,totalViews:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2010",dateReviewed:"April 10th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 3rd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20916",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20916",book:{slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments"},signatures:"Sandra Plecha, Paulo A. Silva, Anabela Oliveira and João M. Dias",authors:[{id:"56217",title:"MSc",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Plecha",fullName:"Sandra Plecha",slug:"sandra-plecha",email:"sandraplecha@ua.pt",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56355",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Paulo A. Silva",slug:"paulo-a.-silva",email:"psilva@ua.pt",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56356",title:"Dr.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Anabela Oliveira",slug:"anabela-oliveira",email:"aoliveira@lnec.pt",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56357",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao M.",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Joao M. Dias",slug:"joao-m.-dias",email:"joao.dias@ua.pt",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"304",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2011",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/304.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20909",title:"Sediment Transport Patterns in Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico, Inferred from Grain-Size Trends",slug:"sediment-transport-patterns-in-todos-santos-bay-baja-california-mexico-inferred-from-grain-size-tren",totalDownloads:2063,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Alberto Sánchez and José D. Carriquiry",authors:[{id:"37046",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez",fullName:"Alberto Sanchez",slug:"alberto-sanchez"},{id:"52583",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose D.",middleName:null,surname:"Carriquiry",fullName:"Jose D. Carriquiry",slug:"jose-d.-carriquiry"}]},{id:"20910",title:"Dynamics of Sediments Exchange and Transport in the Bay of Cadiz and the Adjacent Continental Shelf (SW - Spain)",slug:"dynamics-of-sediments-exchange-and-transport-in-the-bay-of-cadiz-and-the-adjacent-continental-shelf-",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammed Achab",authors:[{id:"39914",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Achab",fullName:"Mohammed Achab",slug:"mohammed-achab"}]},{id:"20911",title:"The Significance of Suspended Sediment Transport Determination on the Amazonian Hydrological Scenario",slug:"the-significance-of-suspended-sediment-transport-determination-on-the-amazonian-hydrological-scenari",totalDownloads:3685,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Naziano Filizola, Jean-Loup Guyot, Hella Wittmann, Jean-Michel Martinez and Eurides de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"36890",title:"Dr.",name:"Naziano",middleName:null,surname:"Filizola",fullName:"Naziano Filizola",slug:"naziano-filizola"},{id:"60004",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Jean-Michel Martinez",slug:"jean-michel-martinez"},{id:"60005",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Loup",middleName:null,surname:"Guyot",fullName:"Jean-Loup Guyot",slug:"jean-loup-guyot"},{id:"102592",title:"Dr.",name:"Hella",middleName:null,surname:"Wittmann",fullName:"Hella Wittmann",slug:"hella-wittmann"},{id:"102593",title:"Mr.",name:"Eurides",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",fullName:"Eurides De Oliveira",slug:"eurides-de-oliveira"}]},{id:"20912",title:"Sediment Transport in Rainwater Tanks and Implications for Water Quality",slug:"sediment-transport-in-rainwater-tanks-and-implications-for-water-quality",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mirela I. Magyar, Anthony R. Ladson and Clare Diaper",authors:[{id:"45632",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirela",middleName:null,surname:"Magyar",fullName:"Mirela Magyar",slug:"mirela-magyar"}]},{id:"20913",title:"Fine Sediment Deposition at Forest Road Crossings: An Overview and Effective Monitoring Protocol",slug:"fine-sediment-deposition-at-forest-road-crossings-an-overview-and-effective-monitoring-protocol",totalDownloads:1842,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"John F. Rex and Ellen L. Petticrew",authors:[{id:"56432",title:"Prof.",name:"Ellen",middleName:null,surname:"Petticrew",fullName:"Ellen Petticrew",slug:"ellen-petticrew"},{id:"56436",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Rex",fullName:"John Rex",slug:"john-rex"}]},{id:"20914",title:"The Filling Dynamics of an Estuary: From the Process to the Modelling",slug:"the-filling-dynamics-of-an-estuary-from-the-process-to-the-modelling",totalDownloads:2320,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sylvain Guillou, Jérôme Thiebot, Julien Chauchat Romuald Verjus, Anthony Besq, Duc Hau Nguyen and Keang Sé Pouv",authors:[{id:"36826",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvain",middleName:"Sébastien Victor",surname:"Guillou",fullName:"Sylvain Guillou",slug:"sylvain-guillou"},{id:"90762",title:"Dr.",name:"Jérôme",middleName:null,surname:"Thiébot",fullName:"Jérôme Thiébot",slug:"jerome-thiebot"},{id:"90763",title:"Prof.",name:"Julien",middleName:null,surname:"Chauchat",fullName:"Julien Chauchat",slug:"julien-chauchat"},{id:"90767",title:"MSc.",name:"Romuald",middleName:null,surname:"Verjus",fullName:"Romuald Verjus",slug:"romuald-verjus"},{id:"90771",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Besq",fullName:"Anthony Besq",slug:"anthony-besq"},{id:"91073",title:"MSc.",name:"Duc Hau",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Duc Hau Nguyen",slug:"duc-hau-nguyen"},{id:"91074",title:"Dr.",name:"Keang Se",middleName:null,surname:"Pouv",fullName:"Keang Se Pouv",slug:"keang-se-pouv"}]},{id:"20915",title:"Transport of Sediments in Water Bodies of the Gulf of California",slug:"transport-of-sediments-in-water-bodies-of-the-gulf-of-california",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Noel Carbajal and Yovani Montaño-Ley",authors:[{id:"43612",title:"Dr.",name:"Noel",middleName:null,surname:"Carbajal",fullName:"Noel Carbajal",slug:"noel-carbajal"},{id:"56509",title:"Dr.",name:"Yovani",middleName:null,surname:"Montaño-Ley",fullName:"Yovani Montaño-Ley",slug:"yovani-montano-ley"}]},{id:"20916",title:"Sediment Transport Modelling and Morphological Trends at a Tidal Inlet",slug:"sediment-transport-modelling-and-morphological-trends-at-a-tidal-inlet",totalDownloads:4161,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sandra Plecha, Paulo A. Silva, Anabela Oliveira and João M. Dias",authors:[{id:"56217",title:"MSc",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Plecha",fullName:"Sandra Plecha",slug:"sandra-plecha"},{id:"56355",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Paulo A. Silva",slug:"paulo-a.-silva"},{id:"56356",title:"Dr.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Anabela Oliveira",slug:"anabela-oliveira"},{id:"56357",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao M.",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Joao M. Dias",slug:"joao-m.-dias"}]},{id:"20917",title:"Coupling Watershed Erosion Model with Instream Hydrodynamic-Sediment Transport Model: An Example of Middle Rio Grande",slug:"coupling-watershed-erosion-model-with-instream-hydrodynamic-sediment-transport-model-an-example-of-m",totalDownloads:1928,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dong Chen and Li Chen",authors:[{id:"42796",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Dong Chen",slug:"dong-chen"},{id:"49303",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Li Chen",slug:"li-chen"}]},{id:"20918",title:"Coastal Morphological Modeling",slug:"coastal-morphological-modeling",totalDownloads:2480,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yun-Chih Chiang and Sung-Shang Hsiao",authors:[{id:"46119",title:"Prof.",name:"Yun-Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chiang",fullName:"Yun-Chih Chiang",slug:"yun-chih-chiang"},{id:"50880",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Hsiao",fullName:"Sung-Shan Hsiao",slug:"sung-shan-hsiao"}]},{id:"20919",title:"Computation of Lake or Reservoir Sedimentation in Terms of Soil Erosion",slug:"computation-of-lake-or-reservoir-sedimentation-in-terms-of-soil-erosion",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vlassios Hrissanthou",authors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou"}]},{id:"20920",title:"Hydrodynamic Influences on Fluid Mud Distribution in the Amazon Subaqueous Delta",slug:"hydrodynamic-influences-on-fluid-mud-distribution-in-the-amazon-subaqueous-delta",totalDownloads:2095,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Roberto Fioravanti Carelli Fontes, Aurea Maria Ciotti and Belmiro Mendes de Castro",authors:[{id:"37505",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto Fioravanti",middleName:"Carelli",surname:"Fontes",fullName:"Roberto Fioravanti Fontes",slug:"roberto-fioravanti-fontes"},{id:"55741",title:"Prof.",name:"Áurea",middleName:null,surname:"Ciotti",fullName:"Áurea Ciotti",slug:"aurea-ciotti"},{id:"55742",title:"Prof.",name:"Belmiro",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Belmiro Castro",slug:"belmiro-castro"}]},{id:"20921",title:"Hydrodynamic Effects of Sedimentation on Mass Transport Properties in Dead Water Zone of Natural Rivers",slug:"hydrodynamic-effects-of-sedimentation-on-mass-transport-properties-in-dead-water-zone-of-natural-riv",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michio Sanjou",authors:[{id:"50576",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",middleName:null,surname:"Sanjou",fullName:"Michio Sanjou",slug:"michio-sanjou"}]},{id:"20922",title:"Sediment Transport and River Channel Dynamics in Romania – Variability and Control Factors",slug:"sediment-transport-and-river-channel-dynamics-in-romania-variability-and-control-factors",totalDownloads:2615,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Liliana Zaharia, Florina Grecu, Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac and Gianina Neculau",authors:[{id:"43010",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",fullName:"Liliana Zaharia",slug:"liliana-zaharia"},{id:"55977",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana-Toroimac",fullName:"Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac",slug:"gabriela-ioana-toroimac"},{id:"91185",title:"Prof.",name:"Grecu",middleName:null,surname:"Florina",fullName:"Grecu Florina",slug:"grecu-florina"},{id:"91186",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianina",middleName:null,surname:"Neculau",fullName:"Gianina Neculau",slug:"gianina-neculau"}]},{id:"20923",title:"Integrating River Bed Dynamics to Flood Risk Assessment",slug:"integrating-river-bed-dynamics-to-flood-risk-assessment",totalDownloads:1848,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Clemens Neuhold, Philipp Stanzel and Hans Peter Nachtnebel",authors:[{id:"38336",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemens",middleName:null,surname:"Neuhold",fullName:"Clemens Neuhold",slug:"clemens-neuhold"},{id:"84308",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Nachtnebel",fullName:"Hans Peter Nachtnebel",slug:"hans-peter-nachtnebel"},{id:"87331",title:"Mr.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Stanzel",fullName:"Philipp Stanzel",slug:"philipp-stanzel"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7746",title:"Lagoon Environments Around the World",subtitle:"A Scientific Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"372053f50e624aa8f1e2269abb0a246d",slug:"lagoon-environments-around-the-world-a-scientific-perspective",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7746.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"67398",title:"Pollution Issues in Coastal Lagoons in the Gulf of Mexico",slug:"pollution-issues-in-coastal-lagoons-in-the-gulf-of-mexico",signatures:"Alfonso Vazquez Botello, Guadalupe de la Lanza Espino, Susana Villanueva Fragoso and Guadalupe Ponce Velez",authors:[{id:"265631",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"V. Botello",fullName:"Alfonso V. Botello",slug:"alfonso-v.-botello"},{id:"265632",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce-Velez",fullName:"Guadalupe Ponce-Velez",slug:"guadalupe-ponce-velez"},{id:"295107",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"De La Lanza Espino",fullName:"Guadalupe De La Lanza Espino",slug:"guadalupe-de-la-lanza-espino"},{id:"301165",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva",fullName:"Susana Villanueva",slug:"susana-villanueva"}]},{id:"68934",title:"Environmental Monitoring of Water Quality as a Planning and Management Tool: A Case Study of the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",slug:"environmental-monitoring-of-water-quality-as-a-planning-and-management-tool-a-case-study-of-the-rodr",signatures:"Giordano Gandhi, Obraczka Marcelo, de Souza Monica Medeiros, Mello Monique Alves Leite and e Marques Carine Ferreira",authors:[{id:"292598",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Obraczka",fullName:"Marcelo Obraczka",slug:"marcelo-obraczka"},{id:"294709",title:"Prof.",name:"Gandhi",middleName:null,surname:"Giordano",fullName:"Gandhi Giordano",slug:"gandhi-giordano"},{id:"307904",title:"MSc.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Mello",fullName:"Monique Mello",slug:"monique-mello"},{id:"307905",title:"Mrs.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Marques",fullName:"Carine Marques",slug:"carine-marques"},{id:"307906",title:"MSc.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Monica Souza",slug:"monica-souza"}]},{id:"68510",title:"Hypersaline Lagoons from Chile, the Southern Edge of the World",slug:"hypersaline-lagoons-from-chile-the-southern-edge-of-the-world",signatures:"Gonzalo Gajardo and Stella Redón",authors:[{id:"272011",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Gajardo",fullName:"Gonzalo Gajardo",slug:"gonzalo-gajardo"},{id:"302292",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Redón",fullName:"Stella Redón",slug:"stella-redon"}]},{id:"70859",title:"Morphodynamics in a Tropical Shallow Lagoon: Observation and Inferences of Change",slug:"morphodynamics-in-a-tropical-shallow-lagoon-observation-and-inferences-of-change",signatures:"Alfred Sunday Alademomi, Andrew J. Manning, Victor J. Abbott and Richard J.S. Whitehouse",authors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew James",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",fullName:"Andrew James Manning",slug:"andrew-james-manning"},{id:"297810",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:"Sunday",surname:"Alademomi",fullName:"Alfred Alademomi",slug:"alfred-alademomi"}]},{id:"67761",title:"A GIS-Based Approach for Determining Potential Runoff Coefficient and Runoff Depth for the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA",slug:"a-gis-based-approach-for-determining-potential-runoff-coefficient-and-runoff-depth-for-the-indian-ri",signatures:"Philip W. Bellamy and Hyun Jung Cho",authors:[{id:"103213",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun Jung",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Hyun Jung Cho",slug:"hyun-jung-cho"},{id:"297575",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Bellamy",fullName:"Philip Bellamy",slug:"philip-bellamy"}]},{id:"70654",title:"Autonomous Systems for the Environmental Characterization of Lagoons",slug:"autonomous-systems-for-the-environmental-characterization-of-lagoons",signatures:"Monica Rivas Casado, Marco Palma and Paul Leinster",authors:[{id:"297239",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas Casado",fullName:"Monica Rivas Casado",slug:"monica-rivas-casado"},{id:"297838",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Leinster",fullName:"Paul Leinster",slug:"paul-leinster"},{id:"309718",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Palma",fullName:"Marco Palma",slug:"marco-palma"}]},{id:"69785",title:"Process-Based Statistical Models Predict Dynamic Estuarine Salinity",slug:"process-based-statistical-models-predict-dynamic-estuarine-salinity",signatures:"Christina L. Durham, David B. Eggleston and Amy J. Nail",authors:[{id:"297322",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Eggleston",fullName:"David Eggleston",slug:"david-eggleston"},{id:"308450",title:"Dr.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Nail",fullName:"Amy Nail",slug:"amy-nail"},{id:"308451",title:"MSc.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Durham",fullName:"Christina Durham",slug:"christina-durham"}]},{id:"68286",title:"Subtropical Coastal Lagoon from Southern Brazil: Environmental Conditions and Phytobenthic Community Structure",slug:"subtropical-coastal-lagoon-from-southern-brazil-environmental-conditions-and-phytobenthic-community-",signatures:"Leticia Donadel and Lezilda Torgan",authors:[{id:"300787",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Letícia",middleName:null,surname:"Donadel",fullName:"Letícia Donadel",slug:"leticia-donadel"},{id:"309877",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezilda",middleName:null,surname:"Torgan",fullName:"Lezilda Torgan",slug:"lezilda-torgan"}]},{id:"68885",title:"Lagoons Reefs of Alacranes Reef and Chinchorro Bank: Ocean Reef of Mexican Atlantic",slug:"lagoons-reefs-of-alacranes-reef-and-chinchorro-bank-ocean-reef-of-mexican-atlantic",signatures:"Daniel Torruco, M. Alicia González-Solis and Ángel Daniel Torruco González",authors:[{id:"297580",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Torruco",fullName:"Daniel Torruco",slug:"daniel-torruco"},{id:"297581",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"Alicia González",slug:"alicia-gonzalez"},{id:"297582",title:"MSc.",name:"Angel Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Torruco",fullName:"Angel Daniel Torruco",slug:"angel-daniel-torruco"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71313",title:"Slavery and Slave Codes in Overseas Empires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91411",slug:"slavery-and-slave-codes-in-overseas-empires",body:'Between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, many European states tried to build their own overseas empire. The political, economic, social and anthropological implications of this long and complex process were innumerable. New lands were discovered and colonized, new systems of government were instituted, and new social models were created. Many of the institutions that had governed the societies of the Old World for centuries experienced substantial transformations, among which was slavery [1].
Before the period of European colonial expansion, it cannot be said that slavery was an unknown phenomenon in European society [2, 3, 4]. It was, however, an institution profoundly different from the one that gradually emerged in overseas colonies. Slaves were mainly employed as domestic servants or as laborers in artisan workshops, rarely as workforce in plantations or mines. The reduction to slavery, trafficking and exploitation of slave labor were certainly widespread practices throughout medieval Europe, but their importance—in demographic and socio-economic terms—was marginal when compared to that which Atlantic slavery would have.
Before the period of European colonial expansion, in very few regions throughout the old continent, the number of slaves exceeds 10% of the entire population. Rarely was the employment of slaves crucial in the development of European economy. In other words, keeping in mind the distinction drawn by Moses Finley, we could say that medieval Europe was a mosaic of state entities classifiable as slave-owning societies [5]. In most of these realities, as we said, the institution of slavery was present and tolerated but not totally socially accepted. It was considered as a practice originated and perpetuated by historical contingencies (conflicts, wars of religion, pillages and raids), but it was in opposition to natural law and morally deplorable. Several medieval legislative bodies defined slavery in these very terms. In this Code, inspired by Roman law [4, 6, 7, 8], the slave was defined as “res”—an object subject to the will of his master—but his condition was considered unjust, a transitional phase toward the regaining of freedom. Also for this reason, many laws dedicated to the discipline of slavery appeared as veiled with humanity and aimed to protect the slave from masterly abuse. A clear example in this sense is represented by the Siete partidas (1265) by Alfonso X, one of the most complete and extensive legislative recompilations conceived in the Middle Ages.
This concept of slavery was going to be completely transformed after the first phases of European expansion, between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when Spain and Portugal crossed the columns of Hercules and began to colonize some islands in the Atlantic (Canary Islands, Madeira, São Tomé) [9, 10, 11]. The need to cultivate the conquered lands, together with the constant shortage of work force, made the recourse to slave labor almost indispensable. It was in these islands that the Atlantic plantation economy originated, an economic system that would be adopted by the majority of the European colonies in the New World.
The lucrative speculation arising from extensive agricultural colonization aroused the interest of nobles, bankers, investors, insurers, merchants and craftsmen, each of whom tried to carve out his own percentage of profit. Many invested in transport, others in the purchase of products to resale onto the European market, and some others began to invest in finding the element without which the whole system could hardly survive: the slaves. Within a few decades, the recruitment and exploitation of the slave labor force became a major political and economic question. The more the revenue from this activity increased, the more the number of plantations increased and, consequently, the demand for slaves that was necessary for cultivation. The enormous availability of latifundia in the Americas and the growing European demand for exotic products (sugar, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, indigo, etc.) did the rest. The Atlantic slave trade was in its germination phase, but its profit-oriented and inhuman logic was already a reality.
With the experience gained in Madeira, São Tomé and the Canary Islands, when the Europeans crossed the Atlantic Ocean and founded the first exploitation colonies in America, they were well aware that the land could be a source of income of great value, at least as much as gold, silver and gems. In fact, within a short time after their landing in the New World, the Spanish and the Portuguese attempted to replicate in their respective possessions the successful economic model experimented in the islands along the west coast of Africa. As a result, the number of slaves, first native and then African, in the Lusitanian and Spanish colonies grew steadily between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries [1, 10, 12, 13].
Already during the sixteenth century, in the imperial territories of Spain and Portugal, there were areas where slaves represented the majority of the population. In these settlements, a small number of colonists had to control an increasing number of enslaved people. The numerical disparity between free and subjugated forced the former to use, more and more often, the iron fist to maintain the control of the colonies. In such circumstances, violence and abuse were becoming a daily occurrence. This worsened the life of the slave, which was already a very painful one. He worked from dawn to dusk, and his daily life was marked by the sound of the scudiscus, which sometimes cut the air and snapped on his fatigued limbs, tearing him apart in body and spirit. This was, in the opinion of the colonists, the most effective way to properly exploit their land and their investments. Such harsh conditions frequently forced the slaves to disobey their masters, by escaping or revolting and killing their harassers [14]. The fear of the slave revolts became, in a short time, a phobia with which the master class had to continuously live [15]. These kinds of situations were uncommon throughout the Old Continent. The rebellions, the runaways, and the heinous crimes committed by the slaves were rare events in modern Europe societies.
In order to regulate this system, which aims to the brutal exploitation of the labor force, the ancient laws on slavery—contemplated in the medieval codes—turned out to be totally inadequate. There was then the need for more stringent provisions to regulate a new type of slavery, which was now emerging in the Atlantic. It was therefore in such contingencies that the need for a special legislation for slaves became more and more evident: a codification conceived to discipline every aspect of their existence: life, death, marriage, religion, movements, food, clothing and all the procedures and practices for the regaining of freedom [16, 17, 18]. These normative bodies, also known as Black Codes, would not be adopted exclusively in the colonial possessions of the Iberian powers. Between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when slave trade became a global phenomenon and several European states took part in the colonization of America and Africa, each of these states would promulgate its own slave codes.
The Spaniards and the Portuguese were the protagonists of the first phase of the colonization of the New World. When they arrived in America, they immediately realized the potential of the conquered lands. The resources seemed never to end: silver, gold, precious stones, immense latifundia. The native populations were subdued with relative easiness, being enslaved. However, the enslavement of the natives did not bring the desired results to the Europeans. Their frail constitution did not make them a workforce capable of satisfying the conquerors: thousands of them were employed in mines and plantations and soon died of hardship and fatigue. Moreover, the Indians were particularly susceptible to the diseases brought by the Europeans: the smallpox epidemics alone were responsible for several hundred thousand deaths among the natives [12, 19, 20].
The high mortality rates among the Amerindians soon forced the colonists to look for an alternative workforce. The choice fell, after some initial hesitation, on the African slaves who had been employed with good results in the colonies that the Spanish and the Portuguese had created in the Canaries, Madeira and São Tomé.
In the Spanish Empire, the massive import of slaves from the Black Continent began in 1518, when Charles V granted the asiento de negro to the Flemish nobleman Laurent de Gouvenot and the Portuguese merchant Jorge de Portugal. As Elliot wrote, the signature of these contracts implied the definitive opening of the Spanish Empire to the Atlantic trade [21]. The possessions of the Spanish Crown were soon filled with African slaves. In his Historia de las Indias, Bartolomé de las Casas says that after the year 1520 in the West Indies, about 100,000 slaves landed from the African coast, 30,000 of which landed on the island of Santo Domingo [22]. Probably the number of the imported subjects was lower than the one indicated by the Dominican father [23], but their arrival had a significant impact on the Spanish colonial society and in particular on the Dominican one. The importation of African slave labor further worsened the already precarious living conditions on the island. Food rations became more scarce and violence perpetrated against slaves became more frequent. The mistreatment and harassment suffered by the latter would soon lead them to turn against their oppressors.
Between 1519 and 1521, there were several slave revolts on Santo Domingo [13, 15]. One of these occurred in the plantations owned by Viceroy Diego Colombo, the eldest son of the famous explorer, governor of the island. The slaves who rose on Christmas Day 1521 committed all sorts of heinous crimes, assaulting the owners’ property and murdering “todos los cristianos que pudiesen” [24]. The rebels were almost immediately defeated and killed by the Spanish armies, but the ferocity with which they acted led Columbus to issue special regulations to control and discipline the black slaves who lived in the Dominican colony.
The ordinance that he promulgated on January 6, 1522, entitled Provisión del virrey Diego Colon [23], can be considered one of the first examples of Black Code in colonial America. In the provision, the governor paid attention to the behavior that the slave had to adopt in the public sphere, severely punishing the delinquent actions considered dangerous for the survival of the colony and especially the possession of weapons, rebellion, and the runaway of slaves. In order to prevent any further turmoil, through the ordinance the governor constituted a sort of colonial police force that had the responsibility of constantly monitoring the slave population. With the same aim of enhancing the effectiveness of the control and to maintain public order, the viceroy ruled that the slaves should no longer have the freedom to move within the colony: every movement of the slaves should be approved, with a special permit, by the master. Very harsh were the punishments imposed on the subjects who held weapons: depending on the degree of violation committed, slaves could be punished by public flogging. Equally severe were the punishments of the so-called cimarrones [25, 26], the slaves who ran away from their master: those who refused to return to work, within a maximum of 10 or 20 days, could also be sentenced to death by hanging (“incurra el dicho esclavo en pena de muerte, la cual le sea dada de horca”) [23].
The Provisión can, in a certain sense, be considered the archetype of all the slave legislations that was promulgated between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries in the Spanish colonies. Some of the principles contained in it (the prohibition to carry weapons, the ferocious persecution of cimarronaje, and the establishment of police forces to ensure the monitoring of slaves) were included in each of the subsequent codes. For example, Las Ordenanzas para la sujeción de los esclavos negros [27], issued by the Cabildo of Santo Domingo on October 12, 1528, and judged by Marcos Andrade Jaramillo the first black code in America [28], were nothing more than a careful revision and integration of what the Viceroy Provisión of 1522 had already established [15, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31].
The Ordenanzas issued on Santo Domingo constituted the legal basis of the great slave codes that appeared in Spanish America during the eighteenth century [32]. Among these, according to Manuel Lucena Salmoral, the most important were: the Ordenanzas dirigidas a establecer las más proporcionadas providencias así para ocurrir a la deserción de los negros esclavos como para la sujeción y asistencia de éstos, better known as Código de Santo Domingo (April 25, 1768) [33]; the Código de legislación para el gobierno moral, político y económico de los negros de la isla española, also known as Código Negro Carolino (December 14, 1784) [34]; and the Real Cédula Instrucción circular sobre la educación, trato y ocupaciones de los esclavos en todos sus dominios de Indias e islas Filipinas (May 31, 1789) [35]. Each of the above-mentioned codes, as Sala-Molins has well pointed out, were re-elaborations of the slave laws enacted in the Spanish colonies between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries [32].
The eighteenth-century codes above mentioned, partly a result of Bourbon reformism [36], had the objective of drawing up a slave laws apparatus that would make it possible to improve the efficiency of the system of exploitation in the overseas colonies, imitating what had been done by another great colonizing power: France. The model was that of the French Black Codes promulgated in 1685 and 1724, which will be better discussed later. The eighteenth-century Iberian Codes tried to regulate slavery by making it “more human” and acceptable: the sovereignty of the master over the slave was largely limited and placed under the supervision of colonial and metropolitan governing bodies. The draconian punishments imparted to the slave were moderated, and some rights were granted to them (they had to be dressed, fed, and educated to the precepts of the Catholic religion and they could denounce any abuses suffered). The enactment of such measures provoked real upheavals in the colonial ruling classes: in the view of the slave owners, grant rights to the slaves could be very dangerous and could led to the destruction of the established system of exploitation, based essentially upon the abuse and social alienation of slave workforce [18, 20, 31, 37, 38].
An exception to this general trend is the Código de Luisiana (1769) [39], issued by the Spanish Governor Alejandro O’Reilly after the sale of the colony from France to Spain, which took place with the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). The text was essentially identical to the French Black Code issued in Louisiana in 1724. O’Reilly decided to adopt this code because it was considered more efficient than the Spanish one, in terms of perpetuation of the slave system born in the former French colony. During his mandate, the governor decided to include only few measures to implement the old code, one of which concerned the right granted to slaves to buy their freedom, the so-called derecho de coartación, which was not contemplated in the 1724 Code Noir [40, 41, 42]. This concession alarmed the colonial ruling class, which tried in every way to obtain the revocation of this privilege. The protests, raised by the owners of the plantations, led to a new reformulation of the slave legislation in the colony. In 1777, King Charles III, who was quite disappointed by the discontent of the slave masters, agreed that the laws on slavery should be rewritten. Hence, the King charged the Governor Bernardo de Gálvez to proceed with the drafting of a new code. Gálvez commissioned Francisco María de Reggio and Joseph Ducros, both high-ranking officials of the New Orleans Cabildo and owners of large plantations within the colony, to draw up the legislative body. After a few months of study and research, the two officials presented to the Cabildo a text entitled Code noir ou Loi municipale, servant de règlement pour le gouvernement & l’administration de la justice, police, discipline & le commerce des esclaves négres, dans la province de la Louisianne [43]. In this text, de Reggio and Ducros affirmed the need to leave all questions concerning the management of slaves to the will of the master. In order to protect the interests of the ruling class, the code legitimized all sorts of abuses and oppressions: the master could torture, humiliate and hunger his slaves without suffering any consequences in the courts of law. In other words, the master’s will was above the law [44].
The precepts contained in the Code noir ou Loi municipale represented a fundamental legal source for all the other slave laws that were adopted in Louisiana between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. When this possession was acquired by the United States, in fact, the regulations of de Reggio and Ducros, together with the 1724 Code Noir, were the models for the first United States Black Codes issued in the colony [45]. Even in this, the ruling class had a sort of “absolute power” over the slave workforce.
The question of the master’s sovereignty is an important element to keep in mind in order to understand the phenomenon of slave legislation in European colonial possessions. Even if in some cases the authorities tried to interfere with the authority of the dominus, to moderate the mistreatment and to make the slave’s condition more acceptable, the master’s will remains the only true code actually in force. Within his plantations, in his farms, the slave owner had no superior authority. The experience of slavery in the ultramarine empires was therefore, according to the contexts examined, even significantly harder than the one prescribed and contemplated by the law. Any slave owner, facing the possibility of losing his/her life or seeing his/her interests being severely damaged, would have no hesitation in violating or circumventing the existing laws. Although this fact was well known to colonial and metropolitan administrations, none of the states that took part in the colonial expansion renounced to the attempt to regulate the newborn overseas slave societies.
When the slave trade, between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, became a global phenomenon, almost all states with colonies in the New World adopted slave codes. Several of these were inspired by those already enacted in Spanish possessions during the sixteenth century. Portugal, for instance, during the period in which the Portuguese and Spanish crowns were united (1580–1640), adopted Spain laws into its own legislation [45].
The Ordenações Filipinas [46], promulgated by Philip I in 1603, were the most important demonstration of the process described above. This body of laws is the most organic and structured example of the slave code in force in Portuguese possessions until the nineteenth century. In Brazil, where the use of slave labor was fundamental for the maintenance of the colony, the code remained in force until 1822, when the Brazilian possession gained independence from the mother country. Even after independence, many of the precepts contained in the Philippine corpus continued to represent the legal basis for regulating the relations between slave and master within the country, at least until 1888, when the slave system was definitively abolished [46, 47].
The principles on slavery stated in the Philippine ordinances were very similar to those contained in the Spanish Codes issued between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: there were numerous articles aiming at sanctioning the prohibition of the possession of weapons, the restrictions on freedom of movement and, more generally, the absolute social alienation of the slave. In exchange of the full control on his own workforce, the Philippine ordinances required from the master a certain moderation in his behavior: he should not punish the slave in an unmotivated way, and he should not either torture or physically abuse him. Even if in the Code the slave was not considered as a human being but as a good, and as such had to be inventoried, the Ordenações Filipinas tried to preserve his safety, by limiting the violence that he was often forced to suffer. Such conduct may perhaps have been useful in avoiding the outbreak of riots and unrest, but it was more likely to be conceived as a way to impose a limit on the sovereignty of the ruling class: through the law the state and its organs had to supervise and stop episodes of uncontrolled violence.
These attempts to delimit the power of the masters had very little impact on overseas slave societies. As Batista and Zaffaroni wrote, reflecting on the Brazilian colonial reality, at a local level, there was a sort of “poder punitivo doméstico” [48, 49], essentially based upon the master’s arbitrariness. Batista and Zaffaroni’s consideration can be judged suitable not only for Brazil but also for all Lusitanian domains and, more generally, for all European ultramarine possessions where an economic system based upon the exploitation of slavery was created.
This failure to delimit the master’s arbitrariness had repercussions on the real effectiveness of the slave laws, which were—according to necessity—ignored, reinterpreted or deceived. For this reason, for example, the authorities—both metropolitan and colonial—were often forced to reaffirm, remodel and strengthen through specific measures some precepts that had already been widely stated in the issued Codes. Regarding the Portuguese colonial experience, this operation was carried out through the so-called Legislação Extravagante, that is, series of ordinances, provisions and decrees enacted in order to intervene on particular issues that arose in a particular possession [46, 50, 51].
The provisions on slavery contained in the Legislação Extravagante tried to intervene on the most disparate aspects of the slave’s life: from his treatment to his nourishment, from his transport to his employment within the colonial realities. Reading these ordinances, it is easy to understand how almost all the royal laws or provisions, promulgated with the intention of restraining abuse, did not find any acceptance in the daily life of colonial life. Merely as an example, we can mention the royal provisions issued by Afonso VI (September 23, 1664) [52] and Pedro II (March 18, 1684) [53] in order to regulate the transport of slaves taken from the African coasts. In these documents, attention was paid to the measures to be taken in order to ensure that navigation was not fatal for the slaves on board; in particular, the sovereigns established the minimum quantities of water and food that should be available on the slave ships in order to avoid the numerous deaths—due to hunger and dehydration—that sadly characterized the so-called middle passage. The royal prescriptions, as already mentioned, had a very modest impact on what were the behaviors of the Portuguese slave traders. Indeed, between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, due to the growing demand for workforce from the New World, the number of slaves deported increased significantly and the conditions in which they were transported worsened. Despite the provisions, it rarely happened that more than two-thirds of the slaves loaded on the slave ships could see the colony of destination. Many of these deaths, recorded during the crossing, continued to be attributable to a lack of water [54, 55].
What was said about the measures concerning the slave trade and transport can be extended to any other aspect that the slave legislation tried to regulate. Although the Philippine ordinances and the instructions given through the Legislação Extravagante categorically prohibited harassment and abuse, even in the nineteenth century (in the wake of the abolitionist era), the colonial ruling class continued to torture, mutilate, brand and whip its slaves even for apparently futile reasons, acting in total impunity [56].
Also other states that were involved in the colonization adopted, as anticipated, special codes for slavery. At first, this need became particularly urgent in the Caribbean colonies owned by England and France, where the sugar revolution—which took place in the mid-seventeenth century—brought a significant increase of the number of slaves deported in these domains [18, 57, 58, 59].
Regarding the British colonial experience, the creation of a large system of sugarcane plantations proved to be crucial for the emanation of the first exemplars of Black Codes [57]. The circumstances in which English colonial authorities enacted the Act for the better ordering and governing of Negroes (1661) [60, 61], better known in historiography as Barbadian Code or Barbados Slave Code, are indicative in this sense.
When the colonization of Barbados began in the second decade of the seventeenth century, the economic system of the estate was based upon the cultivation and commercialization of tobacco, trying to emulate the economic model born in Virginia. In these early stages, the core of the workforce on the island was made up of indentured workers who were mainly recruited from the mother country [61]. However, this plan of development failed to produce the expected results. The tobacco produced in Barbados could not compete in price and quality with the abundant Virginian production that already at the end of the 1630s had exhausted the demand of the London markets.
In these conditions, a large part of the plantations on the Caribbean island were then converted to cotton and indigo but without obtaining better results [62]. In order to overcome a growing economic recession, several landowners in Barbados then decided to experiment the extensive culture of sugarcane. As the cultivation of sugarcane spread over the island, white workers were more frequently replaced by African slaves, considered more suitable to support the hard work necessary to exploit the “white gold” plantations. The censuses of Barbados in the 1650s were the last in which the white population was larger than the black population. Between 1652 and 1661, when the number of black slaves grew significantly within the colony, the African subjugates began to be perceived as a threat by the governing bodies of the island: because of the harsh conditions in which they lived, riots and disorders were feared. The creation of special rules for slavery, designed with the aim of maintaining public order in the colony, became a necessity at this point [61]. It was for these reasons that the Barbadian Code was created [63]. In the preamble of the Code, this latter need was clearly expressed by the legislators.
The authors of the legislative body pointed out that the various colonial governments that followed over the years had produced some good laws on slavery, but these regulations proved to be incomplete and incapable to deal with the new social conditions of the island. The ancient laws could not be applied to Atlantic slavery.
Like the other states that have been mentioned until now, England, at the time of the establishment of its ultramarine possessions, did not have a legal tradition in slave legislation. Notwithstanding this, the English who established in the first Atlantic colonies had within their legal background some jurisprudential categories that allowed them to organize the slave institution. Among these categories was the principle of absolute property. According to the Common Law, for the English colonizers, the slave was, to all intents and purposes, a patrimonial property and therefore could be used by their master as he or she wished [64, 65, 66].
The classification of the slave as a patrimonial good was in fact sanctioned in the first lines of the preamble of the Barbadian Code together with the desire to protect, as property, the work force from any violence committed by its owners (“protect them as we do many other goods and chattels”) [61]. Beyond the statements in the prolog, the Barbadian Code was a very rigorous slave code, which was not intended to protect slave labor. It focused, instead, on the punishment of the slaves, considered as a threat for the safety of the white population of the island. Reading the articles of the Code emerges that the British colonists considered the Africans as barbaric people (“brutish”) [61]. “The barbarism of Africans”—as Rugemer stated—“precluded them from the possession of rights as the English understood them. Unlike contemporaneous Spanish American and Brazilian legislation based on the medieval Siete Partidas, or the French Code Noir that would follow in 1680, the 1661 Slave Act did not attribute any positive rights to slaves whatsoever” [64].
In short, the regulation of 1661 sanctioned almost all the prohibitions already present in the slave legislation discussed until now (prohibition to carry weapons, restrictions regarding the freedom of movement, etc.). However, unlike many of the slave codes promulgated by the other European powers, it did not provide any measure for the possible integration of the subjects within the society. There was a lack of clear regulations on slave liberation and religious life. With the exception of the master’s obligation to provide clothing to the slaves at least once a year, some of the fundamental rights of the slave that were recognized, at least formally, in the Spanish Ordenanzas and, as we will see, in the 1685 French Code Noir were not enshrined in the 1661 text: that is to say, the right to be freed and to be fed. What emerged from the articles of the Barbadian Code was, in conclusion, a system of regulation of slavery designed to control the entire workforce, built on the conviction that primitives and barbarian Africans were naturally destined to be slaves because of their inferiority from a cultural and racial point of view.
The political and economic model established on Barbados was very successful, and the profits made from the sugar trade during the seventeenth century were enormous [67]. In part, this exploit was attributed to the effectiveness of the slave legislation in force on the island [65, 66]. As a result, the Barbadian Code was rapidly exported both to the other colonies owned by the British in the Caribbean and to those located in North America. The principles in this statute, a bit like the provision of Columbus in the Spanish domains, will be a fundamental reference for every slave code born in the colonies of England and in the United States [65, 68, 69].
More than 20 years after the promulgation of the Barbadian Code, one of the best-known and most studied slave codes, the so-called Code noir Louis was issued in France (1685) [70]. The legislative body was drawn up at the behest of King Louis XIV and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of the King of France and strong supporter of the importance of the colonies as an economic resource for continental France. In order to fully exploit the potentialities of the conquered territories, both the sovereign and the minister considered it fundamental to rationalize the employment of the slave workforce. That rationalization was crucial to support the economic system of some of the richest and most productive colonies of the French Empire. The creation of a regulation that intervened in an exhaustive way on these aspects became soon a diriment political issue [16, 70, 71]. The complex and articulated slave code issued in 1685 was the result of this no longer delayable necessity. Its 60 articles examined in depth all practical aspects of the slave’s life within the colonies: from religion to marriage, from concubinage to imprisonment, from crimes to corporal punishment and pecuniary sanctions, and even the ways in which the slave achieved freedom.
Most of its provisions focused, as in the other examples of slave codes already mentioned, on questions of public order. To ensure security, the Louis regulation roughly imposed the well-known bans on the possession of weapons and on freedom of movement, which had already been widely discussed. Although punishments and deprivations are a fundamental part of the legislative body, this seems to open—more than other previous and contemporary exemplars—to the integration of African slaves in the French colonial society. The baptism and conversion of slaves to Catholicism, their participation in religious celebrations and their abstention from work on feast days were all measures conceived, maybe, with the intention of building a more cohesive and less conflictual colonial community.
One of the most innovative aspects of the Code was undoubtedly the various regulations protecting the slave workforce. The legislator seemed to have a clear idea of the poor condition in which the slaves lived: submitted to the master’s will, they could be killed, tortured or left to die of hunger and thirst. Being aware of what was happening in the colonies, the editors of the Edict tried to impose a limit on the authority of the masters, by placing it under the control of the state. For the Code, slaves were movable good, an extension of the legal personality of its owner, but the supreme government over them was a prerogative of the state authority.
The Louis regulations also contain provisions obliging the master to provide food and clothing for his slave workforce. By imposing such obligation, the legislators believed to reduce the percentage of slaves who die for hunger or who escape because of the lack of supplies.
Many of the measures enshrined in the 1685 Code Noir, like that issued in other slave code already mentioned, remained almost a dead letter. The paternalistic view of slavery that characterized several of its dispositions never rooted in French ultramarine possessions. The concessions made by the Code to slaves were considered by the ruling class to be too damaging for their own interests.
The reasons behind the non-application of many of the precepts contained in the Edict were not only economic. There were also racial prejudices: the conviction that blacks were inferior to whites was quite widespread in the colonies. There is no law that had the power to change that belief [72]. Hence, despite the expressed prohibition imposed by the royal legislation, the slaves continued to be mutilated, massacred, killed or left to starve. Their lives in the colonies continued for many decades to be marked by abuse and masterly arbitrariness, most frequently in the substantial indifference of the authorities. This situation will not change in a tangible way until the great revolution of Haiti [73, 74].
Despite resistance displayed by the ruling class and its limited application, the Code was nevertheless a fundamental model for all the French slave legislation enacted between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although it was created to regulate slavery in the Caribbean possessions of France, the Code noir Louis became the main legal reference in the field of slavery also in other French domains, in North America (Louisiana) and in Africa (Mascarene), where the plantation economy was experimented. In these colonies, the precepts of the regulation issued in 1685 continued to exert their influence even when specific legislative bodies were promulgated for each of these colonial realities. The Codes issued in Louisiana (1724) and in the Mascarene Islands (1723) were, in fact, nothing more than a revision, or rather an adaptation to the characteristics of each colony, of the famous Code Noir promulgated at the end of the seventeenth century [75].
When the colonization process undertaken by European states was on the edge and involved a great number of actors, it was a common belief that adopting special slave codes would help to have more control over possessions, avoiding revolts in them. The prescriptions of the Codes, in the eyes of the colonial administrators, were useful to reduce the conflict between the slaves and the masters. At the same time, slave laws linked the slave to his condition of slavery almost in an inextricable way.
These provisions aimed to preserve public order, and therefore the system of exploitation built by the colonists, not only by disposing the deprivations of the liberties of enslaved individuals but also by justifying these deprivations on the pretext of the ethnic and cultural inferiority of the slaves. The clear purpose of the Codes was to protect small white communities from possible assaults by black multitudes. However, in order to do this, it was not enough to prohibit the use of weapons, but it was necessary to instill the principle of superiority of the white race. The whites were to be considered by Africans as untouchable individuals whose bodies and physical integrity could not be violated by a black hand. For this reason, in many Codes, even the intention to strike a white man could be punished severely. For the same reason, unions or marriages between whites and blacks, when not expressly forbidden, were seen as a contamination, a sort of perversion of the natural order of things [75].
The provisions concerning the physical protection of whites were often accompanied by precepts that tended to discourage or prohibit manifestations of the slave culture. Religious rites, dances and African customs were considered dangerous in the Codes, because they could upset white people and be a bond between the ranks of slaves present in the colonies. The subjugated could not have their own culture because it constituted a manifestation of human nature and the slaves were not considered men. Their role was to work, to serve the master and to submissively follow his orders. He existed in function of his master and for nothing else.
These were the key concepts that were laid down in all the major slave codes issued in the overseas colonies during the seventeenth century. These legal precepts were considered as the substratum necessary to ensure the functioning of an exploitation colony. Whatever was the size of its slave population, a slave society had to have laws that specifically dealt with slavery. This may help to understand why the instrument of the slave code was adopted even in small realities and by states that played a very marginal role in the process of colonization of the Americas.
Denmark, for example, after taking possession of the Virgin Islands (between the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth), adopted the so-called Gardelin Code (1733) in its colonies. The legal text, named after its editor—Philip Gardelin, governor of the island of Saint-Thomas—was one of the most rigid slave codes in the European colonial panorama [76]. With its adoption, the Danish administrators hoped to keep under control the huge mass of slaves employed in the sugarcane plantations born in their domains. However, as the slave revolt on Saint-John (1733) demonstrated, deprivation and oppression were not always a valid solution to the problems of public order within the colonies.
Sweden too, in the colony of Saint-Barthélemy—bought by the French at the end of the eighteenth century in exchange of some commercial privileges in the port of Gothenburg—adopted its own slave code: the Code von Rosenstein (1787). Like the Danish one, the Swedish text was thus named because of its editor, Pehr Herman Von Rosenstein, governor of the island from 1787 to 1790 [76]. It was a code inspired by French slave legislation, in particular by an ordinance on the treatment of slaves issued in Martinique in 1783. The legislative body was a kind of summary in which the tradition of European Slave laws was collected. In the norms established by Rosenstein, the African slaves were considered as treacherous and evil, not deserving to be considered human. They were not allowed to gather, to profess their beliefs, or even to ride a horse. The normative text configured itself as an instrument for the control of the entire black population: in fact, numerous articles were dedicated exclusively to the regulation of the life of the freed slaves. It was in this regard that we noted the only real innovation of the von Rosenstein Code compared to the French legislation to which, as we said, it is inspired.
The political and economic reasons that led to the creation of the slave codes are very clear. They were considered necessary to maintain public order in the colonies, avoiding the outbreak of riots and thus allowing the slave exploitation system to function more efficiently. In order to achieve these objectives, the codes could provide both strictly punitive rules, designed to create terror in the slave labor force, and paternalistic rules, designed to make the bitter life of the slave more bearable. The last-mentioned rules, however, should not be understood as a partial recognition of the slave’s rights: they represented only concessions made in order to prevent the inevitable outbreak of riots and unrest. In fact, very few masters were tried for breaking the rules laid down in the codes: the mistreatment and abuse committed against slaves remained a constant and the authorities did not show a marked perseverance in prosecuting these crimes. This indicates that, apart from formal recognition, the rights granted to slaves, except in rare cases, remained a political expedient rather than a reality. The aforementioned helps to understand why in the colonial daily life many of the prescriptions contained in the codes remained substantially inapplicable. The ruling class often judged the norms of the codes to be too permissive and paternalistic: they appreciated their punitive and persecutory measures, circumventing most of the laws that attempted to limit their sovereignty. Analyzing all these elements, it seems evident that the impact of slave codification on the administration of slave workforce was relatively marginal: the will of the master remained the only true law to which slaves should have obeyed. No law, in fact, would have succeeded in undermining, containing or reducing the master’s sovereignty. But the codes were not only a political instrument but also a cultural product of the slave society and are important because by studying them it is possible to analyze the characteristics of the discriminatory and segregationist system constituted in the European colonies of exploitation. One of the fundamental tasks of the codes was to try to eternalize the existing slave system, not only from an administrative and legal point of view but also from a cultural and moral point of view. It was above all in this latter perspective that the impact of the codes was significant: not only did the slave codes try to discipline the many aspects of the life of the slaves in the colonies but also contributed to further dehumanizing the African workforce. The whips, the mutilations and the draconian punitions contributed to invalidating in some way all the regulatory instruments that the same codes provided for the slave’s protection. Slaves had no human dignity according to the law and therefore, in the eyes of the landowner class—who was already not very disposed to tolerate external intrusions—they did not deserve to be safeguarded.
While the application of the codes was therefore sporadic and arbitrary, much more important was the cultural impact that the slavery laws had on the societies in which they were adopted. This impact conditioned the perception of the slave institution and became the foundation of the European exploitation colonies. The idea of slave as a factor of production, as an object, is deeply rooted in all the societies that adopted slave legislation. That is why the idea of the slave (and the African slave in particular) as an inferior human being resisted even after slavery was abolished. From this point of view, the slave legislation has certainly achieved one of the objectives it aimed to pursue: the perpetuation of the economic and cultural patterns that lie behind the slave system.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"269",title:"Human Mobility",slug:"human-mobility",parent:{title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:23,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"human-mobility",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6102",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",subtitle:"Contexts and Boundaries",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f46c2870a20d93d5c5b913e7370dabd6",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",bookSignature:"Leszek Butowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114047",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Butowski",slug:"leszek-butowski",fullName:"Leszek Butowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56647",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70370",title:"Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism",slug:"muslim-travel-behavior-in-halal-tourism",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"58056",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71459",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. Destination Venice",slug:"cruise-tourism-and-sustainability-in-the-mediterranean-destination-venice",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"58259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71597",title:"Air Transport Economic Footprint in Remote Tourist Regions",slug:"air-transport-economic-footprint-in-remote-tourist-regions",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56647",title:"Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism",slug:"muslim-travel-behavior-in-halal-tourism",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"58056",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. Destination Venice",slug:"cruise-tourism-and-sustainability-in-the-mediterranean-destination-venice",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"56679",title:"Determinants of Satisfaction with the Tourist Destination",slug:"determinants-of-satisfaction-with-the-tourist-destination",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Enrique Marinao",authors:[{id:"207589",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Marinao",slug:"enrique-marinao",fullName:"Enrique Marinao"}]},{id:"56695",title:"Analysis of Online Conversations for Giving Sense to Sustainable Tourism in the Adriatic-Ionian Region",slug:"analysis-of-online-conversations-for-giving-sense-to-sustainable-tourism-in-the-adriatic-ionian-regi",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Gian Luigi Corinto and Fabio Curzi",authors:[{id:"207340",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Corinto",slug:"gian-luigi-corinto",fullName:"Gian Luigi Corinto"},{id:"207365",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Curzi",slug:"fabio-curzi",fullName:"Fabio Curzi"}]},{id:"58176",title:"Long-Haul Travel Motivation by International Tourist to Penang",slug:"long-haul-travel-motivation-by-international-tourist-to-penang",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Norkamaliah Shahrin and Azizan Marzuki",authors:[{id:"111261",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Azizan",middleName:null,surname:"Marzuki",slug:"azizan-marzuki",fullName:"Azizan Marzuki"}]},{id:"56583",title:"The International Decision-Making and Travel Behavior of Graduates Participating in Working Holiday",slug:"the-international-decision-making-and-travel-behavior-of-graduates-participating-in-working-holiday",totalDownloads:792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Chin-cheng Ni, Chien-yu Tsao and Ying-hsiang Wang",authors:[{id:"207813",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Ni",slug:"chin-cheng-ni",fullName:"Chin-Cheng Ni"},{id:"207814",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Tsao",slug:"chien-yu-tsao",fullName:"Chien-Yu Tsao"},{id:"207820",title:"MSc.",name:"Ying-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ying-hsiang-wang",fullName:"Ying-Hsiang Wang"}]},{id:"57364",title:"Music Event as a Tourist Product: Specifics, Issues, Challenges",slug:"music-event-as-a-tourist-product-specifics-issues-challenges",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Aleksandra Krajnović and Ivana Paula Gortan-Carlin",authors:[{id:"213765",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Krajnovic",slug:"aleksandra-krajnovic",fullName:"Aleksandra Krajnovic"},{id:"214029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Gortan-Carlin",slug:"ivana-gortan-carlin",fullName:"Ivana Gortan-Carlin"}]},{id:"56858",title:"A Comprehensive Review of the Quality Approach in Tourism",slug:"a-comprehensive-review-of-the-quality-approach-in-tourism",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Diana Foris, Maria Popescu and Tiberiu Foris",authors:[{id:"206947",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"diana-foris",fullName:"Diana Foris"},{id:"207967",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"maria-popescu",fullName:"Maria Popescu"},{id:"207968",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiberiu",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"tiberiu-foris",fullName:"Tiberiu Foris"}]},{id:"58085",title:"Energy-Efficient Architecture and Sustainable Urban Tourism: Context, Challenges and Solution",slug:"energy-efficient-architecture-and-sustainable-urban-tourism-context-challenges-and-solution",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Ksenija (Née Jovović) Štahan",authors:[{id:"207037",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Stahan",slug:"ksenija-stahan",fullName:"Ksenija Stahan"}]},{id:"58259",title:"Air Transport Economic Footprint in Remote Tourist Regions",slug:"air-transport-economic-footprint-in-remote-tourist-regions",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"human-mobility",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/179771/omur-sayligil",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"179771",slug:"omur-sayligil"},fullPath:"/profiles/179771/omur-sayligil",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()