The numerical solution of a time-dependent PDE generally involves the solution of a stiff system of ODEs arising from spatial discretization of the PDE. There are many methods in the literature for solving such systems, such as exponential propagation iterative (EPI) methods, that rely on Krylov projection to compute matrix function-vector products. Unfortunately, as spatial resolution increases, these products require an increasing number of Krylov projection steps, thus drastically increasing computational expense.
Part of the book: Applied Linear Algebra in Action