List of sea bottom samples and their lithology based on grain-size analysis. Location, water depths and description of sea bottom samples are indicated.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-558-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-557-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-559-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"97b6de623f15598880112f6bafedc3e1",bookSignature:"Dr. Robert M.X. Wu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11916.jpg",keywords:"Business Models, E-commerce Marketing Strategy, E-commerce Business Models, Digital Transformation, Business Intelligence, E-business Applications, Research, Information System Management, Marketing Management, Electronic Commerce, Internet Marketing, Information Systems",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 26th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 23rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 10th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Dr. Wu holds a Ph.D. in e-Commerce, lectures at the School of Engineering and Technology in Australia, and is a Distinguished Professor at Shanxi Normal University, China. In 2011, Dr. Wu was recognized as a ‘Top 100 Outstanding Academic Leader for China’s Informatics’ by the China Informatics Society. He was awarded "Outstanding Contribution in Reviewing" by Q1 Journals such as Electronic Commerce Research and Applications (Elsevier).',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",biography:"Robert M.X. Wu has a diploma in Computer Science, a bachelor’s degree in Economics, and master’s and doctorate degrees in e-Commerce. He is currently lecturing e-commerce / Information Systems at Central Queensland University Australia (CQU). He has led more than ten industry-based research projects since 2012 and contributes to reviewing five A-level Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) journals and Q1 journals.\r\nIn July 2011, Dr. Wu was recognized as a ‘Top 100 Outstanding Academic Leader for China’s Informatics’ by the China Informatics Society. In 2017 he was appointed Distinguished Professor at Shanxi Normal University, China. He was also awarded ‘Outstanding Contribution in Reviewing’ in 2016 and 2018 by the Electronic Commerce Research and Applications journal (Elsevier) and ‘Student Voice Commendation – EDUCATORS of THE YEAR 2020’ for Emerging Technologies in E-Business, CQU.",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55314",title:"Porphyrin‐Based Organophotocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68223",slug:"porphyrin-based-organophotocatalysts",body:'\nEnvironment and energy issues have been presented as the biggest challenges facing humanity nowadays. Among the various solutions, photocatalysis is a promising approach both for photochemical energy conversion and for photochemical decontamination, hence to fulfill the sustainable energy supply and environment remediation by use of the abundant, natural sunlight [1–5]. To achieve efficient solar energy conversion, the photocatalysts are required to possess excellent light‐harvesting capability, charge transfer efficiency (factors including exciton lifetime, mobility, etc.), as well as surface activity (specific surface area, ionic adsorption, etc.) [6–8]. Most research studies in photocatalysis have been concentrated on the use of inorganic semiconductors, such as TiO2 [9–11], Fe2O3 [12–14], ZnO [15–17], and Cu2O [17–19] which mostly suffer from inefficient light absorption and hardness. Strategies to enhance the efficiency of these catalysts correlating with band engineering [20, 21], texture modification [16, 22], or configuration organization [23, 24] always involve complicated fabrication processes. All these limit their practical affordable applications. Still, much effort is needed to find other photoactive materials as alternatives for facile preparation and economical applications.
\nDuring the last decades, increasing attention has been paid to the field of semiconducting organic materials for optoelectronic applications [25–27]. One of the most important advantages concerning these organic materials is that their molecular structure and functions can be easily modulated via molecular design and tailoring. Additionally, integration of them into lightweight, large‐area devices can be simply realized through solution processing at low cost. In addition, organic semiconductors, also referred to as π‐conjugated molecules, are characterized by a delocalized π‐electron system that makes them ideal building blocks for the fabrication of advanced functional nanomaterials and nanodevices [28–30]. As a typical representative of π‐conjugated molecules, porphyrins are of particular interest due to some key aspects, such as their excellent light‐harvesting property, p‐type semiconducting behavior, ease of chemical modification, good supramolecular assembly, and film‐forming features by means of either solution‐based or thermal‐based techniques [31–33]. Coupled with their chemical stability and flexibility, the use of porphyrin in optoelectronics has become a fast‐growing research focus, and great development has been made in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs) [34, 35], organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) [36, 37], organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) [38, 39], even in flexible organic semiconductor devices.
\nAs a photocatalyst, porphyrins were first used in homogenous photocatalysis [40]. The problem with it is the limited stability of porphyrin molecules and the recovery of them for successive use. Fortunately, this could be circumvented by mobilizing porphyrin molecules on solid supports or assembling them into robust nanostructures [41, 42]. Recently, more efforts have been made on the development of a semiconductor‐based photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting device [43, 44], and thus organic photoelectrodes have aroused special attention. Relating progresses are dealt with in detail in separate sections. Before that we have a brief introduction of the relation between porphyrin molecular structure and optoelectronic properties. The use of molecular porphyrin as modification of inorganic semiconductors to achieve absorption of visible light is not covered in this chapter.
\nIn nature, porphyrin‐related molecules are important photosynthetic pigments that perform the light‐harvesting and charge/energy transfer functions in biological photosynthesis [45–48]. The role of porphyrins in photocatalysis is mainly related to their optical feature. As shown from the basic porphyrin ring (Figure 1), porphyrins are tetrapyrrole derivatives which are composed of four pyrrole subunits interconnected via ─CH═ bridges. The inner 16‐membered ring with 18 π electrons constitutes its electronic “heart,” which is responsible for the optical spectra. Many authors have investigated its optoelectronic properties because of simplicity. Again, molecular engineering is easily attainable by various chemical modifications to this basic ring, leading to proper tuning of the optoelectronic properties [49–51].
\nAn illustration of a representative tetraarylporphyrin.
First, central substituent of porphyrin ring has a major effect on the optical spectra. Depending on the atom or group that occupies the center, porphyrins can be basically divided into freebase type (two hydrogens in the center) and metal‐type [52, 53], or the so‐called metalloporphyrin that is formed by exchange of the two protons in freebase porphyrin by a metal ion. Considerable varieties in the optoelectronic properties just arise from such center difference. Particularly, freebase porphyrin has a four‐banded visible spectrum notably different from the two‐banded spectrum exhibited by metal complex [54]. This spectral difference is attributed to the fact that the two freebase hydrogens in the center greatly reduce the symmetry from square to rectangular. In the case of metalloporphyrin [55], the change of metal in some cases can strongly influence absorption spectra. It is now known that the central metal perturbs the absorption spectra mainly through the interaction of the metal electrons with those of the ring, and sometimes the coordination type can also affect the spectra.
\nIn addition to central substituents, peripheral substituents at various locations around the ring, including four
Increasing emphasis has been placed on photocatalysts as an environmentally friendly process to decompose organic pollutants in contaminated water and air. It is well documented that porphyrins and metalloporphyrins have contributed a lot to photooxidation catalysis in homogeneous media.
\nAs for highly effective triplet‐state porphyrins, two possible mechanistic pathways are involved in a photocatalytic process: energy transfer and electron transfer from the triplet excited state [60, 61]. Singlet oxygen species (1O2) is commonly involved during the energy transfer process, whereas other active oxygen species such as a superoxide radical anion (O2•−) or hydroxyl radical (•OH) are essentially involved in the case of the electron transfer process. Time‐resolved spectroscopic methods thus provide a powerful tool to detect the transient species derived from the photocatalyst for the study of fast reaction kinetics.
\nHomogeneous porphyrins are well known to generate 1O2 [40, 62–64]. For example, the triplet quantum yield of
As the catalyst is dissolved, it is easy to get access to all active sites, resulting in high catalytic activities. For instance, water‐soluble TDCPPS and its metal complexes were successfully used in the photodegradation of 4‐chlorophenol, giving rise to the main photoproducts such as
As another case, hydrogen production is a typical photocatalytic reaction that occurs under light irradiation. Photoinduced hydrogen production from water is regarded as an efficient and cost‐effective method for the conversion and storage of solar energy. This process is usually accomplished by a system containing a photosensitizer, electron carrier, electron donor, and a catalyst. Chlorophyll and ferredoxin are the natural photosensitizer and electron carrier, while porphyrins often act as an artificial photosensitizer [71]. An example of water‐soluble zinc
Despite the feasibility, the homogeneous porphyrin cannot be commercialized. It has a tendency toward deactivation due to photobleaching or solvolysis by the solvent, and recovery of it from the reaction media usually constitutes another difficulty. In this case, heterogenization of porphyrins seems necessary. One possible solution is to immobilize them on organic or inorganic solid support for improved stability and easy recovery. On the other hand, nanoassembly provides another way to stabilize porphyrin molecules. The two aspects are addressed in the following sections.
\nGrafting of porphyrin molecules onto a solid matrix is a useful and practical approach to carry out the reaction, since solid photocatalysts can be easily separated from the reaction medium and reused.
\nEasily available silica has been extensively employed as a host for porphyrins [66]. Immobilized porphyrins have been obtained by covalent link to aminoalkylated silica particles for elimination of model pollutants. Through a modified Stöber technique and thiolene polymerization, porphyrin functionalized silica microspheres have been constructed and repeatedly used for the photooxidation of 1,5‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) [75]. Likewise, sulfonated porphyrin has been attached to silica to photooxidize 1,5‐dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in water [67]. Results show that this solid photocatalyst is stable and can be recycled five times without significant loss of activity. Other supports such as clay, zeolites, or layered materials are also involved to host porphyrins [76, 77]. Due to immobilization, the stability of the catalysts is thereby enhanced and the efficiency loss is reduced.
\nTo obtain a high retention, porphyrins have been included inside solid polymer backbones, which are found to impart interesting modifications on their photochemical properties [61]. For instance, anionic TPPS and its metal complex have been covalently anchored onto cationic polystyrene [78]. The resulting polymer‐porphyrin system with rich ionic sites showed high activity in photokilling
Resins are alternative supports for porphyrins due to the ease of preparation. NaTPPS has been ionically bounded at polymeric ion‐exchange resin (Amberlite) toward oxidizing phenols [82]. Diffuse reflectance spectra revealed that the grafted porphyrin had an absorption feature close to the homogeneous one. Different resins such as Amberlite or 16–50 mesh have been employed to support a series of porphyrins to evaluate their activity and stability with phenols as model pollutants [83]. In all cases, the preparation is simply carried out by stirring the mixture of ion exchangers and the catalysts in an appropriate medium.
\nCompared to energy transfer, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) by transformation of excitation energy into chemical potentials in the form of long‐lived carriers is at the heart of photoenergy conversion. On a molecular level, a large number of porphyrin‐based dyads or triads (porphyrin‐fullerene, porphyrin‐quinone) have been intentionally designed to initiate the PET process [84, 85]. For heterogenization, more consideration has been given to choice of π‐conjugated carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, or C3N4 as scaffolds. Their electron‐accepting nature thus offers an opportunity to facilitate electron transfer and enhance the photoconversion efficiency [86–88]. An additional advantage is their ability to form flexible macroscopic scaffolds through different techniques such as filtration or layer‐by‐layer assembly.
\nMuch efforts have been made to organize porphyrins on the semiconducting CNTs because of their unique optoelectronic properties, stability, and high surface area. Steady‐state fluorescence (FL) reveals that covalently connected porphyrins function as energy‐harvesting and electron‐transferring antennae, while the CNTs function as electron acceptors [86, 89]. FL quenching is commonly referred to as a useful fingerprint to probe the PET process. As in the case of single‐wall carbon tube‐zinc porphyrin (SWCNT‐ZnP) hybrids (Figure 2A), steady‐state and time‐resolved FL studies (Figure 2B) revealed efficient FL quenching of the singlet‐excited state of zinc porphyrin with the rate constants of charge separation in the range of (3–6) × 109 s−1 [90]. In addition, because of increased PET, a uniform film made of CNTs‐porphyrin conjugates by simple filtration displayed high light‐activated antimicrobial activity toward
(A) Supramolecular structure of SWCNT‐ZnP; (B) FL spectral changes in the visible region of ZnP during the titration of increasing addition of SWCNT, excitation wavelength
Graphene is known to provide high‐quality two‐dimensional (2D) support to increase the loading content of the photocatalysts. Regarding its large surface area, special surface activities, and layered structure, much efforts have been devoted for the preparation of nanostructured graphenes, in the form of sheets, films, or quantum dots (QDs), to promote the separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers [92–94]. So far, a series of papers have appeared dealing with covalent and noncovalent attachment of porphyrin to graphene. Noncovalent methods include electrostatic interactions, π‐π interactions, and axial coordination. For instance, graphene/zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (GR/ZnTPP) composite was facilely prepared via noncovalent interaction [95]. Note that 71% FL quenching seen with ZnTPP in the GR/ZnTPP composite clearly implied a PET process from ZnTPP to GR. With the aid of GR, improved photocurrent response was found in the GR/ZnTPP composite. Likewise, multiple‐bilayered graphene oxide (GO)‐porphyrin film was prepared by taking advantage of the π‐π and electrostatic interactions between GO sheets and porphyrin molecules, and then underwent subsequent vapor reduction to give a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐porphyrin film [96]. The as‐obtained film also showed enhanced photocurrent generation following the PET. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have also been used to bind to zinc porphyrin by π‐π stacking, to give excellent photocatalytic performance toward degrading methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation [97].
\nCovalent attachment of porphyrin to graphene usually refers to the formation of covalent bonds between the different functional groups (COOH, NH2, etc
Schematic representation of the covalently linked ZnP‐GS. Adapted from Ref. [
Graphitic‐like C3N4 (g‐C3N4), as another 2D framework, is highly identified as a visible light‐active polymeric semiconductor with a bandgap of ~2.7 eV and appropriate energy levels that can extract hydrogen from water [101–104]. It is expected that g‐C3N4 can bind to porphyrin through π‐π stacking, electrostatic interaction, or covalent bonding, which resembles graphene. An extra merit lies in the well‐matched band structures between porphyrin and C3N4 that allow a good combination of them for increased PET. For instance, Cu (II)
Nanostructured porphyrins are expected to have chemical activities and stability quite different from those free or supported porphyrins [107, 108]. Particularly, the synthetic versatility enables the controllable organization of porphyrins into well‐defined nanostructures via rational assembly [109–111]. For the past decade, reports began to appear on the synthesis of porphyrin nanomaterials or nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic performance [112–114].
\nSupramolecular assembly is defined as large aggregation of molecules held together by noncovalent bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, metal coordination, van der Waals, and π‐π interaction. By carefully adjusting these intermolecular interactions, aggregates with diversity and complexity can be formed [115]. For instance, π‐π interaction is thought to drive the formation of nanorods of 5,15‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)porphyrin (H2DBuPP) [113]. The much broader absorption in the visible and near infrared regions suggested the strong supramolecular π‐π interaction. As a consequence, the organized rod‐crystals exhibited a broad photoresponse in the visible region (an incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE): ∼5.5% at 460 nm), which paralleled their corresponding absorption features. As is also shown, change of the substituents at
In a different report, highly crystalline rectangular nanotubes of
A schematic illustration of the proposed structures of TCPP architectures via paddle‐wheel complexes in this study. Adapted from Ref. [
All suggest that we are able to manipulate the intermolecular interactions by properly modifying the peripheral position or ring cavity of the porphyrins, thereby allowing fine‐tuning of the molecular packing mode. Such a strategy enables us to construct a rich variety of nanostructures with different sizes and shapes. To date, comprehensive studies have been conducted on the preparation of porphyrin nanostructures by different synthetic methods, with morphologies varying from nanoparticles to nanowires, nanofibers, nanobelts, nanotubes, nanowheels, or films.
\nReprecipitation is the most widely used method for supramolecular assembly. It is performed by injection of a small amount of concentrated solution of porphyrin in good solvent into a pool of poor solvent. Sometimes, addition of surfactants affords a better control of the assembly process. The aforementioned H2DBuPP nanorods were prepared by mixing of the toluene solution of H2DBuPP with nine times volume of acetonitrile [113]. The same procedure was followed to synthesize zinc
Different morphologies of ZnTPyP can also be synthesized through acid‐base neutralization. In one study, the acidified ZnTPyP (ZnTPyP‐H44+) aqueous solution was mixed with the basic surfactant solution under vigorous stirring [120]. By increasing the surfactant concentration, a series of morphologies from amorphous nanoparticles to crystalline nanodisks, tetragonal nanorods, and hexagonal nanorods were synthesized with controlled size and dimension (Figure 5A–H). The largest pore surface area of about 457 m2 g−1 made porous nanodisks the most efficient catalyst in photodegrading methyl orange (MO) (Figure 5I and J). Moreover, the efficiency loss was greatly reduced during the repeated use due to the crystalline nature of nanodisks (Figure 5K). In a different report, ZnTPyP nanooctahedra were synthesized by metallization of H2TPyP [121]. In detail, Zn2+ was first mixed into H2TPyP acidic aqueous solution, and the mixture was then injected into the basic solution with CTAB. Metalation of H2TPyP to ZnTPyP just took place during the acid‐base neutralization, and it was observed that the morphology of ZnTPyP transformed from nanooctahedra to nanowires with increasing the pH value of the basic solution. ZnTPyP nanowires were found to have the best catalytic activity in photodegradation of MO and showed no sign of corrosion in the structure after 15 cycles. Acid‐base neutralization was also used to synthesize various isolated TCPP aggregated structures, including spheres, rods, flakes, and flowers for photodegradation of RhB [122]. Graphene‐supported TCPP nanorods have been synthesized to eliminate RhB by adding the basic suspension of TCPP‐adsorbed graphene into acid aqueous solution of CTAB [123].
\n(A–H) Representative SEM images (first column), TEM images (second column) of ZnTPyP nanostructures with different morphologies: nanoparticles (A and B), tetragonal nanorods (C and D), hexagonal porous nanodisks (E and F), and hexagonal nanorods (G and H). (I) Nitrogen sorption isotherms obtained at 77 K for different ZnTPyP nanocrystals. (J) Photocatalytic activities of ZnTPyP nanocrystals. Tetragonal nanorods with 200 nm length (c), same concentration ZnTPyP in DMF (d), same concentration ZnTPyP in 0.01 M HCl (e), nanoparticles with 80 nm diameter (f), hexagonal nanowires with 2 μm length (g), hexagonal rods with 400 nm length (h), and hexagonal porous nanodisks (i) for photo degradation of MO molecules under visible light irradiation. The results from blank experiments, where no ZnTPyP nanocrystals were used (a) an commercial P25 (b) was used are also presented for comparison. (K) Cycling tests of photocatalytic activity of ZnTPyP nanodisks under visible light irradiation. Adapted from Ref. [
Ionic self‐assembly is an attractive synthetic method that is managed by electrostatic interactions of two oppositely charged building blocks. The cooperative interactions between the functional subunits may afford new interesting collective properties. For instance, four‐leaf clover‐like morphologies have been constructed by ionic self‐assembly of Zn(II)
Besides all that vaporization‐condensation‐recrystallization (VCR) organization is a commonly used way to synthesized single crystals, as in the case of H2TPyP rectangular nanotubes [111] and the tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) nanoplates [126].
\nA photocatalysis event usually follows three steps: exciton formation by light absorption, charge separation, and carrier conduction. Achievement of high photoenergy conversion just relies on improving the efficiency of each step. First, aggregate formation has a strong effect on the light‐harvesting efficiency. As mentioned above, the aggregation of porphyrins often arises from a long‐range noncovalent interaction, while the molecular arrangement into J‐aggregation (relative to H‐aggregation) is crucial to the light‐harvesting efficiency [127]. J‐aggregates are formed with a large number of molecular building blocks arranged in one dimension. The strong intermolecular π electronic coupling within the long axes results in a coherent excitation at red‐shifted wavelengths of increasing sharpness (higher absorption coefficient). For instance, the time‐dependent UV‐vis spectra in monitoring the growth of one‐dimensional (1D) ZnTPyP hollow hexagonal nanoprisms showed that the high‐energy Soret band at 424 nm, associated with monomeric ZnTPyP, gradually decreased, with an increasing high‐energy The Soret band at 460 nm is associated with J‐aggregated ZnTPyP [108]. The same spectral change was seen with ZnTPyP nanofibers, making the 1D nanofibers more efficient light‐harvesting antenna than zero‐dimensional (0D) nanoparticles [118]. On the other hand, J‐aggregates are promising building blocks to direct electron transport, thereby to retard the charge recombination by stabilizing the electron transfer products. Insight into dynamics and mobility of excitons has been obtained from J‐aggregates of perylene bisimides (PBIs) by transient absorption spectra [128]. The findings indicated that exciton mobility in the J‐aggregates of PBIs was restricted to one dimension and exciton diffusion length was about 10 times larger than in disordered polymers. The 1D mobility thus allows for electron migration along a preferential direction without trapping effects. As proved in the case of TCPP series, J‐aggregated rods exhibited more photocatalytic efficiency than the flakes and flowers [122]. As a step forward, it is proposed that alignment of the 1D nanostructures into highly ordered arrays may produce collective behavior to achieve high performance.
\nIt is highly acknowledged that organic materials suffer from notoriously low charge carrier mobility, and photoexcited charge carriers may easily recombine before being exploited. To address it, single‐crystalline organic nanostructures have been sought because the low‐defect structure can largely impede the recombination of the excitons and accelerate effective charge transport. Previous reports have studied the effect of impurities on the mobility of organic pentacene, and concluded that a mobility of
Interfacial heterostructuring is another strategy to effectively reduce the recombination of photoexcited electron‐hole pairs. The built‐in energy level offset within the heterojunction can drive the exciton to dissociate for ready charge transfer. We have succeeded in the fabrication of 1D organic single‐crystal p/n nanoheterojunctions made of p‐type H2TPP and n‐type N,N‐(dicyclohexyl) perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (CH‐PTCDI), as shown in Figure 6A and B [126]. The large donor‐acceptor interface provides a strong driving force to separate the spatial charges, and meanwhile the 1D structure facilitates the directed charge transport along the long‐range axes, thereby leading to enhanced charge separation efficiency. An efficient PET process was evidenced by the significant FL quench of CH‐PTCDI when coupled with H2TPP (Figure 6C). As a consequence, the H2TPP/CH‐PTCDI junction showed a remarkably high photoactivity in photodegrading MB (Figure 6D). It is also known that porphyrin nanostructures are able to photocatalytically reduce metal ions, which encourages the preparation of serial porphyrin/metal nanohybrids. In particular, when photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is discussed, self‐platinized porphyrins are preferred, with Pt nanoparticles as cocatalysts to converted water into hydrogen gas. Examples are the self‐platinized porphyrin nanotubes, nanosheets, nanofibers, and clovers that have been successively synthesized for efficient hydrogen production [124, 132]. Additionally, a few reports have presented the combination of porphyrins with inorganic semiconductors as an exciting alternative. Such heterojunctions can take advantage of the two different material classes by allowing for a good combination of the wide absorption spectrum of porphyrins and the high mobility of the inorganic semiconductors. In one work, porphyrin‐TiO2 core‐shell nanoparticles have been prepared and exhibit better MB photodegradation than molecular porphyrin sensitized TiO2 [133]. We also brought together the two materials to give a new configuration of TiO2 nanotube/H2TPP nanoparticle hybrids for PEC water splitting [134]. The resulting hybrid displayed an intensive and broad absorption spectrum across 350–660 nm. Upon photoexcitation of H2TPP, ultrafast charge injection from the excited H2TPP into TiO2 took place, and the transferred electrons were then transported away via the unidirectional electron channels of TiO2 nanotube arrays. The increased charge separation was well proved by the largely reduced photocharge transfer resistance. Further example was provided by the aforementioned three‐component Pt/TiO2‐ZnTPyP nanorods [119]. The formed electron transfer cascade from excited ZnTPyP to the conduction band of TiO2, then to the surface of Pt nanoparticles, resulted in an enhanced hydrogen evolution efficiency. As mentioned above, the π‐conjugated carbon materials have been established as an ideal scaffold to anchor molecular porphyrins for stability and recyclability. Inclusion of porphyrin nanostructures into these scaffolds may seem as a logic step forward by further increasing the loading content and stability. Certainly, such combination benefits much from the increased lifetime of the charge carriers since these π‐conjugated carbon nanostructures can serve as an excellent electron acceptor and an electron transporter as well. We have integrated H2TPP nanoparticles into graphene for the formation of free‐standing H2TPP/rGO nanohybrid film, as shown in Figure 7A [135]. By coupling, the average lifetime of H2TPP emission was lengthened from ca. 362 to 473 ps (Figure 7B), while the photocharge transfer was reduced from 176.2 to 46.7 Ω (Figure 7C). The increased electron transfer thus accounted for the improved photocatalytic performance (Figure 7D). For the same purpose, well‐dispersed TCPP nanorods [123] or ZnTPyP nanoassemblies have been successfully fabricated on the surface of graphene nanoplates [136]. The same role was also addressed in g‐C3N4. In this respect, a combination of g‐C3N4 and m‐oxo dimeric iron (III) porphyrin ((FeTPP)2O) was sketched to form g‐C3N4/(FeTPP)2O nanocomposites, which showed dramatically improved photocatalytic hydrogen production [137].
\n(A and B) SEM and TEM images of H2TPP/CH‐PTCDI nanoheterojunctions; (C) FL spectra of H2TPP (P), CH‐PTCDI (N), and H2TPP/CH‐PTCDI (p/n) nanostructures; (D) photocatalytic degradation of MB with different samples under visible light irradiation (
(A) TEM image of H2TPP/rGO nanohybrids; (B) the FL decay profiles of H2TPP and H2TPP/rGO nanohybrids in H2O (
PEC water splitting is attractive because of its ease with which an electric field can be created at the semiconductor/liquid junction to manipulate the charge transfer reaction. In water splitting, oxidation of water into O2 occurs at the photoanode, and H+ is reduced to H2 at the photocathode. Ideally, a single semiconductor must absorb light with photon energies larger than 1.23 eV, and have a conduction band energy (
Currently, the search of cheap and fast processing of large‐area photoelectrodes is of intense research. In view of the low melting point, solubility, and flexibility, organic materials have the advantages of low‐cost fabrication, and making flexible and lightweight devices. Generally, thin‐film organic devices are fabricated either by vapor deposition or solution processing.
\nThe solubility of organic semiconductors is a desirable characteristic in making low‐cost electronic devices. As one of them, porphyrins are or can be derivatized to soluble. Therefore, thin‐film porphyrins can be fabricated by solution processing near room temperature, mainly including dip coating, spin coating, or printing techniques [138, 139]. Printing methods, such as screen printing and ink jet printing, also enable fabrication and patterning of the active materials in a single step, and now the most use of them is made in fabricating organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) [138, 139].
\nDip coating and spin coating are the most widely used methods when it comes to small‐scale processing, because it is easy to handle and fairly cheap to acquire the film. In a dip‐coating process, a substrate is immersed into the solution of the active materials and then exposed until dried. For instance, multilayered rGO‐porphyrin films have been fabricated by alternately dipping the substrate into a GO suspension and porphyrin solutions, followed by exposure to a hydrazine vapor [96]. The resulting film showed promising applications in PEC cells.
\nSpin coating is often used to deposit uniform thin films to a flat substrate, simply by spreading the solution of the active material over the substrate at a high rotating speed, but this process is not quite applicable to large area, and too much material is wasted. In an example, a mixture of zinc
Vapor deposition generally includes vacuum thermal evaporation and organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD). For organic molecules that have a poor solubility, vacuum thermal evaporation is an ideal deposition method and is more suitable for multilayered fabrication or cofabrication. In a number of examples, vacuum deposition is involved to manufacture organic materials. Typically, source materials are heated under a vacuum environment, and the deposited film is usually in high uniformity. For instance, organic bilayers made of p‐type porphyrin analogies (phthalocyanine) and n‐type C60 or PBIs have been extensively deposited by this method for PEC water splitting [141, 142]. Estimation of the film thickness and the refractive index is often conducted by ellipsometry.
\nAn alternative to vacuum deposition is organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD). It is characterized by a process in which heating of the source materials under a stream of hot inert gas. Then the sublimated molecules are transported to a low‐temperature zone by gas flow, where molecules condensed into nanocrystals. The OVPD method offers good control over deposition efficiency and film morphology by adjusting the amount of the source materials, gas flow rate, or the collecting substrate. In our work, photocatalytic H2TPP/CH‐PTCDI junctions were codeposited via the OVPD method [126]. The two source materials were located into the upstream area with certain spacing distance because of their different sublimation temperature, and silicon wafers were put at the downstream cooled zone to collect samples with nitrogen as the carrier gas.
\nAppropriate choice of deposition methods makes it possible to assemble molecular, nanostructured, or thin‐film porphyrins onto different electrodes. Metal substrates, such as Au, Al, or Pt, have always been involved to assemble the monolayer of porphyrin‐based molecules by dip coating [143–145]. These monolayers ranged from single porphyrins to porphyrin‐C60 dyads, or ferrocene‐porphyrin‐C60 triads, with an aim to increase intermolecular electron transfer. Furthermore, well‐organized molecular assemblies can be achieved by covalent attachment of functional molecules to the chemically modified metals, as in the case of porphyrin alkane‐thiolate with short alkanethiols on the gold nanoclusters [146], which resulted in an increased photocurrent density.
\nDue to the band match, other hard substrates such as ITO or FTO glasses, nanostructured TiO2, SnO2, or ZnO have been employed to couple with porphyrin nanoassemblies. Of them, ITO glass is the mostly used semiconducting substrate, and a number of photoactive organic materials have been deposited on it either by spin coating or vapor deposition. As described above, different combinations of organic bilayers made of porphyrin analogies and n‐type semiconductors have been fabricated on ITO by vapor deposition. For instance, organic p/n bilayer of C60 and 29H, 31H‐phthalocyanine (H2Pc) was prepared by vapor deposition, and ITO glass was used as the collecting electrode [142]. As shown in Figure 8A, the photoanode comprised H2Pc layer coated on ITO, and C60 coated on top of the H2Pc layer (denoted as ITO/H2Pc/C60). PEC splitting of water into H2 was confirmed across the entire visible light energy region (
(A) An illustration of the ITO/H2Pc/C60 photoanode; (B) action spectra of the photocurrent generated at ITO/H2Pc/C60‐Pt (irradiation direction: ITO side (●) and Pt‐coated C60 side (ο)) and absorption spectrum of employed bilayer (−). Adapted from Ref. [
The low‐temperature processing and low cost make organic devices one of the most important semiconductor devices for flexible optoelectronic device applications. Therefore, growing development has been made on flexible organic devices, including organic solar cells, OLEDs, OFETs, sensors, and memories. As in one case of pentacene‐based OFETs, 125‐μm‐thick polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film was used as a flexible substrate and 30‐nm‐thick pentacene was thermally deposited to create the organic active layer [149]. One early study was dealing with fully flexible OLEDs [150]. The device was built on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate, with soluble polyaniline as the hole‐injecting electrode, substituted poly(1,4‐phenylene‐vinylene) as the electroluminescent layer. Moreover, a first example of all‐organic flexible photoanodes was presented to remove a gaseous pollutant (trimethylamine, TMA) [141]. Instead of ITO, H2Pc (50 nm)/PBIs (50 nm) bilayer was coated on a self‐standing fluorocarbon polymer (Nafion 112) to act as a photoanode. This all‐organic catalyst is responsive to full‐spectrum visible light (<780 nm), which holds promise in future use inside buildings when only interior light is present.
\nTo sum up, this chapter presents the recent advances on the porphyrin‐based organophotocatalysts. Porphyrins possess many light conversion functionalities such as light harvesting and energy/electron transfer, and are thus acknowledged to be a promising tool in homogeneous, heterogeneous photocatalysis, or even PEC solar cells. Molecular porphyrins have easy access to other reactive species and thus render a high photocatalytic efficiency, but their limitations arise from the stability and reuse. Inclusion of porphyrin molecules onto solid supports provides a robust material that can be easily recovered for successive use. In the series of solid supports, the electron‐accepting and electron‐conducting carbon materials are preferred in initiating an increased PET mechanism. Their large surface area also allows for high‐loading content. Nanoassembly makes heterogenization of porphyrins a further step forward, opening a way to control the light conversion functionality in the aggregated state. Ordered molecular alignment is attainable by proper control over the supramolecular assembly, thus resulting in enhanced light‐harvesting and charge‐transfer efficiencies. Promoted charge transfer can also be fulfilled by a combination of nanostructured porphyrins with other acceptor materials, such as metals, inorganic semiconductors, and organic electron acceptors. Moreover, porphyrins can be fabricated onto hard or flexible/stretchable electrodes by low‐temperature solution processing or vapor deposition, which finds wide applications in PEC solar cells.
\nDespite the current knowledge of the organic/inorganic hybrid, an in‐depth insight into the interface geometry is essential in determining and understanding the properties and functions of the two different material classes. Supplementary information can be provided by rational calculation and simulation, especially in light of the electronic properties, excitation dynamics, and charge transport of the hybrid materials. Further efforts are required to align these molecular assemblies onto any desired substrate at the macroscopic level. The resulting collective effect will finally lead to remarkable improvement on light conversion efficiency for practical applications in optoelectronic devices.
\nAuthors are grateful for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 51503014 and 51501008).
\nRhodolith or maërl deposits consist of either alive or dead aggregations of coralline algae, which blanket wide coastal zones in the present-day oceans [1, 2, 3] and represent shared facies in carbonate platform settings. In some cases, the rhodolith layers indicate the transition from bioclastic-to-rocky sea bottoms, but they can form also on mobile sea bottoms [3, 4, 5]. The rhodoliths are the main components of the rhodalgal skeletal assemblage that characterizes the carbonate production in the oligophotic zone of Cenozoic and modern carbonate platforms [4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. In contrast with the chloralgal and molechfor assemblages, respectively characterized by the lacking of hermatipic corals and by benthic foraminifers, mollusks, echinoids and bryozoans the rhodalgal assemblage is mainly composed of coralline algae [4]. The zonation of benthic assemblages of the Mediterranean sea performed by Peres and Picard [11] has improved the knowledge on lithology and facies interpretation of rhodolith layers (Figure 1). In the Mediterranean sea the bioclastic deposits occur at water depths ranging between – 40 m and – 100 m (“Détritique Cotier” of Peres and Picard; Figure 1) [11]. In particular, the rhodolith layers are concentrated in the marine sectors exposed to strong current regimes, such as the top of plateaus or banks. The main components of the “Détritique Cotier” are composed of the reworking and deposition of benthic communities on both mobile sea bottoms (biocoenosis of the “Détritique Cotier”) and on hard sea bottoms (biocoenosis of the “Détritique Du Large”), more than the assemblages of
Sketch diagram showing the main biocenosis of mobile sea bottoms (modified after Carannante et al. [
The global dominance of coralline algae forming the rhodalgal lithofacies from the Burdigalian to the Early Tortonian has been demonstrated based on stratigraphic data [12]. In particular, during this time interval the rhodalgal lithofacies has reached peak abundance, replacing the coral reef deposits. The prevalence of coralline algae over coral reefs was suggested as being controlled by the enhancement of the trophic resources and associated with an increase of biological productivity to a global scale [12]. This evidence was shown by geochemical data computed on carbon isotopes. During the Middle Miocene the rhodalgal lithofacies increased its extension, due to the upwelling triggered by the establishment of East Antarctic Ice Sheet led to enhanced. These stratigraphic studies performed to a global scale have confirmed the importance of rhodolith deposits as proxies of past oceanographic conditions [12].
This chapter provides new sedimentological and stratigraphic data on the bioclastic deposits and in particular on the rhodolith deposits, occurring in the offshore island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy); it is based on data coming from sea bottom samples collected during the CARG project aimed at the realization and informatization of the marine geological cartography of the geological sheet No. 464 [13]. The island of Ischia represents the emerged part of a large volcanic field, which extends from the island of Procida to the submerged volcanoes of the western offshore of Ischia [13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
The occurrence of rodolith deposits in the Gulf of Naples has been suggested by several studies [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The sedimentological analysis of the sea bottom samples, together with the realization of geological cartography at the 1: 10.000 scale has allowed to study the bioclastic deposits and in particular, the rhodolith deposits occurring in the Ischia offshore. Moreover, the seismo-stratigraphic data have allowed for the calibration of the rhodalgal deposits on previously interpreted seismic Sparker profiles [15].
Previous studies focused on rhodolith deposits in the marine areas of the Gulf of Naples, in particular Nisida-Posillipo (Nisida Bank and La Cavallara saddle) and the Gulf of Pozzuoli (Miseno Bank), while only a single sample came from the Ischia Bank [29]. Otherwise the present work is based on a dense network of samples collected in the Ischia offshore. Moreover, the recognition of bioclastic deposits on some Sparker seismic profiles let us to perform a qualitative calibration of data coming from sampling.
Rhodolith deposits have previously been reported in the offshore of Ischia [29, 30, 31]. In particular, Toscano et al. [29] have shown the variability of the rhodalgal facies in the Gulfs of Naples and Pozzuoli, which is closely connected with the location of the platform, with the morpho-bathymetric structure, with the morphology of the sea bottom and with the hydrodynamic conditions on the submerged volcanic banks (Nisida, Miseno and Pentapalummo Banks; Ischia Bank). The top of these submerged volcanic banks is located at water depths of −28/−30 m and is overlain by the
The rhodolith deposits form well-developed layers. They often lie on a sandy-gravelly sea bottom formed by both the shells of mollusks that live in the meadow and by the abundant pyroclastic granules, that derive from the erosion of sea bottoms on which the
In the Gulf of Naples the red algae are widespread especially in the marine areas where the currents removing fine-grained fraction from soft sea bottom leave in place and the abundant coarse grains (lapilli in origin) become an important substratum for the growth of the coralline algae. The red algae are well developed along the western side of the Ischia bank, forming thick deposits near the tributary channel which joins the head of the Magnaghi canyon [29].
The rhodalgal deposits have their optimum bathymetric distribution between −30 m and −44 m of water depth, where a maximum biodiversity has been observed. Furthermore, Babbini et al. [30] have reported the occurrence of a maërl facies in the coastal area of Ischia, in particular in the north-western sector of Ischia, in the area between Punta Imperatore and the town of Forio and between Forio and Punta Caruso (S. Francesco). The studied sampling transects have been carried out at three different water depths (− 50 m, − 65 m, − 80 m). The taxonomic analysis of the macro-phyto-benthic component of the red coral algae has revealed well-pigmented thalli, with a various growth-form (crusty, lumpy, mammellate, arborescent). The free living branches of coralline algae have been attributed to the maërl facies [11], consisting of alive and dead thalli belonging to the species
Furthermore, the filming carried out with ROV has shown that there are areas of accumulation of calcareous algae in the ripples concavities [30]. In the same area, Gambi et al. [31] have evidenced the occurrence of rhodolith deposits between −50 m and −80 m of water depth, while the maërl facies was found in three samples, in a well-defined belt about one nautical mile long (“the pink mile”) [31], located between −50 m and −65 of water depth. The identified zoo-benthic species are typical of the “détritique còtier” of Peres & Picard [11] and of muddy sea bottoms, and the rhodolith deposits of the offshore of Ischia show a very rich and diverse benthic flora and fauna, especially in the maërl facies [31].
The geological and geophysical data were acquired in the framework of the realization of the geological map n. 464 “Ischia Island” at the 1:10.000 scale [13, 17, 35]. Detailed geological maps, showing the distribution of sea bottom sediments, were built on the basis of the previous geological survey. Furthermore, the new sedimentological analyses of sea bottom samples collected during oceanographic cruises in 2002 and in 2006 have allowed to reconstruct the facies distribution of the sea bottom and to compare the obtained sedimentological and geological results with the previous ones [29, 36]. The stratigraphic framework of the investigated area is based on both high resolution seismic profiles calibrated by cores and on high resolution sequence stratigraphy. Geological and geomorphological data collected at the 1: 10.000 and 1: 5000 scales have been reported on the 1:10.000 geological maps of Campania [35] in order to later produce national geological maps at the 1: 50.000 scale. The previously interpreted Sparker seismic profiles available around Ischia [15, 17, 35], were the subject of a new detailed interpretation focused on the Ischia Bank and Ischia Channel areas, aimed at the identification of bioclastic deposits and at the definition of their stratigraphic relationships with the volcanic and other sedimentary seismic units detected in the offshore of Ischia. The location of the samples analyzed to highlight the rhodolith deposits in the Ischia offshore was superimposed on the Ischia Digital Elevation Model (DEM; Figure 2).
Onshore-offshore DEM of Ischia reporting the sample location.
During a first work phase, the Multibeam data processing let us to realize bathymetric maps with contour isobaths and shaded-relief maps for the geological interpretation of the morpho-structural features. During a second phase of work, granulometric analyses were carried out on the sea bottom samples accordingly with the Folk classification. The geological interpretation was based on the identification of the acoustic facies, performed with the integrated interpretation of the multibeam and sidescan sonar data and through the calibration of the acoustic facies in lithological terms, using the results obtained from the granulometric analyses of the sea bottom samples (Figure 2; Table 1). The sedimentological analyses were performed at the sedimentology laboratory of the CNR-ISMAR in Naples, Italy, using a laser granulometer. The list of analyzed samples is reported in Table 1, including their description.
Sample | Lithology | Location | Water depth | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1082 | Silty sands | Northern Ischia; M.te Vico promontory | −57 m | Middle-grained sand in a silty matrix. Color 5y4/2. |
B1085 | Sandy muds | Northern Ischia; Punta La Scrofa promontory | −65 m | Heterometric bioclastic sand in a silty matrix. Fragments of gastropods,bivalves,calcareous algae.Occurrence of superficial silt veil. |
B1090 | Sandy silts | North-western Ischia – Punta Caruso promontory | −149 m | Silty mud. Color 5y4/2. Occurrence of superficial silt veil, oxidized, thick about 1 cm. |
B1094 | Sands | South-western Ischia – Punta Imperatore promontory | −38 m | Medium-grained volcanic sand. Fragments of echinoids, whole irregular echinoids, lamellibranch shells. Lithic fragments. |
B1096 | Sands | South-western Ischia – Citara beach | −27 m | Coarse-grained volcanic sand. Scattered pebbles encrusted with worms. Fragments of calcareous algae. Small complete bivalves. Agglutinating worm tube. Pumice. |
B1098 | Sandy silts | Western Ischia – Punta del Soccorso promontory | −100 m | Fine-grained sand. |
B1101 | Silts | Northern Ischia – Monte Vico promontory | −95.6 m | Sandy silt with fragments of bioclasts. Color 5y 4/3. Lamellibranch valves, corals, bryozoans fragments. Occurrence of superficial veil composed of silty clay. |
B1103 | Silty sands | South-western Ischia – Punta dello Schiavo promontory | −88 m | Bioclastic sands in a fine-grained sandy matrix. Red algae, annelids, lamellibranch valves. |
B1105 | Silty sands | South-western Ischia – Capo Negro promontory | −74 m | Concretions of red algae, having dimensions in the order of 7–10 cm, overlying fine-grained sands. Tubes of worms, bryozoans, corals. Occurrence of a superficial veil, composed of fine-grained sand, |
B1107 | Sandy silts | South-western Ischia – Punta del Chiarito promontory | −168 m | Slightly sandy silt. Color 5y4/2. Reworked |
B1111 | Silty sands | Northern Ischia | −42 m | Bioclastic medium-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of bivalves, gastropods and bryozoan fragments. |
B1794 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Bank | −27 m | Description lacking |
B1796 | Silty sands | Ischia Bank | −30 m | Coarse-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of small bivalves and live worms. Small lithic fragments. |
B1798 | Sandy silts | Ischia Bank | −74 m | Clay with a dark green sandy fraction. Occurrence of bivalves, rhizomes of |
B1800 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Channel | −34 m | Sands with a silty matrix, overlying coarse-grained bioclastic sands. Fragments of bivalves, small lamellibranch, red algae, small gastropods, rhizomes of |
B1802 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Bank | −24 m | Coarse-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of shell fragments, small regular echinoids and scarce lithics. |
B1804 | Sands and gravelly sands | Vivara (Procida) | −18 m | Bioclastic medium-coarse-grained sand in a scarce muddy matrix. Occurrence of |
B1806 | Silty sands | Ischia Channel | −63 m | Compact mud with medium-fine-grained sandy fraction, consisting of bioclasts, small pumiceous clasts and lithics. Very residual of |
B1808 | Silty sands | Ischia | −70 m | Gravelly mud (“Détritique Cotier”). Occurrence of lamellibranchs, red algae, single corals and pumiceous clasts. |
B1810 | Silty sands | Ischia harbor- Casamicciola | −99 m | Gravelly mud (“Détritique Cotier”). The gravelly fraction is composed of pumice and tuff fragments. |
B1815 | Sands | Forio-Casamicciola | −38 m | Sands with a silty-muddy matrix. The sandy fraction consists of lithoclasts and bioclasts. Living organisms (small crabs and lamellibranchs). Occurrence of tuff pebbles. |
B1816bis | Sandy silts | Forio Bank | −159 m | Superficial veil saturated with water, towards the bottom mud. Occurrence of a bioclastic component composed of shells of marine organisms. |
B1818 | Sands and gravelly sands | Western Ischia offshore (Citara) | −36 m | Coarse-to-middle grained litho-bioclastic sand with a scarce muddy matrix. |
B1820 | Sandy silts | Maronti | −96 m | Mud with rare sedentary polychaetes. |
B1084 | Sands | Northern Ischia (Punta Cornacchia promontory) | −30 m | Bioclastic medium-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of bivalves and fragments of lamellibranch shells. |
B1088 | Silts | Northern Ischia | −73.2 m | Bioclastic coarse-grained sand on a silty matrix. Color 5y4/2. Occurrence of small bivalves, fragments of calcareous algae and branched bryozoans. |
B1092 | Silts | Northern Ischia – Punta Caruso promontory | −133 m | Superficial veil composed of oxidized silt of about 1 cm in thickness. Proceeding downwards plastic clay. Color 5y4/2. |
B1095 | Silty sands | South-western Ischia – Punta Imperatore Promontory | −71 m | Centimetric pebbles in a sandy matrix composed of fine-grained sand. Occurrence of lamellibranch and pectinidae valves. |
B1097 | Silty sands | South-western Ischia – Citara beach | −40 m | Volcanic rocky substratum with superficial algal incrustations colonized by red algae. |
B1100 | Sandy silts | South-western Ischia –Citara beach | −100 m | Fine-grained sand. Occurrence of fragments of calcareous algae and reworked |
B1102 | Silts | Northern Ischia – Monte Vico promontory | −136 m | Towards the base clay. Color 5y4/1. Superficial veil composed of silty mud. Color 5y 4/3. |
B1104 | Sandy silts | South-western Ischia – Chianare di Spadera | −109 m | Fine-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of |
B1106 | Sands and gravelly sands | South-western Ischia – Punta del Chiarito promontory | −40 m | Medium-coarse-grained volcanic sand. Occurrence of red algae, gastropods and lamellibranch fragments. |
B1107 | Sandy silts | South-western Ischia – Punta del Chiarito promontory | −168 m | Slightly sandy silt. Color 5y4/2. Reworked |
B1796 | Silty sands | Ischia Bank | Not recorded in the navigation data | Coarse-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of small bivalves and live worms. Small lithic fragments |
B1798 | Sandy silts | Ischia Bank | −74 m | Clay with a dark green sandy fraction. Occurrence of bivalves, rhizomes of |
B1800 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Channel | −34 m | Sands with a silty matrix, overlying coarse-grained bioclastic sands. Fragments of bivalves, small lamellibranch, red algae, small gastropods, rhizomes of |
B1802 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Bank | −24 m | Coarse-grained sand with a silty matrix. Occurrence of shell fragments, small regular echinoids and scarce lithics. |
B1804 | Sands and gravelly sands | Vivara (Procida) | −18 m | Bioclastic medium-coarse-grained sand in a scarce muddy matrix. Occurrence of |
B1806 | Silty sands | Ischia Channel | −63 m | Compact mud with medium-fine-grained sandy fraction, consisting of bioclasts, small pumiceous clasts and lithics. Very residual of |
B1808 | Silty sands | Ischia | −67 m | Gravelly mud (“Détritique Cotier”). Occurrence of lamellibranchs, red algae, single corals and pumiceous clasts. |
B1810 | Silty sands | Ischia harbor-Casamicciola | −99 m | Gravelly mud (“Détritique Cotier”). The gravelly fraction is composed of pumice and tuff fragments. |
B1815 | Sands | Forio-Casamicciola | −38 m | Sands with a silty-muddy matrix. The sandy fraction consists of lithoclasts and bioclasts. Living organisms (small crabs and lamellibranchs). Occurrence of tuff pebbles. |
B1097 | Silty sands | South-western Ischia – Citara beach | −40 m | Volcanic rocky substratum with superficial algal incrustations colonized by red algae. |
B1110 | Silty sands | North-western Ischia – Monte Vico promontory | −53 m | Coarse-grained bioclastic sands. Occurrence of bryozoans, bivalves and calcareous algae fragments. Occurrence of rocky fragments of centimeter dimensions. |
B1112 | Sands | Northern Ischia - Casamicciola | −32 m | Rocky substratum. Occurrence of volcanic blocks, immersed in a matrix composed of medium-coarse-grained bioclastic sands. Occurrence of branched bryozoans, lamellibranch valves and calcareous algae fragments. |
B1795 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Bank | −30 m | Medium-coarse-grained sand with shell fragments overlain by |
B1797 | Sands and gravelly sands | Parasitic vent of the Ischia Bank | −37 m | Bioclastic sand in a silty matrix. Occurrence of glass fragments, branched bryozoans and red algae. |
B1801 | Sands | Ischia Channel | −39 m | Bioclastic sands, medium-coarse-grained. Occurrence of red algae and branched bryozoans. |
B1803 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia Channel | −16 m | |
B1805 | Sands and gravelly sands | Ischia harbor | −24 m | Living |
B1807 | Sandy silts | Ischia Channel | −53 m | Silt with fine-grained sands. Occurrence of reworked |
B1809 | Muddy sands | Ischia harbor | −51 m | Slightly oxidized superficial silty-sandy veil. Below bioclastic sands in abundant muddy matrix with living worms and fragments of mollusks. |
B1813 | Sands and gravelly sands | Casamicciola | −55 m | Slightly oxidized superficial silty-sandy veil. Below bioclastic sands in an abundant muddy matrix with living worms and fragments of mollusks. |
B1816 | Sandy silts | Forio Bank Base of the volcanic edifice | −191 m | Oxidized mud with gastropods. |
B1817 | Sandy silts | Western Ischia offshore (Citara) | −179 m | Compact oxidized surface mud with rare sub-rounded pumice. |
B1819 | Sandy silts | Cava Grado | −88 m | Mud with fine-grained sand. Downwards the sediment is full of valves of large lamellibranchs, colonized by single corals. Rare tufaceous pebbles, many polychaetes. |
B1821 | Sands | Cava Grado | −41 m | Medium-grained lithoclastic sand with a poor muddy matrix. Presence of glass, slag, tufaceous granules; worms and fragments of gastropods and lamellibranchs. |
List of sea bottom samples and their lithology based on grain-size analysis. Location, water depths and description of sea bottom samples are indicated.
The sedimentological data come from samples collected from sea bottoms located between −30 and – 200 m of water depth; they were placed in the framework of the marine geological survey at the 1: 10.000 scale (Figure 3). The morpho-bathymetric characteristics of the different sectors of Ischia, covered by geological survey, are highly variable (eastern, western, southern and northern offshore). The eastern offshore of Ischia, which includes the Ischia Channel, is characterized by sea bottoms with low gradients, locally interrupted by relict volcanic edifices (“I Ruommoli”; “La Catena”; “Vivara ants”). The southern offshore of Ischia is characterized by a narrow continental shelf, cut by submarine canyons and their tributary channels. Its physiography is strongly controlled by the onshore topography, characterized by alternating rocky promontories and inlets. The northern and western offshore of Ischia are characterized by a rough topography, genetically linked to the volcano-tectonic evolution of the island and to the emplacement of the debris avalanche deposits on land and in the sea [16].
Sketch frame of some cartographic sections of the Ischia marine geological survey (scale 1:10.000).
Marine geological survey on a scale of 1: 10.000 has allowed to map the Late Quaternary depositional sequence, which includes the TST-HST deposits (slope deposits) and the HST deposits (submerged beach deposits; inner and outer shelf deposits, either bioclastic or epiclastic in origin). This sequence covers significant accumulations of debris avalanche/debris flow deposits, which are located both in the northern offshore of Ischia between Lacco Ameno and Casamicciola and in the western offshore of Ischia, between the promontories of Punta del Soccorso and Punta Imperatore. These debris are composed of heterometric blocks and accumulations of blocks and lavas immersed in a coarse-to-fine grained matrix. Furthermore, significant outcrops of undifferentiated volcanic substratum have been recognized, whose precise attribution in the volcanic deposits of Ischia is problematic, due to the lacking of direct sampling.
The Section 40 at a 1:10.000 scale, located in the northern offshore of Ischia (promontory of Punta La Scrofa; Figure 3) has shown textures that include sands, pelitic sands and sandy pelites. The Late Quaternary marine deposits unconformably overlie the deposits of the northern debris avalanche and the undifferentiated volcanic substratum. Here the rhodolith deposits are represented by bioclastic detrital sands, the elements of which are composed of fragments of calcareous algae, bryozoans, mollusks and echinoids. These bioclastic sands, from a few decimeters to a few centimeters thick, cover pelitic drapes. The inner shelf deposits are composed of medium-coarse-grained sands and fine-grained pelitic sands. The outer shelf deposits are characterized by pelites with variable fractions of medium-fine-grained sands.
The Section 60 at the 1: 10.000 scale is located in the western offshore of Ischia, outside the promontory of Punta del Soccorso (Figure 3), and sands, pelitic sands, sandy and pelitic muds have been mapped. The Late Quaternary marine deposits unconformably overlie the deposits of the western debris avalanche and the undifferentiated volcanic substratum. The Forio Bank has been mapped as a tuff cone, the top of which is found at a water depth of −38 m. At the top of the tuff cone of the Forio Bank rhodolith deposits have been found, represented by bioclastic sands in a scarce pelitic matrix. Furthermore, the outer shelf deposits are composed of pelites with variable fractions of medium-fine-grained sands, with volcaniclasts, bioclasts and rhizomes of
The Section 70 at the 1:10.000 scale is located in the western offshore of Ischia between the promontories of Punta del Soccorso and Punta Imperatore (Figure 3). A large area of the sea bottom between the two promontories is characterized by the outcropping deposits of the western debris avalanche of Ischia. The submerged beach deposits are composed of well-sorted sands and pebbles, made up of volcanic lithic elements, from rounded to sub-rounded, with a scarce pelitic matrix and subordinately by bioclasts. The rhodolith deposits crop out on the Forio Bank and are composed of coarse-grained bioclastic sands and bioclastic gravels, similar to those ones found on the Ischia Bank. The inner shelf deposits are characterized by medium-coarse-grained sands and fine-grained pelitic sands. The outer shelf deposits are composed of pelites with variable fractions of medium-fine-grained sands, with volcaniclasts and bioclasts and subordinately, with rhizomes of
In the Ischia offshore the inner shelf deposits, Holocene in age, are composed of four lithologic associations. The first lithologic association is characterized by heterometric blocks and pebbles, which come from the recent and current rearrangement of the adjacent deposits of debris avalanche/debris flow and crop out within depressed or protected areas.
The second lithologic association consists of medium-coarse-grained lithoclastic sands, sometimes pebbly, with scattered heterometric clasts and blocks, of pyroclastic composition (pumice, lithic and scoria) and lava, from rounded to sub-rounded, often immersed in a scarce sandy matrix, medium-fine-grained. Locally, a bioclastic component is present.
The third lithologic association is characterized by bio-lithoclastic sands, from medium-fine-grained to fine-grained, immersed in a scarce pelitic matrix, which include heterometric pebbles, from centimetric to pluri-centimetric, of lava and/or pyroclastic composition. The main components are represented by volcaniclasts (pumice, lithic and scoria) and bioclasts, mainly composed of fragments of mollusks. This association extensively crops out in large sectors of the proximal inner shelf and indicates a low-energy sedimentation on flat sea bottoms.
The fourth lithologic association, ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene, includes the palimpsest deposits, composed of gravels and sandy gravels with a prevalent pyroclastic composition, from rounded to sub-rounded, immersed in a scarce sandy matrix, from medium-fine-grained to fine-grained. In the offshore of Ischia this lithologic association is found in scattered outcrops in southern Ischia (La Guardiola), at water depths ranging between −12 m and −15 m and in western Ischia (Forio), at water depths of −30 m, where these deposits are associated with ancient shorelines.
Sedimentological analyses were performed with the aim of showing the main compositional and textural characters of sediments sampled at the sea bottom in Ischia. The sediment fractions recognized at the sea bottom based on particle size analyses include gravel sands, sands, silty sands, muddy sands, sandy silts and silts. Multibeam, Sidescan sonar and seismic data, together with samples, were acquired during the realization of sheet n. 464 “Ischia Island” of the new geological map of Italy [13].
Some textural classes have been identified on the basis of the integrated interpretation of geophysical and geological data. The recognized textures have provided additional information on the lithofacies associations, in order to identify the differences in the depositional elements that have been mapped. Moreover, ternary plots have been constructed for a better evaluation of different grain size (Figure 4), considering as variables respectively clay-sand-silt and gravel-sand-silt. The samples have been plotted in ternary diagrams subdividing them with respect to the oceanographic cruises GMS02_01 (diagrams in the upper part of Figure 4) and GMS06_03 (diagrams in the lower part of Figure 4).
Ternary plots of the processed sea-bottom samples.
In particular, the ternary diagram located in the upper left corner of Figure 4 has considered as variables: clay, sand and silt. This plot has shown that the main lithologies are the clayey silts and the sandy silts (Figure 4). The ternary diagram located in the upper right corner of Figure 4 has considered as variables: gravel, sand and silt. This plot has shown that the main lithologies are represented by silty sands and gravelly sands.
Moreover, the ternary diagram located in the lower left corner of Figure 4 has considered as variables: clay, sand and silt. This plot has highlighted that the main lithologies are represented by sands and silty sands (Figure 4). The ternary diagram located in the lower right corner of Figure 4 has considered as variables: gravel, sand and silt. This plot has highlighted that the main lithologies are represented by sands and gravelly sands and subordinately, by sandy silts (Figure 4).
On the Ischia Bank, a large volcanic edifice located in the south-eastern offshore of Ischia, an extensive meadow in
Sea bottom samples showing the occurrence of bioclastic deposits in the Ischia offshore.
The rhodolith deposits were also found on the parasitic vent, genetically connected to the main volcanic edifice of the Ischia Bank (sample B1797; Figure 5). Here bioclastic sands with glassy fragments, bryozoans and coralline algae have been found in a muddy lithoclastic matrix with a volcanic component. Rhodolith deposits were also found in sample B1799, located on the same adventitious cone, in which these deposits are associated with mollusk shells, small gastropods and scarce bryozoans (Figure 5).
Rhodolith deposits were also found in the Ischia Channel, a morphological threshold located between the islands of Ischia and Procida, where they were sampled by sample B1800. Here the rhodolith deposits are covered by an extensive meadow in
Rhodolith deposits were also found in the offshore of Casamicciola (Ischia north; sample B1813; Figure 5). Here these deposits grade laterally to sandy and muddy sediments and to the debris avalanche deposits present in Casamicciola.
In the western offshore of Ischia, rhodolith deposits are present at the top of the volcanic edifice of the Forio Bank, where they are characterized by coarse-grained sands and bioclastic pebbles in a scarce pelitic matrix. These deposits are completely analogous to those found on the Ischia Bank, given that the fundamental genetic analogy between the two volcanic edifices.
The sampling data on rhodolith deposits have allowed to review previous interpretations of seismic lines in the offshore of Ischia [15]. At Ischia, the occurrence of isolated volcanic bodies, which include intrusions, domes and volcanic chimneys, was particularly complex to apply seismic and sequence stratigraphy in the interpretation of seismic data [37, 38, 39]. Volcanic bodies, which include lava flows, volcanic domes and volcanic intrusions, cannot be investigated by reflection seismic data, except for their external geometry, since they are mainly acoustically-transparent. On the contrary, the seismic facies of pyroclastic edifices and buried pyroclastic deposits can be identified, thanks to the inner stratification of the pyroclastic deposits.
On the Ischia Bank, the rhodolith deposits are probably included within an extensive wedge-shaped unit located at the top of the volcanic edifice, which unconformably overlies the volcanic rocky substratum, which characterizes the bank (Figure 6). This unit crops out at the sea bottom and can be interpreted as a unit consisting of bioclastic and partially rhodolith deposits. The volcanic rocky substratum, which characterizes the main morpho-structure of the Ischia Bank, is characterized by an acoustically-transparent seismic facies, corresponding with lavas and pyroclastites (Figure 6). On the south-western and north-eastern slopes of the bank there are thick sedimentary wedges, which, accordingly to the geometries observed on the seismic line, are respectively interpreted as trangressive deposits (retrogradational) on the south-western slope and as forced regression wedges (progradational) on the northeastern escarpment (Figure 6). These deposits are not coeval, since the forced regression deposits are older than the transgressive deposits, which on the south-western slope of the bank have not been preserved.
Detail of the seismic profile L57 (Ischia Bank), showing the seismic unit cropping out at the sea bottom, including the rhodolith deposits occurring at the top of the volcanic edifice.
In the Ischia Channel the rhodalgal facies are probably inter-stratified in the highstand deposits, which unconformably overlie the volcanic unit of the Ischia Channel. This unit was identified on the north-eastern section of the L57 seismic line, which runs from the Ischia Bank to the continental platform of Procida, crossing, in the Ischia Channel, the relict volcanic edifice of “Il Pertuso” (Figure 7). The volcanic unit of the Ischia Channel has been correlated with pyroclastites and lavas genetically connected with the relict volcanic edifices of the Ischia Channel.
Detail of the seismic profile L57 (Ischia Channel), showing the highstand deposits, Holocenic in age, within which the rhodolith deposits are inter-layered.
In the Casamicciola offshore, the rhodolith deposits are represented by convex bodies, acoustically transparent, rooted in the top part of the seismic units interpreted as debris avalanches deposits (Figure 8). The acoustic facies and the rounded external appearance make them similar to algal bioconstructions.
Detail of the seismic profile L27 (Casamicciola offshore), showing the debris avalanche deposits (H1 and H2), within which the rhodolith deposits are inter-layered, appearing as mounds, representing algal bioconstructions.
The bioclastic deposits of Ischia are here discussed and compared with similar deposits that are found in adjacent marine areas, with particular reference to the rhodolith layers. They represent detrital facies deriving mainly from in situ rearrangement processes of organogenic material on rocky sea bottoms. These deposits are composed of medium-coarse-grained sands and bioclastic gravels in a scarce pelitic matrix and crop out at the sea bottom in a portion of the inner shelf located at water depths between −20 m and −50 m, characterized by a prevalent carbonate sedimentation. Other significant outcrops are found on the morphological thresholds (Ischia Channel) and at the top of relict volcanic edifices, both in Ischia (Ischia and Forio Banks) and in Procida (La Catena, Il Pertuso and Vivara ants). Below water depths of −30 m the bioclastic deposits are rhodolith, characterized by gravels and lithoclastic sands, the biological component of which is made up of fragments of shells of mollusks (gastropods and lamellibranchs), echinoids and corals. Rhodolith deposits are often found near the
In particular, the Ischia Bank represents an excellent natural laboratory for the study of rhodolith deposits. On the Ischia Bank, below the
The sedimentological results obtained on the rhodolith layers are in agreement with the previous data on rhodolith deposits in the Mediterranean area [40], with particular reference to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea [5, 40], and to the Gulf of Naples [18, 19, 29, 30, 31]. In the Mediterranean area the rhodoliths were found in the eastern and western sub-basins at water depths of −30 m to −75 m, but also extend to water depths greater than −75 m [40, 41]. Rhodolith layers were reported in the most of the coastal sections of the Mediterranean, while they are missing along the coasts of the eastern Adriatic sea, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and the Black Sea [40, 41]. Rindi et al. [41] that in the Mediterranean sea these deposits have shown a high spatial and bathymetric extension, also if the biocostructions of coralline algae virtually occur in all seas. Moreover, these authors have addressed specific research issues in future works, including more detailed paleontological studies, a more accurate taxonomic reassessment, and the extension of the studies on the effects of the climate change and acidification on a wider set of species.
Bracchi & Basso [5] have discussed the occurrence of calcareous algae on the Tyrrhenian continental shelf (Pontine Islands), finding two different carbonate facies, namely the coralline algae facies and the carbonate matrix facies. These authors have highlighted that the Pontine Islands represent a mobile sea bottom of the littoral zone, accordingly with the classification proposed by Peres & Picard [11]. The corresponding biocenosis has been called “Détritique Cotier” and is typically composed of a mixture of sands, gravels and muds. Furthermore, a moderate variability of sedimentary facies, in particular of sands dominated by biogenic carbonates, has been suggested in this area [33]. In this area of the Tyrrhenian Sea, coralline algae represent the most important control factor in the production of carbonate sediments and are typically found in a depth range between −40 m to −70 m. These water depths are consistent with the depths of the rhodolith deposits found in the Ischia offshore and discussed in this work.
In the marine area of the Nisida inlet and Posillipo offshore (Nisida Bank; Cavallara saddle), previously reported by Walther [18] as an area of massive discovery of rhodolith deposits on the rocky outcrops and on the surrounding sea bottom, pyroclastic gravels are frequently mixed with rhodolith deposits characterized by living red algae. The rhodalgal facies is mainly composed of dead, fallen or transported thalli from submerged rocky outcrops, which are colonized in a variable way. In addition, the biogenic fraction is composed of sandy skeletal assemblages, forming variable types of deposits, which have undergone an intense mechanical degradation.
Various types of rhodalgal facies have been found in the Miseno Bank area (Gulf of Pozzuoli). In correspondence with the rocky outcrops, live thalli were found, difficult to sample. On the surrounding sea bottom, characterized by gravels and bioclastic sands, palimpsest deposits were sampled, formed by bioclastic sands. In particular, the presence of a palimpsest drapes, consisting of fragments of algal thalli and invertebrate shells has been reported.
On the Ischia Bank, whose top is found at water depths between −28 m and −30 m, there is a living
The geological and sedimentological data have shown that around the Ischia island the rhodolith deposits have been controlled by different geomorphological and hydrological settings, which have influenced the variable structure of the coralline algae. Among these control factors, the most important one is represented by the topography of the seafloor, deeply influencing the stratigraphic architecture of the rhodolith deposits. Based on the studied data these deposits mainly occur next to the relict volcanic edifices, to the morphological thresholds and to the rough morphologies occurring at the sea bottom corresponding with the outcrops of debris avalanche deposits [42].
In the Ischia offshore the best developed rhodalgal carbonate factory has been found on the outermost bank (Ischia Bank), lacking of the fine-grained fraction and subjected to an intense action of the currents at the head of the adjacent tributary channel, where a part of the biogenic sands are locally transported towards the head of the Magnaghi canyon. Palimpsest deposits or partially remobilized deposits have been found on some other banks (Miseno and Nisida - La Cavallara), where the fine-grained fraction or the geomorphological characteristics have prevented the formation of an active carbonate production by red algae. The Forio Bank, located in the western offshore of Ischia, has shown rhodolith deposits similar to those ones found on the Ischia Bank, but to a smaller scale, having more limited dimensions with respect to the Ischia Bank, as suggested by Multibeam bathymetric data.
In the northern sector of Ischia (Casamicciola) the seismic data have suggested that the rhodolith deposits and, as a general rule, the bioclastic deposits have rounded-shaped morphologies, corresponding with algal bioconstructions and are rooted within the seismic units of debris avalanches. Further data on these deposits in the northern sector of Ischia have been highlighted by Babbini et al. [30] and Gambi et al. [31]. These authors have reported the occurrence of a maërl facies in the north-western sector of Ischia and in particular, in the offshore of Forio and in the San Francesco area on the basis of samples carried out at water depths between −50 m and −80 m. The microscopic characterization of these deposits has shown the occurrence of well-pigmented thalli and of variable morphologies (crusty, lumpy, mammellate, arborescent). The maërl facies looks like an accumulation of whole thalli of calcareous algae or fragments of calcareous algae, which often accumulate within the concavities of the rocky substratum. Furthermore, the ROV images collected in the Forio area (western offshore of Ischia) have shown the occurrence of important algal accumulations within the concavities of the ripple marks, occurring on the sandy bottoms [30]. Assemblages of very well diversified benthic organisms are associated with this facies [31], typical of the “Détritique Cotier” and “Détritique Du Large” biocenosis.
Moreover the obtained results have been compared with the distribution and characterization of rhodolith beds off the Campania region [43]. In the Gulf of Naples these authors have studied and described four selected sites, represented by Capri, Punta Campanella, Secchitiello, and Ischia. In particular, regarding Ischia, the authors have correlated their results with the data previously obtained by Babbini et al. [30] and Gambi et al. [31], which have singled out the occurrence of three morpho-types of rhodoliths, with a prevalence of unattached branches of
The importance of the geomorphological and topographic control factors in controlling the stratigraphic architecture of the rhodolith deposits has been recently highlighted for extra-Mediterranean examples (Udo Island, Korea) [44], suggesting that the distribution of the rhodolith deposits is strongly affected by both the topography of the sea bottom and related physical energy and by different types of surface sediments. In particular, these authors have suggested that a bedrock exposed area is covered by alive rhodoliths (water depths up to – 10 m), where a rough topography of the sea bottom has prevented for a continuous growth of rhodoliths. An active growth area of alive rhodoliths and a sand dune area with dead rhodoliths have been suggested at water depths ranging between – 10 m and – 15 m. While the first area provides stable conditions for the growth of the rhodoliths, the second one represents an adverse environment for the development of rhodoliths. The seagrass covered area with alive rhodoliths develops at water depths greater than – 15 m, where various sizes of rhodoliths have been found.
The Ischia Bank is characterized by an active carbonate factory dominated by coralline algae, which have colonized an area where suitable environmental conditions have been established for the deposition of native and living rhodalgal deposits. The rhodalgal deposits are locally abundant and are mostly deposited in situ with a centimeter thickness.
Although in the Ischia offshore the investigated deposits were found in a similar bathymetric range, these deposits have shown how in different geomorphological and hydrological environment the coralline algae facies have different structures. Moreover, the topography of the sea bottom has controlled the stratigraphic architecture of these deposits (relict volcanic edifices, morphological tresholds, rough topographies controlled by the development of debris avalanche deposits).
Although qualitatively, the correlation between the sampling data and the interpretation of seismic profiles, previously interpreted and reviewed here, has suggested that the rhodolith deposits are inter-stratified within large seismic units, cropping out at the sea bottom or sub-surficial. In particular, on the Ischia Bank these deposits are inter-layered in a wedge-shaped unit located at the top of the volcanic bank. This unit unconformably overlies the acoustic rocky substratum, representing the main stratigraphic bulk of the bank. Although not documented by the seismic profiles, but only through sea bottom samples, the rhodolith deposits were also found at the top of the parasitic vent, genetically connected to the main building of the Ischia Bank volcanic edifice.
In the Ischia Channel the rhodolith deposits are presumably inter-layered with the highstand deposits, represented by a thick seismic unit partly cropping out at the sea bottom. This unit overlies volcanic seismic units of a probable pyroclastic nature, which are deposited within depressed palaeo-morphologies and which are probably correlated with the yellow tuffs of Solchiaro, cropping out onshore in Procida.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Statement",metaDescription:"Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0)",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-statement/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
License
\\n\\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) and journal articles are distributed under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence.
\\n\\n\\n\\nFormats
\\n\\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCosts
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\\n\\n\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'License
\n\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) and journal articles are distributed under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence.
\n\n\n\nFormats
\n\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\n\n\n\nCosts
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\n\n\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"13,6,19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11671",title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2bd98244cd9eda2107f01824584c1eb4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11644",title:"Structural and Molecular Aspects of DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"83dfefc2400d2d037281f1e25bbc544b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11644.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b237999737fb375b4f629ab01a498a9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340226",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhupendra",surname:"Prajapati",slug:"bhupendra-prajapati",fullName:"Bhupendra Prajapati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8092a491f68ca0b63cc6d40936a010a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11799",title:"Salmonella - Past, Present and Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6ddb13c31fb19c6f79d19f11ceeb860e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Hongsheng Huang and Dr. Sohail Naushad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342722",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hongsheng",surname:"Huang",slug:"hongsheng-huang",fullName:"Hongsheng Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:26},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1342",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",parent:{id:"281",title:"Sociology",slug:"sociology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:71,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:59,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1342",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6630",title:"Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f6cc315119ed59e44cce41a717d6316",slug:"social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5791",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6be6376f37f454a42616dd3698b1966",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Pranas ?ukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitien?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5791.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",middleName:null,surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"58890",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70628",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13487,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"58883",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70625",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility as the Organization’s Commitment against Stakeholders",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-as-the-organization-s-commitment-against-stakeholders",totalDownloads:3024,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Depending on society culture, traditions, and era, understanding of companies’ social responsibility might vary. In this part, we distinguish definitions of companies’ social responsibility and discuss the roles of stakeholders. Relations between the stakeholders are discussed in the context of social capital development. We emphasize that commitment against the interested subjects can be a long-term company policy, dictated by values of an organization, rather than the strategy in the activity market. Often in the implementation practice of companies’ social responsibility, there can be attention focus on one or even several very significant activities, which indicated that the organization has not yet assimilated the valuable content of this idea and is developing its activity by ignoring a very important principle of inner maturity.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"59158",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73785",title:"Professional Social Responsibility in Engineering",slug:"professional-social-responsibility-in-engineering",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a range of viewpoints on the social responsibilities of the engineering profession. These social responsibilities of the engineering profession are in many ways synonymous with macroethics. Analysis of the engineering codes of ethics and educational requirements are used to support these arguments, and are compared with the perceptions of engineering students and working engineers. The social responsibilities of engineers include human safety and environmental protection in engineering designs. But it may extend further to include pro bono work and considerations of social justice issues. Research has found that perceptions of the professional social responsibilities of engineers vary across different countries/cultures, engineering disciplines (e.g., mechanical versus environmental engineers) and by gender. The impact of engineering education and broader college experiences on evolving notions of professional social responsibility will be described, in particular community engagement. Concerns about decreasing commitment to socially responsible engineering among college students, a so-called “culture of disengagement” will be presented, as well of the interaction of students’ social goals for engineering and leaving engineering studies.",book:{id:"6630",slug:"social-responsibility",title:"Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Angela R. Bielefeldt",authors:[{id:"234418",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Bielefeldt",slug:"angela-bielefeldt",fullName:"Angela Bielefeldt"}]},{id:"74950",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95861",title:"The Moderating Effect of Firm Visibility on the Corporate Social Responsibility-Firm Financial Performance Relationship: Evidence from France",slug:"the-moderating-effect-of-firm-visibility-on-the-corporate-social-responsibility-firm-financial-perfo",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This research aims to analyze the role played by firm visibility in moderating the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Firm Financial Performance (FFP). Based on the legitimacy theory, a firm’s responses to stakeholder’s expectations would be affected by its public visibility; we hypothesize a positive link between CSR and firm visibility. Moreover, visibility is expected to moderate the CSR-FFP relationship. We applied a Moderated Regression Analysis using the aggregate ESG scores as a CSR proxy on a panel data of listed French Companies (SBF120) over the period 2008–2017. Our findings are in line with legitimacy theory, suggesting that social initiatives would be mean to strengthen the legitimacy and to secure “license to operate”. Furthermore, firm visibility would be a contingency variable that moderates positively CSR-FFP relationship.",book:{id:"9032",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Zyed Achour and Sonia Boukattaya",authors:[{id:"325022",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Zyed",middleName:null,surname:"Achour",slug:"zyed-achour",fullName:"Zyed Achour"},{id:"325106",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Boukattaya",slug:"sonia-boukattaya",fullName:"Sonia Boukattaya"}]},{id:"58885",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70624",title:"The Theoretical Aspect of Management Culture as Part of Organizational Culture",slug:"the-theoretical-aspect-of-management-culture-as-part-of-organizational-culture",totalDownloads:1805,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter introduces the theoretical concept of the management culture. The management culture is discussed as an integral element of organizational culture, which ensures a qualitative functionality of the processes within the organization and enables the changes in the organizational culture and the competitive advantage. Management culture is not identical to organizational culture, as it covers certain parts of formal and informal organizational culture. Management, educational, information, communication, standardization and regulatory, and other functions of the management culture and the categories comprising this phenomenon of the organization are distinguished.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13487,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3288,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"58883",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility as the Organization’s Commitment against Stakeholders",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-as-the-organization-s-commitment-against-stakeholders",totalDownloads:3024,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Depending on society culture, traditions, and era, understanding of companies’ social responsibility might vary. In this part, we distinguish definitions of companies’ social responsibility and discuss the roles of stakeholders. Relations between the stakeholders are discussed in the context of social capital development. We emphasize that commitment against the interested subjects can be a long-term company policy, dictated by values of an organization, rather than the strategy in the activity market. Often in the implementation practice of companies’ social responsibility, there can be attention focus on one or even several very significant activities, which indicated that the organization has not yet assimilated the valuable content of this idea and is developing its activity by ignoring a very important principle of inner maturity.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"59034",title:"Structure of Research Design: Expert Evaluation",slug:"structure-of-research-design-expert-evaluation",totalDownloads:1122,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter presents the research design/plan. Methodological choice of quantitative and qualitative research is substantiated, and principles of design and verification of the research instrument are described. Individual stages of the research are presented in detail by describing their consistency in respect of the main objective. Statistical calculations to substantiate the reliability of the research instrument are presented and key aspects of the organization of research are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"59158",title:"Professional Social Responsibility in Engineering",slug:"professional-social-responsibility-in-engineering",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a range of viewpoints on the social responsibilities of the engineering profession. These social responsibilities of the engineering profession are in many ways synonymous with macroethics. Analysis of the engineering codes of ethics and educational requirements are used to support these arguments, and are compared with the perceptions of engineering students and working engineers. The social responsibilities of engineers include human safety and environmental protection in engineering designs. But it may extend further to include pro bono work and considerations of social justice issues. Research has found that perceptions of the professional social responsibilities of engineers vary across different countries/cultures, engineering disciplines (e.g., mechanical versus environmental engineers) and by gender. The impact of engineering education and broader college experiences on evolving notions of professional social responsibility will be described, in particular community engagement. Concerns about decreasing commitment to socially responsible engineering among college students, a so-called “culture of disengagement” will be presented, as well of the interaction of students’ social goals for engineering and leaving engineering studies.",book:{id:"6630",slug:"social-responsibility",title:"Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Angela R. Bielefeldt",authors:[{id:"234418",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Bielefeldt",slug:"angela-bielefeldt",fullName:"Angela Bielefeldt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1342",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80484",title:"The Use of Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) to Study Ivermectin-Mediated Molecular Pathway Changes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102092",signatures:"Na Li and Xianquan Zhan",slug:"the-use-of-stable-isotope-labeling-with-amino-acids-in-cell-culture-silac-to-study-ivermectin-mediat",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79031",title:"Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, Functional Assays and Long-Term Culture Associated Alterations of Cellular Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100286",signatures:"Chenghai Li",slug:"isolation-and-expansion-of-mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-functional-assays-and-long-term-culture-as",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78960",title:"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100382",signatures:"Sangeeta Ballav, Ankita Jaywant Deshmukh, Shafina Siddiqui, Jyotirmoi Aich and Soumya Basu",slug:"two-dimensional-and-three-dimensional-cell-culture-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78812",title:"Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99146",signatures:"Harikrishnareddy Rachamalla, Anubhab Mukherjee and Manash K. Paul",slug:"nanotechnology-application-and-intellectual-property-right-prospects-of-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78274",title:"A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99387",signatures:"Md. Salauddin",slug:"a-brief-concept-of-cell-culture-challenges-prospects-and-applications",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",volumeInSeries:16,fullTitle:"Metabolomics - New Insights into Biology and Medicine",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189233/images/system/189233.jpeg",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6967",title:"Prebiotics and Probiotics",subtitle:"Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6967.jpg",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Elena Franco-Robles and Joel Ramírez-Emiliano",hash:"11781d6b1c070edcf204518e632033be",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Nutrition and Health",editors:[{id:"219102",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Franco-Robles",slug:"elena-franco-robles",fullName:"Elena Franco-Robles",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219102/images/system/219102.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institution:{name:"Universidad de Guanajuato",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245925/images/system/245925.jpg",institutionString:"Qazvin University of Medical Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:283,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:138,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:128,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:100,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/179195",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"179195"},fullPath:"/profiles/179195",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()