Components of provisional and complete specification.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"71",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Image Fusion",title:"Image Fusion",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Image fusion technology has successfully contributed to various fields such as medical diagnosis and navigation, surveillance systems, remote sensing, digital cameras, military applications, computer vision, etc. Image fusion aims to generate a fused single image which contains more precise reliable visualization of the objects than any source image of them. This book presents various recent advances in research and development in the field of image fusion. It has been created through the diligence and creativity of some of the most accomplished experts in various fields.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-679-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5512-6",doi:"10.5772/602",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"image-fusion",numberOfPages:440,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Osamu Ukimura",publishedDate:"January 12th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/71.jpg",numberOfDownloads:46520,numberOfWosCitations:49,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:138,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 12th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 9th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 14th 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 13th 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 12th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"18400",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Ukimura",slug:"osamu-ukimura",fullName:"Osamu Ukimura",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/18400/images/1600_n.jpg",biography:"Osamu Ukimura, MD, PhD is an internationally recognized expert in image-guided surgery and diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy for prostate and kidney cancer. He is one of the world’s most experienced urologists in transrectal ultrasonography for diagnosis, staging, biopsy and management of prostate cancer. Dr. Ukimura pioneered augmented reality, image-fusion of 3-dimensional ultrasound with CT or MRI and 4-dimensional navigation technologies in the filed of urology. Dr. Ukimura also authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters, and was awarded at multiple international medical meetings, and edited book entitled “Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology”. Current position and title: Professor of Clinical Urology, Institute of Urology, University of Southern California/Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA and Dedicated Professor of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Japan.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"544",title:"Image Processing",slug:"computer-and-information-science-computer-graphics-image-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"12981",title:"F-Transform Based Image Fusion",doi:"10.5772/14504",slug:"f-transform-based-image-fusion",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,signatures:"I. Perfilieva, M. Dankova, P. Hodakova and M. Vajgl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12981",authors:[{id:"17962",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Perfilieva",slug:"irina-perfilieva",fullName:"Irina Perfilieva"},{id:"20478",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",surname:"Dankova",slug:"martina-dankova",fullName:"Martina Dankova"},{id:"20479",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marek",surname:"Vajgl",slug:"marek-vajgl",fullName:"Marek Vajgl"}],corrections:null},{id:"12982",title:"Image Enhancement and Image Hiding Based on Linear Image Fusion",doi:"10.5772/14331",slug:"image-enhancement-and-image-hiding-based-on-linear-image-fusion",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Cheng-Hsiung Hsieh and Qiangfu Zhao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12982",authors:[{id:"17494",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng-Hsiung",surname:"Hsieh",slug:"cheng-hsiung-hsieh",fullName:"Cheng-Hsiung Hsieh"},{id:"19638",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiangfu",surname:"Zhao",slug:"qiangfu-zhao",fullName:"Qiangfu Zhao"}],corrections:null},{id:"12983",title:"A Multi Views Approach for Remote Sensing Fusion Based on Spectral, Spatial and Temporal Information",doi:"10.5772/14748",slug:"a-multi-views-approach-for-remote-sensing-fusion-based-on-spectral-spatial-and-temporal-information",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Farah Imed Riadh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12983",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12983",authors:[{id:"18665",title:"Prof.",name:"Farah",surname:"Imed Riadh",slug:"farah-imed-riadh",fullName:"Farah Imed Riadh"},{id:"20813",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemissi",surname:"Selim",slug:"hemissi-selim",fullName:"Hemissi Selim"}],corrections:null},{id:"12984",title:"Performance Evaluation of Image Fusion Methods",doi:"10.5772/14653",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-image-fusion-methods",totalDownloads:3907,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Vassilis Tsagaris, Nikos Fragoulis and Christos Theoharatos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12984",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12984",authors:[{id:"17178",title:"Dr.",name:"Vassilis",surname:"Tsagaris",slug:"vassilis-tsagaris",fullName:"Vassilis Tsagaris"},{id:"24863",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikos",surname:"Fragoulis",slug:"nikos-fragoulis",fullName:"Nikos Fragoulis"},{id:"24864",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",surname:"Theoharatos",slug:"christos-theoharatos",fullName:"Christos Theoharatos"}],corrections:null},{id:"12985",title:"Estimating 3D Surface Depth Based on Depth-of-Field Image Fusion",doi:"10.5772/14661",slug:"estimating-3d-surface-depth-based-on-depth-of-field-image-fusion",totalDownloads:2746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Marcin Denkowski, Pawel Mikolajczak and Michal Chlebiej",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12985",authors:[{id:"18466",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Denkowski",slug:"marcin-denkowski",fullName:"Marcin Denkowski"},{id:"18470",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",surname:"Chlebiej",slug:"michal-chlebiej",fullName:"Michal Chlebiej"},{id:"18471",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Mikolajczak",slug:"pawel-mikolajczak",fullName:"Pawel Mikolajczak"}],corrections:null},{id:"12986",title:"EM-Based Bayesian Fusion of Hyperspectral and Multispectral Images",doi:"10.5772/14662",slug:"em-based-bayesian-fusion-of-hyperspectral-and-multispectral-images",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Yifan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12986",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12986",authors:[{id:"18454",title:"Dr.",name:"Yifan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yifan-zhang",fullName:"Yifan Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"12987",title:"Pansharpening Methods Based on ARSIS Concept",doi:"10.5772/15267",slug:"pansharpening-methods-based-on-arsis-concept",totalDownloads:2610,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mehran Yazdi and Arash Golibagh Mahyari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12987",authors:[{id:"19984",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehran",surname:"Yazdi",slug:"mehran-yazdi",fullName:"Mehran Yazdi"},{id:"20683",title:"MSc.",name:"Arash",surname:"Golibagh Mahyari",slug:"arash-golibagh-mahyari",fullName:"Arash Golibagh Mahyari"}],corrections:null},{id:"12988",title:"Image Fusion Using a Parameterized Logarithmic Image Processing Framework",doi:"10.5772/15306",slug:"image-fusion-using-a-parameterized-logarithmic-image-processing-framework",totalDownloads:2231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Sos S. Agaian, Karen A. Panetta and Shahan C. Nercessian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12988",authors:[{id:"20281",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahan C.",surname:"Nercessian",slug:"shahan-c.-nercessian",fullName:"Shahan C. Nercessian"},{id:"20563",title:"Dr.",name:"Sos S.",surname:"Agaian",slug:"sos-s.-agaian",fullName:"Sos S. Agaian"},{id:"20564",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen A.",surname:"Panetta",slug:"karen-a.-panetta",fullName:"Karen A. Panetta"}],corrections:null},{id:"12989",title:"A Perceptive-Oriented Approach to Image Fusion",doi:"10.5772/15327",slug:"a-perceptive-oriented-approach-to-image-fusion",totalDownloads:2188,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Boris Escalante-Ramírez, Sonia Cruz-Techica, Rodrigo Nava and Gabriel Cristóbal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12989",authors:[{id:"20366",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Escalante-Ramírez",slug:"boris-escalante-ramirez",fullName:"Boris Escalante-Ramírez"},{id:"20621",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Nava",slug:"rodrigo-nava",fullName:"Rodrigo Nava"},{id:"24158",title:"MSc.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Cruz-Techica",slug:"sonia-cruz-techica",fullName:"Sonia Cruz-Techica"},{id:"24159",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cristóbal",slug:"gabriel-cristobal",fullName:"Gabriel Cristóbal"}],corrections:null},{id:"12990",title:"Image Fusion Based on Multi-Directional Multiscale Analysis and Immune Optimization",doi:"10.5772/15375",slug:"image-fusion-based-on-multi-directional-multiscale-analysis-and-immune-optimization",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Fang Liu, Jing Bai, Shuang Wang, Biao Hou and Licheng Jiao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12990",authors:[{id:"14348",title:"Prof.",name:"Licheng",surname:"Jiao",slug:"licheng-jiao",fullName:"Licheng Jiao"},{id:"20576",title:"Prof.",name:"Fang",surname:"Liu",slug:"fang-liu",fullName:"Fang Liu"},{id:"21379",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuang",surname:"Wang",slug:"shuang-wang",fullName:"Shuang Wang"},{id:"23031",title:"Prof.",name:"Biao",surname:"Hou",slug:"biao-hou",fullName:"Biao Hou"},{id:"24187",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",surname:"Bai",slug:"jing-bai",fullName:"Jing Bai"}],corrections:null},{id:"12991",title:"Image Fusion Based Enhancement of Nondestructive Evaluation Systems",doi:"10.5772/15462",slug:"image-fusion-based-enhancement-of-nondestructive-evaluation-systems",totalDownloads:1835,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Ibrahim Elshafiey, Ayed Algarni and Majeed A. Alkanhal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12991",authors:[{id:"20905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Elshafiey",slug:"ibrahim-elshafiey",fullName:"Ibrahim Elshafiey"},{id:"20906",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayed",surname:"Algarni",slug:"ayed-algarni",fullName:"Ayed Algarni"},{id:"20907",title:"Prof.",name:"Majeed",surname:"Alkanhal",slug:"majeed-alkanhal",fullName:"Majeed Alkanhal"}],corrections:null},{id:"12992",title:"Fusion of Infrared and Visible Images for Robust Person Detection",doi:"10.5772/14173",slug:"fusion-of-infrared-and-visible-images-for-robust-person-detection",totalDownloads:4458,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:17,signatures:"Thi Thi Zin, Hideya Takahashi, Takashi Toriu and Hiromitsu Hama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12992",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12992",authors:[{id:"17039",title:"Dr.",name:"Thi Thi",surname:"Zin",slug:"thi-thi-zin",fullName:"Thi Thi Zin"},{id:"20504",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideya",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"hideya-takahashi",fullName:"Hideya Takahashi"},{id:"20505",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiromitsu",surname:"Hama",slug:"hiromitsu-hama",fullName:"Hiromitsu Hama"},{id:"24105",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Toriu",slug:"takashi-toriu",fullName:"Takashi Toriu"}],corrections:null},{id:"12993",title:"Remote Sensing Image Fusion for Unsupervised Land Cover Classification",doi:"10.5772/14221",slug:"remote-sensing-image-fusion-for-unsupervised-land-cover-classification",totalDownloads:2447,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Chaabane Ferdaous",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12993",authors:[{id:"17200",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdaous",surname:"Chaabane",slug:"ferdaous-chaabane",fullName:"Ferdaous Chaabane"}],corrections:null},{id:"12994",title:"Region-Based Fusion for Infrared and LLL Images",doi:"10.5772/14333",slug:"region-based-fusion-for-infrared-and-lll-images",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Junju Zhang, Yiyong Han, Benkang Chang and Yihui Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12994",authors:[{id:"17496",title:"Dr.",name:"Junju",surname:"Zhang",slug:"junju-zhang",fullName:"Junju Zhang"},{id:"20731",title:"Dr.",name:"Yiyong",surname:"Han",slug:"yiyong-han",fullName:"Yiyong Han"},{id:"20732",title:"Dr.",name:"Yihui",surname:"Yuan",slug:"yihui-yuan",fullName:"Yihui Yuan"},{id:"24150",title:"Dr.",name:"Benkang",surname:"Chang",slug:"benkang-chang",fullName:"Benkang Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"12995",title:"Cognitive Image Fusion and Assessment",doi:"10.5772/14787",slug:"cognitive-image-fusion-and-assessment",totalDownloads:1491,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Alexander Toet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12995",authors:[{id:"10059",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Toet",slug:"alexander-toet",fullName:"Alexander Toet"}],corrections:null},{id:"12996",title:"Image Fusion Methods for Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Experimented on Images of Photonic Quantum Ring Laser Devices",doi:"10.5772/14495",slug:"image-fusion-methods-for-confocal-scanning-laser-microscopy-experimented-on-images-of-photonic-quant",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Stefan G. Stanciu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12996",authors:[{id:"17941",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan G.",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"stefan-g.-stanciu",fullName:"Stefan G. Stanciu"}],corrections:null},{id:"12997",title:"Architectures for Image Fusion",doi:"10.5772/14470",slug:"architectures-for-image-fusion",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Michael Heizmann and Fernando Puente Leon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12997",authors:[{id:"10784",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Puente Leon",slug:"fernando-puente-leon",fullName:"Fernando Puente Leon"},{id:"17878",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Heizmann",slug:"michael-heizmann",fullName:"Michael Heizmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"12998",title:"Image Fusion for Computer Assisted Tumor Surgery (CATS)",doi:"10.5772/14499",slug:"image-fusion-for-computer-assisted-tumor-surgery-cats-",totalDownloads:2096,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"K.C. Wong, S.M. Kumta, L.F. Tse, E.W.K. Ng and K.S. Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12998",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12998",authors:[{id:"17953",title:"Dr.",name:"K.C.",surname:"Wong",slug:"k.c.-wong",fullName:"K.C. Wong"},{id:"20916",title:"Dr.",name:"S.M.",surname:"Kumta",slug:"s.m.-kumta",fullName:"S.M. Kumta"},{id:"20917",title:"Dr.",name:"L. F.",surname:"Tse",slug:"l.-f.-tse",fullName:"L. F. Tse"},{id:"20918",title:"Dr.",name:"E.W.K.",surname:"Ng",slug:"e.w.k.-ng",fullName:"E.W.K. Ng"},{id:"20919",title:"Dr.",name:"K.S.",surname:"Lee",slug:"k.s.-lee",fullName:"K.S. Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"12999",title:"Multimodal Medical Image Registration and Fusion in 3D Conformal Radiotherapy Treatment Planning",doi:"10.5772/14636",slug:"multimodal-medical-image-registration-and-fusion-in-3d-conformal-radiotherapy-treatment-planning",totalDownloads:2277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Bin Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12999",authors:[{id:"18404",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",surname:"Li",slug:"bin-li",fullName:"Bin Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"13000",title:"Image-Fusion for Biopsy, Intervention, and Surgical Navigation in Urology",doi:"10.5772/15125",slug:"image-fusion-for-biopsy-intervention-and-surgical-navigation-in-urology",totalDownloads:2109,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Osamu Ukimura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13000",authors:[{id:"18400",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",surname:"Ukimura",slug:"osamu-ukimura",fullName:"Osamu Ukimura"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"99",title:"Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a76ae0e1714cc2c4019296ef7f4f08",slug:"image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/99.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"165",title:"Image Fusion and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"782ec4f52d3333c64421f1368ede04bf",slug:"image-fusion-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Yufeng Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24502",title:"Dr.",name:"Yufeng",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yufeng-zheng",fullName:"Yufeng Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"149",title:"Recent Advances on Video Coding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e7cf16c546740b7b07ff0b182637f23",slug:"recent-advances-on-video-coding",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser Lorente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1326",title:"Digital Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aabc0c4713da53c9c996abed9fe259a",slug:"digital-image-processing",bookSignature:"Stefan G. Stanciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17941",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan G.",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"stefan-g.-stanciu",fullName:"Stefan G. Stanciu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3767",title:"Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f9c08038d039627926e5f110f72aa8e",slug:"image-processing",bookSignature:"Yung-Sheng Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3767.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2311",title:"Professor",name:"Yung-Sheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"yung-sheng-chen",fullName:"Yung-Sheng Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3230",title:"Advanced Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a890bd46555d3cd1652bf69eb6b313df",slug:"advanced-video-coding-for-next-generation-multimedia-services",bookSignature:"Yo-Sung Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33840",title:"Prof.",name:"Yo-Sung",surname:"Ho",slug:"yo-sung-ho",fullName:"Yo-Sung Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"112",title:"Effective Video Coding for Multimedia Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09a9826a6f8e7d58cf8516c609b4fa05",slug:"effective-video-coding-for-multimedia-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5364",title:"Recent Advances in Image and Video Coding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fda66fbfe658c4c51b5c45c7cd5f3f59",slug:"recent-advances-in-image-and-video-coding",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3125",title:"Advances in Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94056fc0687fbb81e9d8cc4b1e297312",slug:"advances-in-image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Peter Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3766",title:"Vision Sensors and Edge Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"991ded9232cebeeb3c6c51def14827d6",slug:"vision-sensors-and-edge-detection",bookSignature:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3766.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2868",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Gallegos-Funes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74511",slug:"corrigendum-to-has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-de",title:"Corrigendum to: Has the Yield Curve Accurately Predicted the Malaysian Economy in the Previous Two Decades?",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74511.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74511",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74511",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74511",chapter:{id:"72452",slug:"has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-decades-",signatures:"Maya Puspa Rahman",dateSubmitted:"December 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"June 11th 2020",datePublished:"December 23rd 2020",book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316535",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maya Puspa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Maya Puspa Rahman",slug:"maya-puspa-rahman",email:"mayapuspa@iium.edu.my",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"72452",slug:"has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-decades-",signatures:"Maya Puspa Rahman",dateSubmitted:"December 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"June 11th 2020",datePublished:"December 23rd 2020",book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316535",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maya Puspa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Maya Puspa Rahman",slug:"maya-puspa-rahman",email:"mayapuspa@iium.edu.my",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7436",leadTitle:null,title:"New Trends in Industrial Automation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"New technological developments expand the technical connotation of industrial automation with control objects and control objectives also greatly expanded, thus promoting development direction of industrial automation technology to intellectualization. This book is a collection of articles on novel approaches to current problems in industrial automation and encompasses multidisciplinary areas such as distributed system architecture, application of non-destructive distributed sensor system, joint simulation technology, and a summary of intelligent transition. New Trends in Industrial Automation provides useful reference material for technical workers in the field of industrial automation, including undergraduate and postgraduate students, academicians, researchers, and practicing engineers.",isbn:"978-1-78985-952-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-951-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-141-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75341",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"new-trends-in-industrial-automation",numberOfPages:94,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6abb5722b5e27eb4b886a74f5aa4333",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7436.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3407,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 20th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 12th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 31st 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 29th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19636/images/system/19636.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pengzhong Li is a professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering and a teaching director in the Sino-German School of Postgraduate Studies (CDHK), Tongji University, Shanghai, China. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Tongji University in 2004. From 1995 to 2001, he was the manager in the Business and Warehousing Management Departments of Guilin Daewoo Bus Co., LTD. He is a Director of Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Branch of China Creative Studies Institute and Director of East China Branch of National College Institute of Manufacturing Automation. Dr. Li’s research interests include intelligent manufacturing systems and quality control technology in manufacturing. At present, he is committed to research on man–machine coordination in the application of artificial intelligence.",institutionString:"Tongji University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Tongji University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"796",title:"Automation Engineering",slug:"automation-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"66195",title:"Introductory Chapter: New Trends in Industrial Automation",slug:"introductory-chapter-new-trends-in-industrial-automation",totalDownloads:726,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}]},{id:"63721",title:"Evolution and Paradigm Shift in Distributed System Architecture",slug:"evolution-and-paradigm-shift-in-distributed-system-architecture",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"62566",title:"A Nondestructive Distributed Sensor System for Imaging in Industrial Tomography",slug:"a-nondestructive-distributed-sensor-system-for-imaging-in-industrial-tomography",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63504",title:"Electromechanical Co-Simulation for Ball Screw Feed Drive System",slug:"electromechanical-co-simulation-for-ball-screw-feed-drive-system",totalDownloads:590,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63005",title:"Industry 3.0 to Industry 4.0: Exploring the Transition",slug:"industry-3-0-to-industry-4-0-exploring-the-transition",totalDownloads:1068,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"106",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9e8cec79b6ffe25eefcb7ec35083cc",slug:"supply-chain-management",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9925",title:"Quality Control",subtitle:"Intelligent Manufacturing, Robust Design and Charts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"865332c5f031b481c1359793edc79fe5",slug:"quality-control-intelligent-manufacturing-robust-design-and-charts",bookSignature:"Pengzhong Li, Paulo António Rodrigues Pereira and Helena Navas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19636",title:"Prof.",name:"Pengzhong",surname:"Li",slug:"pengzhong-li",fullName:"Pengzhong Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3620",title:"Factory Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"factory-automation",bookSignature:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3620.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1118",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Silvestre-Blanes",slug:"javier-silvestre-blanes",fullName:"Javier Silvestre-Blanes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"AI and Learning Systems",subtitle:"Industrial Applications and Future Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:"ai-and-learning-systems-industrial-applications-and-future-directions",bookSignature:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis and Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55632",title:"Introductory Chapter: Intellectual Property Rights",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69359",slug:"introductory-chapter-intellectual-property-rights",body:'\n
Intellectual Property Rights are rights given to any particular person/organization for their new creations based on their minds for a certain period of time with an exclusive right over the use of their creation [1].
\nIn the nineteenth century, foundation for the International Intellectual Property Protection was created at various assemblies held in Vienna and Europe. In Paris Convention in the year 1883, Industrial Property Protection was created. Under the Industrial Property Protection, patents, trademarks and industrial designs are protected. Various countries became members of Paris Convention, subsequently special unions and arrangements were created which made the beginning of protection of international trademarks as well‐known marks internationally. Special unions and arrangements are created for the countries who are the members of Paris Convention. Madrid agreement is an agreement represented in Paris Convention with vital principles for the regulation of the trademarks. In Berne Convention in the year 1886, International Copyright Act was passed. Under International Copyright Act, literary and artistic works are protected.
\nIn United Nations (UN) Conference, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was conveyed on Trade and Employment. Due to failure, Governments created the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was formed in the year 1949 and lasted until 1993; subsequently, it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in the year 1995 [2].
\nWorld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was started in the year 1960 based on the rules and regulations of Paris Convention and Berne Convention. Later, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was established in the year 1967 based on these conventions. World Trade Organization (WTO) was made in the year 1977. This organization becomes an important international organization for development and understanding of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) [1].
\nThe great discrepancy between the developed and developing countries related to international market and multinational corporations, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, was made. Later, in the year 1964, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established to make available an opportunity to discuss their problems related to economic development in the developing countries. Trading, investment and developing the opportunities are the main aim of this organization in the developing countries and also support for their efforts towards the world economy as an equitable basis [3].
\nIn the year 1960, world trade was initiated to expand dramatically. This dramatic expansion made the realization by various national governments to set rules/regulations and standards to harmonize the national and regional regulations. In the year 1966, United Nations General Assembly established the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The main aim of the law is to promote the liberal harmonization and association of international trade law [4].
\nGenerally, in various industries, IPR is made a part of their intentional preferences in the regular activities. Various corporations, in order to ensure their sustained growth, enhanced profits and leadership in the market they intended their project management system based on:
\nOptimized use of inter/intra knowledge base
Strategic management of IPR
External channels for knowledge and inventions as inputs
Internal expertise to manage research and collaborations
Clarity on knowledge ownership issues through mutually beneficial licenses
Pooling of IPR as in the case of several companies who have formed patent pools of their DVD patents for mutual benefits [5]
Recent exploration in the technology towards new dimension and path, IPR system helps to ensure and encourage new innovation and sharing the acquired knowledge during the innovation globally. Various IPR issues are:
\nDomain names and trademarks: Copyright in cyberspace
Rights on traditional knowledge, prior art, material transfer agreement and bio‐prospecting
Software and patents
Biotechnological inventions and moral issues and patents
Compulsory licensing options, border measures and parallel imports and exhaustion of IPR
Government control on export of technology [6]
IPR in developing countries is based on the potential significance and its intensity of the technological activity. Most of the developing countries followed TRIPS agreement for agricultural and cloth markets considering they can get the additional access in rich nation related to various technology transfers and innovations. The growth effects of IPR in different parts of the world in different time durations vary significantly, which affect the poor countries in the long term.
\nWhen granting the monopoly rights for an innovation, organization can gain the following paybacks, they are:
\nThe primary social benefits of IPR are the motivation for inventions
The enhancement of productive activity is based on the use of new knowledge
The enhanced dissemination of acquired knowledge to other agents
Based on the TRIPIS agreement, intellectual property is categorized into the following areas. They are:
\nPatents
Copyrights and related rights
Trademarks
Geographical indications
Industrial designs
Layout designs of integrated circuits
Protection of undisclosed information (Trade Secrets)
Plant varieties
Intellectual Property Rights are allocated into two main areas:
\nCopyright and rights‐related copyright
Industrial property
Copyright and rights‐related copyrights are the rights of authors for their artistic and literary work, which include books and other writings, musical compositions, paintings, sculpture, computer programs and films protected for a period of 50 years after the death of the author under this copyright.
\nRights related to copyright is referred as neighbouring rights, which includes the rights of performers such as actors, musicians, singers, phonograms and broadcasting. Copyright and rights‐related copyright can encourage and reward for their creative work.
\nIndustrial property is categorized into two main areas:
\nProtection of distinctive signs
The main aim of the protection of distinctive signs is to ensure the fair completion and protect consumers for various goods and services by making knowledgeable adoptions of its distinctive signs.
Protection of distinctive signs includes:
Trademarks—distinguish the goods or services from other goods or services
Geographical indications—It is an identity for a goods or product having an essential characteristic attributable one originating from a geographical place of origin
Motivate innovation, design and the creation of new technology
The main aim of this category is to protect their investment related to development of new techniques; its results subsequently provide incentives by means of finance research and activities related to development. The duration of the protection period is given for a fixed term; during the term, the inventor can facilitate the foreign investment directly in the form of technology, licensing and joint venture for the new innovation or creation or new technology development. Patents, industrial designs and trade secrets are protected under this category.
\nPatents are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to an invention for which patent has been given by the Government/statute to the patentee in exchange of full disclosure of their invention either an individual or a company/organization. Patent has been given as exclusive right for a limited period to exclude others, from making, using, selling and importing the patented product or process producing that product. The patent rights are enjoyable without any insight to the invention place, field of technology and the products either imported or produced locally.
\nThe main aim in IPR system other than encouraging the inventions is the application and promotion so as to develop the industries, subsequently that contributes to technological innovation, distribution and transfer of technology.
\nCopyrights are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to computer programs protected under Berne Convention, which outline the literary works and databases protected for a period of not less than 50 years. This copyright covers rental rights and expands internationally. In public, the authors have the right to prohibit the commercial rental of their copyright works like computer programme and sound recording procedures. Films also have this copyright as an exclusive right, where commercial rental has managed to be widespread. Under this copyright protection, reproduction of recording and broadcast of live performance are protected for performers.
\nTrademarks are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to sign or any combination of sign for any goods or services to make a distinguishing mark. Any distinguishing mark can be made registration and the registered trade mark get protection for 10 years and it can be renewed every 10 years indefinitely. Under this trademark, compulsory license provision is not permitted.
\nGeographical indications are rights in the aspect of industrial property under Intellectual Property Rights related to geographical indication situated being the country or place or the origin of that product. The geographical indication products are originated from a specific geographical location, which has definite qualities and reputation for its quality due to its place of origin. Under this category, place name generally indicates where the product has been made as product identification. Consumers can be misled and make unfair completion by using the place name for the product, which has been made elsewhere or does not meet the specific quality or character for those particular products.
\nIndustrial designs are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to any ornamental or aesthetic which have any three‐dimensional features such as the shape or surface of the article or any two‐dimensional features such as patterns, lines or colour.
\nIndustrial design are rights that can be applied to a wide variety of products made from industry or handicraft which include watches, jewellery, fashion, other luxury items, house ware, furniture, electrical appliances, architectural structures, practical goods, textile designs to leisure items, such as toys and pet accessories.
\nLayout designs of integrated circuits are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to interconnections of an integrated circuit or three‐dimensional disposition prepared for an integrated circuit intended for manufacture. Under this layout designs of integrated circuits right of reproduction, right of importation, sale and other distribution for commercial purposes are prevented.
\nProtection of undisclosed information is rights under Intellectual Property Right related to protection of information that is applied as trade secret, which has commercial value. The protection of undisclosed information cannot be considered or treated as a form of intellectual property. Protection of undisclosed information requires, that the information must have prevention to disclose, learnt or using the same by others without his or her permission/consent for commercial purpose.
\nPlant varieties are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to the protection of new plant varieties. Plant variety protection is given to the breeders as an exclusive right for a limited period to the breeders to acknowledge the achievements of new plant varieties with the satisfaction of specific criteria. New plant variety is defined as a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank provided that the plant/herb should be new or novel, distinct, uniform, stable and have a satisfactory denomination [11–15].
\nPatents are rights under Intellectual Property Rights related to an invention for which patent has been given by the Government/statute to the patentee in exchange of full disclosure of their invention either an individual or a company/organization. Patent has been given as exclusive right for a limited period to exclude others from making, using, selling and importing the patented product or process producing that product. The patent rights are enjoyable without any insight to the invention place, field of technology and the products either imported or produced locally. Compulsory licensing is a condition made fairly liberal based on the concept of ‘license of right’ for patents related to drugs, pharmaceuticals and foods [12–20].
\nPatents are categorized into following types:
\nOrdinary patents
Patents of addition
Convention applications with priority date, claiming on the basis of filing in convention countries
National phase applications under PCT
An invention means ‘a new product or process which involves an inventive step and able to be used in the industry’ can be patentable under the Patent Act. In short, patentable invention should have technical nature and meet the basic common features:
\n\nUnder this basic feature, the patentable invention must be new by the original inventor at the time of invention, and it should not be known to the public or public domain or any part of the existing state of the art. Novelty of an invention is justified based on the comparison between his/her embodiment and the materials available in the public domain.
\nThe next basic feature of the patentable invention is utility. Under utility, the invention must be capable of having an industrial application to provide positive benefit to society. The industrial application under utility, need not to have any superior to existing products or processes,\nbut it must secure the intended result even small degree of utility is sufficient.
\nThe next basic feature of the patentable invention is inventive step/non‐obviousness.
\nAn invention can be patented until it satisfies the non‐obviousness criteria, even an invention has novelty and utility. The non‐obvious clause is applicable to those who are skilled in that art [12, 13].
\nThe following are non‐patentable inventions within the meaning of the Patent Act:
\nAny invention that is against the established natural law
Any invention that leads to commercial exploitation or harms any life, whether animal, plant or human, or the environment
Any discovery that already exists or scientific principle
The mere discovery of any new use for a known substance or any unexpected property or just use of a known process, machine or apparatus unless such known process leads to a new product or employs at least one new reactant
Any product obtained in just mixing any two substances
A method of agriculture or horticulture
Treatment to patients for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic purpose to render them free of disease
Plants, animals in whole or any part thereof other than microorganisms
A mathematical or business method or a computer programme per se or algorithms
A literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation whatsoever including cinematographic works and television productions
A divulging of information
Topography of integrated circuits
An invention which, in effect, is traditional knowledge or which is an aggregation or duplication of known properties of traditionally known component or components
Atomic energy and prejudicial to the defence of India [12, 15]
The terms inventions and discoveries are two different applications. The term invention is new and useful solution, which is invented through practical analysis for some technical problems; whereas the term discovery is not the result of creation.
\nTo get patent protection for an invention, the inventor has to provide the specification in the patent application.
\nA patent application can be made by any of the following persons.\n
Any person claiming to be the true and first inventor of the invention
Any person being the assignee of the person claiming to be the true and first inventor in respect of the right to make such an application
The legal representative of any deceased person who immediately before his death can be entitled to make such an application
An application under subsection can be made by any of the persons referred to therein either alone or jointly with any other person [12, 15, 21].
Every patent application is made in the prescribed form for only one invention and filed in the patent office.
Applying for the patentable invention, the applicant should furnish the details within specified period and submit the proof of the right to make the application is valuable.
Application should state that the applicant’s name will be claiming to be the true and first inventor; if the person is not the applicant or one of the applicant of the claiming, a declaration might be obtained from the applicant stating that the applicant believes the person so named to be the true and first inventor.
Each application should be accompanied by a provisional or a complete specification [12, 15, 21].
The specification of the patent application should meet the three fundamental principles:
\nWritten description
Enablement
Best mode
Provisional application describes the nature of the invention or the process involved in the invention. Provisional application provides a fair indication of the art or the subject to which the invention relates if required with drawing and not necessary to include any claim of the inventions.
\nThe complete specification is an important document subsequently filed after the provisional specification in the patent application procedure. The complete specification should be written in detail with clarity if any drawing is required and disclosing the claim/claims in a best mode to protect their invention. The complete specification should be written in detail such a way that any person in the relevant field with the ordinary skill can be understand the invention and its invention pertains [12, 13].
\nComponents of the provisional and complete specifications are different. The components of the specification are given in Table 1 [12, 15, 21].
\nProvisional specification | \nComplete specification | \n
---|---|
1. To get the priority date at the earliest and need not contain any claims. | \n1. This establishes the date of patent, if sealed. | \n
2. When the invention is at the intangible stage, a lot of fine tuning has to be done in the subsequent application. | \n2. When the invention is ready to utilize in the market or invention information is known. | \n
3. The nature of invention is disclosed at the core of it. | \n3. The invention is disclosed in best manner, that is, if the invention has been given to a person skilled in the art can be able to perform without further clarification of the invention | \n
4. It need not have detail related to the invention. | \n4. It needs to have detail related to the invention. | \n
5. The format in the provisional specification:
| \n5. Format as in provisional, but it also includes:
| \n
Components of provisional and complete specification.
Specifications, either provisional or complete, should sufficiently indicate the subject matter of the invention‐related information in title.
If any subject matter in the form of drawing is made under the Patent Act, it should be submitted along with specification either provisional or complete wherever necessary.
In any circumstance, if any model or sample exemplify the invention, it should be submitted in the part of the specification.
If, in any particular case, the controller considers that an application should be further supplemented by a model or sample of anything illustrating the invention or alleged to constitute an invention, such model or sample as he may require shall be furnished, but such model or sample shall not be deemed to form part of the specification.
Each complete specification must contain:
Depict the invention, operation and its procedure in full detail
Express the performance of the invention and the claim protection in the best method
Explaining the scope of the invention for which the protection is claimed
Provide the technical information about the invention in the abstract
In complete specification, the claim or claims should be clear and concise to relate a single invention or a group of inventions linked so as to form a single inventive concept.
Inventorship of the invention should be furnished in the prescribed form along with the complete specification.
Complete specification can include in the claims any developments or additions to the invention which were not mentioned in the provisional specification [12, 21].
Publication of the patent applications is the first process in the procedure for obtaining patents. The publication of the patents includes date of application number, name and address of the applicant along with the abstract. Patent application will not be opened for public inspection before publication. After the date of publication of the patent application, the applicant must give a written request in the prescribed format to the concerned authority to inspect the complete specification along with provisional and drawing (if any) and abstract.
\nPatent application will not be examined until the request is made by the applicant in the prescribed format along with the prescribed fee within a specific time duration. If any applicant has not requested against the patent application within the prescribed time period, the abovementioned application will be treated as withdrawn and hereinafter the application cannot be revived.
\nWhen a request is made by the applicant within the prescribed time, the application will be examined strictly based on the serial number of the request received in the prescribed format. After examination of the patent application, the objections/requirements are communicated to the applicant as First Examination Report (FER). Based on the objections/requirements of the patent application, applicant shall submit the reply within the specified period of time. No further extension will be given if the application for amendment is not received within a period of specified time. If any application meets the acceptance criteria, it will be notified to the concerned authority.
\nWhen a patent application is examined by an examiner (whom the patent application is referred to), he/she will be responsible to investigate whether the invention, as far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, has been anticipated by any publication before the date of filling of the complete specification by the applicant.
\nDuring publication of the patent application but before granting of patent, any interested person can oppose in writing against the grant of patent to the concerned authority.
At any time of patent grant, but before the expiry of a period, any interested person can represent and give notice of opposition against the grant of patent to the concerned authority in the prescribed format.
If any notice of opposition is received by the concerned authority, they will notify the same to the patentee. The concerned authority will constitute a board namely Opposition Board having such officers. The notice of opposition along with the documents will be submitted to the Board for examination. Once examination is complete, the opposition board submits their comments (recommendation) to the concerned authority for further process.
On receipt of the recommendation from Opposition Board and from patentee, an opportunity will be given to the opponent to propose his/her opposition being heard. Based on the results, the concerned authority shall order either to maintain or to revise or to cancel the patent.
When the patent application is found to be in order, patent will be granted.
The concerned authority of patents shall publish the fact that the patent has been granted and thereupon the application, specification and other documents related thereto shall be open for public inspection on the grant of patent.
The grants of patent to be subjected in certain conditions under the Patent Act are:
\nAny article, machine or apparatus in respect of which the patent is granted may be imported or made by on behalf of the Government for the purpose merely of its own use.
For Government use in respect of which the patent is granted.
Any article, machine or apparatus in respect of which the patent is granted may be used by any person, for academic/education purpose.
Import of drugs by Government for hospital purpose or for distribution in any dispensary.
When a patent is granted for a product, an exclusive right to prevent third parties for making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing for those purpose that product.
When a patent is granted for a process, an exclusive right to prevent third parties for using, offering for sale, selling or importing for those purposes the product obtained directly by that process.
Particular of the patent will be entered in the register of patent; it includes the names, addresses of grantees of patents, notifications of assignments, transmissions of patents, licenses under patents, amendments, extension and revocations of patents.
\nIn order to keep the patent in force, every year renewal fee is needed to be paid. Within the specific time period, if the patent has not been issued, the renewal fees will be accumulated and paid immediately after the patent is sealed or within specific time period of its record in register of patents. The patent will end and have no effect if the renewal is not paid within the prescribed time.
\nAn application is to be filed to the appropriate office according to the jurisdiction within the specific time period for restoration of a patent that lapses due to non‐payment of renewal fees [12, 15, 21, 22].
\nThe principles of construction of details summarized as follows6:
\nThe general rules of construction of details in the patent specification are:
\nThe complete specification must have all the related details towards the invention without favour to subsequent infringement or conduct of the patentee. In some cases, the priority date is preferred.
The claimed part is mostly legal with what is not claimed is disclaimed. After patented, it is not permissible to change any references mentioned in the claim.
The specification should be constructed, that is, it should not be obvious to the person skilled in the art of the invention. The specification should not construe the claims by reference to the subjective thoughts, intentions, purposes and opinions of the patentee.
The specification content should not be a literal one, and it should be a purposive construction.
Documents subsequent to the complete specification are prohibited.
The claim in patent must be constructed keeping in mind the infringement and invalidation purpose also.
Each specification should have the following parts.
\nTitle of the invention
Opening description of the invention
Prior art description
Objects of the invention
Statement of invention (optional)
Detailed description of the invention
Claims
In drafting the complete specification, the first step is to define the scope of the invention or forming a mental picture of what is to be claimed. Converting the mental picture into suitable words is the second step. While framing the title, attention has been taken to incorporate the entire scenario about the invention.
\nThe opening description of the complete specification provides more details about the invention. Some of the applicant may prefer to draft the full set of claims first; in general, the main claim will be derived from the title of the invention, then the rest of the specification will be drafted followed by claims of the invention. Procedure for the invention to be carried out can be described in the opening description of the specification.
\nRelevant prior art references of the invention are provided subsequent to the opening description. The prior art references provide the disclosed or known details of their invention. To increase the credibility of the invention; discuss the prior art reference/invention, its drawbacks individually and mention the advantages of invention related to the prior art invention.
\nThe objects of the invention should be briefly stated. In general, the main object or essential object is mentioned in the invention, followed by additional objects of the invention either separately or subsequent to the essential object.
\nIf the application contains one or more collective claims, the applicant should provide supporting statement of the invention. The applicant is not incorporating any collective claims; then the applicant need not provide any statements of the invention.
\nIn this section, the applicant should describe in detail about the information related to invention. The applicant should keep it in mind that the specification of the invention is not addressed to any general public or a layman but to a skilled person in the art. The patent will be invalid, if the description of the invention in the specification is not sufficient to allow a person having average skill in, and average knowledge of, the art to which the invention relates, to work the invention.
\nDescription of the invention is assessed based on the two criteria:
\nA detailed specification must describe the embodiment of the invention specified in each and every claim.
Description of the invention must be fair.
The written description requirement is essentially a requirement that each claim should be fairly based on the disclosure.
\nThe specification detail of the invention must facilitate the skilled person in the art to read, understand and to make the invention which is claimed in the specification.
\nThe invention should have the utility and meet the scope of the invention claimed. In some field, there is no need to disclose specifically about the utility of a claimed product. If the invention claims other than pharmaceutical, there is no need to provide prior art compounds’ comparative data.
\nThe applicant should disclose the invention in best possible method in the specification. In short, three expressions are needed to be kept in mind by the applicant during the preparation of patent specification in the patent office. The three expressions are:
\nSufficiently and fairly describe the invention
Sufficiently and clearly describe the invention
Fully and particularly describe the invention
The procedure for carrying out the invention is best known by the inventor, it should be given in each description of the invention in the patent specification.
\nIf any illustration or drawing directed to machines, articles of manufacture and certain processes are part of the invention, it should be included in the application. Dimensions or spatial relationships are needed to be included in the invention. Addition of tables, graphs and charts are advisable for disclosing the patent invention in the application. If any tables, graphs, charts, figures and drawing are included in the application, it should be arranged serially. If any description is included in the specification, it should support each and every claim of the invention.
\nIf the invention is related to mechanical device/apparatus, its connections or interconnections between the parts of the mechanical device and its function, the invention details need to be described clearly in the specification.
\nIf the invention related to chemical process, the process details like starting materials, key process steps, its parameters, and the description of the end product details are need to be described clearly in the specification.
\nThe patent invention for which the patentee expect the exclusive right are should be clearly described in the claim or claims of the complete specification.
\nClaims are always a question of law and it should be mentioned unambiguously.
Whatever unclaimed in an invention may be interpreted as a matter of law not owned by the inventor!
Extrinsic evidence by means of expert testimony may be adduced, if the meaning of a term of art in the claims is disputed, but the decision in a question of law is to be made by the court.
Factors, if any, in the claims should be considered.
The patent invention should be clearly defined in the claim. The main purpose of the claim is to define the scope of the subject matter that is to be protected under the patent. The claim of the patent should be drafted in such way that any competitor does not infringe the patent and the claim should be interpreted literally. The patent claims are not interpreted alone, instead it should be written in clear and concise manner in the description of the specification itself. Thus, the description of the specification not only provides the basis of the claim but also the claims are restricted with respect to the prior art.
\nIn patent, the claims are broadly classified in two categories:
\nProduct patent which includes any mechanical device, a machine, an electronic circuit, any chemical compound and chemical formulation.
Process patent which includes any method of making, using or testing procedures.
The patent invention related to chemical product, the claims can include chemical substance itself may be useful or itself may be used as intermediates for the production of other substances/compounds. If the invention related to chemical process, the claims can include process of synthesis, isolation, purification and extraction of chemical substances, testing and assay methods, subsequently its medicinal use. In general, different types of claims can be included in the specification of the patent application, but it should provide the useful protection for the main claim.
\nIndependent and dependent claims are two types of claims. Either independent/dependent claim or both can be included in the specification of the patent application. Claim can be included as independent claim in the specification; it is just a form of shorthand to avoid writing out an entire definition many times over. If the claim can be included as true dependent claim in the specification, all the limitations need to be considered.
\nNumber of claims depends upon the invention. Normally in the patent specification, the main claim corresponds to the patent invention. If any specification of the patent application contains large number of claims, it will be discouraged in several patent offices. Additional fees are to be paid for the claims in excess of a particular number.
\nThe meaning of claims in the specification must be definite, precise, clear and understandable by any skilled reader. Wording such as ‘preferably’ or ‘for example’ should not be included in part of the claims. In describing the claims, avoid internal codes or names, or trademarks without a generic description. Consistent language and vocabulary are to be used throughout the specification and in the description of claims. General abbreviation terms can be used in the specification of the patent application. If the invention utilizes different components, precautions need to be taken while describing the claims and specifying the essential components related to the invention.
\nEvery patent practitioner has responsibility to protect his/her client and to provide best possible protection for their inventions. In general, claims of the invention should be too broad rather than too narrow. Taking into consideration the known prior art references, technical feasibility and its limitations, the claims of the invention should be broadly written in the specification. Therefore, statements of claims are the serious active part of the specification of any patent application, and it should be expressed in legal term about the invention that is to be protected.
\nThe statements of the claims are not necessary to be limited to a claim. Based on the common idea, more than one can be included in the specification of the patent application. The specification may contain any number of claims, but the entire claim must focus towards only one invention that is to be protected. In an invention claiming various features independent of one another, applicant may file different patent application for each feature separately.
\nLength of the patent specification should be kept as short as possible with sufficient disclosed information about the invention that is to be protected. The reason to keep the specification text content as short as possible is the cost to be paid towards the length of the text of the specification content. In general, if the specification is written very clearly in concise aspects, it is likely to give an enforceable patent to the invention [12, 15, 21–28].
\nTo achieve economic, social and technological advancement, IPR is the only key element to protect the ideas, stimulate the innovation, design and help the creation of technology. Various types are IPR are designed to provide benefit in the aspects of sharing the developed knowledge as a new invention leads to give a wealth creation. This IPR can facilitate the transfer the invention as technology transfer in the form of licensing through any joint ventures. The main purpose of IPR is to give protection for their investment as incentives and also to encourage further developments in their research. Among the various IPR system, patent are rights related to an invention given by the Government/statute in exchange of full disclosure of their invention by the patentee. Invention for which the patentee expect exclusive right, it should be clearly described in the patent application as specification. Specification is a statement constructed based on the knowledge acquired during the invention and the prior art information with the drawbacks, it should clearly define the invention as claim or claims in best possible method by applicant to get exclusive rights. The claims in the specification must be expressed legally; the invention as definite, precise, clear and understandable by any skilled reader and any competitor does not infringe the invention. The main purpose of the claim is to protect the subject matter that is to be protected under the patent. Number of claims depends upon the invention, and the length of the specification should be kept as short as possible to reduce the processing charge of the patent application.
\nIn the United States (US), stroke is the fifth leading cause of mortality with a stroke occurring approximately every 40 seconds and stroke-related death approximately every 4 minutes [1, 2]. In 2011, stroke was found to be the leading cause of disability in the US, with around 7 million stroke survivors [3]. In 2016, the World Health Organization designated stroke as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Acute ischemic strokes account for about 80% of all stroke-related deaths [4]. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to improve outcomes in acute ischemic stroke [5, 6]. In patients who receive tPA, early administration has been shown to reduce morbidity, mortality, and adverse events such as intracranial hemorrhages, promoting early discharges and higher rates of independent ambulation at discharge [5, 7]. Mechanical thrombectomies performed by neuro-interventionists have shown to improve outcomes for patients with proximal intracranial arterial occlusion [8, 9, 10, 11] and have become the standard of care for patients who qualify for intervention. However, this procedure is performed only at tertiary care centers and is not available at smaller hospitals around the country.
\nDespite the obvious benefits of tPA administration, only a small percentage of patients presenting with acute ischemic strokes are eligible to receive it [12, 13, 14, 15]. The most common reason attributed to this is a delay between the development of stroke symptoms and the patient seeking treatment at a hospital [16, 17]. There are also marked rural–urban disparities in stroke care [18, 19, 20]. These disparities are, in part, a result of the scarcity of neurologists [21, 22, 23, 24]. Studies have shown better outcomes in stroke patients under the care of neurologists as compared to physicians of other specialties, such as Internal Medicine or Family Medicine [22, 25, 26]. Telestroke aims to bridge this gap by providing neurology expertise in remote areas around the world through high-quality audio-video conferencing and digital image sharing.
\nCommunication of medical information across long distances has occurred throughout history. It is well documented that bonfires and heliographs were used to send communications about the bubonic plague in Europe [27]. Telegraph communication was used in the civil war and radio communication was used in World War I, and wars thereafter, to send information about casualties and to request medical dispatches and transport for wounded soldiers [28]. Telemedicine in its current form was developed by NASA to monitor the physiologic states of astronauts during manned space missions [29]. The first interactive video telemedicine systems were established for psychiatry [30] and radiology [31] but later expanded to critical care [32] and oncology [33] to bridge the shortage of specialists in these fields. In 1999, the term
Before discussing telestroke models, it is important to understand the terminology used to describe telestroke systems, as described by the American Telemedicine Association [39].
Distant site: the distant telestroke provider location.
Originating site: the site where the patient is initially located.
Telestroke network: a group of primary, secondary, and tertiary care settings that provide acute stroke care to patient populations. Telestroke networks consist of originating sites where the patients are located and distant sites where the telestroke provider is located.
Spoke: the affiliate or partner site in a telestroke network that is underserviced or under-supported by neurologists where patient services are delivered.
Hub: a comprehensive tertiary care center where vascular neurologists and other acute stroke specialists compose a call panel delivering telestroke services to network partner sites (i.e., spoke sites). This is also the center where the patient may be transferred if a higher level of care is needed.
Several different telestroke models have been described and are listed below [38, 39].
Hub and spoke within a single healthcare system.
Hub and spoke with external sites.
Horizontal hubless network: interconnected sites within a large hospital system for on-call clinical coverage.
Third-party distribution model: telestroke services are provided to multiple originating sites through arrangements with an independent corporation or an affiliated network of telestroke providers.
Supervisory training model: academic teleneurology programs to assist trainees within the hospital system.
Hub and Spoke with external sites and third-party distribution models are the most commonly used models within telestroke [35]. In telestroke networks, the majority of spoke sites are small hospitals (i.e., 0–99 beds) [37], but the spoke hospital size may vary from 25 to 500 beds in different telestroke networks [17]. A telestroke consult typically starts with a patient presenting to a spoke site with a suspected stroke. After an initial assessment by the physician at the spoke site, a triage process is conducted through telephone operators, followed by a video teleconferencing call with the neurologist at the distant site [see flow diagram of a telestroke system]. After reviewing the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and brain imaging (typically a non-contrasted CT scan of the head) and reviewing the patient’s history for indications/contraindications for tPA, a decision is made for administration of tPA. After this initial process, the decision of transferring the patient to the hub site is made, depending upon the need for further investigation, possible thrombectomy/neurosurgical intervention, or requirement of a higher level of care as compared to the spoke site. The term “Drip and Ship” is often used to describe transfer from spoke to hub sites, where after receiving the bolus dose of tPA, the patient is started on tPA drip and transferred emergently for further management [40].
\nThe majority of the hospitals in telestroke systems have formal written contracts between the hub and the spoke site with a closed-loop communication system in place [37]. A vast array of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two-way video-conferencing modalities with picture archiving and communication system are available for use by these networks that provide Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) compliant, secure, encrypted multipoint data sharing with evolving functionality through the use of desktops, robotic carts, laptops, tablets, and even mobile phones with provider-to-provider interfaces [37, 38].
\nMore recent advancements in telestroke systems include an ambulance-based telemedicine system that provides a feasible tool for prehospital stroke assessment [41, 42, 43, 44]. Early attempts at prehospital telestroke consults were limited due to technical difficulties [44]. Newer studies have shown a high level of agreement in evaluation and treatment by mobile stroke units with a vascular neurologist on board compared to telestroke consults by a vascular neurologist [45] at a distant site who guides immediate treatment [46]. The data, however, is still limited and requires further investigation before the utility and efficacy of telestroke programs can be ascertained.
\nThe primary goal of telestroke models is to establish a network of neurology consults across underserved areas that do not have in-house neurology consultants available, thereby expediting the initial stroke exam and care. As the effective tPA window is time-sensitive, and early administration of tPA is known to improve outcomes [5, 6, 13, 47], delay in transport of patients to tertiary care centers can lead to loss of the crucial intervention time window in acute ischemic stroke patients. After adequate training, the use of telestroke systems to measure NIHSS scores is viable and scoring is reliable, with inter-rater reliability comparable to that of in-person measurements [48, 49] even in telemedicine-naïve stroke practitioners [50]. Such assessment has also been found to be reliable when performed by neurology trained nurse practitioners [51], on laptop-based workstations [52], or even mobile-based video telestroke consults [53, 54]. Also, the FDA has approved teleradiology systems that enable effective and rapid evaluation of images by stroke specialists [55]. Stroke specialist evaluation via teleradiology systems has been found to be comparable to assessment by a neuroradiologist in aiding the decision making for tPA administration [56, 57].
\nStudies have shown that telestroke facilitated administration of tPA to patients in community hospitals and rural hospitals (as small as 100 beds or less) has outcomes comparable to those of in-person treatment at comprehensive stroke care centers [58, 59, 60, 61]. Even with in a stroke network, the performance of spoke sites is similar regardless of the bedsize [62]. Also, the use of telestroke at rural hospitals can provide patients with comparable or reduced time between symptom onset and tPA administration [door-to-needle time (DTN)] compared to those directly presenting to tertiary care centers [63]. A non-blinded randomized control trial in the Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) network in Germany showed that patients treated in telestroke network hospitals had significantly fewer poor outcomes compared to patients treated in community hospitals without telestroke capabilities [64]. Telestroke consults are becoming exceedingly cost-effective in dealing with acute strokes in the community [65, 66, 67, 68, 69].
\nTelestroke consults also have utility beyond acute stroke. Patients receiving tPA or those with subacute strokes with milder symptoms not requiring emergent intravascular intervention can remain at the spoke site for further investigation. Telestroke follow-up consults can aid in guiding the physicians at the spoke sites to continue further stroke workup and discharge patients from the spoke site. This may also reduce the cost of transport and limit patients being transferred to hub sites to only those requiring urgent neurosurgical/intravascular intervention. A randomized control trial by Evans et al. showed that the management of stroke patients in dedicated stroke units showed better outcomes for large vessel infarcts but not for small lacunar infarcts when compared to those in general medical wards with stroke team support [70]. Based on this hypothesis, small lacunar strokes could potentially be managed by the medical team at spokes sites with telestroke consults and follow-ups. The Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia Project and The Order of St. Francis Stroke Network study experience demonstrated the safety and reliability of such telestroke models [71, 72]. Even for patients requiring treatment in an intensive care unit, teleneurointensive care units are providing valuable support for prevention, diagnosis, and the timely management of cerebrovascular conditions induced secondary to neurologic injuries [73] and have shown improved outcomes [74].
\nTelestroke has also been studied in in-home and ambulatory post-stroke rehabilitation settings for serial neurologic assessments and timely adjustments of therapies. These studies have shown that telerehabilitation approaches are comparable to conventional rehabilitation in improving activities of daily living and motor function for stroke survivors [75, 76]. Virtual neurovascular clinics aimed at secondary stroke prevention are another evolving avenue for follow-up visits for stroke patients [77].
\nIn the field of clinical research, telestroke consults may aid in identifying patients who are eligible for trials of therapies for ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, neuroprotective agents, or innovative diagnostic tests, thereby facilitating expedited enrollment at the originating sites after transfer to stroke centers [78]. Telestroke models are being incorporated into the education and training of neurologists, emergency teams, and nursing staff [77, 79, 80, 81, 82]. With the ever-expanding horizons of telestroke, training in telemedicine will likely become mainstream for all future physician and medical personnel training programs. However, the data regarding the use of telestroke beyond acute stroke care is still limited and needs further investigation.
\nZaidi et al. showed that outcomes at 90 days were no different between patients treated with tPA by telemedicine and patients treated by the same neurologists over the same time interval at the stroke center hub hospital [83]. They also found no difference in time from stroke onset to treatment. Switzer et al. found that the average time between symptom onset and treatment at the spoke sites in their telestroke system was lower than the emergency department at their hub site [63]. As previously mentioned, several studies have found post-tPA outcomes at spoke sites were comparable to those of in-person treatment at comprehensive stroke care centers [58, 59, 60, 61]. Implementation of a standardized regional telestroke program in a community setting increased utilization of alteplase, improved DTN time, decreased length of stay, and significantly increased the chances of patients going home [84].
\nEstablishing a telestroke network requires infrastructure and technology-related expenses along with the expenses of round-the-clock neurology coverage and the cost of transport. Initial projects around the country were supported by government funds and research grants, but to develop a self-sustaining model, telestroke networks need to be cost-effective. For a Danish telestroke system consisting of five hubs and five spokes, a 2008 study by Ehlers et al. calculated an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (the cost of thrombolysis per quality-adjusted life year [QALY]) to be approximately US$50,000 after 1 year [69]. In 2011, Nelson et al. conducted cost data analyses of telestroke networks in rural Arizona and Utah and found the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using a 90-day horizon of $108,363 per QALY and a lifetime horizon of $2449 per QALY [66], which reflected a high initial cost but overall long-term cost reduction, likely due to rehabilitation cost reduction from early tPA administration. Also, the highest cost-effectiveness was seen in the most severe stroke cases. In a 2013 study by Switzer et al., cost savings of $358,435 per year over 5 years were observed in a telestroke system consisting of one hub and seven spokes, as well as an improvement in patients’ quality of life associated with increased numbers of individuals being discharged to home [67]. Growing evidence for the cost-effectiveness of telestroke networks and improved patient outcomes has spurred the growth of telestroke networks around the world.
\nContinuous quality improvement is a key element for any successful telestroke program. Several elements play a role in this improvement, including adaptation to local laws and statues, effective training programs, identification of competency issues, and overcoming challenges with technical and manpower issues at both provider and recipient sites. In 1988, Donebedian was the first to describe the model of structure, process, and outcomes measurements for assessing the quality of healthcare [85]. Systematic collection and analysis of quality data has been shown to improve the quality of stroke care that is delivered [86], and telestroke is no exception to this. Several quality measures help assess and quantify the overall function of telestroke systems. Most hub hospitals have stroke certification and emergency and ICU staff training through standards set by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) process.
\nThe capacity of the healthcare system, staffing ratios of specialists, availability of specialized units and equipment, and the organization structure with hospital networking should all be carefully studied and analyzed for any telehealth network systems. Defined protocols should be in place both at the originating and distant sites.
\nAnalogous to the traditional stroke pathway, the key global component of telestroke quality is still DTN time. Median DTN with telestroke varies from 106 to 121 minutes, even though the recommendation is less than 1 hour [58]. Several aspects of stroke chain-of-care that play an important role in DTN include Emergency Department (ED) door to CT scan (D-CT) time, ED door to teleneurologist consult time, teleneurologist to camera/phone time, and teleconsult duration (Con).
\nClear definitions of these times are important as no uniform definitions currently exist. In some centers, a consult with teleneurologist occurs after CT scan results are obtained, while in other centers, a consult is initiated even before the CT scan is ordered. The time from ED to consult differs in these situations, which can affect these measures. Similarly, the definition of consult time varies between centers. At some centers, consult time is defined as the time spent on camera evaluating patients, and at other centers, it is defined as time spent on camera along with the time spent reviewing the images and other diagnostic results. Because of these variations, consult duration varied from 14 to 32 minutes in different studies [87, 88]. Studies showed that telestroke by itself might not decrease the DTN as there are variations in the subsects of stroke chain-of-care [89].
\nIt has been shown that D-NC and Con play a major role in DTN [90]. Various factors including, when the consultant is notified, the time a consultant takes to interview the patient, and the experience level of the staff aiding with the examination will have to be considered while analyzing such data. The percentage of patients transferred after a telestroke consult to a destination hospital is also an important factor as it involves significant costs [67]. Data should be collected quantifying the rate of transfers after the consult and steps should be taken to minimize unnecessary transfers.
\nThe success of any program is ultimately decided by measuring outcomes, which could be patient related or system related. A modified Rankin scale, which is measured 90 days after a stroke, is the most commonly used measurement of stroke outcome [83]. Steps should be taken to ensure a 90-day follow-up on all the telestroke treated patients. No significant differences in mortality or morbidity were noted in patients in the hub and spoke hospitals of the TEMPiS network [91]. Even though 90-day outcomes after stroke are reported in most clinical trials, this data is not routinely collected by hospitals because of the cost and complexity involved. Data on stroke mimics that were treated by telestroke networks is an important factor as it plays a big role in minimizing costs, even though tPA administration might not increase the risk to these patients. Similarly, data on the percentage of patients receiving tPA through telestroke networks is very useful to compare with in-person stroke treatment numbers. In a study that examined several telestroke networks, the rate of tPA via telestroke was 18–36% compared to the national average tPA administration rate of 5–8% [91].
\nData collection regarding patient characteristics, NIHSS score pre/post-treatment and before discharge, length of hospital stay, discharge disposition (home vs. rehab vs. sub-acute rehab), readmission rate, complications including intracranial hemorrhage, other significant hemorrhages, mortality, and 90-day follow-up outcomes are recommended by the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association [92]. One of the highest priorities for several healthcare systems is patient satisfaction. Attempts should be made to follow-up with the treated patients and family members about their satisfaction with the telestroke process. LaMonte et al. found that the telestroke process enhanced patient satisfaction in their study [93]. Measuring provider satisfaction is equally important for improving telestroke service quality. Studies showed that patients are more enthusiastic about telemedicine compared to providers even though both of the groups were satisfied [94]. Providers having less of a personal benefit was one of the possible reasons behind this discrepancy [92].
\nIn a good telestroke program, the technology involved is as important as the physicians’ clinical expertise. Video and audio conferencing equipment quality, transmission clarity, internet speed, user-friendliness of the software, accessibility of personnel training modules, and encryption of patient information in transit to protect patient privacy all play a role for effective delivery of telestroke care. All technical difficulties, failures, and limitations should be continuously monitored, documented, and analyzed promptly to prevent repeated occurrences.
\nLastly, apart from the issues unique to telestroke, data on regular measures as recommended by National Quality Forum for stroke patients, including use of tPA, anti-thrombolysis therapy by day 2, thromboembolism prophylaxis, lipid-lowering medications on discharge, anti-thrombotic therapy on discharge, anticoagulation in the setting of atrial fibrillation, rehabilitation evaluation, and stroke education should be collected and evaluated regularly [95].
\nThere are still challenges with current models. In the last 15 years, there has been a substantial improvement in stroke quality measures. Most of the measures are already being performed with a high compliance rate and innovation. They should be expanded to pre-hospitalization and post-hospitalization settings as well as to telestroke for further improvement of stroke care [62, 96, 97, 98, 99]. Universal guidelines about definitions of times in stroke chain-of-care, protocols for consultant notification, and specific standard stepwise processes that can be applied universally for telestroke networks will be useful in standardizing telestroke models. As telestroke is becoming more popular in delivering care for acute stroke patients, there is a need for strict quality metrics to ensure safe and effective care for the patients. Even though in several aspects telestroke is as effective as in-person stroke care, there are several issues pertinent to telestroke like technology, policies, and challenges with data collection due to distant participating sites that need to be refined for effective and timely management of stroke patients.
\nLack of neurology coverage is not unique to the US; it is a problem worldwide [100]. Several countries in Europe have developed efficient telestroke networks [59, 64, 69, 101, 102, 103], with the TEMPiS network in Germany showing remarkable results [64, 104, 105]. The Telestroke Committee of the European Stroke Organization has recently published recommendations regarding telestroke networks in Europe concerning infrastructure, teleconsultation service, transfer options, standard operating procedures, professional training, and quality monitoring and improvement. They have also made recommendations about the technical and ethical aspects of telemedicine [106], which are similar to ones in the US.
\nAsia is quite heterogeneous in terms of variability in language, governments, culture, historical links, socioeconomic development, and organization of health services. In China, the National Telestroke Center, established in 2014, was designed to provide neurological coverage to 300 rural hospitals throughout the country through the telestroke network [107]. This was also the first platform where Google Glasses were used for real-time telestroke consults. The system is still evolving and data from China is still limited. In India, telestroke systems are still uncommon, but they show prospects for expansion, aiming to provide care to rural communities that are limited in their resources [108, 109]. Japan, Singapore, and South Korea have rather advanced nationwide medical systems, but telemedicine experience in these countries is still limited [110, 111, 112]. Teleneurology and telestroke have great potential to extend neurology expertise to underserved populations in the world; however, further investment in creating infrastructure and technology is needed before their impact on healthcare is realized.
\nIn December 2019, the first case of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 was identified in China [113]. Since then, the rapid spread of the virus has led to a worldwide pandemic [114]. The US has become the epicenter of this pandemic with the largest number of reported cases worldwide. Of all COVID-19 cases, an estimated 19% are healthcare personnel [115]. The COVID-19 pandemic has put a significant strain on healthcare personnel in providing in-person care, especially in an acute setting. Several States in the US and countries around the world have implemented stay-at-home orders. Hospitals have canceled elective procedures and outpatient in-person clinic visits to minimize the exposure risk to patients and healthcare workers. Additionally, COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic complications [116]. This puts neurologists at risk of exposure while assessing patients with acute neurological deficits. Screening for symptoms of COVID-19 has also become difficult in the setting of neurological deficits, especially aphasia and encephalopathy. Most countries around the world, including the US, already suffer from a lack of adequate neurology coverage [100] and COVID-19 exposure not only puts neurologists’ wellbeing and life at risk but also exacerbates this deficiency. This pandemic has brought the need and utility of telemedicine, teleneurology, and telestroke into the limelight [117, 118, 119, 120]. Teleconsults are an effective way of providing outpatient care as well was acute care inside the hospitals, limiting the exposure risk to physicians and patients, as well as limiting the use of personal protective equipment which is in short supply. The pandemic may change the paradigm of teleneurology and telestroke permanently and force the system to adapt to its growing need at a much faster pace.
\nDespite the utility and efficacy of telestroke networks, there exist significant hurdles in establishing and efficiently sustaining a viable telestroke program.
\nThe most important hurdle is third party reimbursement. It took decades for the concept of telemedicine to come to fruition, and pay parity kept telemedicine programs across the country from flourishing, sustaining, and expanding [121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126]. Without appropriate reimbursement, the burden of financial overhead in maintaining the high-quality video interface, teleneurology and teleradiology coverage, and costs of emergent care including imaging, tPA, and transportation to hub hospitals would make telestroke network unsustainable. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has addressed the need for reimbursement for telemedicine services and third-party payers have followed suit [37, 121]. Appropriate reimbursement for teleservices remains a concern among providers [127] and continues to be a barrier for the expansion of telestroke networks to underserved areas of the country.
\nLicensure and hospital credentialing, often across state lines, further burdens physicians and hospitals to spend resources, thus putting additional constraints on the expansion of these services. Physicians are required to maintain a license in the state where the spoke site is located in addition to the hub site where they usually work. This requires unrestricted licensure to be maintained in every state where the teleconsult is requested. A national or multistate license for telemedicine would reduce the necessity for a consultant to be licensed in multiple individual states, but this kind of license does not currently exist [128]. In 2011, CMS began allowing credentialing and privileging by proxy at small and critical-access hospitals, which has allowed these hospitals to rely on the credentialing and privileging process performed at the hub site [92, 129]. However, this policy needs to be adopted by all 50 states to mitigate the onus of licensing and credentialing on physicians and small hospitals. Also, reimbursement in cases where the patient receives tPA at the spoke site and is transferred to the hub hospital remains an issue, as neither the spoke nor hub facility is eligible to bill the higher Medicare diagnosis-related group codes that are associated with thrombolytic administration [128].
\nEstablishing and maintaining the infrastructure for high-quality video conferencing in small rural hospitals also adds to the financial burden on these hospitals. There is also marked heterogeneity in the platforms available, which spoke sites need to take into account before joining a telestroke model [37, 128]. Platform differences also limit the flexibility of these rural hospitals in terms of associating with more than one network or transitioning to a different network as the platforms utilized by these networks may be incompatible. Additionally, to comply with CMS billing requirements, a high-quality, two-way video connection is recommended and a minimum frame rate of at least 20 frames per second has been suggested [130]. Thus, high-speed internet is an essential component of telestroke networks. The availability of high-speed internet connections in rural parts of the country is limited and is a separate problem limiting the implementation of telestroke networks. These issues become exceedingly challenging in resource-limited countries around the world.
\nConvincing the leadership of potential spoke sites of the cost-effectiveness of joining a telestroke system requires time and effort on the part of the hub telestroke providers. Joining a telestroke system not only requires investment in infrastructure but also requires extensive training and development of protocols for teleconsults and transfers. These requirements may appear daunting to the leadership and hospital staff, especially at small rural hospitals with limited resources. However, the literature supporting the safety, cost-effectiveness, and improved patient outcomes related to telestroke networks may help encourage their buy-in to such programs. Joining such a system implies a long-term partnership between the hub and the spoke sites. Trust also needs to be established between the spoke site ED staff and consulting neurologists. Endorsements and testimony from the leadership of existing spoke sites in similar settings, hearing patient experiences from those who benefitted from these networks, and meeting with the team of consulting neurologists may prove useful in building this trust.
\nAlong with the establishment of infrastructure for telestroke, medical staff at spokes sites need to be trained for ever-evolving telestroke protocols and joint commission requirements. They need to be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of acute stroke, perform NIHSS exams, screen for eligibility for tPA, and to be proficient at using the teleconsult interface to facilitate the process efficiently. Telestroke systems can include stroke patient management training to spoke medical staff on education NIHSS exam demonstrations, reviews of alteplase reconstitution, administration and considerations, alteplase dosage calculations and telemedicine cart demonstration and review. Other patient management training can be provided to paramedics local to the spoke sites, these sessions typically include; impact of and time sensitivity of strokes, what is a stroke, types of stroke, stroke mimics, EMS neurological assessments, stroke management/prehospital guidelines and telemedicine and alteplase through an organizational system of care.
\nGiven the wide variability of telestroke systems based on AHA/ASA guidelines and local governing factors, each network should develop an standard operating protocol (SOP) that suits their needs (Tables 1–3) [131]. The volume of teleconsults can vary greatly between the spoke hospitals, thus training needs to be reinforced at specified intervals to ensure efficient and seamless consults and to maintain high-quality patient care. This may lead to telemedicine fatigue in the staff at low-volume hospitals that needs to be mitigated during the training by emphasizing the importance of their work in the teleconsult system in their community at improving outcomes in patients who may have otherwise not had an opportunity for timely stroke intervention due to time lost in transportation to larger centers.
\nAmerican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association class of recommendation and level of evidence to clinical strategies, interventions, treatments, or diagnostic testing in patient care*\n | \n
---|
Class (strength) of recommendation | \n
Suggested phrases for writing recommendations: \n
| \n
Suggested phrases for writing recommendations: \n
| \n
Suggested phrases for writing recommendations: \n
| \n
Suggested phrases for writing recommendations: \n
| \n
Suggested phrases for writing recommendations: \n
| \n
American Heart Association summary of recommendations for telestrokes [131].
The outcome or result of the intervention should be specified (an improved clinical outcome or increased diagnostic accuracy or incremental prognostic information).
For comparative-effectiveness recommendations (COR I and IIa; LOE A and B only), studies that support the use of comparator verbs should involve direct comparisons of the treatments or strategies being evaluated.
\n
| \n
\n
| \n
\n
| \n
\n
| \n
\n
| \n
The method of assessing quality is evolving, including the application of standardized, widely used, and preferably validated evidence grading tools; and for systematic reviews, the incorporation of an Evidence Review Committee.
COR, class of recommendation; EO, expert opinion; LD, limited data; LOE, level of evidence; NR, nonrandomized; R, randomized; and RCT, randomized controlled trial.
Class of recommendation (COR) and level of evidence (LOE) are determined independently (any COR may be paired with any LOE). A recommendation with LOE C does not imply that the recommendation is weak. Many important clinical questions addressed in guidelines do not lend themselves to clinical trials. Although RCTs are unavailable, there may be a very clear clinical consensus that a specific test or therapy is useful or effective.
Telemedicine | \nCOR | \nLOE | \n
---|---|---|
1. For sites without in-house imaging interpretation expertise, teleradiology systems approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are recommended for timely review of brain imaging in patients with suspected acute stroke. | \nI | \nA | \n
2. When implemented within a telestroke network, teleradiology systems approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are useful in supporting rapid imaging interpretation in time for IV alteplase administration decision making. | \nI | \nA | \n
3. Telestroke/teleradiology evaluations of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients can be effective for correct IV alteplase eligibility decision making. | \nIIa | \nB-R | \n
4. Administration of IV alteplase guided by telestroke consultation for patients with AIS may be as safe and as beneficial as that of stroke centers. | \nIIb | \nB-NR | \n
5. Providing alteplase decision-making support via telephone consultation to community physicians is feasible and safe and may be considered when a hospital has access to neither an in-person stroke team nor a telestroke system. | \nIIb | \nC-LD | \n
6. Telestroke networks may be reasonable for triaging patients with AIS who may be eligible for interfacility transfer to be considered for acute mechanical thrombectomy. | \nIIb | \nB-NR | \n
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for telemedicine [131].
Telestroke networks, like traditional practices, are required to be compliant with HIPAA, which governs protected health information in the US. Given that telestroke networks rely on real-time data sharing between the spoke and the hub, data security becomes a concern. Data security requires end-to-end encryption on the sharing platform, reliable documentation and storage, strict control of access to users within the network, and cooperation between the information technology staff at both sites. To ensure 24-hour coverage, consulting physicians often use a mobile device for such calls and must be cognizant of their surroundings while consulting remotely. For example, most telestroke systems provide home accessibility for physician consults. Currently due to HIPPA rules the use of hand held mobile phones remains limited for detection of stroke. Given the renewed interest in telehealth with the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a potential for use of mobile phone application technology.
\nHealthcare data breaches have been on the rise with larger and teaching hospitals being at a greater risk [132, 133]. Given multiple points of entry and the potential for data breaches in telestroke networks, extra care is needed at the hub and spokes sites to ensure data safety. Despite these challenges, telestroke networks have shown to provide safe, efficient, and cost-effective stroke care to underserved communities. There is still enormous potential for telestroke networks to expand into rural areas of the country as well as around the world.
\nSince its conception, telestroke has expanded greatly in its scope and utility in bridging the gap in stroke care between the rural and urban communities, in both acute and continued care. Despite the challenges faced in establishing and sustaining telestroke networks, these networks are flourishing and expanding, creating an ever-evolving paradigm for stroke care throughout the country and around the world.
\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at oapf@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5822},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15938}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119319},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"300"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:49},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5330},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"813",title:"Engineering Mechanics",slug:"mechanical-engineering-engineering-mechanics",parent:{title:"Mechanical Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:19,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:466,numberOfWosCitations:634,numberOfCrossrefCitations:317,numberOfDimensionsCitations:727,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-engineering-mechanics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9865",title:"Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing",subtitle:"Wear, Friction and Lubrication",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45fdde7e24f08a4734017cfa4948ba94",slug:"tribology-in-materials-and-manufacturing-wear-friction-and-lubrication",bookSignature:"Amar Patnaik, Tej Singh and Vikas Kukshal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43660",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amar",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"amar-patnaik",fullName:"Amar Patnaik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7615",title:"Fracture Mechanics Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eadc6edddc10fbeac471e10ff7921b75",slug:"fracture-mechanics-applications",bookSignature:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen and H. Ersen Balcioglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198122",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayri Baytan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozmen",slug:"hayri-baytan-ozmen",fullName:"Hayri Baytan Ozmen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6595",title:"Ballistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e7fa96253ce890c092b37a8678e4d03",slug:"ballistics",bookSignature:"Charles Osheku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6595.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148660",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Attah",surname:"Osheku",slug:"charles-osheku",fullName:"Charles Osheku"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7231",title:"Advanced Engineering Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9283b3b88964a6fe002fa37431414ac7",slug:"advanced-engineering-testing",bookSignature:"Aidy Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7231.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13626",title:"Prof.",name:"Aidy",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"aidy-ali",fullName:"Aidy Ali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6368",title:"Tribology, Lubricants and Additives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c3d14346e656a204a188be6e9bbbea1",slug:"lubrication-tribology-lubricants-and-additives",bookSignature:"David W. Johnson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6368.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178441",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6228",title:"Vibration Analysis and Control in Mechanical Structures and Wind Energy Conversion Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c08aadadb9857994b1df9abf871c112",slug:"vibration-analysis-and-control-in-mechanical-structures-and-wind-energy-conversion-systems",bookSignature:"Francisco Beltran-Carbajal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6228.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10444",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran-Carbajal",slug:"francisco-beltran-carbajal",fullName:"Francisco Beltran-Carbajal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5495",title:"Lagrangian Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd340676a371f5e196f6e8089f5e8b28",slug:"lagrangian-mechanics",bookSignature:"Hüseyin Canbolat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5495.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5887",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Canbolat",slug:"huseyin-canbolat",fullName:"Hüseyin Canbolat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5226",title:"Fracture Mechanics",subtitle:"Properties, Patterns and Behaviours",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d418575458d688abbe40125240ece3e",slug:"fracture-mechanics-properties-patterns-and-behaviours",bookSignature:"Lucas Maximo Alves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5226.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147011",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas",middleName:"Maximo",surname:"Alves",slug:"lucas-alves",fullName:"Lucas Alves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4614",title:"Surface Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e17cd77d2616f544522495c30285475",slug:"surface-energy",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3128",title:"Tribology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Advancements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77f3ee5568b737c8d26a5eee991c9d34",slug:"tribology-fundamentals-and-advancements",bookSignature:"Jürgen Gegner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3128.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40520",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Gegner",slug:"jurgen-gegner",fullName:"Jürgen Gegner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2982",title:"Tribology in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1b4719e20d06efe207620debfaf9f6e0",slug:"tribology-in-engineering",bookSignature:"Haşim Pihtili",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10340",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasim",middleName:null,surname:"Pihtili",slug:"hasim-pihtili",fullName:"Hasim Pihtili"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2794",title:"Applied Fracture Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef0b0a40b0306e7172636781a24cfb27",slug:"applied-fracture-mechanics",bookSignature:"Alexander Belov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141319",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Belov",slug:"alexander-belov",fullName:"Alexander Belov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:19,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"21928",doi:"10.5772/20790",title:"Tribological Aspects of Rolling Bearing Failures",slug:"tribological-aspects-of-rolling-bearing-failures",totalDownloads:17668,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:62,book:{slug:"tribology-lubricants-and-lubrication",title:"Tribology",fullTitle:"Tribology - Lubricants and Lubrication"},signatures:"Jürgen Gegner",authors:[{id:"40520",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Gegner",slug:"jurgen-gegner",fullName:"Jürgen Gegner"}]},{id:"44858",doi:"10.5772/55860",title:"Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials",slug:"titanium-and-titanium-alloys-as-biomaterials",totalDownloads:6031,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:50,book:{slug:"tribology-fundamentals-and-advancements",title:"Tribology",fullTitle:"Tribology - Fundamentals and Advancements"},signatures:"Virginia Sáenz de Viteri and Elena Fuentes",authors:[{id:"154811",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Sáenz De Viteri",slug:"virginia-saenz-de-viteri",fullName:"Virginia Sáenz De Viteri"},{id:"155536",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",slug:"elena-fuentes",fullName:"Elena Fuentes"}]},{id:"44864",doi:"10.5772/55470",title:"Introduction of the Ratio of the Hardness to the Reduced Elastic Modulus for Abrasion",slug:"introduction-of-the-ratio-of-the-hardness-to-the-reduced-elastic-modulus-for-abrasion",totalDownloads:5365,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:30,book:{slug:"tribology-fundamentals-and-advancements",title:"Tribology",fullTitle:"Tribology - Fundamentals and Advancements"},signatures:"Giuseppe Pintaude",authors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18981",title:"Second Order Shear Deformation Theory (SSDT) for Free Vibration Analysis on a Functionally Graded Quadrangle Plate",slug:"second-order-shear-deformation-theory-ssdt-for-free-vibration-analysis-on-a-functionally-graded-quad",totalDownloads:3479,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-vibrations-analysis",title:"Recent Advances in Vibrations Analysis",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Vibrations Analysis"},signatures:"A. Shahrjerdi and F. Mustapha",authors:[{id:"46921",title:"Dr.",name:"Faizal",middleName:null,surname:"Mustapha",slug:"faizal-mustapha",fullName:"Faizal Mustapha"},{id:"55507",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Shahrjerdi",slug:"ali-shahrjerdi",fullName:"Ali Shahrjerdi"}]},{id:"54694",title:"Mechanics of Electric Rope Shovel Performance and Reliability in Formation Excavation",slug:"mechanics-of-electric-rope-shovel-performance-and-reliability-in-formation-excavation",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"lagrangian-mechanics",title:"Lagrangian Mechanics",fullTitle:"Lagrangian Mechanics"},signatures:"Muhammad Azeem Raza and Samuel Frimpong",authors:[{id:"55167",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Frimpong",slug:"samuel-frimpong",fullName:"Samuel Frimpong"},{id:"195600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem Raza",slug:"muhammad-azeem-raza",fullName:"Muhammad Azeem Raza"}]},{id:"44454",title:"Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Machining Parameters on the Surface Roughness and the Formation of Built Up Edge (BUE) in the Drilling of Al 5005",slug:"experimental-investigation-of-the-effect-of-machining-parameters-on-the-surface-roughness-and-the-fo",totalDownloads:5300,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"tribology-in-engineering",title:"Tribology in Engineering",fullTitle:"Tribology in Engineering"},signatures:"Erkan Bahçe and Cihan Ozel",authors:[{id:"168319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Erkan",middleName:null,surname:"Bahce",slug:"erkan-bahce",fullName:"Erkan Bahce"},{id:"168320",title:"Dr.",name:"Cihan",middleName:null,surname:"Özel",slug:"cihan-ozel",fullName:"Cihan Özel"}]},{id:"73333",title:"Lubricant and Lubricant Additives",slug:"lubricant-and-lubricant-additives",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"tribology-in-materials-and-manufacturing-wear-friction-and-lubrication",title:"Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Tribology in Materials and Manufacturing - Wear, Friction and Lubrication"},signatures:"Debashis Puhan",authors:[{id:"323503",title:"Dr.",name:"Debashis",middleName:null,surname:"Puhan",slug:"debashis-puhan",fullName:"Debashis Puhan"}]},{id:"58293",title:"Antioxidants Classification and Applications in Lubricants",slug:"antioxidants-classification-and-applications-in-lubricants",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"lubrication-tribology-lubricants-and-additives",title:"Tribology, Lubricants and Additives",fullTitle:"Lubrication - Tribology, Lubricants and Additives"},signatures:"Majid Soleimani, Leila Dehabadi, Lee D. Wilson and Lope G. Tabil",authors:[{id:"31671",title:"Prof.",name:"Lope",middleName:"G.",surname:"Tabil",slug:"lope-tabil",fullName:"Lope Tabil"},{id:"109706",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Soleimani",slug:"majid-soleimani",fullName:"Majid Soleimani"},{id:"214500",title:"Mrs.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Dehabadi",slug:"leila-dehabadi",fullName:"Leila Dehabadi"},{id:"214501",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"lee-wilson",fullName:"Lee Wilson"}]},{id:"44826",title:"Lubrication and Lubricants",slug:"lubrication-and-lubricants",totalDownloads:7058,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"tribology-fundamentals-and-advancements",title:"Tribology",fullTitle:"Tribology - Fundamentals and Advancements"},signatures:"Nehal S. Ahmed and Amal M. Nassar",authors:[{id:"49812",title:"Prof.",name:"Nehal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"nehal-ahmed",fullName:"Nehal Ahmed"},{id:"57028",title:"Prof.",name:"Amal",middleName:null,surname:"Nassar",slug:"amal-nassar",fullName:"Amal Nassar"}]},{id:"44858",title:"Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials",slug:"titanium-and-titanium-alloys-as-biomaterials",totalDownloads:6039,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:50,book:{slug:"tribology-fundamentals-and-advancements",title:"Tribology",fullTitle:"Tribology - Fundamentals and Advancements"},signatures:"Virginia Sáenz de Viteri and Elena Fuentes",authors:[{id:"154811",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Sáenz De Viteri",slug:"virginia-saenz-de-viteri",fullName:"Virginia Sáenz De Viteri"},{id:"155536",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",slug:"elena-fuentes",fullName:"Elena Fuentes"}]},{id:"44462",title:"Theories on Rock Cutting, Grinding and Polishing Mechanisms",slug:"theories-on-rock-cutting-grinding-and-polishing-mechanisms",totalDownloads:6297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"tribology-in-engineering",title:"Tribology in Engineering",fullTitle:"Tribology in Engineering"},signatures:"Irfan Celal Engin",authors:[{id:"151220",title:"PhD.",name:"Irfan Celal",middleName:null,surname:"Engin",slug:"irfan-celal-engin",fullName:"Irfan Celal Engin"}]},{id:"66819",title:"Analytical Prediction for Grain Burn Time and Burning Area Kinematics in a Solid Rocket Combustion Chamber",slug:"analytical-prediction-for-grain-burn-time-and-burning-area-kinematics-in-a-solid-rocket-combustion-c",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"ballistics",title:"Ballistics",fullTitle:"Ballistics"},signatures:"Charles A. Osheku, Oluleke O. Babayomi and Oluwaseyi T. Olawole",authors:[{id:"148660",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Attah",surname:"Osheku",slug:"charles-osheku",fullName:"Charles Osheku"},{id:"287885",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluleke",middleName:null,surname:"Babayomi",slug:"oluleke-babayomi",fullName:"Oluleke Babayomi"}]},{id:"49063",title:"Re-derivation of Young’s Equation, Wenzel Equation, and Cassie-Baxter Equation Based on Energy Minimization",slug:"re-derivation-of-young-s-equation-wenzel-equation-and-cassie-baxter-equation-based-on-energy-minimiz",totalDownloads:4298,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"surface-energy",title:"Surface Energy",fullTitle:"Surface Energy"},signatures:"Kwangseok Seo, Minyoung Kim and Do Hyun Kim",authors:[{id:"97132",title:"Prof.",name:"Do Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"do-hyun-kim",fullName:"Do Hyun Kim"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"mechanical-engineering-engineering-mechanics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/177194/luciana-melo",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"177194",slug:"luciana-melo"},fullPath:"/profiles/177194/luciana-melo",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()