Percentages of nutrients in black and green tea.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5249",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Human-Computer Interaction",title:"Human-Computer Interaction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this book the reader will find a collection of 31 papers presenting different facets of Human Computer Interaction, the result of research projects and experiments as well as new approaches to design user interfaces. 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Livestock, particularly cattle and poultry are important contributors to total food production in the world. Intensive animal farming is very important from the food security perspective as it involves a dense population of animals on small land and increases food production.
\r\n\r\n\tIntensive animal farming benefits global trade but it also has some harmful impacts on human health. To lessen the harmful effects of intensive farming, farmers should improve the health, welfare, and productivity of their animals through animal health planning and disease control measures that are less dependent on veterinary medicines without jeopardizing animal welfare.
\r\n\r\n\tIntensive animal farming is very prevalent in developed countries and the aim is to produce large quantities of milk, meat, and eggs at low cost. Intensive farming involves mass production through modernized feeding systems and improved breeding and health programs.
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Science is progressing with leaps and bounces and the modern era of food technology makes it easy to produce plant based natural products to combat life threatening diseases. In diet based regimen, functional and nutraceutical foods are getting popular especially among scientific community because of their therapeutic potential [1]. Likewise, tea polyphenols have gained paramount importance in modern era of dietary regimen and proved to have potential against several chronic maladies. In addition, tea either green or black acts as functional food and is easily available, cheap and safe to use [2]. Tea; a wonderful beverage that has strong historical background and it is being consumed in various part of the world from last 5000 years [3]. Tea has three basic types: black tea, green tea, and oolong that vary due in biological, chemical profile, and in processing methods. However, processing of green and black tea is quite different from each other. Firstly, fresh harvested leaves gone through steaming process in order to avoid fermentation, as a result stable dry final product is obtained. Enzymes which are responsible for the catalysis of color pigments in the leaves is eventually destroy by steaming [4]. Consequently, with the help of this process green color and natural polyphenols remain stable and provide health promoting properties to tea. Secondly, green tea is fermented to Oolong, and then subsequently, into the black tea. Leaves of black tea are crushed and subjected towards enzymatic oxidation process called fermentation. Green tea and black tea both have different biological properties because the polyphenols of green tea dimerized into several the aflavins as well as higher molecular weight polymers i.e., thearubigins. In other words, these two compounds impart specific flavor and color to black tea [4].
Globally, tea is the most famous beverage but now recent evidences show that it is more than a beverage because it has characteristics of functional food. In addition, it contains unique aroma, desirable taste, caffeine and potential therapeutic property. Tea is produce from plant named “
Green tea has complicated chemical composition: proteins including some amino acids like theanine or 5-N-ethylglutamine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, valine, leucine, threonine, arginine, and lysine; carbohydrates including pectins, glucose and fructose; minerals including calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, sodium, phosphorus, cobalt, strontium, nickel, potassium, fluorine, and aluminum; trace amount of lipids, sterols, vitamins, pigments, caffeine and volatile compounds [6]. Epigallocatechin gallate is the major component of green tea, make green tea extract more stable due to the presence of some antioxidant as compared to pure form of epigallocatechin gallate [7]. In contrast, major portion of black tea leaves consist of polyphenols. Whereas, along with some macronutrients also contains 6.5% lignin, 5% ash, 1.5% organic acid, 6–9% flavonols, 10–12% phenolic acids, 8–12% methylxanthines, 0.5% chlorophyll, 0.1% carotenoids, and 0.1% volatile substances. Naturally, tea contains phenolic acid, theophylline and linalool as flavoring agents. Furthermore, leaves of black tea have alkaloids including caffeine and theobromine [6]. Like other plant based food products, tea also contains a wide variety of bioactive components, which provide therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-cancerous and immune-modulatory effects [8]. Especially, polyphenols in tea help to prevent from cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, cancer, diabetes and scavenge free radical species [9]. For instance, kaempferol has potential against metabolic disorders; myricetin modify white blood cell ability to scavenge free radical; quercetin act as antioxidant: so, prevent from cancer; theaflavin work against oxidative stress and cell toxicity thus prevent from DNA cleavage [8, 10, 11] (Table 1).
Tea polyphenols has a complex acidic structure which consists of 2-phenylbenzpyran skeleton with several hydroxy groups and aromatic ring. So, electron density of their structure is decrease which leads to weak O─H bond strength and promote proton loss [14]. Presence of asymmetric carbons at the 2 and 3 positions of the pyran ring of the 2-phenybenzopyran nucleus give it therapeutic and functional potential. Therefore, activation of numerous enzyme systems indicates structural and functional alteration of tea polyphenols [15]. Eventually, black tea holds array of polyphenols approximately 36%; which is in form of oxidized and un-oxidized polyphenols. About 5% are in un-oxidized form like catechins and remaining is in oxidized form including theaflavin and thearubigins which is also produced from catechins oxidation. Enzyme mediated fermentation: a step in black tea processing converts 3–6% of catechins into its oxidized form [16]. Simultaneously, 12–19% thearubigins are produce when catechins is further oxidized. Significantly, only 5–10% catechins are able to maintain their structure in form of epigallocatechin gallate and provide anti-oxidative potential [12]. Catechins are present in various form like epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epicatechin (EC) and gallocatechin, epigallocatechin digallate, 3-methylepicatechin gallate, catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate in smaller amount [17]. Certainly, catechins content: present more in black tea as compare to green tea and amount depends upon the age of leaves. During tea production, approximately 75% of tea catechins undergone oxidation and partial polymerization with the help of enzyme called tea leaf polyphenols oxidase. However, black tea composition depends upon technological process, so there is no definitive composition [18]. In addition, it also has a wide range of flavonoids especially flavanols and flavonols. The promising candidates of aforementioned categories of tea flavonoids and other polyphenols of both types of tea are illustrated in Figure 1 [19]. Major class of polyphenols in tea is flavonoids which is synthesized when carbohydrates act as precursor and adopt metabolic pathways including shikimic and
Classification of polyphenols in tea.
Alternatively, Green tea also contains 30% polyphenols: flavanols, flavandiols, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Among them flavonols is most common which is also known as catechins; green tea hold catechins in greater proportion as compared to the black or oolong tea [22]. In green tea, four different kinds of catechins are present: epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin gallate. Whereas, proportion of polyphenols especially catechins vary both qualitatively and quantitatively, depends upon the preparation methods [20] (Table 2).
Structure and functions of polyphenols.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed due to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and some cellular response against xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Although, excessive ROS leads to imbalance in oxidative stress, they may also cause damage at macromolecular level including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA; and results in various diseases: atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging, cancer, neurological damage and so forth [24, 25]. Moreover, some other outcomes of oxidative stress are DNA damage, production of mutated tumor suppressor genes and may induce cell death [26, 27].
Antioxidants provide protection against free radicals: by neutralizing and donating electron to free radicals [28]. Improvement in antioxidant defense system helps to reduce free radicals production. Admittedly, glutathione is natural anti-oxidant of the body that maintains intracellular redox status and it acts as co-factor in metabolic reactions. All polyphenols in tea has property of antioxidant, which lessen oxidative stress in the body [29]. Ref. [30] demonstrated antioxidant activities of water extracts of different tea including reducing power, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential and the inhibition of hemolysis caused by 2,2′-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced lipid oxidation in erythrocyte membranes and they supported the use of green tea as significant antioxidant. To illustrates, green tea polyphenols: an antioxidant against iodophenol-derived phenoxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals and lipid peroxidation was observed in rat liver microsomes [31, 32]. Furthermore, several factors are involved in the production of reactive oxygen species; which disrupt the overall intrinsic environment of the body. However, tea polyphenols prevent from DNA damage, reduce oxidation of low density lipoprotein and some other factors shown in Figure 2. Thereby, prevent from various life-threatening diseases like cancer, heart disease, inflammatory disorders [29].
Free radical scavenging activity of tea antioxidants.
Immunity is defined as an ability to fight against infection, any abnormal function within the body and prevent from diseases [35]. Certain organs are involved to build up defense mechanism in body including thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow [36]. Generally, humoral and cell-mediated immunity is enhanced by green tea consumption and reduce the risk of cancers and cardiovascular disease [37]. For instance, tea polyphenols act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent [38, 39]. Although, inflammation is fundamental to immune system but in some complicated disease, it become causative agent [40]. Dona et al. [41] demonstrated molecular and cellular insight properties of green tea and found that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) assist to reduce inflammation. It was observed that mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fed them with green tea polyphenols showed a significant reduction in production of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) and prevented from death even after administration of lethal dose of LPS [42]. Moreover, some studies showed a reduction in joint diseases like arthritis due to consumption of tea polyphenols [43, 44].
Many chemicals are used in order to induce inflammatory response like topical application of phorbol esters: TPA, to check the effect of anti-inflammatory agents. Several studies proved a beneficial effect of green tea polyphenols, by inducing tea polyphenols in mice skin that inhibits TPA-mediated induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in a dose-dependent manner [45]. Polyphenols prevents TPA-induced oxygen radical-induced cytotoxicity, inhibits intercellular communication in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and also inhibits TPA-induced protein kinase-C activity [46, 47]. Further, tea polyphenols inhibits 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and other skin tumor -promoter-caused induction of protein and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (1L)-1 α and TNF-α. Skin applications of green tea polyphenols inhibits UV-radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and edema responses in C3H/HeN mice. In various
Hyperlipidemia is characterized as high lipid level in the body which may leads to certain metabolic dysfunctions: cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure and stroke. Black tea is proved to be beneficial against hypercholesterolemia and platelet aggregation because it contains oxidized and un-oxidized catechins. In addition, black tea contains antioxidants which can combat with oxidative stress, endothelium dysfunction and arterial complications [51, 52]. Tea polyphenols: prevent LDL oxidation; balance HDL level and limits intestinal cholesterol absorption [53]. A scientist [54] mentioned in their study that polyphenols administration about 7 g/L for a course of 35 days attenuating lipid profile and hepatic oxidative abnormality in both normal and hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. It was observed that, black and green tea increases fecal excretion of fatty acids and sterols, thus provides protection against serum and hepatic abnormalities in hypercholesterolemic phase [55]. Moreover, Black tea polyphenols in amount: 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight provision to male Wistar rats for 8 weeks caused a significant reduction in total cholesterol, increase LDL and triglycerides along with better HDL profile [56].
Theaflavin is helpful against lipid related abnormalities because it stimulates cellular energy expenditure at mitochondrial level. However, it also suppresses FAS expression by down regulating EGF-receptor/PI3K/Akt/Sp-1 signal transduction pathway, hence, inhibits the cellular lipogenesis and tissue growth. Furthermore, theaflavin especially TF-3, ultimately suppresses biosynthesis of cholesterol, triglycerides and fatty acids by inhibiting growth factor EGF; binding to receptor EGFR, restricts PI3K/Akt signal pathway activation and decreases DNA-binding capacity of nuclear transcription factor Sp-1; consequently, down regulates FAS gene and modulates LDL receptors that facilitate in cholesterol and triglycerides reduction [57, 58]. Likewise, theaflavin a potent antioxidant, stimulates lipid metabolism by regulating pancreatic and gastric secretion; thereby, cause reduction in lipid level and fatty acid synthase enzyme shown in Figure 3. Another possible route, cholesterol micelle solubilization interferes with lipid lowering [60]. Theaflavin causes change in structure of micelles and leads to reduction in cholesterol re-synthesis and eventually, alters its metabolism [57, 61]. Development of atherosclerosis takes place due to LDL oxidation: abnormal changes in macrophages and join with macrophage scavenger receptor; results in foam cell formation that deposit in the walls of arteries. Tea polyphenols has an ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit foam cell formation and deposition [56, 62]. Tea polyphenols also scavenge H2O2, so, a natural antioxidant including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity is increased. Moreover, it enhances LDL particle size and improve the adiponectin metabolism [63, 64]. It is observed that there is a direct relationship between high fat diet or high sucrose diet and triglycerides production which triggers lipogenesis [32]. Whereas, tea polyphenols possess potential to normalize lipid abnormalities: inhibit intestinal lipid absorption, increasing fecal excretion of fat through bile acid, suppressing the activity of fat synthesis enzymes and thereby, prevent lipogenesis [65]. Furthermore, high sucrose diet cause hypertriglyceridemia because production of acetyl CoA elevated which in turn raise triglycerides. Polyphenols activate activation of LKB1-AMPK pathway; AMPK (protein) involve in glucose homeostasis that consequently, involve in the synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate and cause fatty acid metabolism. Hence, in short tea provide a helping hand towards lipid metabolism; reduce lipid oxidation and lipid absorption; thus reducing risk of hyperlipidemia [58].
Role of theaflavin in regulating lipid mechanism.
Diabetes has been increasing at an alarming rate, due to poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. According to an estimate, 300 million people will be affected by diabetes until 2025. In general, type 2 diabetes is defined as malfunctioning of pancreatic β-cell but dietary intervention and healthy life style is the best way to manage diabetes. Moreover, evidence showed that tea act as anti-diabetic agent: attenuate hyperglycemic state; thus, modify glucose metabolism and insulin secretion [66]. Tea polyphenols improve glycogen syntheses system by re-activating the glycogen synthesis and lower liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity [67]. Similarly, in one study, 16 subjects were provided 75 g of glucose and water per day with simultaneous provision of 3 g instant black tea. It was found that tea polyphenols help to stimulate the pancreatic enzymes that enhance β-cell ability towards insulin [68]. Mechanistically, tea: a hypoglycemic agent, modulate glucose transporter (GLUTs) that helps to maintain glucose homeostasis and requires IRβ and AMPKR proteins for their translocations. However, in hypercholesterolemia, diet high in fats leads to reduce GLUT4 and other associated proteins. Subsequently, there is a disturbance in glucose incorporation into the cells, thus, cause progression of diabetes and insulin resistance [69, 70]. Surprisingly, tea polyphenols inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity which leads to reduction in intestinal glucose absorption and insulinomimetic action [71]. Further, diet rich in fructose and sucrose trigger abnormal glucose production, and effect hormones in plasma including adiponectin and intestine GLUT1 [72]. Studies proved that tea has an ability to improve insulin resistance in both hypercholesterolemic and hyperglycemic models [65]. It has been estimated that about 15-fold increase in insulin activity due to black tea extract consumption was observed in
Glycemic response management: mechanistic illustration of black tea polyphenols.
Obesity and the existence of other diseases associated with obesity persist a global health problem. Current estimates in the USA demanded a fear full situation that almost one-third of the adult peoples obese. Obesity defined as body mass index ≥30kg/m2 is a universal lifestyle-related illness increasing at an upsetting rate. Among related factors, dietary habits are measured one of reasons for its postponement [47]. During the last limited years, enlarged consumption of carbohydrate and animal fat has backed to obesity thereby increased occurrence of hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. For the cause, functional ingredients are getting devotion to improve lipid metabolism and resistor obesity. In this background, black tea is a promising tool to improve thermogenesis and fat oxidation. Provision of black tea remove (0.2%) rich in polyphenols caused significant decline in the markers related with obesity (body weight) of obese CF-1 mice [39]. Black tea antioxidants like theaflavin and thearubigins have probable to prevent fat oxidation and decrease the fascination of nutrients in gastrointestinal track. Furthermore, they manage the energy feeding thus prevent LDL testimony and obesity. In an animal trial model, rats were fed on high fat diet with immediate drink delivery containing 5% black tea polyphenols cutting (BTPE) and seen 44.2% decrease in weight [16]. Mechanically, the aflavin constrains the pancreatic lipase activity together with intestinal lipid absorption thus lessens the gain in weight. Previous research inquiries have painted that the compounds containing galloyl moiety blocked the post prandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by decelerating down the triacylglycerol absorption through the hang-up of pancreatic lipase [9]. The aflavin comprises two digallate groups thereby have more probable for weight managing than thearubigins. On molecular level, dissimilar enzymes played a key part to regulate lipid metabolism yet, fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a thoughtful factor. Its Imbalance activates the cascade of certain sicknesses like obesity, cardiovascular problems and cancer uprising [28]. The FAS inhibitors may assistance in weight management and in this background, black tea theaflavin is a gifted ingredient. It blocks FAS over the deactivation of PI-3 K/AKT/Sp-1 trail owing to galloyl moiety. Unlike scientific opinions are explained that the black tea gallate polyphenols (theaflavin) achieve the body weight by moderating the cholesterol metabolism, constrain the reabsorption of bile acid and delay the synthesis of fatty acid enzymes via impersonating the AMP-activated protein kinase trail in HepG2 cells [22]. Among the other likely anti-obesity ways are modulating the action of superoxide dismutase and catalase that hunk the start of oxidative stress, by up regulating the GLUT1 and GLUT4 genes appearance, different genes expression and defend the hepatic tissue through black tea polyphenols therefore helpful in the weight management package [25]. Many observational studies have interweaved the ingesting of black and green tea with reduced low-density lipoprotein oxidation and improved insulin action in animals and humans. In a community based test, tea polyphenols administration resulted helpful impact on the aging diabetic subjects by controlling insulin and glucose metabolism [13] (Figure 5).
Mechanism of tea polyphenols on obesity reduction.
High cholesterol diet i.e., 1.5% of cholesterol beside with high sucrose diet 40% was assumed to the normal rats to persuade hypercholesterolemia as well as obesity. Periodic examination of rats was approved out to assess the orientation of obesity. The functional drinks were providing to the rats alongside to harmonize their effect on the own group [17]. Obesity is related with systemic oxidative stress, adipokine inequity and condensed antioxidant defenses, top to dyslipidemia, vascular disease and hepatic steatosis. Gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors delay fat digestion and fascination. Phenolic lipase inhibitors such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, grape seed, kaempferol, quercetin, ellagitannin, tannins and proanthocyanidins are existing in green and black tea, berries (lingonberry, bearberry, arctic bramble, cloudberry, strawberry, raspberry and blueberry); garden pea (
Obesity is related with bigger health-care costs, compact quality of life, and rise risk for premature death, Cholesterol is one of the vibrant compounds, lipophilic in nature that does numerous metabolic functions in the body. It is essential four lipoproteins; chylomicron (CM), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for its carriage. In hypercholesterolemic state, numerous metabolic dysfunctions like coronary complications, high blood pressure and stroke are the allied syndromes [66]. Black tea polyphenols deliver protection in contradiction of hypercholesterolemia and platelet combination owing to the occurrence of oxidized and un-oxidized catechins. Moreover, black tea antioxidants have possible to challenge oxidative stress, endothelium dysfunction and arterial complications [2].
Cardiovascular diseases are leading reason of morbidity and mortality all over the world. High cholesterol and oxidation of LDL activate the cascade of events leading to start of atherosclerosis. Defective immune system results in onset of numerous health disparities branded as autoimmune disorders and immune dysfunction [7]. In the light of some previous epidemiological studies it was assumed that the higher flavonoids consumption through natural commodities measured allied with decrease risk for cardiovascular disease by improving endothelial role. Inhibit low-density lipoprotein and recover dyslipidemia. In the routine of diet based therapy, polyphenols reached core care as a coronary cover agent [14]. Among the polyphenols, tea bioactive moieties catechins, theaflavin and thearubigins are in attention for curtailing the menace. Many scientific explorations exposed an opposite suggestion between tea intake and lipid abnormalities as it opposites LDL oxidation and rises HDL level in obese and diabetic models. The slogan “good cholesterol” is credited to HDL due to its skill to reverse the cholesterol transport (RCT), eliminates the extra cholesterol from the tissues and arteries back to liver. It chiefly acts on sub-endothelial planetary in medium caliber artery that is the place where actual cholesterol testimony in the form of atheroma happens [26]. In contrary, LDL called as bad cholesterol because it transports the cholesterol from liver to the body. Now, great attention is being paid to the decrease of LDL by different therapeutic devices but, various epidemiological studies also specified the role of HDL for the administration of cardiovascular health [43].
Decreasing the atherogenic index and reverse the oxidation of fat are the possible mechanisms by which theaflavin may improve the plasma HDL level. Atherogenic index is the proportion between LDL and HDL and theaflavin significantly modifies the cholesterol metabolism, overturns the activity of lipid synthesis enzymes and protects the LDL in contradiction of oxidation thus improve the HDL. Cholesterol testimony in arterial wall needs a receptor called as prostacyclin [38]. Frequent studies floodlit that the high HDL may stop this process. In fresh lipid talking therapies, HDL enhancement advances importance and in this context prostacyclin inhibitors are in attention. Black tea polyphenols have skill to act as prostacyclin inhibitors thus progresses HDL that finally protect cardiovascular health [51].
Flavonoids contain of a large group of 6000 familiar phytochemicals originate in vegetables and fruits. Fresh scientific exploration point outs upon their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Such flavonoids typically don’t deliver any nutrition, because they display very important useful act in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, cancer, and neurodegenerative like life risking maladies prevention. Metabolic syndrome is a disorder of at least three of the cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, unnecessary visceral fat storage, dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia or Type 2 diabetes. It is a state of insulin fight, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Cardiovascular disease is the uppermost cause of death globally. Convinced dietary components and over 800 plants help stop or moderate metabolic syndrome by secondary the body homeostasis mechanisms [1].
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is extra condition related to metabolic syndrome. Tea polyphenols has been shown to decrease blood pressure and recover endothelial function in animal studies. Endothelial dysfunction is a change of endothelial cells, resultant from oxidative stress and reduced vasodilator reply. Both hypertension and disturbed homeostasis of the ratio of HDL-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-associated (LDL)-cholesterol are danger factors for cardiovascular disease. The effect of green tea cutting on arterial hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats was inspected [73]. The animals were preserved with angiotensin (Ang) II to encourage to the progress of hypertension. At the end of 13 days experiment, Ang II treated rats had amplified blood pressure and left ventricle mass. Co-treatment with 0.6% green tea quotation as the sole basis of drinking fluid rounded these rises. Green tea treatment also condensed Ang II-induced rises in plasma hydroperoxides and aortic endothelial appearance of hemeoxygenase I and SOD, representative a decrease in vascular oxidative stress. A second study by the similar group originate that 0.6% green tea quotation as the sole source of drinking fluid abridged final systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 20 and 24%, correspondingly in Ang II treated rats after 14 days. Gene expression trainings in the hearts of treated rats displayed that green tea extract treatment abridged Ang II persuaded expression of NAD(P)H oxidase appearance and activity linked to Ang II-treated controls [19]. This protein plays a key role in the initiation of endothelial oxidative stress by Ang II. Alike decreases in the appearance of Akt and extracellular responsive kinase (Erk) 1/2 were observed. Both enzymes are downstream effectors of NAD(P)H oxidase. He examined the effect of EGCG on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a sketch of hypertension, insulin resistance and obesity. The absence of effect on blood pressure may be due to change in this model from the SHR model, alterations in dose, or some other factor [36]. Treatment of a type 2 diabetes rat model, the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, with 30 mg/kg/day tea catechins for 12 weeks was revealed to advance endothelial function. Systolic blood pressure was abridged by 10% associated to saline-treated regulator rats. Catechin-treated rats also showed increased vasodilation in answer to sodium nitroprusside treatment. These effects look to associate with decreased NADH oxidase appearance and activity. Green tea provisions have been exposed to encourage vasodilation
Liver has a pivotal role in modification of numerous physiological processes in the body such as metabolism, secretion and storage. It has great size to detoxicate toxic matters and synthesize useful principles. Therefore, harm on the liver imposed by hepatotoxic agents is of grave significances [35]. Indications developed over the last years have optional that numerous forms of liver damages may be caused by free radical creation and subsequent oxidative stress. It is supposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical anion and nitric oxide may hurt cell membranes done lipid peroxidation [40]. Deceptively ROS adjust or damage biomolecules, i.e., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA [7].
Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) is a disorder that is defined by fat addition within hepatocytes that surpasses 5% of the liver by weight [39]. Firstly, it was supposed that this condition was mostly attributable to additional alcohol ingesting, but studies in the last numerous decades have also related obesity and diabetes to the attendance of fatty liver [60]. Characteristically, fatty liver syndrome related to etiological factors other than alcohol is mentioned to as non-alcoholic fatty liver illness (NAFLD). Now, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most mutual form of liver disease [8]. It is now extensively putative that NAFLD is the hepatic constituent of the metabolic syndrome; risk factors for the disease comprise obesity, insulin confrontation, and hypertriglyceridemia [30]. Dysfunction in lipoprotein metabolism may also play a part in the growth of hepatic steatosis. Treatments with tea in animal models have exposed to modulate numerous of these conditions. More studies essential to be lead on the specific mechanisms of green tea that arbitrate its benefits on liver function, and the fundamental mechanisms of action. For example, EGCG and other catechins decrease fatty acid synthase in cells and cell-free studies but effects by exact tea catechins need to be proved
Oxidative stress is an inequity between the reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants that disturbs normal detoxification of free radicals, made in a biological system. This situation troubled the body redox potential and compensations the cell mechanisms including protein and lipid thereby changes the cellular motioning [44]. Reactive oxygen spices (ROS) are produced continuously within the body though; some factors like unhealthy diet, smoking, deskbound lifestyle, environmental pollutant etc. may improvement their production. Improvement in the antioxidant defense system is of primary anxiety to mitigate free radicals manufacture. In this milieu, intake of polyphenols rich diet is inevitable to maintain the body antioxidant potential [14, 68].
Kidney does numerous life supporting functions counting body homeostatic, directive of electrolyte stability, blood pressure and exclusion of poisons in the form of urine. Throughout the recent era, in the emerging countries there is a fast rise in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to chemical contact, environmental toxins and poor dietary ways. In CKD, nephrons lost their physical and functional integrity that clues to reduce glomerulus filtration, rise blood urea and creatinine [3]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a quiet killer branded by the liberal loss in renal function at a gentler pace. It comprises blood vessel disorders foremost to nephrons dysfunction that eventually reduces the glomerulus filtration. Renal dysfunctionality is more predominant in patients with high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular problems [10]. Raised creatinine and blood urea levels were seen in the chronic renal letdown due to damage in glomerular filtration rate thus reduce urinary excretion. Recent studies supported the competence of black tea polyphenols to trigger antioxidant enzymes thus recover kidney detoxifying ability. Similarly, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were weakened in the diabetic rats after tea polyphenols treatment [47]. Black polyphenols decrease creatinine level by their anti-platelet exploit and allow kidneys to recover their normal function. It has been experiential that black tea polyphenols exhibit diuretic result thereby enhance the general kidney functioning like renal blood flow, capillary expansion and glomerular filtration. The
As caffeine boost up digestive secretions so if you drink black tea in large quantities, then it might have an adverse effect on your health. As a basic ingredient of black tea, it also results frequent and watery stool.
As minor agent’s black tea contains lot of tannins which might cause constipation and also makes the stool hard to pass out due to more water absorption capacity of tannins.
Your stomach may feel irritation and discomfort due to excessive caffeine in black tea. The major side effect associated with heavy black tea consumption is increased gastric abnormalities.
For patients recovering from heart attacks or acute cardiovascular disorders black tea is highly limited due to its unfavorable effects on heart muscles.
Women of reproductive age should not consume more than 2 cups a day of black tea due to increased chances of miscarriage. The high caffeine content is also associated with a negative effect on people eyes health, high blood pressure and anxiety related disorders [33].
Caffeine could be the most widely recognized offender. Although it has a lower measure of caffeine than different sorts of tea, still it can cause issues. This is because caffeine expands the measure of corrosive engaged with the stomach related process. This can cause torment or sickness [26]. Likewise, however green tea has been touted to anticipate growth, particularly gastric tumor, contemplates say that there is deficient data in such manner.
Green tea contains tannins that square the assimilation of iron from sustenance and nourishment supplements. Certain sources say that adding lemon to green tea or savoring it between suppers can counter this issue. Additionally, expending tea can diminish the assimilation of iron from plant-based sources (as much as by 64%). For alleviating the impact, one can drink tea no less than 1 h earlier or after dinners; and furthermore, incorporate more sustenance rich in vitamin C (as vitamin C helps in press assimilation). This happens when the polyphenols tie to the iron in the intestinal cells and keep it from entering the circulation system. This polyphenol-press complex is in the long run discharged from the body [65].
Once more, due to the caffeine, green tea may make mellow extreme cerebral pains. What’s more, cerebral pains can likewise be caused by press insufficiency, which, as we have seen as of now, could happen through an over the top admission of green tea. Aside from migraines, green tea can likewise cause discombobulation. What’s more, according to contemplates, the most extreme endured dosage of green tea in people is 9.9 g for every day—which is generally comparable to some the refreshment in a day. One vital point to note is that however the green tea extricate is recorded in more than 100 over-the-counter natural supplements and arrangements, its utilization as a treatment for any sickness isn’t entirely managed by the FDA. Likewise, the security of the long-haul utilization of green tea separates is not unmistakably characterized. Green tea can make one feel unsteady and temperamental, which may not be the situation with decaffeinated green tea items [69].
According to one Indian investigation, green tea polyphenols can, truth be told, cause oxidative pressure. What’s more, exorbitant admission of caffeine, including that from green tea, can trigger sickness and regurgitating. Direct measures of caffeine are noted to be 300–400 mg for each day. In the event that the sum surpasses, it can bring about certain symptoms, including retching. Loose bowels could happen on the off chance that you are new to green tea. Free stools could be one of the gentle symptoms (because of the caffeine content), which can in the long run die down as you get used to the drink. The runs can likewise occur with over the top admission of green tea. One approach to stop this is to decrease the utilization [55].
Over the top caffeine utilization has likewise been connected to muscle fits and jerking. Also, people with a strange sinus musicality must utmost caffeine admission. Caffeine has likewise been connected to anxious leg disorder. In the event that you are a person with mellow to direct seriousness of this condition, it is better you check your green tea (or caffeine) consumption. One basic normal for fretful leg disorder is the indications happening when the individual is dormant. This could occur in the night while going to bed, or an irritated agony at night, or jerking of the legs in the evening time [53]. Caffeine could irritate any of these side effects, including muscle fits. 240 ml of green tea contains around 25 mg of caffeine, and as indicated by one report, this caffeine can likewise cause tremors.
Green tea is acidic, and thus can aggravate the esophageal coating, causing indigestion or indigestion. The condition could deteriorate if an individual is now experiencing indigestion (or heartburn). Despite the fact that ordinary prepared green tea could not be so intense, the packaged green tea that you so frequently find in the business sectors could be the genuine risk. This is on account of the greater part of the green teas that come in bottles are strengthened with an acidic additive like ascorbic corrosive. This additive can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, which generally shields the stomach corrosive from ascending the throat [52].
These days, green tea removes are enthusiastically showcased as weight reduction supplements. In spite of the fact that there is little proof supporting the adequacy of green tea in this viewpoint, certain genuine reactions, including intense liver disappointment, are being accounted for further research. The catechins in green tea convey tremendous advantages like brought down cholesterol and lessened danger of tumor and cardiovascular infection. In any case, if taken in high measurements, particularly like the dose in weight reduction supplements, these catechins cause liver poisonous quality. Green tea supplements contain tremendous measures of polyphenols, the most surely understood of them being EGCG (likewise called epigallocatechin gallate). According to certain case reports, utilization of 700–2000 mg of EGCG every day prompted genuine liver issues [18]. Consequently, on the off chance that you are at a danger of building up a liver infection, confine your green tea admission.
Caffeine has been found to restrain calcium ingestion. It can likewise build the rate of calcium discharge in the body. According to one investigation by the University of Connecticut, utilization of green tea extricates brought about lower femur length. It likewise prompted bring down volume, mineral substance, cortical volume and thickness of the bone. This recommends utilization of substantial amounts of green tea can prompt a lessened rate of bone collection amid the developmental years of a person.
An audit of studies has demonstrated that the very polyphenols that are credited with averting tumor and coronary illness can likewise cause kidney harm if taken in over the top amounts. According to specialists, individuals devouring green tea supplements must exercise alert, specifically.
A perfect measurement of green tea is 3–5 glasses for every day, which could be equivalent to 1200 ml (or 250 mg of catechins). Never take green tea on an unfilled stomach as it may cause liver poisonous quality. It is recommended to take 2 or less than 4 cups of black tea per day for a normal adult to be active due to high concentration of caffeine in black tea and its associated side effects prevention [61].
Tea is an important commodity with significant health benefits. The tea polyphenols are of sufficient capabilities to ameliorate numerous lifestyle related maladies. A wide range of functional ingredients from tea phytoceutics provide a great tool to be utilized as a dietary remedy to avoid health issues like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, hepatic and renal stress. Alongside, antioxidant potential of black and green tea is promising to prevent oxidative stress induced metabolic malfunctions in the body. Tea polyphenols also exhibit anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. These further assuage lipid metabolism and show positive effects on lipid profile of an individual. Despite various health promoting perspectives, overconsumption of black and green tea may give rise to certain uncomfortable side effects. However, these side effects can be managed by utilizing recommended amounts of tea. In a nutshell, tea polyphenols are promising dietary components with significant disease preventing perspectives and easy to be utilized hence, providing a low cost strategy in prophylaxis of oxidative stress mediated malfunctions.
The authors are highly obliged to Library Department, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) and IT Department, Higher Education Commission (HEC, Islamabad) for access to journals, books and valuable database.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EC | Epicatechins |
ECG | Epicatechin gallate |
EGC | Epigallocatechin |
EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate |
PPO | Polyphenol oxidase |
ROS | Reactive oxygen spices |
DPPH | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl |
AAPH | 2,2′-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TPA | Tropical phorbol esters |
ODC | Ornithine decarboxylase |
1L-1 α | cytokines interleukin |
TC | Total cholesterol |
TFs | Theaflavins |
TG | Triglycerides |
TRBs | Thearubigins |
NF-kappa-B | Nuclear factor-kappa-B |
TRIF | TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
FAS | Fatty acid synthase enzyme |
EGFR | The epidermal growth factor receptor |
SP1 | Specificity protein 1 |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
AMPK | Activation of activated protein kinase |
CoA | Co-enzyme A |
GIP | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
GLTU | Glucose transporters |
PEPCK | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
RCT | Reverse the cholesterol transport |
PG | Prostaglandin |
SHR | Spontaneously hypertensive rats |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
OHdG | 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine |
CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
QCT | 3-methyl-2-quinoxalin benzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide |
Binaural hearing in humans ensures our effective communication as it improves the sound localization, the speech understanding in noise, the spatial awareness, the listening easiness, and the development of spoken language. Lack of binaural input and diminished audibility negatively affects the abovementioned factors, thereby affecting communication and quality of life [1, 2, 3].
The term single-sided deafness (SSD) is defined by the presence of a complete hearing loss in one of the two ears, and thresholds better than 25 dB at all frequencies, in contralateral side.
During the human development, binaural hearing is even more important in young children than in adult. The neural circuit for binaural processing is innate and functional at birth, so the neural consequences of lack of binaural input and diminished audibility should not be underestimated. The asymmetric development promoted by unilateral implant did not eliminate integration of binaural input in the brainstem, but severe impairments were found in perception of binaural cues. Given that binaural processing, at least, at the brainstem, is possible, it can be hypothesized that perception of binaural cues would be established in children receiving bilateral cochlear implants with long-term use but that differences from normal would persist with increasing abnormalities for those children who had experienced longer durations of unilateral implant use [4].
Although the importance of binaural hearing was demonstrated several decades ago, the treatment of SSD has only become an increased focus of attention since the beginning of the last decade [5, 6, 7, 8].
There is a paucity of high-level evidence with many studies reporting with cochlear implants that have been used in adult patients with unilateral, severe-profound sensorineural hearing loss with associated disabling tinnitus and normal contralateral hearing with good results [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
While cochlear implant (CI) provision is a well-established and beneficial therapy in an increasing number of countries for adults with acquired SSD, there is less experience with this therapeutic option in children [16, 17, 18, 19].
The estimated incidence of sensorineural hearing impairment (>40 dB HL) at birth is 1.86 per 1000 newborns in developed countries and 30–40% of these are unilateral. The prevalence of unilateral hearing loss (UHL) increases with age due to cases of delayed onset before 5 years. At school age, up to 3–6% of children with different grades of UHL could be found [20, 21, 22].
There is evidence that single-sided deafness negatively impacts on the development of children, not only presenting difficulties in locating sounds and understanding speech in noise but also having difficulty in mastering complex skills for spoken language which can cause significant psychosocial difficulties and school problems. Children suffering from SSD that receive a CI have the potential to obtain useful information from an ear that, without the implantation, would contribute poorly or not contribute, thus, increasing the quality of their general communication [23, 24].
Any degree of hearing loss makes children at risk of producing shorter expressions and being less able to produce verbs related to grammatical morphology. Studies show that children and adults with SSD have worse results in speech recognition in noise and have fewer skills for sound localization [21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
Sangen et al. were among the first to study language skills in children with SSD. The study showed differences between children with SSD and normal-hearing children on several language skills (morphology, syntax, and vocabulary tests) and on auditory behavior, presumably due to auditory input interrupted during the time of language acquisition [26].
Difficulties in language oral and reading skills and the worst results in the recognition of words and language, although improving over time, it has been observed that adolescents with SSD continue to present worse results in language tests compared to normal hearing [27].
Ramos et al. in their study show that cochlear implant provides children with congenital SSD with significant audiological and subjective benefits. Children with congenital SSD and implanted after a long hearing deprivation period (>6 years) may not have an important binaural benefit, although bilateral effect can be achieved. Children with post-lingual unilateral deafness and after a short period of hearing deprivation probably integrated the normal acoustic hearing with the cochlear implant electrical signal and showed binaural benefits (Figure 1) [19].
Ramos et al. acquired SSD: speech test results [
Studies performed on children with single-sided deafness have shown that the postoperative hearing benefit was significant in the auditory tests for understanding speech in noise. Most of the studies performed on CI recipients suffering from acquired SSD demonstrate during the postoperative period a significant decrease in location error in the implanted ear [19, 28, 29].
Early intervention could prevent such language difficulties and minimize problems with spatial hearing and speech understanding. All the children’s parents in this study confirmed their choice of using a CI. This established a high score in the CI satisfaction parameter by the parents regardless of the age of implantation [19].
Unilateral hearing losses in children have traditionally been underappreciated. The common wisdom among medical and educational professionals has been that at least one normal-hearing or near-normal-hearing ear was sufficient for typical speech and language development in children. Different patterns of plasticity occur following partial and profound unilateral deafness, and if it is of congenital etiology, it poses severe challenges for the maturation of the brain [30, 31].
It has been reported both in adults and children with SSD that changes in the auditory cortex and other brain structures as a result of an imbalance in the auditory input have a cascading effect with worsening in neural networks and processes involved in executive function, cognition, attention, and understanding of language [4, 21, 30, 32].
The study of Vila et al. shows significant differences in how sound is processed in the cortex in children with SSD compared to normal-hearing children with functional magnetic resonance studies (fMRI) [33].
Although children with SSD often function satisfactorily at an early age, many experience difficulties in school; 22–59% experience increased fatigue due to the additional cognitive effort devoted to detecting, decoding, processing, and understanding, which translates most of the time into worse school performance [21, 34, 35].
Studies reveal a decrease in the quality of life in children with SSD in different domains especially in school activities and social interactions, which are especially important for development and learning. Problems in the field of social and emotional behavior continue even in adulthood [2, 27].
Close monitoring and good communication between professionals in different domains are crucial in order to minimize the potential negative effects of UHL.
Although considerable work has been done on the quality of life (QoL) attainment and health economic implications of cochlear implants, further studies are needed to characterize the costs and benefits with respect to the recipients’ health, well-being, and contributions to society in cases of unilateral hearing patients.
In bilateral hearing loss, the genetic cause is the most frequent, whereas in SSD it does not occur with the same incidence. Genetic mutations occur in 28% of cases [35]. Although some syndromes (brachi-oto-renal syndrome, Waardenburg) may initially present as SSD, they usually progress toward bilateral hearing loss. Between 35 and 64% of the cases, the UHL is of unknown cause. Hearing loss is progressive in 14 and 32.8%, and this is frequently associated with malformations in the inner ear. Aplasia or hypoplasia of the cochlear nerve occurs more frequently in SSD, up to 50%. Among the postnatal causes, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, cranioencephalic trauma, and meningitis are the most frequent causes. It is also important to keep in mind the external and middle ear problems as a probable cause of an HU [36].
Thanks to vaccination schedules, it is rare to find deafness secondary to parotiditis, measles, or rubella, although anti-vaccine currents increase the risk of these old diseases. It is important to always verify during the anamnesis the correct vaccination of children with sensorineural hearing loss.
The criteria for candidacy for SSD cochlear implantation are emerging. Children with unilateral deafness or asymmetric hearing loss who have traditionally not been considered candidates for cochlear implantation should be evaluated individually. The audiological management of these potential candidates is not very different compared to children who are recipients of traditional cochlear implants. The diagnosis requires the exhaustive collection of family and personal history, including risk factors and a detailed physical examination, as well as the realization, when necessary, of the relevant complementary studies (genetic tests, imaging tests, laboratory tests, and other complementary explorations (e.g., EKG)). In the study of the etiology of neonatal hearing loss, it is important to perform a radiological study using computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance, each of which provides different characteristics for the study of the different anatomical, pathological alterations in the external ear, medium, and internal, as well as in the central auditory pathways. Like any other intervention in medicine, the treatment must be individualized taking into account the characteristics, needs, and expectations of each child and their family (Figure 2) [36, 37].
Recommended sequence for etiological diagnosis (levels of diagnostic yield, ordered from highest to lowest) [
Achieving a binaural hearing and maintaining the auditory pathway of the affected side, avoiding brain reorganization and its consequences, are the main reasons for performing a cochlear implant in a unilateral sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin.
In children with SSD who systematically use their CI, we know that bimodal stimulation does not generate any conflict in the auditory integration, nor does it cause the use of an implant in the affected ear while having normal hearing in the other [38, 39].
Children with unilateral CI for SSD need special rehabilitation method by using masking of the normal-hearing ear.
Children with acquired SSD are likely to gain similar positive benefits from cochlear implantation as those recently reported in adults (improved localization and better speech understanding in specific noise conditions). However, implantation of children with prelingual UHL is currently problematic as the impact of UHL may not become apparent until the child enters full-time education, by which time outcomes from cochlear implantation may be suboptimal due to auditory deprivation. In congenital sensorineural UHL, the delay in cochlear implantation may produce nonoptimal results [37].
Special consideration should be given to those unilateral congenital neurosensory hearing loss secondary to CMV and to malformations of the inner ear if these exist in both ears, given the high probability of loss of the contralateral healthy ear [19, 37].
The term amblyaudia describes persistent auditory difficulties in individuals with a history of UHL during the critical period of brain development [37].
Early exposure to sound allows adequate development and maturation of auditory processing centers. The development of the process we know as hearing and perception requires a binaural auditory ability, which makes elements such as redundancy and the shadow effect of the head, suppression, and masking (cocktail party effect) come into play to allow locating sound, spatial hearing, and perception of speech in noise.
The clinical presentation and long-term impact of amblyaudia, being a phenomenon of recent description, are not correctly defined, but it is known that subjects at risk of amblyaudia have a hearing loss with three specific aspects: asymmetric deafness, measurable loss >30 dB, and the loss which occurs during the critical period of development. Its presentation may be subtle and not detected in the usual audiometric tests, so it is important to bear in mind this emergent diagnostic entity and the long-term consequences of unilateral hearing loss and asymmetric hearing loss in childhood [37].
Prolonged spontaneous tinnitus of some degree is experienced by up to 20% of the adult population with exact estimates varying according to the tinnitus definition used. Subjects with tinnitus report poor speech perception, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty concentrating, insecurity, and in many cases depression. For some people their tinnitus is persistent, debilitating, and has a negative impact on their quality of life, even when present in only one ear [38, 39, 40].
The use of a CI primarily to suppress tinnitus has been considered for those patients who have incapacitating tinnitus and a UHL and thus would not normally meet the standard criteria for CI. Studies have shown the CI has successfully been used to treat the tinnitus symptoms with the benefits lasting long term [11, 41, 42]. The CI is also able to restore true binaural input for these patients providing them with the advantages of binaural hearing for listening in noise and sound localization.
The impact of cochlear implantation on the reduction of tinnitus is well-established; in addition to improvements in hearing, a statistically and clinically significant reduction in the loudness and disability of tinnitus is reported. Long-term studies reporting results up to 10 years after activation also show continued reduction of tinnitus loudness to very low levels and 100% continued device use. A hypothesis is that routine daily use of the implant leads to residual tinnitus inhibition with prolonged time constants. In some patients this residual inhibition could last overnight (i.e., the switch-off period) and occasionally provides full tinnitus inhibition during day and night as reported regularly in studies with conventional CI candidates with less burdensome tinnitus [43, 44, 45, 46].
Patients with tinnitus and SSD feel considerably worse off than those with tinnitus alone and similarly disadvantaged to more traditional implant candidates with bilateral hearing loss. Cochlear implants can reduce or suppress incapacitating tinnitus in patients with unilateral, severe-profound sensorineural hearing loss and normal contralateral hearing. It is a valid and effective therapy when other treatments have failed. The impact on quality of life of the CI on these two groups is equivalent, and a CI should be considered as an effective treatment for this population.
The reduction of tinnitus after cochlear implantation may be due to several mechanisms, such as habituation, acoustic masking, direct stimulation of the cochlear nerve, and reorganization of cortical areas.
The result was more in favor to make CI treatment in cases with short period of tinnitus (<5 years).
Limited audibility and atypical hearing experience affects listening skills; good contralateral hearing is not enough to promote normal auditory, linguistic, and cognitive development.
It is accepted that the majority of children with acquired unilateral hearing loss who receive CI as treatment have better performance in hearing and speech performance than those with a no cochlear implant; the lower the age of implantation, the better their performance; and congenital children must be more evaluated in more multicenter studies to clarify the long-term results.
The CI in adults with SSD and severe tinnitus is a valid and effective therapy when other treatments have failed.
None declared.
SSD | single-sided deafness |
dB | decibels |
CI | cochlear implant |
UHL | unilateral hearing loss |
fMRI | functional magnetic resonance studies |
QoL | quality of life |
EKG | electrocardiogram |
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This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. More recently, policies and research have emerged that guide organizations to align their activities with the broader sustainable development agendas, including cultural issues, not just economic, social, and environmental ones. Culture is the material and immaterial attribute of society. It incorporates social organizations, literature, religion, myths, beliefs, behaviors and entrepreneurial practices of the productive segment, use of technology, and expressive art forms on which future generations depend. Thus, cultural sustainability is a fundamental issue and is configured as the fourth pillar of sustainability, equal to social, economic, and environmental issues, which has to do with the ability to sustain or continue with cultural beliefs and practices, preserve cultural heritage as its entity, and try to answer whether any culture will exist in the future. The importance of cultural sustainability lies in its power to influence people. Their beliefs are in the decisions made by society. Thus, there can be no sustainable development without including culture.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Clea Beatriz Macagnan and Rosane Maria Seibert"},{id:"82982",title:"The Well-Being in the Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Possible Influencing Factors and How to Improve It",slug:"the-well-being-in-the-children-and-adolescents-with-adhd-possible-influencing-factors-and-how-to-imp",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106596",abstract:"In recent years, academics have increasingly emphasized the importance of research into the well-being of children and adolescents. This is because well-being plays an important role in the development of children and adolescents. The literature reports that high levels of well-being facilitate positive functioning in children and adolescents. They contribute to the overall development of the individual and are a key factor in helping children and adolescents to integrate into society. ADHD, the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, affects more than 5% of children and adolescents, and the distress caused by its symptom can seriously undermine the well-being of children and adolescents. Therefore, this chapter discusses this noticeable issue focusing on the following key parts: An understanding of the well-being in children and adolescents, the factors that affect the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD, and how to improve the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Jenson Yin and Jie Luo"},{id:"82949",title:"Corruption and Deterioration of Democracy: The Brazilian Lesson",slug:"corruption-and-deterioration-of-democracy-the-brazilian-lesson",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106194",abstract:"Although it has emerged, nationally and internationally, as one of the largest investigations against political corruption, Operation Car Wash—at its peak of popular prestige—cleared the path for the political rise of Jair Bolsonaro to the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil. And by doing so, to a certain extent, it paved the way for a set of arbitrary practices that today threaten and weaken the main Brazilian democratic institutions. Brazilian democracy today pays a high price for the Judiciary’s lethargic and condescending response to the unorthodox and illegal practices of Federal Judge Sérgio Moro during the golden years of Operation Car Wash (2014–2018). The lesson that the Brazilian episode brings to the international legal community is that the constant disrespect for the rules of due criminal procedure in large cases of corruption erodes the institutional bases that support the proper confrontation of this type of crime. The pertinent fight against corruption in a democracy can only take place in strict obedience to the law.",book:{id:"11772",title:"Corruption - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11772.jpg"},signatures:"Fabio Roberto D’Avila and Theodoro Balducci de Oliveira"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:280},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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