Evolution of CSR approach.
\r\n\t
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He applied for two patents at the national level.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A renowned researcher in the field of Agricultural Engineering with 14 years of academic experience at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Winner of various prestigious fellowships, awards, and research grants. Published 250+ articles along with several books and chapters. Guest editor of seven ISI-SCI journals for publishers like SAGE, MDPI, and Frontiers.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/338219/images/system/338219.png",biography:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad is an assistant professor and lecturer at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. He obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural Bioenvironmental and Energy Engineering from Nanjing Agriculture University, China, in 2015, and completed his postdoctorate in Agricultural Engineering from Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China, in 2020. He was awarded a fellowship from the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for Ph.D. studies and from the Chinese Government for post-doctoral studies. He earned a BSc and MSc (Hons) in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. He is the author of more than fifty journal and conference articles. He has supervised six master’s students to date, and is currently supervising six master and two doctoral students. Dr. Ahmad has completed three research projects with his research interest focusing on the design of agricultural machinery, agricultural waste management, artificial intelligence (AI), and agricultural bioenvironment.",institutionString:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Bahauddin Zakariya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"199381",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"muhammad-sultan",fullName:"Muhammad Sultan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199381/images/system/199381.png",biography:"Muhammad Sultan is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Agricultural\r\nEngineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan). He completed his Ph.D.\r\nand Postdoc from Kyushu University (Japan) in the field of Energy & Environmental\r\nEngineering. He was an awardee of MEXT and JASSO fellowships (from the Japanese\r\nGovernment) during Ph.D. and Postdoc studies, respectively. He also did a Postdoc as\r\na Canadian Queen Elizabeth Advance Scholar at Simon Fraser University (Canada) in\r\nthe field of Mechatronic Systems Engineering. He worked for Kyushu University\r\nInternational Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) for two years.\r\nCurrently, he is working on 4 research projects funded by the Higher Education\r\nCommission (HEC) of Pakistan. He has completed six projects in past in the field of\r\nagricultural engineering. He has supervised 10+ M.Eng. and Ph.D. thesis and 10+\r\nstudents are currently working under his supervision. He has published 120+ journal\r\narticles, 100+ conference articles, 13 book chapters, and 6 books. He is serving as guest\r\neditor for the journals like Sustainability (MDPI), Agriculture (MDPI), Energies (MDPI),\r\nAdvances in Mechanical Engineering (SAGE), Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, and\r\nEvergreen Journal of Kyushu University. His research is focused on developing energy-\r\nefficient temperature and humidity control systems for agricultural storage, greenhouse,\r\nlivestock, and poultry applications. 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This process has broadened public and government concern about issues such as climate change, industrial pollution, food security, degradation of natural resources, among many others. As a consequence, it is ever more common to observe consumers demanding products and services from socially responsible companies, governments establishing policies, defining more restrictive regulations and also investors estimating the environmental and social risks of investments.
In Brazil, more and more companies are including social, environmental and ethical issues in management and corporate strategies, invested resources in the social development of communities, in the quality of life of workers, in socio-environmental management, in the reduction of waste and sustainable innovation. There is an expressive movement of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability involving a significant number of companies, civil society organizations, business associations, multilateral agencies and academia. Today, the Brazilian companies occupy a leading position on the international scene and are a reference for the management of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability [1].
“Corporate Social Responsibility” and “Sustainability” turned to be part of official reports, considered into pieces of corporate communication, into executive statements, into the mission and values of companies. In sum, societal issues have invaded the business world and the consequence was a movement of private sector in order to respond to the expectations of society. Managers today are increasingly aware that they must consider the impacts of business in society, provide decent working conditions, quality and safe products, preserve the environment and be profitable and competitive.
However, there is no sense yet of what the integration of Sustainability and Social Responsibility in business really means and the implications for the organizational management. Many terms have been used by companies and academic community to address these concepts. As a consequence, concepts vary widely. Some common terms are Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Enterprise, Stakeholder Management, Stakeholder Capitalism, Conscious Capitalism, Social Business, Social Impact Business or variety of other terms.
In addition to this variability of terms, these concepts have been constantly evolving, which leads to necessity of presenting here the basic concepts to understand the tools and different approaches that integrate the environmental and social dimensions into the management.
The chapter is structured in four sections. First it reviews the literature related to Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Then the main tools, standards and norms developed to integrated management are described. Third section presents the case studies. Fourth is the conclusion.
The case studies are based in the literature revision, raising secondary data in documents, annual reports and, in-depth interviews with company’s key managers. The purpose is to present the evolution of the concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability and how companies are including the ethical, social, environmental dimensions in their strategies and changing their business models. In Brazil, there are many companies that apply standards based on CSR certifications, report following GRI principles and participate in the capital market by Sustainability Index Rankings [2]. Nonetheless, among these enterprises, some go beyond, and become reference not only for its strategies but as taking advantage of business opportunities that CSR and Sustainability have brought.
It’ll be presented 3 case studies of successful companies that are benchmarking references to entrepreneurial environment in Brazil and discuss how they developed their CSR - Sustainability strategies and their results and opportunities for business.
Natura is a company in cosmetic products sector, founded in 1969, recognized for its pioneering role in socio-environmental activities and investments in product innovation, in particular the Ekos product line that extracts raw materials from the Amazon rainforest while preserving the forest. In 2016 Natura acquired the Australian cosmetics chain Aēsop. In 2017 it purchased The Body Shop chain and in 2019, it acquired Avon.
Native is a company in agro-industrial sector, part of the Balbo Organization (1946), which comprises six companies that produce sugar, alcohol, biodegradable plastic, electricity, animal feed and carbon certificates. The Native brand was launched in 2000 for organic sugar and today is a reference for the organic market, operating in 60 countries, being the world’s largest producer of organic sugar and alcohol.
BSBIOS is a vertical company of agro-energy sector, producing and transforming products and acting in the agribusiness chain. Founded in 2005, today is the largest national producer of biodiesel, operating also in international market.
This section explores the main concepts of (2.1) corporate social responsibility based on theory of stakeholder, (2.2) of sustainability and (2.3) the management tools (norms, certification, reporting, indexes and indicators).
Case studies will be presented and then commented vis a vis their adherence to this framework, and about this landscape.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involves the relationship between enterprises and society and is strongly related to stakeholder management.
The theoretical concept of Social Responsibility was originated in the 1950s [6], when formal literature on CSR grown up at United States and Europe. At that time, researchers’ concern was the excessive autonomy of business over society without proper responsibility for negative consequences of their activities, such as environmental degradation, labor exploitation and economic abuse. After some scandals, entrepreneurs started to engage in social activities to benefit the community, outside the scope of the companies’ businesses, just as a moral obligation, in a temptation of compensating negative impacts. It is worthy to point out that when this movement started to gain density, it created a social sanction. But at that moment, it was subtle, and companies acted pretty much by reaction.
Aligned to this reactive behavior, the first vision was the
The evolution of prior model led to the
The concept of CSR is associated with the recognition that decisions and results of companies’ activities reach a universe of social agents much broader than that composed by their owners and shareholders. Many of the business decisions and activities have consequences for the local community, the environment and other aspects of society that go far beyond the targed market [4].
Under this approach, corporate responsibility can be considered the contract between company and society. There is a cycle of social responsibility that involves critical issues to business management in order to construct a sustainable society. In other words, it implies the convergence of efforts to balance the interests of stakeholders, leading to innovation and market prosperity to meet the social, environmental and ethical expectations of civil society.
The stakeholder concept implies that enterprise activity is not just a market transaction, but also a web of cooperative and competitive relations of a great number of persons, organized in diversified ways. The enterprise is an organization in which and by which many individuals and groups spend efforts to reach their goals. The model personifies social responsibilities, identifying specific groups or people that business must address to when orienting social responsibility and actions, giving names and faces to society members. Incorporating social responsibility in actions is seen as a process composed of various phases, that Wheeler describe as (i) the inclusion of stakeholders or “stakeholding, (ii) the establishment of goals, (iii) the implementation of the process and (iv) evaluation of it; all of them, based on cooperation and on building the relationship with stakeholders. This relationship is based on trust and integrity, focused on long term sustainability [5, 6].
Sustainability is a concept related largely to environmental concern, which involve economic and social dimensions. The debate polarizing economic growth and quality of life arose in the 1970, with the publication of the book Limits to Growth [7]. The dispute focused on traditional economic policies but set limits to income, considering population growth and which could not be met by exhausting natural resources and jeopardizing ecosystems. And this dissonance between quality of life and economic growth began to change in the 1980, when a review of concepts took place and sustainable development was adopted as the great motto for reconciling growth with quality of life [4, 7].
The most relevant work on the concept of sustainable development is the Brundland Commission Report, produced as a summary of the United Nations’s (UN) World Commission on Environment and Development [8]. The concept at its origin had wide scope, associating development and environment, where development must be bearable, viable and durable. In other words, “
Concern about environmental resources and the promotion of environmental awareness has become consolidated from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (CNUMAD), also known as ECO 92, realized at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A document was established at this meeting with new parameters and actions for the reversal of continuous deterioration of environmental system. It was named Agenda 21 and began to contemplate general principles and turned to be the basis for specific principles of sustainable development [9].
In 2012, RIO +20, a UN meeting to evaluate the 20 years after Rio-92, focused on themes of green economy in the context of sustainable development, poverty eradication and international governance for sustainable development. Green economy is the concept that has guided the formulation of public policies for sustainable development. The UNEP - United Nations Environment Program defines the green economy as one that results in the improvement of human well-being and social equity, reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcity. The concept of green economy does not replace that of sustainable development or sustainability; in practice, it is a development agenda that proposes a transformation in the way of facing the relationship between economic growth and development [10].
In 2015, The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Agenda 2030) approved along the United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development brought together 17 global objectives and 169 targets with the aim of ending poverty by 2030 and universally promoting economic prosperity, social development and environmental protection. It designed a common agenda for society.
The concept of sustainable development is—today—fully integrated into the concept of social responsibility: there will be no long-term economic growth without social progress and also without environmental care. All sides should be considered with equal weights as they are interrelated aspects. Just as economic growth does not sustain itself without social and environmental equivalence, corporate social or environmental programs will not be sustained if there is no economic balance of the company.
The idea of sustainability for the organizations has been represented by the raising of expectations regarding social and environmental performance in addition to the economic, translated into the concept of triple bottom line (TBL) - Profit- Planet- People - created by Elkington in 1994. It refers to the adoption of new corporate postures committed to social and environmental issues, in addition to the common goal of companies to make a profit [11, 12]. The triple bottom line is a sustainability framework that examines a company’s social, environment and economic (no just financial) impact. Figure 1 shows one of several ways this concept has been divulgated.
Triple bottom line [
The triple bottom line term had become part of the business lexicon and since then influences corporate accounting, stakeholder engagement and increasingly, strategy.
It is still under course a transition in business management models, from single bottom line vision to the consideration of triple bottom line as a management system that will encompass the tripod of sustainability. The triple economic-socio-environmental dimension has been considered in the strategic business planning and in the definition of its goals and actions. Social Responsibility and Sustainability are complementary concepts and must not be interpreted as a new wave as occurred with other topics involving business management.
It remains difficult to reconcile enterprise sustainability to increasing shareholder value objectives as the language of business and sustainability are still distant. The ambiguous and multidimensional nature of sustainability increases difficulty to connect them. To this end, Hart and Milstein have developed a sustainable value framework that links challenges of global sustainability to value creation by companies. In the sustainable value creation companies are challenged to minimize losses from current operations (combating pollution, mitigate environemental impacts), while redirecting their portfolios toward more sustainable technologies and skills (clean, ecoefficient, circular economy technologys) [14].
These sustainable technological innovations are packaged as green technology management, where companies lower the net cost of meeting environmental regulations in order to create strategic advantages [15]. About this aspect, notwithstanding, it is worthy to detach that sometimes, companies absorb a pragmatic perspective oriented toward efficiency and hide fake greenery behaviors [16].
Companies are also challenged to engage into broad interaction and dialog with external stakeholders, looking at current offerings (product responsibility, social inclusion, social business), as well as developing economically interesting solutions to future social and environmental problems (vision of sustainability). Taken together, as in a portfolio, such strategies and practices have potential to reduce costs and risks, elevate the reputation and legitimacy of the company, accelerate innovation and repositioning, and crystallize paths and trajectories of growth [14]. There are some studies relating eco-innovation with culture and social structures and some characteristics include knowledge diversity within company, persistent leadership, changes in bureaucratic structures and cultural indulgence [16].
Eco-innovation is strongly influenced by cultural factors and may disrupt company’s business. It is different from incremental innovations, more often chosen by companies as represent lower risk and uncertainty. An interesting result points that the government’s role is fundamental to induce disruptive green innovations but not by monetary and fiscal incentives and mainly by R&D investments and others creative ways [16].
The great challenge in this path is how to measure relevant impacts. Profit is very easy to measure, but social and environmental impacts are more diffuse and diversified to be captured by a simple set of indicators. In part, this difficulty explains the proliferation of tentative to apprehend the adherence of companies to what is expected by society.
Many management tools were developed as well as international standards, created by specific bodies or institutions, mainly non-governmental and multilateral organizations, in order to stablish and consolidate a set of acceptable, auditable standards and indicators regard to environmental, social and governance aspects.
The adoption of standards and tools has been an important element of the CSR-movement in Brazil, and organizations in the country have turned to be pioneers in using voluntary certification schemes or contributed to development of tools, standards and certifications.
The participation and mobilization of civil society were fundamental for the development of social and environmental responsibility movement, playing the role of catalysts of these precepts, among them, the Group of Foundations and Companies Institutes (GIFE), the Ethos Institute, the National Thinking of Corporate Bases (PNBE), the Abrinq Foundation for the Rights of the Child and the Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development, linked to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the Global Compact Network in Brazil, GRI, focal point in Brazil.
The most relevant tools for Brazilian companies are described as follows.
Norms and certifications are very important to drive internal processes management. Some of the main norms are that stablished by The International Standard Organization (ISO), as ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Standards which certify companies for their managerial capacity (quality of the production process) and respect for the environment. National equivalent standards are the NBR 16000 and ISO 26000 which has been developed under common leadership of Brazil and Sweden [1].
The Social Responsibility standard – ISO 26000 is an integrative document of several internationally recognized management instruments in order to guide the decision-making process aligned with strategies and needs of organizations and stakeholders. Adherence to the standard is voluntary however, without certification.
Certification Schemes establish principles and criteria to attest the sustainability practices and products along the value chain, ensuring differentiation, origin identification and product quality assurance, based on parameters defined by each specific regulatory body.
Socio and Environmental labels consist on the declarations contained in the product labels, indicating their environmental, social and ethical attributes. It is a statement in which a nongovernmental organization (NGO), an institute or an association attest that a particular product has excellent environmental qualities, that their product is environmentally superior to others in the same category. The most known certification schemes are organic certification, forest production practices, fair trade, and socio biodiversity products and label. They are granted by Forest Stewardship Council FSC certification, Fair Trade, Brazilian Organic Food, accredited by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements – IFOAM, Union for Ethical Biotrade (UEBT), the last, a certification process for socio-biodiversity chains.
The UN Global Compact is a voluntary initiative based on CEO commitments to implement universal sustainability principles and to take steps to support UN goals. Launched in 2000, the United Nations Global Compact is both a policy platform and a practical framework for companies that are committed to sustainability and responsible business practices. As a multi-stakeholder leadership initiative, it seeks to align business operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption and to catalyze actions in support to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [17].
The UN SDGs provide an agenda for identifying further opportunities to develop socially and environmentally responsible products and services. Global Reporting Initiative, GRI the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), and UN Global Compact developed the SGS Compass Guide, to support companies in aligning their strategies with the UN SDGs and managing their contribution to the realization of them.
Other certification defines companies as “B” corporations when they have the purpose of generating positive social and environmental impact, with expanded responsibility for consideration of their stakeholders in the short and long-term decision and commitment to transparency for measuring and reporting of their triple impact. The system is managed by Blab, a non-profit organization founded in 2006, in United States and Canada. To obtain certification, companies are analyzed through a rigorous impact assessment process in multiple dimensions: governance, business model, consumers, employees and environment and they have to achieve a minimum score on the B Impact assessment. Once certified, they formally undertake the commitments to look at their long-term impact and consider their chain as a whole in decision making. Today, more than 2500 companies are certified as B Corporations, in more than 50 countries, among that, 140 are Brazilian [18].
A very important trigger for CSR-management on the national and regional level have been the so called “Ethos Indicators for Sustainable and Responsible Business”, a set of scaled indicators, to measure their performance and compare to benchmarks in the sector and countrywide on an annual basis. The Indicators are a self-assessment tool and are not meant to be a reporting or certification standard. Companies use the results internally and are not obliged to disclose the results. The application of the Indicators led many companies to the decision to adopt other CSR-certifications, in order to formalize policies and processes necessary to advance in their evaluation. More than 3.700 companies applied to the indicator’s measurement process [1].
The GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards are the first and most widely adopted global standards for sustainability reporting. They were developed with multi-stakeholder in a consensual process aiming to help business, governments and other organizations to understand and communicate their impacts, provide a reporting system that promotes comparability between companies and present indicators on the three sustainability elements (economic, social and environmental), treated separately. Almost 15.000 companies follow and publish their sustainability reports, 519 are Brazilian companies [2].
Increasingly, the directors of any publicly listed company have to explain how their company’s actions will impact its employees, customers, suppliers and the environment (stakeholders).
The triple bottom line inspired multiple capital models focusing investors and financial analysts on Environmental, Social and Governance, known as ESG Approach. This framework is a set of criteria and filters that analysts, banks and investors use to assess whether companies and with which they operate are committed to the Environmental, Social and Governance aspects. Only those companies that achieve a certain score in this assessment, or submit plans to evolve, would be eligible to receive investments and/or loans.
The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI World) launched in 1999, is one of the main indexes that represent the sustainable corporate quality of companies. The analysis and selection of the recipients is made by RobecoSAM, a company specialized in asset management and products and services in the field of sustainable investments. The index assesses economic, environmental and social performance data, as well as items such as corporate governance, corporate ethical responsibility and environmental concern. The methodology consists of rules that are converted into a general score, which determines inclusion in the DJSI. The world index brings together 317 companies from 58 industries spread across 29 countries, among them six Brazilian companies [19].
The Index of Sustainable Enterprises of the Brazilian Stock Exchange, the so-called ISE Ranking, was created in 2005, being the fourth of its kind in the world. The process of construction and application of the questionnaires which is responded by publicly listed companies was formatted and applied by the Center of Sustainability Studies of Getulio Vargas Foundation (GVces) until 2018 (now ABC Associados is the technical partnership). Companies that own the 200 most liquid shares in B3 are invited to participate. Process of application of ISE starts each year in public consultations on the questionnaire and ends with the publication of the portfolio in November. Since its launch, demonstrates a very positive performance, outperforming significantly the average index of the stock exchange [20].
Rather than take this as succession of models, where the shareholder approach was replaced by the corporate responsiveness approach and so on, we suggest that these approaches exists simultaneously, each of these models co-exist in the social integration approach, representing waves of influence in the dominant approaches, rather than temporally distinct conceptions. Table 1 presents the evolution of the approach of CSR.
Approach | CSR Integration | Corporation Responsibility | Management Style | Management Focus |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shareholder | Corporate philanthropy | Maximize the shareholder value | Defensive | Reduce risks and compliance |
Social Responsibility | Corporate responsiveness | Management of stakeholders | Reactive | Reputation adapt to stakeholder demand Competitive advantage |
Stakeholder Organization | Society at large | Societal Responsibility | Proactive Collaborative | Partnership Win- Win Solutions Competitive Advantage |
Sustainability Business Model | ESG approach | Societal Responsibility | Proactive Innovative | Risk analysis Business Case Evaluate the return of Sustainability Integrate into all strategic and operational decisions |
Evolution of CSR approach.
It is worthy to register that the objective was not to exhaust all certifications, norms and other managerial instruments but just to present an overview of the landscape. Specific instruments will be commented along the cases.
Table 2 summarizes some numbers and information that trace the profile of the three cases presented. They represent different experiences in different sectors and markets.
Natura is a Brazilian company, present in ten countries, which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2019. It operates in the cosmetic products sector, maintain its market leadership in Brazil, and is the preferred brand in four of the six countries in which directly operates in Latin America. It is becoming the fourth largest group dedicated to the beauty sector and the largest direct selling in the world.
The company has two industrial units, located in Cajamar (Sao Paulo), and Benevides (Para), opened in 2007, and third-party production in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia e México, with 12 distribution centers, 7 in Brazil and 5 in Latin America. It operates in the national market and in seven other countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, United States, France, Mexico and Peru). It involves 1.8 million personal and online consultants, 1,6 million engaged in the digital palatiform, 68.000 virtual stores. It has 489 physical stores with more than 5 million consumers [21].
In fact, is one of the leading global companies when evaluated by sustainable business practices. It is recognized for its pioneering role in socio-environmental activities and investments in product innovation, as well by multiple international certifications. It was the first GRI reporting organization in Brazil; it was one of the first multinationals certified as a B Corp in December 2014; it was the first company to use refills in the Brazilian market. It has been listed on B3 (Sao Paulo Stock Exchange), on Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) since 2005, on Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DSJI) for emerging markets; it was listed on the Corporate Knights ranking as the most sustainable companies in the world for 11 years and it was attested by Leaping Bunny certification, by cruelty free International (2018). It does not conduct tests on animals since 2006 - a common practice in cosmetic sector; the company’s packaging is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and it was certificated by Union for Ethical Bio Trade (UEBT), attesting the sustainability of the natural ingredients supply chain for its Ekos Product Line. It received an award at The Climate Neutral Now Category of the 2019 UN Global Climate Action Award.
Natura has integrated socioenvironmental practices into its business model since its founding in 1969. The sustainability culture is firmly embedding in the beliefs, values, mission and vision statements. The commitment and support of the top management is fundamental for in root culture - the founders in effect create a culture to support sustainability decisions. They are recognized as an active leadership in the management and inspired all the employees of the company, that are motivated to take sustainability obligations seriously, and engaged to promote resource efficiency, conservation and innovation. Sustainability is integrated with governance mechanisms, since operational level to the policies and company’s strategies, where its performance measurement and management systems include social and environmental indicators linked to remuneration in addition to financial performance. According to the supplier manager, sustainability is a cross-cutting theme throughout the company and serve as guidelines for all areas. The company also aligns their strategies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and has identified the relevant SDGs aligned with their goals and mission, measuring and managing their impacts.
In 1999 under the growing concern about the degradation of the environment by man action, company made the decision to incorporate ingredients of Brazilian biodiversity in the manufacture of its products. In addition to contributing to sustainable development through the transformation of socio-environmental challenges into business opportunities, the motivation was also the possibility of developing green technologies [22].
Sustainable product-oriented supply chain management goes beyond risk-oriented and performance-oriented evaluation, whose focus is to avoid loss of reputation caused by suppliers’ problems. It is based on definitions of social and environmental performance standards to be disseminated throughout the supply chain for the manufacture of sustainable products [23].
Natura has a supply chain comprising 11,900 companies, from various sectors and sizes. It performs audit processes on critical suppliers and on new ones. In this process, the company has built partnerships for product development, such as packaging, (green plastic Brasken) and organic alcohol (Native). However, to develop a supply chain based on biodiversity is necessary to go further as it involves a relationship with the community’s suppliers, with diverse cultures, traditions and expectations.
The great milestone in the company’s history was the creation of the Ekos line, with ingredients of Brazilian biodiversity into its products formulation, combining traditional knowledge and local wealth generation. This initiative marked the business model transformation to sustainable economy. Its launch in 2000 materialized the company’s pioneering purpose of integrating assets into its innovation platform. It was not only the creation of a new line of cosmetics, but a new business model based on the valorization of the standing forest and the socioeconomic development of the local population. The project had the Brazilian Amazon as its heart [21]. Amazon forest is considered the cradle of planetary biodiversity, there are four hundred billion trees distributed among 16.000 species, something about 300 species per hectare, is a huge carbon stock, equivalent to approximately a decade of global emissions – 330 billion tons of CO2, which, if released into the atmosphere via deforestation, would greatly exacerbate global climate change [24].
The Ekos brand since its launch was a commercial success and has played a leading role in the company’s internationalization process, with high acceptance by consumers, contributing to Natura’s image and reputation, identified to sustainability and innovation. The transformations brought by Ekos products led to a chain reaction in other product categories, such as the vegetalization of all soap formulas, which became 100% free of animal fat, incorporating a higher concentration of vegetable oils produced in the Amazon forest. Over the years, other sub-brands started to use these raw materials in the composition of their products. In 2019, 17,7% of inputs came from the region and they are pursuing the target established by 2020 of 30% of socio biodiversity ingredients in the composition of new products in main categories [21, 25].
For two decades, the company structured the socio biodiversity chains production. In the first year, the purchase of inputs was made indirectly, through intermediary suppliers. Soon, it was understood that the relationship with local people and communities (through cooperatives and associations) was an essential factor for maintaining biodiversity and company’s commitment to fair trade, benefit sharing and transparency in the supply chain.
In 2011, Natura launched the Natura Amazônia Program (PAM), whose objective is to foster sustainable business and local development, always focusing on valuing socio-biodiversity, traditional knowledge and culture in the region. The program brought together the various initiatives, adopted the strategy of acting in sustainable territories, focusing on investments in priority geographic areas in the Amazon and respecting local vocations, resources and potentialities [25, 26, 27].
The most recent 2050 Sustainability Vision targets, established by the company in 2014, reinforced Natura’s commitment to generate a positive impact. The company not only aspires for a positive environmental impact but also to adopt more sustainable practices relative to social biodiversity. The first milestone - 2020 Ambitions, were a set of targets related to biodiversity, waste carbon emissions, water, diversity and income generation. By 2019, it had achieved 70% of these commitments and it still strives to accelerate its efforts to fully achieve the stated targets. The plan for the next 10 years seeks to intensify global actions, such as the climate crisis, the protection of Amazonia, the defense of human rights and considering inclusion throughout its network. Its commitment is to contribute to the preservation of 3 million hectares by 2030 and make collective efforts to ensure zero deforestation of Amazonia by 2025. It anticipates investments of US$ 800 million over the next 10 years. The program’s investments are based on three pillars:
“Ekos\' transformative premise is to build a story in which the entire chain involved —from production to final product consumption—benefits. The supplying communities gain with the extraction of assets and the discovery of new possibilities to undertake; the processors of raw materials gain from the preparation of new products; the consultants, with the revenue generated by the sale of cosmetics; and finally, consumers gain, having at their disposal innovative beauty items, with benefits for the body\'s care and with aggregate socio-environmental values” [21].
Sugar and ethanol are part of Brazilian history. Sugar is the first exportable product since colonial times, and the oil crisis of 1970s created conditions that led to the implementation of the largest renewable fuel project, the National Alcohol Fuel Program, known as Proálcool. The investment of substantial amounts of resources, in both agriculture and industry increased the country’s production capacity and became the world’s largest producer and exporter of sugar and ethanol [28].
Native is an organic food company, part of the Balbo Organization (1946), which comprises six companies that produce sugar, alcohol, biodegradable plastic, electricity, animal feed and carbon certificates. The Native brand was launched in 2000 for organic sugar and today is a reference for the organic market, operating in more than 70 countries, being the world’s largest producer of organic sugar and alcohol.
The Balbo Group company was founded in 1946, with the establishment of the Usina Santo Antonio (Santo Antonio Mill), in countryside of Sao Paulo. Today, the group operates three units: São Francisco (SP), Santana (SP) and Uberaba (MG), in 37.800 hectares, producing 7,2 million tons of cane, generating 315 thousand tons of sugar and 405 thousand cubic meters of ethanol. The plants are self-sufficient in energy, which is obtained from burning sugarcane bagasse. The co-generation of thermal, mechanic and electric energy is under the responsibility of Bioenergia, another company from Balbo Group, which supplies the proper energy needs and generates surpluses to grid, since 1987. The surplus energy traded is equivalent to the consumption of a city with 500,000 habitants.
In 2000, they became partner in the creation of Biocycle, a new company dedicated to the increase, consolidation and development of technology, production and commercialization of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), the biodegradable plastic originating from sugar cane.
The case study refers to Native brand (Sao Francisco Mill) and does not involve the other companies in the group. The family has been in the sugar business since 1903 and is recognized as traditional industry group with entrepreneurial and innovative profile. But the great milestone to the group, was the research project that revolutionized the production system of sugarcane, broke the paradigms of the sugar and ethanol sector and gave rise to Native.
The Native project changed the traditional process of sugarcane cultivation without the intensive use of fertilizers and agricultural pesticides, eliminated the fires, and so, implemented the organic cultivation. An important aspect was the transformation of sugar, a commodity product sold in bulk, to be marketed and exported as a premium packed product: organic sugar. According to Carvalho, Native is an emblematic and unique case study [29].
This change was led by Leontino Balbo Junior, agronomist that joined the family business in 1986. He soon realized that the harvesting method often used, which depended on burning sugarcane straw before harvest, was incompatible with the modern tropical farming techniques he had just studied. In the search for new methods of agricultural production, he developed a new technique inspired by the natural methods of plant and animal production and named it as Ecosystem Revitalizing Agriculture (ERA). The research project was launched as Green Sugarcane Project, required an initial investment of US$25 million and it took almost ten years to convert plant to organic agriculture and become a business alternative for the company [29, 30].
The project involved collaboration of important research institutions such as Embrapa, Satellite Monitoring and the Technological Research Institute (IPT-USP), plus the collaboration with the State of Sao Paulo universities such as USP, UNESP and UNICAMP [29].
The purpose of the project was to maximize the potential of sugarcane cultivation by restoring fields to their natural state. Seven major changes in the production system were implemented: (1) elimination of the sugarcane burning; (2) the adoption of the biological control to avoid harmful insects; (3) the implementation of forest biological islands; (4) the elimination of agrochemical products consumption; (5) the rational utilization of agro-industrial waste as fertilizer; (6) the development of a system for the integrity of the soil; (7) and the adoption of green manure practices in the rotational crops.
The project brought benefits to the company and stakeholders. Workers achieved good working conditions and kept their jobs, even with the mechanization of the harvest. The local community were benefited by reducing the negative impacts of traditional sugarcane production, generating income, jobs and improving quality of life. Among the environmental benefits were the improvement of volume and quality of water resources; the reduction of erosion of productive land; the reduction of greenhouse effect gases; and the increase of biodiversity in the areas of native vegetation.
Since 2002 researchers of several institutions under the coordination of the Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, have studied the fauna inventory and found significant results: over 330 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have been identified in the surroundings of the production areas; several new species were observed; 49 of the species discovered were endangered. These results are 23 times greater than the biodiversity found in conventional sugarcane plantations in the same region [29].
The Sao Francisco Mill produces ethanol, a biofuel that reduces the GEE emissions, which means a contribution to climate change combat. Furthermore, the new way of producing also reduces GHG emissions. The greenhouse gasses emissions were inventoried between 2006 and 2007. It was based on GHG protocol, considering the analysis of life cycle, from sugarcane farming, industrial phase of sugar and alcohol production, up to the transport, marketing and consumptions of products, both domestically and abroad. The emissions value found were lower than the average emissions normally found in the sugarcane business, due to the organic production methods [31].
The electricity cogeneration system, from the combustion of sugarcane bagasse (fuel from biomass) is neutral in the emission of greenhouse gases. In 2020, Sao Francisco Mill has just been recognized as a producer of biofuels with the Renovabio certification - granted by the National Petroleum Agency (ANP). The certification recognizes that the plant contributes to the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and can receive 55,655 Decarbonization Credits (CBIOs) for sale on the stock exchange for 3 years, from the date of issue of the certificate.
During the evaluation process, the producer receives a score inversely proportional to the carbon intensity of the biofuel produced (Energy-Environmental Efficiency Score). Among all 220 certified plants that produce ethanol from sugar cane, this specific received the highest energy efficiency score (71.6). In addition to the score, the certification process for the production of biofuels takes into account the origin of the energy biomass as raw material for biofuel.
The impact on business was significant. The Balbo’s group farms achieved yields 20% higher than the average of farms in their region, had cost savings when avoiding the purchase of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and recycling the residues from his own farm. Undoubtedly, this process provided strategic advantages for the company, besides the development itself of the organic products market.
In 1995, the company was consulted by North American Global Organics that was looking for organic sugar suppliers in Brazil. After initial contacts, representatives of Global Organics indicated that the production process developed by the Green Sugarcane Project was close to the one required to obtain the certificate of organic production demanded by them. The possibility of accessing the European and North American markets, both with raw and with processed sugar, encouraged the company to bet on organic production and seek certifications seals. The Native brand, launched in 1998, was the basis for the first product line whose main customers are the food industries of USA and Europe which resale the packaged product with their own brands [32].
The certification seals are very important for the organic sector, gives reliability to an organic product, ensures that is produced according to standards of management and quality required worldwide for the organic products. It is only granted for production processes that do not use any chemical pesticides, industrial mineral fertilizers or genetic modified organisms. Furthermore, these processes should promote ecological balance in cultivated fields, and company should have positive social and economic impact on the community it serves.
The first organic certification obtained was from the Farm Verified Organic (FVO) program, a private North American standard recognized by International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM.) Due to the demand of a European customer, the Ecocert was also obtained. Over three decades it has obtained national, international certifications and labels, between organic, socio-environmental, fair trade and product quality, as shown in Figure 2.
Native certification timeline.
In 2006, demanded by Natura, a new opportunity arose to develop organic vegetal alcohol. Then Native gathered new customers and markets, especially for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, to use in the composition of drugs as to the production of deodorants and colognes, where it was not used until there. The production of alcohol began in 6,7 thousand tons (2007) and came to 14,2 thousand in 2018, and 9,9 thousand in 2019.
Native has become an organic food company, managing a production chain, with raw material suppliers, processors operating in various regions of Brazil and even abroad. In addition to organic sugar, it has developed several organic products, such as coffee, fruit juices, cocoa mix, breakfast cereals. It has a portfolio of 80 products, marketed in Brazil by the retail chain over 8 thousand points of sale. The internal market accounts for 30% of the company’s revenues. It is present in more than 70 countries, the main ones are the United States, Canada, in all countries of Europe, Japan, China, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Israel. It has become the world’s largest producer of organic sugar and alcohol.
Finally, there is a favorable scenario for organic production. Studies have shown that the production and consumption of organic products in the world has grown significantly, driven by the expansion of demand for organic food and beverages in the countries of Europe and North America, in addition to China. International demand for organic products tends to rise steadily over the next few years (since 2000 the average annual growth has being 11%), as these products have been progressively associated with higher levels of safety and health for consumers and lower social and environmental impacts [33]. In Brazil, despite the fact that consumer market is considered the largest in Latin America, production and consumption of organic products also increased, but at a slower rhythm, concentrated in middle class that require healthier foods [33]. Table 3 shows the participation of all organic products in total revenue by 70% due to minor conversion of ethanol yet [34].
Company | Natura | Native | BSbios |
---|---|---|---|
Origin | Public co. | Familiar | Joint Venture |
Founding Year | 1969 | 1946 | 2005 |
Activity Field | Cosmetics | Organic Food | Agroenergy |
Revenues US | 2,25 billion | 106 million | 836 million |
EBITDA % | 17% | 23% | 3% |
Employees | 6.820 | 1.689 | 291 |
Cases numbers and information.
Revenues (BR$1000) | 31/03/2020 | 31/03/2019 |
---|---|---|
Organic Sugar | 272.880 | 276.187 |
Sugar | 9.685 | 13.729 |
Organic Ethanol | 47.952 | 42.828 |
Ethanol | 99.427 | 84.854 |
Other Organic Products | 31.316 | 30.643 |
Electric Energy | 15.278 | 15.262 |
Other Sales | 4.271 | 919 |
Services | 6.027 | 6.721 |
Grow Revenue | 486.836 | 471.143 |
Net Revenue | 436.995 | 424.161 |
EBTDA | 128.867 | 99.001 |
EBTDA % | 29% | 23% |
Product participation in revenue and EBITDA.
In mid-2004, Erasmo Batistela was waiting in a bank line when some farmers asked his opinion about biodiesel. He owned two gas stations in Colorado (Rio Grande do Sul) and knew little about the subject. He decided to research on the subject and after conducting a financial study with advice from Brasil Bank and specialized consulting, decided to invest in the area and founded BSBIOS in 2005. Due to logistical issues he chose the city of Passo Fundo (RS) and the City Hall provided the area to install the industry. In 2009 he acquired the Marialva (PR) unit and in 2011 Petrobras entered as partnership (50% of shares) [35].
The company’s current corporate structure is the result of a Joint Venture between RP BIO and Petrobras Biocombustivel. RP BIO belongs to the ECB GROUP, captained by Erasmo Batistela which operates in the field of renewable energies and advanced biofuels. Petrobras Biocombustível is a wholly owned subsidiary of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras.
In Brazil, the production of biodiesel was supported by National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel – PNPB, launched in December 2004 with the purpose of add the biodiesel into the Brazilian energy matrix. In 2008, the mixing of pure biodiesel to diesel oil became mandatory. The initial mixing of 2% was gradually increased to 3% (2009), 4%, 6%, 7%, 8% (2017), 10% (2018), and will reach 15% in 2023. With the focus on social inclusion and regional development, the main result of the first stage was definition of a regulatory framework. One of the milestones was the creation of the Social Fuel Seal by the Ministry of Agricultural Development – MDA, a certification granted to biodiesel producers who acquire percentages according to the raw material region from familiar agriculturists classified in the National Program Strengthening of Family Agriculture – PRONAF.
The seal promotes the transfer of income to family farming, regional development and increased agricultural productivity. Industries benefit from federal tax exemption, access to better financing conditions and reputation gains. Farmer’s family receive a bonus and technical assistance from the producers. This policy benefits all community, government, industry and society, distributing wealth, bringing training to the field, adding new tools and technologies that contribute to the maintenance of young people in the field, paying attention to environmental issues. BSBIOS wholesomely promotes this policy by acquiring the necessary raw material directly from farming family cooperatives.
In 2016 it was launched the national biofuel policy - RENOVABIO, established by Law no 13.576/2017, based on predictability, environmental, economic and social sustainability, compatible with market growth. It introduced a new strategic view to the sector, improving economic mechanisms that allowed the organization of a decarbonization credits market. It assigns carbon intensity ratings to individual producers, in which such decarbonization credits (CBIO) can be freely negotiated. The RenovaBio program represents a major step toward implementing Brazil’s commitment at COP 21 in Paris, putting in place the right set of measures to scale sustainable fuels and promote low carbon solutions for the transport sector.
Currently there are 51 biodiesel producing plants authorized by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) for operation in the country, corresponding to a total authorized capacity of 25.9 million liters/day. The national production that started in 2005 with a volume close to 700 thousand liters, reaches 5.90 billion liters in 2019.
The definition of a legal and regulatory framework was fundamental to attract private investments in the biodiesel sector in Brazil. As a renewable fuel, biodiesel contributes to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and the deceleration of global warming. From the economic point of view, in turn, the enormous potential for generating employment and income is highlighted, in addition to the positive contribution to the Brazilian trade balance by reducing imports of diesel.
BSBIOS is recognized for the quality of the services it provides, for supporting innovation, for socio-environmental engagement, as well as for regional development. It operates primarily in the production and distribution of biofuels, but also in the market for the sale of soybean meal, glycerin and sludge. It is the largest producer of Biodiesel in the country and operates in 14 Brazilian states, especially in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, as well as in six countries, with a strong participation in the production and distribution of biodiesel. BSBIOS produced in 2019, 604,827 m3 of biofuel, achieving the highest volume of biodiesel delivered, with a market share of 10.28% and a consolidated profit [36].
The production of Biodiesel is related to the transformation of soybean into soybean meal and soybean oil. Since 2007 BSBios holds the Social Fuel Seal, where over 40% per year of the raw materials used in the production of biodiesel is acquired from family farming. The purchase of the product is made by family cooperatives, located in the south and northeast of the country, which have at least 50% of family farmers in their membership (family cooperatives) or are qualified as agricultural cooperatives that supply raw materials to biodiesel farmers.
In 2019, BSBIOS acquired 4,425,608 ton of grain soybeans and 4014 ton of soybean oil, 7403 ton of corn and 5000 ton of coconut oil from family farming organized in 24 cooperatives. The company has a portfolio of more than 226 suppliers, operating daily in the available soybean market, seeking to supply the demand of 3200 tons per day.
It also has a program and policy for receiving soybeans in order to mitigate the market storage deficit, receiving soybeans and crushing them during all 12 months of the year. BSBIOS offers to its suppliers the possibility to make exchange contracts for its products such as soy meal, soy husk and soy residue, adding value to the business and contributing to the production chain of region.
Animal fats have been standing out in the production of biodiesel, not only in environmental aspects, but also because it is an important supply alternative. It is a sustainable economic alternative for both the supplier and the company. Animal fat consumed in the BSBIOS production process is certified by Renovabio, being the main component for the emission of CBios. The use of animal fat from BSBIOS has been growing annually. The use started in 2011, at the Marialva unit and, in Passo Fundo, in 2015. In 2019, it represented 26.7% of its production in Passo Fundo, and 42.43% in Marialva.
The activities for the production of Biodiesel are so integrated that a product becomes input to another, generating a mutual benefits cycle on the entire chain and adding value.
In 2018 and 2019 the GHG emissions inventory of Passo Fundo and Marialva units was carried out, following the GHG Protocol. Among the positive factors for GHG emissions, it was the use of modal transport in the unit of Passo Fundo, biomass in the boiler and the purchase of renewable electricity.
The Soybean Meal produced by BSBIOS complies with Good Manufacturing Practices criteria, being in consonance with tolerable levels of raw material used, established by specific legislation, regarding pesticide residue and inorganic and microbiological contaminants. The products certified were GMP + B2 and GMP + B3, attesting its compliance with international requirements for Food Security in its production and marketing chain.
BSBIOS was certified by the National Biofuels Policy (Renovabio), being qualified to participate in the CBios (Decarbonization Credits) market, having certified the production of biodiesel from animal fats. The energy-environmental efficiency score (NEEA) was 81.3 grams of carbon dioxide to Passo Fundo and 81 grams to Marialva. This allows the plants to emit, respectively, one CBio for each 370.9 and 372.3 liters of biodiesel manufactured. Fuel distributors have an annual goal of acquisition of credits. The CBIOS expected to negotiate 28.7 million bonds in 2020.
Since 2016, it publishes sustainability reports following the GRI guidelines and applying the Ethos Indicators for Sustainable and Responsible Business. Since then, important advances can be observed, such as a stakeholder engagement structure, formulated and instituted policies and mapped critical suppliers. The Compliance, RenovaBio and Sustainability committees are created to involve the areas in management and decision-making, a necessary condition for sustainability to be consolidated in the organization. Bsbios have been recognized by the social investment in the development of the communities of Passo Fundo and Marialva, expanding and maintaining partnerships with local entities. All these actions contribute to building a culture of sustainability.
The three companies are innovative and have established sustainability as a driver of their business model. Each one had its turning moment; Natura with the creation of the Ekos line, Native (Sao Francisco Mill) with the Green Sugarcane project and BSBIOS, when created a new biodiesel fuel. But context and corporate alignment were different for them.
Natura used all its skills and social responsibility management to set up a new business using biodiversity assets, a step ahead of incorporating sustainability to strategy, changing business model. Natura has demonstrated the potential of Amazon, despite all logistic challenges and other difficulties imposed by this region and culture. Restructured all production chain and broadened to all portfolio. It is possible to say that the company is always the best in the class, a benchmarking reference to other companies and society and had been more aggressively proactive. Sustainability is part of the company’s way of doing business and goes beyond, showing that sustainability is an opportunity to develop business and generate value for the company, stakeholders and to society for now and for the future.
The case of Native is emblematic, recognized by innovation and entrepreneurship showing that organic agriculture can be more productive than conventional and that is possible to produce without the use of chemical, pesticide or genetically modified seeds. Native had to restructure its sugarcane cultivation process, along all productive chain, breaking paradigms of the sugar sector, one of the most traditional in the country. It invested for more than ten years to reap the results and went beyond, developing a new market for organic products. It showed that is feasible to meet quality standards, preserve the environment, generate sustainable value for the company and stakeholders, in the present as for the future.
The Bsbios case demonstrated the importance of existing public policies to incentive and attract private resources to build business. The environment was favorable for the business, but the ability of an entrepreneur to identify the opportunity to undertake was fundamental. The history of the biodiesel sector is merged with BSBios history, as it was pioneer. BSBios went beyond short-term benefit and restructured all the production chain under the same paradigm.
We can say that they are sustainability business cases, that investments made led to significant and relevant returns to justify them. The three cases are companies that occupy leadership positions and significant economic results. Some additional comments should be made about corporate culture.
There is a consensus that implementing sustainability is fundamentally different than implementing other strategies in the organization. Goal should be simultaneously achieved as excellence in social, environmental and financial performance. For that, sustainability must be an integral component of corporate strategy, and some points can be detached.
Leadership must be committed and provide the resources to develop the organizational competences as sustainability strategies must be supported with mission, culture and people.
The 3 companies have corporate culture of sustainability, but undoubtedly Natura has Sustainability in its DNA. Since emerged the Ekos line, sustainability can be seen at the leadership of its founders, at the way of being of the company, and how it outlined the Amazonia project. The impacts of the project had a huge reach, from the community to consumers spread in several countries where it operates and a team of consultants. The incorporation of sustainability in DNA is what allows it to go further in its ambition.
The Native company has a strong leadership in the figure of Leontino and the family. The operational and technical culture linked to agrobusiness had to be reformulated to commercialize and create a marketing culture. Besides marketing, innovation was also in the operational area and circular economy technology.
Sustainable product oriented in the management of supply chain was crucial for the tree companies. Nonetheless it was especially important for Natura and Native and the certifications schemes have been a way chosen by both to develop suppliers and communities. Without these certifications Native would not open the external market. But in other hand, it’s not easy to manage more than 20 certifications to ensure the quality standard of organic products.
Bsbios has a strong leadership, a crop focused on the soybean and biodiesel sector of commodity market, where certifications meet market definitions. The tools of sustainability have not been used abroad; it has started this process with the preparation of the Sustainability report.
We are in the new millennium, economic, social, environmental, ethical – societal – and business issues are in constant debate. The period is turbulent in the sense that it is characterized by significant changes in the economy, technology, society and global relations. “Climate change”, “Poverty Reduction”, “Pandemic Risks” have put Sustainability in the top of the biggest challenge for companies in the 21st century, as their business model is questioned. Socially responsible and sustainable companies are more structured to respond to this challenge.
The three cases have challenges to face, also due to the political and institutional context, as there are problems of logistics infrastructure and market. However, all of the demonstrated that sustainability is a business opportunity, offering ways for lowering cost and risk, growing revenues and market share through eco-innovation, and generate sustainable value for the company and for society.
Cases testify some characteristic present in prior studies. All of them promoted disruptive innovation with diversified knowledge, strong leadership, high managerial capacity, changes in their management structure and system and changes along their production chain. Nature has environment responsibility in its DNA and created Eko’s line under this principle since beginning. Then it was spread throughout portfolio. Native transformed a traditional familiar business and BSBios, a traditional product, both had typical Schumpeter’s entrepreneurship innovation.
Although it was not part of our focus, it is worthy to point out that these efforts were possible as their starting points were far from basic. The sum of investments was not negligible and maturity of them had long-term nature. A relevant condition besides individual starting points, could be national environment for developing these businesses, as certifications schemes, indexes, reports, seals, public research institutions, consumers market, all items considered into their strategies.
In the meantime, it will be necessary profound changes in market rules to enable the environment, social and economic agenda and create investment opportunities that guarantee future generations. Changing the business model is not a role only for business, it evolves governments and civil society organizations and individuals. This desired disruptive innovation requires an environment integrating multiple agents for transforming what today is a niche into a general rule. There is a long way to track.
Drought is a worldwide natural hazard and has a detrimental impact on society, the environment, and the economy [1]. Extreme hydrological events both high (flood) and low (drought) flow are of particular concern globally. Of these hydrological extremes, drought is the most complex and widespread [2]. It is one of the most common natural events that has devastating negative impacts on agriculture and water resources [3].
There is no universal definition for drought due to its complexity [4]. Therefore, meteorologists defined drought as a scarcity of precipitation [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]; hydrologists have defined hydrological drought as scarcity of surface and subsurface water [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]; agriculturalists and agronomists defined agricultural drought as related to soil moisture deficiency [3, 16, 17] and sociologists and economists defined the overall welfare crisis of the society caused by drought to be socioeconomical drought [4, 18, 19, 20, 21]. These types of droughts have accumulating effects, thus meteorological drought results in losses, such as crop stress, predation by pests, and disease due to low moisture, to the agricultural systems while hydrological drought causes the shortage of water supply, decrease in reservoir water level and groundwater volume, lower irrigation and hydropower production [14]. The accumulation of meteorological and hydrological drought results in socioeconomical drought in which the overall ecosystem will be disturbed and human and animal lives will be negatively impacted and even lost [15].
Historically, Ethiopia has faced multiple seasonal drought events due to erratic rainfall and climate change [22]. The most drought-prone areas in Ethiopia are in Northeast Ethiopia and the Upper Blue Nile basin, including the Northern Tigray region, some parts of Amhara regions, such as South Wollo, North Wollo, South Gondar, and Afar Region, most parts of Somalia Region, and Eastern parts of Oromia Region [1, 3, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Drought in Ethiopia occurs at a recurrence interval of 3–10 years [1], and even though this frequent recurrence is common, there still lacks any firmly established drought mitigation measure for these events. Only short-term response efforts are provided in the form of food aid when food supplies have decreased significantly due to extended drought.
Meteorological drought analysis has been studied frequently, yet hydrological and agricultural drought analysis and monitoring are not studied adequately. It is thought that Ethiopia is a water tower in East Africa but water resource management over the region is not well developed. This aggravates the natural hazard, such as drought impact on human life. Hydrological drought has a great influence on water supply irrigation and power production by reducing the availability of surface and subsurface water. There are few dams and reservoirs in the country and most of them are hydropower plants. But there is a lack of water conservation to reduce drought impact when it occurs. Generally, drought monitoring and forecasting studies are untouched and need a thorough investigation to alleviate socioeconomic problems related to drought.
The objective of this review chapter is to assess the status of hydrological drought studies in Ethiopia by reviewing different previously studied article papers related to drought. A total of 24 article papers was reviewed and the master plan of the eight-river basin was also reviewed. Of these, only two papers were related to hydrological drought and the remains were about meteorological and other drought-related topics. This implies that hydrological drought studies in Ethiopia require further analysis, monitoring, and forecasting investigation. Therefore, it is important to do this kind of review to show the gap of drought studies over the region for future researchers, stakeholders, and planners to develop a suitable early warning system.
Ethiopia has an ample amount of water resources when compared to other African countries yet the development is still poor. There are 12 major river basins in the country which generate an annual runoff of 123 BM3 (Table 1). From these, Aysha and Ogaden river basins are dry and the Mereb and Denakle have insignificant streamflow over the year, the border basins from North to East direction (Figure 1). Eight river basins have a well-organized master plan, however, only the three river basins (Abbay, Awash, and Tekeze) are popularly studied for the development of irrigation, water supply, and hydropower projects. Different types of drought studies were also relatively studied in these river basins. In the Wabishebele river basin, one hydrological drought analysis was studied by Awas [26]. Abbay and Awash basins have good hydrometeorological data and are highly invested when compared to other river basins. This review is focused on the assessment of hydrological drought analysis and the drought mitigation approach of previous research in Ethiopia, related to drought.
River basin | Area (km2) | Annual runoff (BM3) | Terminus |
---|---|---|---|
Abbay | 199,912 | 52.6 | Mediterranean |
Awash | 110,000 | 4.6 | Within the country |
Baro | 75,912 | 23.6 | Mediterranean |
Genale Dawa | 172,259 | 5.8 | Indian Ocean |
Omo Gibe | 79,000 | 17.9 | Lake Turkana |
Tekeze | 82,350 | 7.6 | Mediterranean |
Rift Valley | 52,000 | 5.6 | Chew Bahir |
Wabishebele | 202,220 | 4.6 | Indian Ocean |
Mereb | 5900 | 0.26 | Sudanese Wetland |
Denakle | 64,380 | 0.86 | Within the country |
Aysha | 2223 | 0 | |
Ogaden | 77,120 | 0 | |
Characteristics of Ethiopian major river basins.
Source: River Basin Master Plan; Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Ethiopia.
Drought study information of Ethiopian river basins.
Seasonal variation of streamflow over Ethiopian river basins.
Spatially, the Abbay river basin is the largest and it covers 43.1% of the surface runoff of the country. The general characteristics of each river basin in the country are given in Table 1. In Ethiopia, there is a high seasonal flow and rainfall variation. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, Abbay and Omo gibe river basins have a high flow when compare to other river basins and overall the maximum flow is obtained during the summer season from June to August (JJA).
Ethiopia has 12 major river basins, most of which are transboundary rivers except the Awash river. The total surface water is estimated at 124 BM3 and the groundwater potential is estimated near 30 BM3 [28]. Up to 70% of the surface water is originated from the central and western highlands on the western sides of the Great Rift Valley flow to the west into the Nile river basin system that covers 39% of the landmass and the remaining 30% of surface water originated from eastern highlands flow into east that covers 61% of the landmass.
Mean monthly rainfall of eight river basins in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia is experienced severe drought problems for the last decades. According to Mohammed et al., the most drought years in North East Highlands of Ethiopia were 1984, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008 [1]. Bayissa et al. also found that 1984/85 and 2003/04 were the extreme drought years in the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia [29]. Based on EM-DAT, 2014, the most severe drought years in Ethiopia from 1900 to 2013 were 1965, 1969, 1973, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2012 with an average recurrence interval of 4 years [30]. Generally, the year 1984 was a bad drought event in Ethiopia and it was globally known. Here, all the above-stated drought years were analyzed based on meteorological drought indicators, especially standardized precipitation index (SPI) and palm drought severity index (PDSI).
To review the status of hydrological drought conditions in Ethiopia, important data were collected from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity, department of Basin Development Authority. The river basin master plan was thoroughly reviewed and previous drought-related studies in Ethiopia were also assessed.
During this review, 24 articles and conference papers related to drought studies in Ethiopia were collected. From these, nine papers are meteorological drought studies, seven papers are general drought impact studies, and the remaining eight were agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought studies (Tables 2 and 3). Surprisingly, except for some general drought studies related to drought impact over the country, other drought studies were conducted in some specific parts of the country. Especially meteorological drought studies were highly focused on the Abbay river basin (Upper Blue Nile) and Awash river basin. Agricultural and socioeconomic drought studies slightly tried to see the overall drought conditions in Ethiopia. However, these are also not studied in-depth.
No. | Author | Title | Drought Category |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Philip et al. [22] | Attribution analysis of the Ethiopian drought of 2015 | General |
2 | Belayneh et al. [2] | Long-term SPI drought forecasting in the Awash river basin in Ethiopia using wavelet neural network and wavelet support vector regression models | Meteorological |
3 | Yimer et al. 2017 | Meteorological drought assessment in northeast highlands of Ethiopia | Meteorological |
4 | Araya and Leo Stroosnijder, 2011 | Assessing drought risk and irrigation need in northern Ethiopia | General |
5 | Enyew et al. [27] | Assessment of the impact of climate change on hydrological drought in Lake Tana catchment, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia | Hydrological |
6 | Edosa et al., 2010 | Drought analysis in the Awash river basin, Ethiopia | Hydrometeorological |
7 | USAID Report, 2018 | Economics of resilience to drought; Ethiopia analysis | Socioeconomic |
8 | Philip et al. [22] | The drought in Ethiopia, 2015 | General |
9 | Jjemba et al. | Extreme drought in Ethiopia stretches drought management systems | Socioeconomic |
10 | Gebrehiwot et al. [24] | Spatial and temporal assessment of drought in the Northern highlands of Ethiopia | Meteorological |
11 | Bayissa et al. [17] | Comparison of the performance of six drought indices in characterizing historical drought for the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia | Meteorological |
12 | Awass [26] | Hydrological drought analysis occurrence, severity, risks: the case of Wabishebele river basin, Ethiopia | Hydrological |
13 | EL Kenawy et al., 2016 | Changes in the frequency and severity of meteorological drought over Ethiopia from 1960 to 2013 | Meteorological |
14 | Bayissa et al. [29] | Spatio-temporal assessment of meteorological drought under the influence of varying record length: the case of Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia | Meteorological |
15 | Zeleke et al. [18] | Trend and periodicity of drought over Ethiopia | Meteorological |
16 | Teshome and Zhang [20] | Increase of extreme drought over Ethiopia under climate warming | General |
17 | Viste et al. [19] | Recent drought and precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia | General |
18 | Getachew et al., 2020 | Application of artificial neural networks in forecasting a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index for the Upper Blue Nile basin | Meteorological |
19 | Getachew, 2018 | Drought and its impacts in Ethiopia | Socioeconomic |
20 | Temam et al., 2019 | Long-term drought trends in ethiopia with implications for dryland agriculture | Agricultural |
21 | Dawit et al., 2019 | Comparison of meteorological and agriculture-related drought indicators across Ethiopia | Meteorological and agricultural |
22 | Y.A. Bayissa et al., 2018 | Developing a satellite-based combined drought indicator to monitor agricultural drought: a case study for Ethiopia | Agricultural |
23 | IDA GRANT-H0280, 2011 | Emergency drought recovery project (EDRP) in Ethiopia | General |
24 | Sara Pantuliano and Mike Wekesa, 2008 | Improving drought response in pastoral areas of Ethiopia | General |
Summary of selected literature related to drought studies in Ethiopia for this review.
N0. | Basin | Article related to meteorological drought | Articles related to hydrological drought |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Abbay | 3 | 1 |
2 | Awash | 2 | |
3 | Omo-Gibe | 1 | |
4 | Rift Valley | 1 | |
5 | Tekeze | 2 | |
6 | Wabishebele | 1 |
Different types of drought studies status in each river basin.
Agricultural and socioeconomic drought studies were not focused on a particular river basin. Total 13 articles, including agricultural, socioeconomic, and general concepts, and drought impacts in Ethiopia were covered in some parts of the country without specifying a particular river basin.
Ethiopia has been affected by drought many times over the last few centuries. However, drought studies and mitigation measurement investigation are still limited. Although there are few drought studies in the country; it is insufficient. Especially agricultural, hydrological and socioeconomic drought studies are untouched. As shown in Table 4 and Figure 4, most drought studies in Ethiopia are focused on meteorological drought and other general drought-related impact assessments. Meteorological drought is highly varying within the short-period scale in a month depending on the precipitation variability. Therefore, drought analysis from a short-time scale may lead to an erroneous conclusion. But hydrological drought study requires a long-term time scale greater than 6-month cumulative drought conditions of the study area. Mostly hydrological drought analysis is conducted annually based on and above, which will give some concrete information about the drought situation of a particular study area. From this review, hydrological drought studies were covered only 8.33%, which implies that it needs further study (one article in Abbay subbasin and one article from Wabishebele basin). Almost 78% of the study were concentrated in North Eastern and Upper Blue Nile basin, Tekeze and Abbay, and Awash river basin and which is meteorological drought (Table 3). Two researchers have been studied, hydrological drought in Abbay and Wabishebele basins (Table 3). But the remaining six basins are still not studied. Now the government of Ethiopia is planning to transform from agricultural lead to industrial transformation. This will have achieved when the natural resource will be properly managed and utilized. Water is the central part of all infrastructures development. However, the master plan of major river basins in Ethiopia focused only on the potential assessment of irrigation and hydropower, and there is no drought trend analysis and future hydrological drought forecasting. Hydrological drought affects irrigation, water supply, hydropower, and other water-related sectors. So, it is important to study the historical hydrological drought characteristics, such as frequency, magnitude, duration, severity, and future probability of the basin streamflow to satisfy all demands.
Type of drought | Number of studies | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Meteorological drought | 9 | 37.5 |
Hydrological drought | 2 | 8.33 |
Agricultural drought | 3 | 12.5 |
Socioeconomic drought | 3 | 12.5 |
General related to drought impact | 7 | 29.16 |
Total articles reviewed | 24 | 100 |
Types of drought studies over Ethiopia.
Percentage of drought studies in Ethiopia (MD = meteorological drought, HD = hydrological drought, AD = agricultural drought, SED = socioeconomical drought, and GD = general drought-related studies).
As far as reviewed from the basins master plan report and previous pieces of literature, there is no method adopted to analyze the hydrological drought in the region. But for sustainable water resource development, mitigation measurements of the extreme hydrological events, such as floods and drought, are impropriated. Otherwise, simply constructing any structure in the basin alone may not be a solution to improve poverty over the country.
From the reviewed papers, 37.5% was covered meteorological drought analysis and monitoring studies, and agricultural drought studies were covered 12.5% (Table 4). Ethiopia is highly dependent on rainfed agriculture; so, meteorological and agricultural drought analysis, monitoring, and early warning system development are crucial. But still, there is no well-adopted drought analysis technique for a nationwide or a regional level. As a result, the development of drought early warning system has lacked. At the same time, hydrological drought analysis and monitoring is also key point for river basin development and water resource management. But due to its large input data requirement, hydrological drought study is not further investigated.
The socioeconomic of Ethiopia is continuously affected by frequent drought disasters. It is difficult to cope with subsequent years after drought has occurred. Up to 29.16% of the reviewed papers were related to drought impact, attribution, economics resilience to drought, extreme drought assessment, trend, and periodicity of drought in Ethiopia [4, 18, 19, 20]. Except for some articles, most of the reviewed articles were conducted in some parts of the country and did not give good information about the effect of drought in the country.
During any river basin master planning, considering extreme hydrological events, such as floods and drought, are the important issues for sustainable water resource development. Otherwise, simply focusing on the investigation and assessment of the available natural resources in a specific river basin and utilization of the resource will never bring development. Particular attention is to be given to drought-affected areas and conjunctive use of ground and surface water is encouraged. Aridity is the general characteristic of an arid climate and represents a (relatively) permanent condition, while drought is temporary. In an arid climate, drought can still occur when local conditions are even drier than normal. But 90% of the reviewed studies in Ethiopia were conducted on arid and semiarid areas of the region. Generally, hydrological drought study lacked in the country. Therefore, in the future, it is important to focus on hydrological drought monitoring and forecasting to achieve the sustainable utilization of available water resources in Ethiopia.
All the river basin master plan documents were freely accessed from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity of Ethiopia. Therefore, great gratitude is given to all the staff members of the ministry, especially for Basin Development Authority Department.
We declared that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this chapter.
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This chapter will discuss an innovation in seaweed cultivation of the genus Eucheuma, which is the prime marine commodity in the tropical regions of the world. Research conducted during 2015-2017 and 2019 in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, provided an overview of the use of floating cage that showed very significant growth results. The research result showed that the growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in floating cage seemed faster and resulted in better thallus morphology. Daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii that were cultivated in floating cage was higher than daily production of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated on longline. Specific growth rate (SGR) of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using floating cage method was also higher than E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii cultivated by using longline method. Moreover, the cultivation by using floating cages produces good growth rates with no effect of herbivore attacks.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Ma’ruf Kasim, Abdul Muis Balubi, Ahmad Mustafa, Rahman Nurdin, Rahmad Sofyan Patadjai and Wardha Jalil",authors:[{id:"309893",title:"Prof.",name:"Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Kasim",slug:"maruf-kasim",fullName:"Maruf Kasim"},{id:"313040",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdul Muis",middleName:null,surname:"Balubi",slug:"abdul-muis-balubi",fullName:"Abdul Muis Balubi"},{id:"313041",title:"MSc.",name:"Wardha",middleName:null,surname:"Jalil",slug:"wardha-jalil",fullName:"Wardha Jalil"},{id:"313042",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ahmad-mustafa",fullName:"Ahmad Mustafa"},{id:"313043",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Nurdin",slug:"rahman-nurdin",fullName:"Rahman Nurdin"},{id:"313044",title:"MSc.",name:"Rahmat Sofyan",middleName:null,surname:"Patadjai",slug:"rahmat-sofyan-patadjai",fullName:"Rahmat Sofyan Patadjai"}]},{id:"62842",title:"Integrated Rice and Aquaculture Farming",slug:"integrated-rice-and-aquaculture-farming",totalDownloads:1920,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The burning problems like scarcity of food for ever-growing human population in the present world are addressed by adapting various methods for production of protein, carbohydrate, oils and other food materials. One of the methods to produce high amount of food is integrated farming including rice-aquaculture farming, which produces protein and carbohydrate as major components besides others. Rice-aquaculture farming produces grain (carbohydrate) and animal protein without affecting the quality and quantity of rice yield on the same piece of land and renders additional financial gain besides main crop (rice) like conventional monoculture. The aquatic species grown in the integrated culture are mainly distinct types of fishes, selected crustaceans and other selected species. Profitable rice-aquaculture integrated farming is popular in Asian countries than in Western countries. However, the integrated rice-aquaculture farming has its own limitations. The type of methods, culture species, influencing factors, and pros and cons of rice-aquaculture integrated farming are discussed in the present chapter.",book:{id:"7229",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture - Plants and Invertebrates"},signatures:"Pamuru Ramachandra Reddy and Battina Kishori",authors:[{id:"242524",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramachandra Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Pamuru",slug:"ramachandra-reddy-pamuru",fullName:"Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru"},{id:"255022",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishori",middleName:null,surname:"Battina",slug:"kishori-battina",fullName:"Kishori Battina"}]},{id:"24074",title:"Embryonic and Larval Development of Freshwater Fish",slug:"embryonic-and-larval-development-of-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:7469,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"612",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms"},signatures:"Faruk Aral, Erdinç Şahınöz and Zafer Doğu",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"29132",title:"Dr.",name:"Zafer",middleName:null,surname:"Dogu",slug:"zafer-dogu",fullName:"Zafer Dogu"},{id:"39952",title:"Dr.",name:"Erdinc",middleName:null,surname:"Sahinoz",slug:"erdinc-sahinoz",fullName:"Erdinc Sahinoz"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ammonia is one of the most harmful risks for success of fish and shrimp culture. There is no effective solution for harmlessness of ammonia in traditional aquaculture operations except exchanging water, which would bring negative effects on environment, or fixing expensive equipment. Biofloc technology (BFT) that appeared in recent years supplies a novel solution for this issue without exchanging huge water and fixing equipment. This technology could assimilate ammonia almost in real time with many other supplemental benefits. Because of the very high nutritional value for fish and shrimp, bioflocs, the by-product of BFT, could also be reused as a complemented food in situ or a gradient for feedstuff to replace expensive fishmeal or be processed to pellet diet to feed fish and shrimp directly. However, some aspects with regard to the effective use of biofloc as a food source for fish and shrimp, such as high lipid content, productivity, and palatability, need to be further researched in detail.",book:{id:"8928",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Hai-Hong Huang",authors:[{id:"305215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"hai-hong-huang",fullName:"Hai-Hong Huang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"32",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11399,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. 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Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",signatures:"Luiza Rusu",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Luiza",surname:"Rusu"}],book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. 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