Four types of
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3690",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",title:"Robotics and Automation in Construction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book addresses several issues related to the introduction of automaton and robotics in the construction industry in a collection of 23 chapters. The chapters are grouped in 3 main sections according to the theme or the type of technology they treat. Section I is dedicated to describe and analyse the main research challenges of Robotics and Automation in Construction (RAC). The second section consists of 12 chapters and is dedicated to the technologies and new developments employed to automate processes in the construction industry. Among these we have examples of ICT technologies used for purposes such as construction visualisation systems, added value management systems, construction materials and elements tracking using multiple IDs devices. This section also deals with Sensorial Systems and software used in the construction to improve the performances of machines such as cranes, and in improving Human-Machine Interfaces (MMI). Authors adopted Mixed and Augmented Reality in the MMI to ease the construction operations. Section III is dedicated to describe case studies of RAC and comprises 8 chapters. Among the eight chapters the section presents a robotic excavator and a semi-automated façade cleaning system. The section also presents work dedicated to enhancing the force of the workers in construction through the use of Robotic-powered exoskeletons and body joint-adapted assistive units, which allow the handling of greater loads.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-13-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5736-6",doi:"10.5772/86",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"robotics_and_automation_in_construction",numberOfPages:414,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",publishedDate:"October 1st 2008",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3690.jpg",numberOfDownloads:150953,numberOfWosCitations:77,numberOfCrossrefCitations:69,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:131,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:13,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:277,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"81514",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Balaguer",slug:"carlos-balaguer",fullName:"Carlos Balaguer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81514/images/system/81514.jpg",biography:"Carlos Balaguer received his Ph.D. in Automation from the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Spain in 1983. From 1983-1994 he was with the Department of Systems Engineering and Automation of the UPM as Associated Professor. Since 1996, he has been a Full Professor of the Robotics Lab at the University Carlos III of Madrid. He has been Director of the Department of Systems Engineering and Automation (2006-2007) and the vice-Rector for Research of the university in the period of 2007-2015.\nProf. Balaguer´s research has included, but not limited, humanoids robotics, robots' design and development, robot control, path & task planning, force-torque control, assistive and service robots, rehabilitation and medical robots, climbing robots, robotics and automation in construction, human-robot interaction.\nHe participates in numerous EU projects since 1989, like Eureka projects SAMCA, AMR y GEO; Esprit projects ROCCO and CEROS; Brite project FutureHome; IST project MATS; 6FP IP projects ManuBuild, I3CON, Tunconstruct; Strep project RobotCWE; 7FP project RoboSpect; and H2020 projects STAMS and BADGER (coordinator). He has published more than 200 papers in journals and conference proceedings, and several books in the field of robotics.\nHe is a member of IEEE and IFAC, and former President of IAARC (2001-2004). He participates in the European networks Euron and Clawar. Prof. Balaguer had been also an Associate Editor of IEEE Robotics & Automation magazine (2000-2005) and is member of the Editorial Board of Automation in Construction journal (Elsevier). He was the coordinator of the Spanish Robotic Network (2005-2009) and of the Madrid Community universities' consortium RoboCity2030 on Service Robots (2006-2018), and was the Spanish representative in the European platform EUROP (2006-2008). He is currently member of the euRobotics Board of Directors (2015 -). He is also Chairman of the Council for Science and Technology of the Community of Madrid (2016 -).\nHe received several awards, among them the best book Fundamentos de robotica edited by McGraw-Hill (1988), best paper of the ISARC'2003 in Eindhoven (The Netherlands), IMSERSO´s Award 2004 for assistive robots research, the Industrial Robot journal Innovation Award of the Clawar'2005 in London (UK), Tucker-Hasegawa Award 2006 in Tokyo (Japan) for a major contribution in the field of Robotics & Automation in Construction and FUE´s Award 2014 for AIRBUS-UC3M Joint R&D Center.\nHe was the General Chair of the IEEE-RAS Humanoids'2014 conference and is the General Chair of the IEEE/JRS IROS'2018 to be held in Madrid.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"81512",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Abderrahim",slug:"mohamed-abderrahim",fullName:"Mohamed Abderrahim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81512/images/system/81512.jpg",biography:'Graduated in "Optics and Precision Mechanics" from Setif University, Algeria, and received the Ph.D. from the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1996. After spending two year as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Robotics Lab of the University Carlos III of Madrid, he was employed as a Lecturer in the Department of Systems Engineering and Automation. He was involved in the development of the climbing robot ROMA and contributed to the Future Home EU project as a local technical coordinator. Recently, he has been involved in the RISANAR project which deals with the autonomous navigation using computer vision and visual servoing techniques. He is currently the lead reseacher of the ASIROV and MEIGA-3 projects funded by the MICIN, and the HANDLE project funded by the EU within the 7th FP.\n\nFrom April 2003 to February 2008, he was a "Ramón y Cajal" fellow.\n\nHis general research interests include modelling, simulation and experimental validation of mechatronic systems with application to robotics, Man-Machine Interaction and Interfaces and subjects related to the Automation in the construction sector.\n\nOn the teaching level, he has been involved in teaching subjects such as Industrial Automation, CIM Laboratory, Programming and Computational Perception (computer vision).',institutionString:null,position:"Associate Professor",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1269",title:"Rapid Prototyping",slug:"rapid-prototyping"}],chapters:[{id:"5555",title:"Trends in Robotics and Automation in Construction",doi:"10.5772/5865",slug:"trends_in_robotics_and_automation_in_construction",totalDownloads:18861,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:46,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Carlos Balaguer and Mohamed Abderrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5555",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5555",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5556",title:"Construction Automation and Robotics",doi:"10.5772/5861",slug:"construction_automation_and_robotics",totalDownloads:10490,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas Bock",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5556",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5557",title:"Mechanising, Robotising and Automating Construction Processes",doi:"10.5772/5859",slug:"mechanising__robotising_and_automating_construction_processes",totalDownloads:5705,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Frans van Gassel and Ger Maas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5557",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5558",title:"Powerline Communication in Home-Building Automation Systems",doi:"10.5772/5860",slug:"powerline_communication_in_home-building_automation_systems",totalDownloads:18031,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elena Mainardi and Marcello Bonfe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5558",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5559",title:"Towards n-D Construction Visualization: Cost Integration into 4D Models",doi:"10.5772/5857",slug:"towards_n-d_construction_visualization__cost_integration_into_4d_models",totalDownloads:4380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Katherine A. Liapi and Theodora Paschoudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5559",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5560",title:"Developing Construction CAD-Based Experience Management System",doi:"10.5772/5858",slug:"developing_construction_cad-based_experience_management_system",totalDownloads:3328,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yu-Cheng Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5560",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"5561",title:"Applications of Computer Aided Design to Evaluate the Zoning of Hazard Prevention in Community Neighbours",doi:"10.5772/5856",slug:"applications_of_computer_aided_design_to_evaluate_the_zoning_of_hazard_prevention_in_community_neigh",totalDownloads:2742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kuo-Chung 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Therefore, experimental animals play a very important role in scientific research.
\r\n\r\n\tPigs, rodents, and aquaculture animals are important experimental animals. To obtain the accuracy of the experimental data and meet the basic quality requirements of biological experiment materials, the quality of the experimental animals for the biological experiments should reach the level of specific pathogen-free (SPF). These SPF animals are applied not only to meet the demand for biomedical research but can also be used for the research and the development of drugs and vaccines. Furthermore, as animal welfare has gradually attracted attention in recent years, the reduction of animal pain and quantity and the increase of the experimental refinement are important issues in the 3R (replacement, reduction, and refinement) of animal welfare.
\r\n\r\n\tAnimal testing is an important verification stage before the listing of biomedical products. This book will focus on new insights, novel developments, current challenges, latest discoveries, recent advances, and future perspectives in the field of animal welfare.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-202-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-983-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-203-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",bookSignature:"Dr. Shao-Wen Hung, Dr. Chia-Chi Chen, Dr. Chung-Lun Lu and Dr. Tseng-Ting Kao",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",keywords:"Animal Welfare, New Insights, Experiment, Rodents, Larger Animals, Aquaculture Animals, Replacement, Reduction, Refinement, Alternative Methods, Animal Studies, Biological Experiments",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 4th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 24th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Hung is a pioneering researcher in animal and cell sciences. 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For example in Japan surrounded by sea, about 60% of freight transportation is carried out by road traffic. The proportion of freight road transportation to total road transportation is close to half. Although development of information technology accelerates electronic communication, physical distribution of goods is left behind. On the contrary, because electronic commerce has enhanced door-to-door delivery services, delivery distribution of goods has increased in urban areas. The demands for high-quality delivery services such as small-amount high frequency deliveries with time windows have been made by many clients (including companies and individuals).
From the aspect of freight carrier, decease of fuel consumption makes big profit, since the proportion of fuel to total cost is large. The rationalization in terms of increasing the loading rate and decreasing the total travel time is aimed not only for reducing operational costs in each freight carrier but also for relieving traffic congestion, saving energy and reducing exhaust gas. Effective distribution of goods should be realized by sophisticated delivery planning.
A typical delivery problem is modelled mathematically in Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). In VRP, scattered clients are serviced only once by exactly one of plural vehicles with load capacity which depart from a depot and return to it after touring the assigned clients. As mentioned above, clients often impose the earliest delivery time and the latest delivery time. A variation of VRP in which delivery time windows are included is called Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW). VRPTW is also applied to pick up operations such as cargo collection and garbage collection.
At the beginning of this chapter, VRP and VRPTW are introduced and followed by the explanation of precedent solution methods for VRPTW. And then, a practical solution method is proposed. It is composed by a data model, transformation rules of a solution on the data model and an overall search algorithm based on the refined Simulated Quenching (SQ) for VRPTW. The refined SQ procedures are derived from incorporating information of good solutions found in search history into basic SQ scheme. In the last section, the evaluation of the proposed method is conducted by comparisons on computational experiments with basic SQ.
Typical routing problems are abstracted from actual logistics operations in urban areas and formalized as mathematical programming problems. They are categorized as the combinatorial optimization problems.
The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is the most popular problem in routing problems. It involves the design of a set of minimum cost vehicle trips, originating and ending at a depot, for a fleet of vehicles with loading capacity that services a set of client spots with required demands. The problems studied in this chapter can be described in the style used by Crescenzi & Kann in [1] for their compendium of
INSTANCE: Complete undirected graph
SOLUTION: A set of cycles (trips), each containing the initial node 0, that collectively traverses every node at least once. A node must be serviced by one single trip and the total demand processed by any trip cannot exceed
MEASURE: The total cost of the trips, to be minimized. The cost of a trip is the sum of its traversed edges.
Although the VRP in a narrow sense is defined above, the VRP in a broader sense includes the more comprehensive class of routing problems related to various conditions in which demands are located on nodes. It includes VRP with time windows imposed by clients, VRP with multiple depots, periodic VRP and etc. In this case, the simplest VRP defined above is called capacitated VRP (CVRP).
Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP).
In actual delivery operations, delivery time windows are often imposed by clients. Time window at node
Because VRPTW belongs to
Comprehensive survey on traditional heuristics for VRPTW is presented in [3] by Bräysy & Gendreau. In this section, an outline of it is sketched. The traditional heuristics have been specially invented for solving VRPTW. They utilize the proper characteristics of VRPTW. They are further classified into two types.
The first one is the type of constructive heuristics that produce vehicle routes by merging existing routes or inserting nodes into existing routes. Ioannou et al. proposed an efficient constructive heuristic in [4]. They use the generic sequential insertion framework proposed in [5] by Solomon.
The second one is the type of improvement heuristics which make changes in one vehicle route or between several vehicle routes. Bräysy proposed several efficient local search heuristics in [6] using a three-phase approach. In the first phase, several initial solutions are created using the route construction heuristics with different combinations of parameter values. In the second phase, an effort is put to reduce the number of routes. In the third phase, classical Or-opt exchanges, which replace three edges in the original tour by three new ones without modifying the orientation of the route, are used to minimize total travelled distance.
Metaheuristics have been introduced into the solutions for VRPTW in the last two decades. Because metaheuristics are generally recognized to fit combinatorial optimizations, Simulated Annealing (SA), Tabu Search (TS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) have been tried to apply to VRPTW. Traditional heuristics explained in Sec. 3.1 are often embedded into these metaheuristics.
Cordeau et al. presented an efficient TS heuristic in [7]. Among the methods incorporating GA, the methods proposed by Homberger & Gehring in [8] and Berger et al. in [9] are reported to get good results. With respect to ACO, although not so many works on VRPTW are appeared in the literature, Gambardella et al. use an ACO approach with a hierarchy of two cooperative artificial ant colonies in [10]. Chiang & Russell developed a SA approach for VRPTW in [11]. They combined the SA process with the parallel construction approach that incorporates improvement procedures during the construction process.
In a comprehensive survey on metaheuristics for VRPTW given by Bräysy & Gendreau in [12], it is described that some hybrid methods are very effective and competitive with two good GA algorithms listed above. They are briefly introduced as follows. Bent & Van Hentenryck present a two-stage hybrid metaheuristic in [13], where in the first stage is a basic SA used to minimize the number of routes, and the second stage focuses on distance minimization using the large neighbourhood search. Bräysy presents a four-phase deterministic metaheuristic algorithm in [14] which is based on a modification of the variable neighbourhood search. Ibaraki et al. propose three metaheuristics in [15] to improve randomly generated initial solutions.
Although some precedent methods based on metaheuristics mentioned above show good performance, their procedures are considerably complex. In particular, the local search procedures incorporated into them are rather complicated. In practical application of VRPTW algorithms to real-world problems, ease of implementation and flexibility are very important as well as quality of solution, running time and robustness. Hence, the authors of this chapter have proposed a simpler data model and a one-phase algorithm to solve VRPTW in [16] which is not the two-phase algorithm composed by construction and improvement.
The model to express a state of solution of VRPTW is realized as a sequence of integers, i.e., a string. In the string, the position of an integer, which is a symbol of the node with demand, implies not only which vehicle tours the node but also the routing order of it. An example of the string model is illustrated in Figure 2. The special number ‘0’ should be interpreted not only as the depot but also as the delimiter which partitions the trips. If the number of vehicles is denoted by
This data model is coincidentally similar to that invented for the solution based on a kind of GA. It was introduced by Gendreau et al. in [17] as the original idea was given by Van Breedam in [18]. However, the proposed transformation rules in this chapter based on the data model are quite different from those of precedent methods. They will be described in the following section.
Proposed data model for VRPTW.
In a repetition in the proposed procedure, a new state of solution is generated from the present state by one of the following three types of transformation rules for generating neighbours. The first rule is to exchange an integer with another one in the string. The second rule is to delete an arbitrary integer and then insert it to another position in the string. The third rule is that after a substring is taken out temporally, the direction of the substring is reversed, and then embedded in the place where the substring is taken out. These three transformation rules are illustrated in Figure 3.
Note that the rules are also applied to the special number ‘0’ in the string illustrated in Figure 2. In other words, ‘0’ is treated impartially with other integers. If ‘one-to-one exchange’ is executed within a substring partitioned by two ‘0’s, only a route is changed. An example of the case is illustrated in Figure 4. If ‘one-to-one exchange’ is executed between two non-zero integers striding over ‘0’, two nodes are exchanged between two routes. An example of this case is illustrated in Figure 5. If ‘one-to-one exchange’ is executed between a non-zero integer and ‘0’, two routes are merged, while another route is divided into two routes. An example is illustrated in Figure 6.
When the second transformations rule ‘delete and insert’ is applied, several different cases also arise. If a non-zero integer is deleted and inserted at ‘0’, a node is moved to another vehicle route. An example is illustrated in Figure 7.
When the third transformations rule ‘partial reversal’ is applied, several different cases also arise. If a substring including ‘0’ is reversed, the relevant plural routes are changed. An example is illustrated in Figure 8. These three transformation rules were originally invented for VRP in [19] by the authors of this chapter.
Transformation rules for generating neighbours.
A result of ‘one-to-one exchange’ within a route.
A result of ‘one-to-one exchange’ between two non-zero integers striding over ‘0’.
The objective of the VRPTW is the minimization of total cost which is subject to constraints including the loading capacity of each vehicle and the time windows imposed by clients. The objective function of the VRPTW is formulated as follows.
where
A result of ‘one-to-one exchange’ between non-zero integer and ‘0’.
In order to impose solutions of VRPTW to satisfy time window constraints and load capacities and to reduce the number of vehicles in use, three penalty terms are added to the objective function (1) as follows:
A result of deleting non-zero and inserting it at ‘0’.
A result of ‘partial reversal’ striding over ‘0’.
where
Simulated Quenching is adopted as the optimization technique for the proposed method since it is characterized by simple stochastic procedures and by global searching scope. In the original Simulated Annealing (SA), starting with a random initial state, it is expected to approach an equilibrium point. In order to obtain global optimum, cooling schedule should be logarithmic. However, it spends too much time to implement it. Hence, in practical applications, exponential cooling schedule (3) is often adopted.
In the proposed method, it is adopted too. According to the strict theory of Simulated Annealing, the optimization technique using exponential cooling schedule (3) belongs to Simulated Qeunching (SQ) as described in [20]. SQ is considerd to be a practical variant of SA.
In the proposed method, the three transformation rules described in Sec. 4.2 are applied randomly to the string model. The entire algorithm for the VRP is described as follows.
Step III, that is the main part of this algorithm, is detailed as follows.
The words noted by capital letters are parameters used in SA and SQ and values of them are specified in Sec 6.2. As descibed in Sec. 4.2, the transformation procedure of a solution of the proposed method is carried out randomly to all over the string data model. Hence, the transformation might derive changes in a vehicle route on one occation, it might derive changes over several vehicle routes on other occation. This method is applied to VRP in [19], VRP with backhaouls (VRPB) in [21], Pick up and Delivery Problem (PDP) and VRPTW in [16] by the autors of this chaper. It is also applied to other types of routing problems including Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) in [22] and a general routing problem with nodes, edges, and arcs (NEARP) in [23]. A precise analysis of this method is presented in [24].
Most of metaheuristics belong to stochastic local search (SLS) which starts at some position in search space and iteratively moves to neighbour, using randomised choices in generating and modifying candidates. In application of metaheuristics, both intensification and diversification are important. For sufficient convergence of solution, intensification of search scope is necessary. On the other hand, in order to avoid stagnation in local but not global minimum area, diversification of search scope is also necessary. As compared to ‘stupid fly’, search process in pure SA and SQ is completely random. Making use of history records during search processes might be possible to improvement of optimization algorithm based on SQ.
ACO was introduced by Dorigo et al. in [25]. It was inspired by foraging behaviour of ants. Ants often communicate via chemicals known as pheromones, which are deposited on the ground in the form of trails. With time, paths leading to the more interesting food sources become more frequented and are marked with larger amounts of pheromone. Pheromone trails provide the basis for stochastic trail-following behaviour underlying, for example, the collective ability to find shortest paths between a food source and the nest. ACO is described as follows.
In applying ACO to TSP (Travelling Salesman Problem) which is single vehicle version of VRP, details are specified as follows.
Pheromone trail
In the beginning, all weights are initialised to small value
In constructive search, each artificial ant starts with randomly chosen node and iteratively extends partial round trip
where
After the constructive search, subsidiary local search which is iterative improvement based on standard 2-exchange neighbourhood is operated until local minimum is reached.
In the end of loop, pheromone trail is updated according to
where
As mentioned in Sec. 3.2, not so many methods based on ACO for VRPTW are appeared in the literature.
One of main drawbacks of SA and SQ which are pointed out by users of other metaheuristics is lack of learning in search history, that is, blind random search often compared to ‘stupid fly’. Although the complete ACO belongs population-based SLS methods in which genetic algorithm is also contained, a predecessor of ACO is Ant System which is a single ant version of ACO. It was also proposed by Dorigo et al. in [25] and it is recognized as a member of Adaptive Iterated Construction Search (AICS) methods. In the Ant System single artificial ant works and uses information obtained in its own preceding searches. Utilization of some information about good solutions obtained in the preceding search processes is able to be incorporated into SQ procedures. It would be possible to overcome the blind random searches in SQ. Because traversed arcs in good solutions of VRPTW are recognized as characteristics of them, such arcs are expected to be not drastically changed in the succeeding search processes.
In order to embody the idea described above, artificial pheromone trail
, where
However, in order to avoid extreme effect of pheromone, lower bound and upper bound of
The core part of the basic SQ algorithm (5) is replaced by the revised algorithm which is called
When performance of plural solutions for VRPTW is compared, the first measure is the number of vehicles in use, which is denoted by
In the string model described in Sec. 4.1, successive substring of ‘0’s is interpreted as there is no tours between two ‘0’s, that is to say that there is a vehicle not in use. For example shown in Figure 9, when ‘0’ is replaced by another symbol in the string, one vehicle will become not in use. In order to urge to carry out this kind of transformation, artificial pheromone trail associated with edges (
The effect of the device (14) could make the probability
Reduction of
Computational experiments have been attempted for testing the performance of the proposed method compared with basic SQ method. They have been tried on typical instances for VRPTW.
Solomon’s benchmark problem sets are produced by Solomon in [5] and provided from Solomon’s own website in [26]. They are extremely popular VRPTW instances, and have been used for testing performance of methods by many researchers. Although in some of instances, optimum solutions have been already found by using exact methods, in others, they have not found yet. In both cases, the best solutions found by heuristics have been presented in the literature. Instances including 25, 50, and 100 clients have been provided from Solomon’s problem sets. In the instances, each position of clients is given as
Gehring & Homberger extended Solomon\'s benchmark problems to larger scale problem sets including 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 clients in [27]. They are provided from their website [28]. Concerning 200 clients problem sets, the geographical data are clustered in C-series 20instances, randomly generated in R-series 19 instances, and a mix of random and clustered structures in RC-series 20 instances.
In this chapter, all of 56 instances with 100 clients from Solomon’s problems and all of 59 instances with 200 clients from Gehring & Homberger’s problems are chosen for computational experiments.
In the computations, the values of the parameters with respect to SQ that appear in the basic SQ,
until (
Values of parameters appeared in energy function (2)
and values of parameters used in the proposed method
are set according to the preliminary execution.
The computational experiments are executed on Windows 7, with Core i7 960, 3.2GHzCPU.
Ratio of application of artificial pheromone trail
Concerning the number of vehicles in use
Improvement ratio of total traversing cost
Computing time consumed by the methods using SQ and
In order to evaluate effect of device for reducing the number of vehicles in use
In the latter half processes in SQ | ||||
In the first half processes in SQ | --- | |||
--- |
Four types of
Computational experiments are performed ten times on all benchmark problems with 100 clients and 200 clients. Regarding the number of vehicles in use
Improvement ratio (%) of the number of vehicles in use
According to this result, severer reducing coefficient
Comparison of traversing cost
Values of
Improvement ratio of total traversing cost
Computing time consumed by the methods using SQ,
To summarize these experiments,
In this chapter, in order to relieve blind searches in Simulated Quenching (SQ), that is are a practical variant of Simulated Annealing (SA), utilization good characteristics of history records during SQ search processes is attempted. Two new devices which are inspired by the effect of pheromone in ant colony optimization (ACO) are adjusted and incorporated into SQ procedures to solve VRPTW. The one is a device to reduce total traversing cost
As mentioned before, ease of implementation and flexibility are very important as well as quality of solution, running time and robustness in practical application of VRPTW algorithms to real-world problems. The proposed method is composed by a simple data model and straightforward one-phase algorithm to solve VRPTW. Therefore, the proposed method has comparative ease of implementation and much flexibility.
Two devices incorporated in SQ procedures in this chapter are able to be incorporated into SQ procedures in other routing problems which are embodied in the string model. As introduced in Sec.4.4, VRP with backhaouls (VRPB), Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP), Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) and a general routing problem with nodes, edges, and arcs (NEARP) have aleady been embodied in string model and solved by SQ method. Application of two devices to these problems are left for future study.
According to Russell Ackoff [1], a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into three categories:
IF temperature < = 0° C THEN cold = true;
Cold IF == right THEN notify personnel to remove ice from aircraft.
Indeed, knowledge is the appropriate collection of information such that it intends to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. Memorization of information leads to knowledge. Knowledge represents a pattern and provides a high level of predictability regarding what is being described or will happen next.
Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature drops drastically, the atmosphere is unlikely to hold the humidity so that it rains.
This knowledge has a useful meaning, but its integration in a context will infer new knowledge. For example, a student memorizes or accumulates knowledge of the multiplication Table. A student can answer 2 × 2 because this knowledge is in the multiplication table. Nevertheless, when asked for 1267 × 300, he cannot answer correctly because he cannot dip into the multiplication table. To answer such a question correctly requires a real cognitive and analytical capacity that exists in the next level … comprehension. In computer jargon, most of the applications we use (modeling, simulation, etc.) use stored knowledge.
The system is an aggregated “whole” where each component interacts with at least one other component of the system. The components or parts of a system can be real or abstract.
All system components work toward a standard system goal. A system can contain several subsystems. It can be connected to other systems.
A system is a collection of elements or components that interact to achieve goals. The elements themselves and the relationships between them determine how the system works. Systems have inputs, processing mechanisms, outputs, and feedback mechanisms. A system processes the input to create the output [3].
Input is the activity of collecting and capturing data.
Processing involves the transformation of inputs into outputs such as computation, for example.
Output is about producing useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports. The output of one system can become the input of another system. For example, the output of a system, which processes sales orders, can be used as input to a customer’s billing system. Computers typically produce output to printers and display to screens. The output can also be reports and documents written by hand or produced manually.
Finally, feedback or feedback is information from the system used to modify inputs or treatments as needed.
An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate information and provide a feedback mechanism to achieve a goal. The feedback mechanism helps organizations achieve their goals by increasing profits, improving customer service [3], and supporting decision-making and control in organizations [4].
Companies use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs.
In organizations, information systems are structured around four essential elements, proposed in the 1960s by Harold Leavitt (Figure 1). The pattern is known as the “Leavitt Diamond.”
Leavitt’s diamond: A socio-technical view of IS.
A company has systems to support the different managerial levels. These systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and dedicated business intelligence systems.
Companies use information systems so that accurate and up-to-date information is available when needed [5].
Within the same organization, executives at different hierarchy levels have very different information requirements, and different types of information systems have evolved to meet their needs. A common approach for examining the types of information systems used within organizations is to classify them according to their roles at different organizational structure levels, and this approach is called a vertical approach. Indeed, the organization is considered a management pyramid at four levels (Figure 2):
Information Systems types according to managerial level.
At the operational level, managers need systems that keep track of the organization for necessary activities and operations, such as sales and material flow in a factory. A transaction processing system is a computer system that performs and records the routine (daily) operations necessary for managing affairs, such as keeping employee records, payroll, shipping merchandise, keeping records, accounting and treasury.
At this level, the primary purpose of systems is to answer routine questions and monitor transactions flow through the organization.
At the operational level, tasks, resources, and objectives are predefined and highly structured. The decision to grant credit to a customer, for example, is made by a primary supervisor according to predefined criteria. All that needs to be determined is whether the client meets the criteria.
Middle managers need systems to help with oversight, control, decision making, and administrative activities. The main question that this type of system must answer is: is everything working correctly?
Its role is to summarize and report on essential business operations using data provided by transaction processing systems. Primary transaction data is synthesized and aggregated, and it is usually presented in reports produced regularly.
DSS supports decision-making for unusual and rapidly evolving issues, for which there are no fully predefined procedures. This type of system attempts to answer questions such as: What would impact production schedules if we were to double sales for December? What would the level of Return on investment be if the plant schedule were delayed by more than six months?
While DSSs use internal information from TPS and MIS systems, they also leverage external sources, such as stock quotes or competitor product prices. These systems use a variety of models to analyze the data. The system can answer questions such as: Considering customer’s delivery schedule and the freight rate offered, which vessel should be assigned, and what fill rate to maximize profits? What is the optimum speed at which a vessel can maximize profit while meeting its delivery schedule?
ESS helps top management make decisions. They address exceptional decisions requiring judgment, assessment, and a holistic view of the business situation because there is no procedure to be followed to resolve a given issue at this level.
ESS uses graphics and data from many sources through an interface that senior managers easily understand. ESS is designed to integrate data from the external environment, such as new taxes or competitor data, and integrate aggregate data from MIS and DSS. ESSs filter, synthesize and track critical data. Particular attention is given to displaying this data because it contributes to the rapid assimilation of these top management figures. Increasingly, these systems include business intelligence analysis tools to identify key trends and forecasts.
Decision-making in companies is often associated with top management. Today, employees at the operational level are also responsible for individual decisions since information systems make information available at all company levels.
So decisions are made at all levels of the company.
Although some of these decisions are common, routine, and frequent, the value of improving any single decision may be small, but improving hundreds or even thousands of “small” decisions can add value to the business.
Not all situations that require decisions are the same. While some decisions result in actions that significantly impact the organization and its future, others are much less important and play a relatively minor role. A decision’s impact is a criterion that can differentiate between decision situations and the degree of the decision’s structuring. Many situations are very structured, with well-defined entrances and exits. For example, it is relatively easy to determine the amount of an employee’s pay if we have the appropriate input data (for example, the number of hours worked and their hourly wage rate), and all the rules of relevant decision (for example, if the hours worked during a week are more than 40, then the overtime must be calculated), and so on. In this type of situation, it is relatively easy to develop information systems that can be used to help (or even automate) the decision.
In contrast, some decision situations are very complex and unstructured, where no specific decision rules can be easily identified. As an example, consider the following task: “Design a new vehicle that is a convertible (with a retractable hardtop), has a high safety rating, and is esthetically pleasing to a reasonably broad audience. No predefined solution to this task finalizing a design will involve many compromises and require considerable knowledge and expertise.
Examples of Types of decisions, according to managerial level, are presented in Table 1.
Decision level | Characteristics of decisions | Examples of decisions |
---|---|---|
Top Management | Unstructured | Decide whether or not to come into the market |
Approve the budget allocated to capital | ||
Decide on long-term goals | ||
Intermediate management | Semi-structured | Design a marketing plan |
Develop a departmental budget | ||
Design a website for the company | ||
Operational management | Structured | Determine the overtime hours |
Determine the rules for stock replenishment | ||
Grant credit to customers | ||
Offer special offers to customers |
Types of decisions according to managerial level.
Generally speaking, structured decisions are more common at lower levels of the organization, while unstructured problems are more common at higher business levels.
The more structured the decision, the easier it is to automate. If it is possible to derive an algorithm that can be used to make an efficient decision and the input data to the algorithm can be obtained at a reasonable cost, it generally makes sense to automate the decision.
Davenport and Harris [6] proposed a framework for the categorization of applications used for decision automation. Most of the systems they describe include some expert systems, often combined with DSS and/or EIS aspects. The categories they provided include Solution Configuration, Optimization of Performance, Routing or Segmentation of Decisions, Business Regulatory Compliance, Fraud Detection, Dynamic Forecasting, and Operational Control.
Many business decision situations are not very structured, and therefore cannot (or should not) be fully automated.
Data visualization tools allow users to see patterns and relationships in large amounts of data that would be difficult to discern if the data had been presented in tabular form, for example.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) helps decision-makers visualize issues requiring knowledge about people’s geographic distribution or other resources. GIS software links the location data of points, lines, and areas on a map. Some GIS have modeling capabilities to modify data and simulate the impact of these modifications. For example, GIS could help the government calculate response times to natural disasters and other emergencies or help banks identify the best replacement for installing new branches or ATMs of tickets.
Geographic (or geospatial) information refers not only to things that exist (or are being planned) on specific locations on the Earth’s surface but also to events such as traffic congestion, flooding, and other events such as an open-air festival [7].
Its scope and granularity characterize this information:
Location, extent, and coverage are essential aspects of geographic information.
Granularity, for example, geometric information, can be concise or fuzzy depending on the application.
GIS is used to capture, store, analyze, and visualize data that describes part of the Earth’s surface, technical and administrative entities, and the results of geosciences, economics, and ecological applications.
It is a computer system with a database observing the spatial distribution of objects, activities, or events described by points, lines, or surfaces.
It is a comprehensive collection of tools for capturing, storing, extracting, transforming, and visualizing real-world spatial data for applications.
It is an information system containing all the data of the territory, the atmosphere, the surface of the Earth, and the lithosphere, allowing the systematic capture, the update, the manipulation, and the analysis of these data standardized reference framework.
It is a decision support system that integrates spatial data into a problem-solving environment.
Other definitions of GIS exist depending on the point of view of application [7], a GIS can be considered as
A collection of spatial data with storage and retrieval functions
A collection of algorithmic and functional tools
A set of hardware and software components necessary for processing geospatial data
A particular type of information technology
A gold mine for answers to geospatial questions
A model of spatial relations and spatial recognition.
Typically, a GIS provides functions for the storage and retrieval, interrogation and visualization, transformation, geometric and thematic analysis of information.
Indeed, geographic/geospatial information is ubiquitous, as seen on mobile devices such as cell phones, maps, satellite images, positioning and routing services, and even 3D simulations, gaining popularity from increasingly essential segments of the consumers.
Technological advances in recent years have transformed classical GIS into new forms of geospatial analysis tools, namely:
Web-based and service-oriented approaches have led to a client–server architecture.
Mobile technology has made GIS ubiquitous in smartphones, tablets, and laptops (opening up new markets).
IS applications cover functional areas and focus on the execution of business processes across the enterprise, including all management levels.
There are several categories of business applications: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management systems (SCM), Customer Relationship Management systems (CRM), electronic commerce or e-commerce, Knowledge Management systems or KM, and Business Intelligence or BI. The categories of business applications dealt with in this section cover all managerial levels since KMS are mainly intended for top management (ESS), SCMs, CRMs, and BI for mid-level management (MIS and DSS), ERP and e-commerce dedicated to the transactional level (TPS or basic or operational).
However, it is useful to specify that some ERP systems, such as the global giant SAP, offer versions of its software package covering these different categories, including SCM and CRM.
ERPs allow business processes related to production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources to be integrated into a single software system. Information that was previously fragmented across many different systems is integrated into a single system with a single, comprehensive database that multiple business stakeholders can use.
An ERP system centralizes an organization’s data, and the processes it applies are the processes that the organization must adopt [8]. When an ERP provider designs a module, it must implement the rules of the associated business processes. ERP systems apply best management practices. In other words, when an organization implements ERP, it also improves its management as part of ERP integration. For many organizations, implementing an ERP system is an excellent opportunity to improve their business practices and upgrade their software simultaneously. Nevertheless, integrating an ERP represents a real challenge: Are the processes integrated into the ERP better than those currently used? Furthermore, if the integration is booming, and the organization operates the same as its competitors, how do you differentiate yourself?
ERPs are configurable according to the specificities of each organization. For organizations that want to continue using their processes or even design new ones, ERP systems provide means for customizing these processes. However, the burden of maintenance falls on the organizations themselves in the case of ERP customization.
Organizations will need to consider the following decision carefully: should they accept the best practice processes embedded in the ERP system or develop their processes? If the choice is ERP, process customization should only concern processes essential to its competitive advantage.
Electronic commerce is playing an increasingly important role in organizations with their customers.
E-commerce enables market expansion with minimal capital investment, improves the supply and marketing of products and services. Nevertheless, there is still a need for universally accepted standards to ensure the quality and security of information and sufficient telecommunications bandwidth.
The three main categories of e-commerce are Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C).
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce involves the retailing of products and services to individual customers. Amazon, which sells books, software, and music to individual consumers, is an example of B2C e-commerce.
Business-to-Business (B2B), e-commerce involves the sale of goods and services between businesses. The ChemConnect website for buying and selling chemicals and plastics is an example of B2B e-commerce.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), this type of e-commerce involves consumers selling directly to consumers. For example, eBay, the giant web-based auction site, allows individuals to sell their products to other consumers by auctioning their goods, either to the highest bidder or through a fixed price.
Information systems for the management of the supply chain or SCM make it possible to manage its suppliers’ relations. These systems help suppliers and distributors share information about orders, production, inventory levels, and delivery of products and services so that they can source, produce and deliver goods and services efficiently.
The ultimate goal is to get the right amount of products from their suppliers at a lower cost and time. Additionally, these systems improve profitability by enabling managers to optimize scheduling decisions for procurement, production, and distribution.
Anomalies in the supply chain, such as parts shortages, underutilized storage areas, prolonged storage of finished products, or high transportation cost, are caused by inaccurate or premature information. For example, manufacturers may stock an excessive amount of parts because they do not know precisely the dates of upcoming deliveries from suppliers. Alternatively, conversely, the manufacturer may order a small number of raw materials because they do not have precise information about their needs. These supply chain inefficiencies squander up to 25 percent of the company’s operating costs.
If a manufacturer has precise information on the exact number of units of the product demanded by customers, on what date, and its exact production rate, it would be possible to implement a successful strategy called “just in time” (just-in-time strategy). Raw materials would be received precisely when production needed them, and finished products would be shipped off the assembly line with no need for storage.
However, there are always uncertainties in a supply chain because many events cannot be predicted, such as late deliveries from suppliers, defective parts or non-conforming raw materials, or even breakdowns in the production process. To cope with these kinds of contingencies and keep their customers happy, manufacturers often deal with these uncertainties by stocking more materials or products than they need. The safety stock acts as a buffer against probable supply chain anomalies. While managing excess inventory is expensive, a low stock fill rate is also costly because orders can be canceled.
CRM aims to manage customer relationships by coordinating all business processes that deal with customers’ sales and marketing. The goal is to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. This collected information helps companies identify, attract and retain the most profitable customers, and provide better service to existing customers and increase sales.
The CRM captures and integrates the data of the company’s customers. It consolidates data, analyzes it, and distributes the results to different systems and customer touchpoints throughout the company. A point of contact (touchpoint, contact point) is a means of interaction with the customer, such as telephone, e-mail, customer service, conventional mail, website, or even a sales store, by retail.
Well-designed CRM systems provide a single view of the company’s customers, which is useful for improving sales and customer service quality. Such systems also provide customers with a single view of the business regardless of their contact point or usage.
CRM systems provide data and analytical tools to answer these types of questions: “What is the value of a customer to the business” “Who are the most loyal customers?” “Who are the most profitable customers” and “What products are profitable customers buying?”
Businesses use the answers to these questions to acquire new customers, improve service quality, support existing customers, tailor offerings to customer preferences, and deliver escalating services to retain profitable customers.
Some companies perform better than others because they know how to create, produce, and deliver products and services. This business knowledge is difficult to emulate, is unique, and can be leveraged and deliver long-term strategic benefits. Knowledge Management Systems or KMS enable organizations to manage processes better to collect and apply knowledge and expertise. These systems collect all the relevant knowledge and experiences in the company and make them available to everyone to improve business processes and decision management.
Knowledge management systems can take many different forms, but the primary goals are: 1) facilitating communication between knowledge workers within an organization, and 2) to make explicit the expertise of a few and make it available to many.
Consider an international consulting firm, for example. The company employs thousands of consultants across many countries. The consultancy team in Spain may be trying to resolve a client’s problem, very similar to a consultancy team in Singapore that has already been solved. Rather than reinventing the solution, it would be much more useful for the Spain team to use the Singapore team’s knowledge.
One way to remedy this situation is to store case histories from which employees worldwide can access (via the Internet) and search for cases (using a search engine) according to their respective needs. If the case documentation is of good quality (accurate, timely, complete), the consultants will share and benefit from each other’s experiences, and the knowledge gained.
Unfortunately, it is often difficult to get employees to contribute meaningfully to the knowledge base (as they are probably more concerned with moving forward on their next engagements with customers rather than documenting their past experiences). For such systems to have any chance of success, the work organization must change, such as establishing a reward system for cases captured and well documented.
The term Business Intelligence (BI) is generally used to describe a type of information system designed to help decision-makers learn about trends and identify relationships in large volumes of data. Typically, BI software is used in conjunction with large databases or data warehouses. While the specific capabilities of BI systems vary, most can be used for specialized reporting (e.g., aggregated data relating to multiple dimensions), ad-hoc queries, and trend analysis.
As with knowledge management systems, the value of business intelligence systems can be hampered in several ways. The quality of the data that is captured and stored is not guaranteed. Besides, the database (or data warehouse) may lack essential data (for example, ice cream sales are likely to correlate with temperature; without the temperature information, it may be difficult to identify why it is. There has been an increase or decrease in sales of ice cream). A third challenge is the lack of mastery of data analysts over the context of the organization’s operations, even if they are proficient in BI software. In contrast, a manager has mastery of the organization but does not know how to use BI software. As a result, it is common to have a team (a manager associated with a data analyst) to get the most information (and/or knowledge) from a business intelligence system.
Unlike physical assets, the information does not necessarily disappear when it has been stolen. If an organization holds confidential information such as a new manufacturing process, it may be uploaded by an unauthorized person and remain available to the organization.
Exposing information to unauthorized personnel constitutes a breach of confidentiality.
Another type of system failure happens when the integrity of information is no longer guaranteed. In other words, rather than unauthorized exposure of information, there are unauthorized changes of information. A corporate website containing documentation on how to configure or repair its products could suffer severe financial harm if an intruder could change instructions, leading to customers misconfigure or even ruin the purchased product.
Finally, the denial of access to information or the unavailability of information represents another type of information failure. For example, if a doctor is prevented from accessing a patient’s test results, the patient may suffer needlessly or even die. A commercial website could lose significant sales if its website were down for an extended period.
Understanding the potential causes of system failure enables appropriate action to be taken to avoid them. There are a wide variety of potential threats to an organization’s information systems.
Human threats are the most complicated to manage because they include a wide variety of behaviors. To illustrate how the level of detail can vary, some relevant subcategories include:
Accidental behavior by members of the organization, technical support staff, and customers of the organization
Malicious behavior by someone inside or outside the organization
Other categories of threats include:
A natural event: flood, fire, tornado, ice storm, earthquake, pandemic flu
Environmental elements: chemical spill, gas line explosion.
Technical Threat: Hardware or software failure
Operational Threat: a faulty process that unintentionally compromises the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information. For example, an operational procedure that allows application programmers to upgrade software without test or notification system operators can result in prolonged outages.
It is possible to categorize the various checks intended to avoid a failure, such as:
Management controls management processes that identify system requirements such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and provide for various management controls to ensure that these requirements are met.
Operational controls: include the day-to-day processes associated with the provision of information services.
Technical controls: concern the technical capacities integrated into the IT infrastructure to support the increased confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information services.
A widely cited Gartner research report concludes that “people directly cause 80% of downtime in critical application services. The remaining 20% are caused by technological failures, environmental failure or a natural disaster”.
Often, these failures are the result of software modifications such as adding new features or misconfiguring servers or network devices.
IT professionals should ensure that system changes are prioritized and tested and that all interested parties are notified of proposed changes.
Perceptible benefits can be quantified and assigned a monetary value. Imperceptible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or improved decision making, cannot be immediately quantified but can lead to quantifiable long-term gain [4].
System performance can be measured in different ways.
Efficiency is often referred to as “doing the things right” or doing things right. Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of output to input. In other words, a company is more efficient if it produces more with the same amount of resources or if it produces the same amount of output with a lower investment of resources, or - even better - produces more with less input. In other words, the company achieves improvements in terms of efficiency by reducing the waste of resources while maximizing Productivity.
Each time an item is sold or ordered, the manager updates the quantity of the item sold in the inventory system. The manager needs to check the sales to determine which items have been sold the most and restocked. This considerably reduces the manager’s time to manage his stock (limit input to achieve the same output). So efficiency is a measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed [3].
Effectiveness is measured based on the degree achieved in achieving system objectives. It can be calculated by dividing the objectives achieved by the total of the objectives set.
Effectiveness is denoted as “doing the right thing” or doing the things necessary or right. It is possible to define effectiveness as an organization’s ability to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Typically, a business more significant is the one that makes the best decisions and can carry them out.
For example, to better meet its various customers’ needs, an organization may create or improve its products and services founded on data collected from them and information accumulated from sales activities. In other words, information systems help organizations better understand their customers and deliver the products and services that customers desire. Collecting customer data on an individual basis will help the organization provide them with personalized service.
The manager can also ask customers what kind of products and services customers would like to buy in the future, trying to anticipate their needs. With the information gathered, the manager will order the customers’ products and stop ordering unpopular products.
In what follows, we present several formulas established to measure efficiency and effectiveness resulting from the information systems use. Indeed, the impact of an information system on an organization can be assessed using financial measures.
When the information system is implemented, management will certainly want to assess whether the system has succeeded in achieving its objectives. Often this assessment is challenging to achieve. The business can use financial metrics such as Productivity, Return On Investment (ROI), net present value, and other performance metrics explained in the following:
Return on investment, denoted as a Return rate, is a financial ratio that measures the amount gained or lost compared to the amount initially invested.
An information system with a positive return on investment indicates that this system can improve its efficiency.
The advantage of using Return on investment is that it is possible to quantify the costs and benefits of introducing an information system. Therefore, it is possible to use this metric to compare different systems and see which systems can help the organization be more efficient and/or more effective.
Developing information systems that measure Productivity and control is a crucial element for most organizations. Productivity is a measure of produced output divided by required input. A higher production level for a given entry-level means greater Productivity; a lower output level for a given entry-level means lower Productivity. Values assigned to productivity levels are not always based on hours worked. Productivity may be based on the number of raw materials used, the quality obtained, or the time to produce the goods or services. According to other parameters and with other organizations in the same industry, Productivity’s value has to mean only compared to other Productivity periods.
Another measure of the SI value is the increase in profit or the growth in realized profits. For example, a mail-order company installs an order processing system that generates 7 percent growth in profits over the previous year.
Market share is the percentage of sales of a product or service relative to the overall market. If installing a new online catalog increases sales, it could help increase the company’s market share by, for example, 20 percent.
Although customer satisfaction is difficult to quantify, many companies measure their information systems performance based on internal and external feedback. Some companies use surveys and questionnaires to determine whether investments have resulted in increased customer satisfaction.
Another way to measure the value of information systems has been developed by the Gartner Group and is called the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This approach allocates the total costs between acquiring the technology, technical support, and administrative costs. Other costs are added to the TCO, namely: retooling and training costs. TCO can help develop a more accurate estimate of total costs for systems ranging from small computers to large mainframe systems.
The evolution of information technologies leads to the reflection on new approaches that set up more flexible, more scalable architectures to meet its agility needs. The urbanization of information systems is one such approach.
The company’s information system’s urbanization is an IT discipline consisting of developing its information system to guarantee its consistency with its objectives and business. By taking into account its external and internal constraints while taking advantage of the opportunities of the IT state of the art.
This discipline is based on a series of concepts modeled on those of the urbanization of human habitat (organization of cities, territory), concepts that have been reused in IT to formalize or model the information system.
Town planning defines rules and a coherent, stable, and modular framework, to which the various stakeholders refer for any investment decision relating to the management of the information system.
In other words, to urbanize is to lead the information systems’ continuous transformation to simplify it and ensure its consistency.
The challenges of urbanization consist of managing complexity, communicating and federating work, considering organizational constraints, and guiding technological choices.
Define and frame the objectives of the project, define the scope, develop the schedule.
Carry out the inventory, organize the work, and present the deliverables. More precisely, list the assets and map the different layers (business, functional, application, and technical):
Business Architecture
Identify “business processes”: Who does what and why? The description of the processes is done with BPMN, EPC formalisms, etc. This step is tricky and may require the use of exploration methods. However, it does improve the overall understanding and increase the possibilities for optimization
Functional architecture
Identify the “functional block”: What do we need to carry out the business processes? Here, we are based on a classic division into zones (exchanges, core business, reference data, production data, support activities, management). This step’s difficulty lies in choosing the right level of detail and remaining consistent with business processes. However, it provides a hierarchical presentation and makes it easier to break down the work.
Application Architecture
Identify the applications: How to achieve the functionalities? This step is based on a classic N-Tiers division. However, it is not easy to provide value and solutions compared to functional architecture. This stage lays the foundations for the realization (major technological choices, etc.).
System Architecture
Identify the technical components: With what and where the applications work, it is based on a classic division into technical areas (security, storage, etc.). It is not easy to make the connection between applications and servers. This step brings concrete and structuring and is essential to assess the cost of the system.
Impact on the different layers, consideration of constraints (human, material, etc.), design of costed scenarios, and arbitration of the choice of a target.
How to organize the work, frame and then refine the budgets, design and plan projects, define the support strategy, set up an organization, contributions, roles, and responsibilities of actors.
At the end of this process, a Land Use Plan (LUP) is defined. It is a report consisting of:
Summaries of the orientations chosen as well as the justifications for the options selected.
A definition of areas, neighborhoods, and blocks.
Existing and target maps (process, functional, application, and technical mapping).
Additional documents (interview reports, list of people and organizational entities, etc.)
The goal is to identify the gaps between the existing and the principles of urbanization and establish changes by describing the actions and their corresponding cost.
In practice, the urbanization process is very cumbersome to implement. On the one hand, it requires the participation of many actors in the organization, and on the other hand, the analysis is very long. As a result, needs to change, and LUP is no longer necessarily suitable.
The reasons for a successful or unsuccessful IS implementation are complex and contested by different stakeholders and from the various perspectives involved. Developers tend to focus on the system’s technical validity in terms of execution, operation, and evolution. Other qualities are often considered, such as security, maintainability, scalability, stability, and availability. All of these criteria are considered to be signs of successful IS Development.
The failure of an IS can be defined as: either the system put in place does not meet the user’s expectations or does not function properly. The reasons for failure are as divergent as the projects.
The perspective of project management, on the other hand, tends to focus on the consumption of resources. The project delivered with the initial budget and within the allotted time is considered a successful project. Nelson [9] analyzed 99 SI projects and identified 36 classic errors. He categorized these errors into four categories: process, people, product, and technology. The last category concerns the factors leading to IS failures based on the misuse of modern technologies.
The seminal article by DeLone and McLean [10] suggested that IS success should be the preeminent dependent variable for the IS domain. These researchers proposed a taxonomy of six interdependent variables to define the IS’ success as the system’s quality, the quality of information, the IS, user satisfaction, individual impact, and organizational impact.
One of the significant extensions to this proposition is the dimension of the IT department’s quality of service [11].
Either way, the use of the system is seen as a sign of its success. The IS use level is incorporated into most IS success models [11, 12]. These models show the complexity of measuring user satisfaction because, even in the same organization, some user groups may be more or less enthusiastic than others to use the new information system.
In the current global context of the covid pandemic, it appears clear that information systems that integrate web and mobile technologies can positively contribute to the monitoring of contaminated cases and therefore minimize the risks of contamination provided that users adhere to this movement for the benefit of all [13]. A truly global, rapid, and efficient decision-making process is enabled by the integration of information systems from distributed sources [14].
To conclude this introductive chapter, we present its key ideas:
Levels of information are data, information, and knowledge.
The system is an aggregated “whole” where each component interacts with at least one other system component to achieve a goal.
An information system can be defined as a set of interconnected components that gather, process, store and dispense information to support decision making and control in an organization. An IS can be seen as a socio-technical system. The technical part includes the technology and the processes, while the social part includes the people and the structure.
The role of information systems is to solve an organization’s problems concerning its information needs
A company has systems to support the different managerial levels: transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and systems dedicated to business intelligence.
Decisions can be operational or strategic.
There are several categories of business applications: enterprise resource planning, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, knowledge management systems, and business intelligence.
Among the failures that can affect IS a violation of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
The controls intended to avoid the IS’s security failures include management controls, operational controls, and technical controls.
The information system’s performance can be measured according to efficiency, effectiveness, Return on investment, Productivity, customer satisfaction, etc.
Urbanizing an information system means directing its continuous transformation to guarantee its consistency
The reasons for a successful or unsuccessful implementation of an IS are complex and contested by the various stakeholders and from the various perspectives involved.
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Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, saturable absorption and reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses, have been covered.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Yachen Gao and Deigui Kong",authors:null},{id:"61850",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76610",title:"Fiber Lasers and Their Medical Applications",slug:"fiber-lasers-and-their-medical-applications",totalDownloads:1945,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Advancing of photonics, aided with fruitful and abundant experimental and theoretical studies, over the last four decades has brought about the invention of a large variety of lasers. Among them one of the most popular types is a fiber laser, which is a variation of the standard solid-state laser, with the medium being a clad fiber waveguide structure and different dopants inside core serve as a gain media. They were derived from erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, which are still important component for telecommunications. Since discovery, fiber laser has become a natural choice for many uses, primarily because of the physical characteristics of fiber waveguide structure. Their rapid progress may show how excellent they really are. Although fiber lasers are today widely used in various research and industrial areas, one of the most meaningful applications of fiber laser technology has been through its use in medicine. A wide variety of wavelengths generated by fiber lasers as well as the diversity of physical mechanisms employed in pulse generation also additionally underpins the flexibility of fiber laser technology. This study is devoted to background technology of fiber lasers in the light of medical applications. Basic physics and theories of optical fibers and their important properties are introduced.",book:{id:"6467",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel",authors:[{id:"240070",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Tandirovic Gursel",slug:"amira-tandirovic-gursel",fullName:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63129",title:"Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid",slug:"laser-ablation-technique-for-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticle-in-liquid",totalDownloads:2615,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"Recently, the synthesis and application of metal and ceramic nanoparticle are significant subject in science and engineering. The metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have more application in material science, nanomedicine, electronic, photonic, and art. One of the green methods for preparation of metal nanoparticles is laser ablation technique that offers a unique tool for nanofabrication of nanoparticles. In this technique, the high-power laser ablates the metal plate and the nanoparticles are formed in the liquid. The properties of nanoparticles using laser ablation are unique, and they are not reproducible by any other method such as chemical methods. The important parameters to produce the metal nanoparticles are energy, wavelength, repetition rate of laser, ablation time, and absorption of an aqueous solution. Laser ablation is a simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. In this chapter, the mechanism of formation of metal nanoparticles in liquid, significant parameters for using the laser ablation technique to prepare the metal nanoparticles, and the preparation of silver, gold and copper nanoparticles will be reviewed.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",authors:null},{id:"73930",title:"Laser Chemical Elemental Analysis: From Total to Images",slug:"laser-chemical-elemental-analysis-from-total-to-images",totalDownloads:523,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This book chapter focuses on laser ablation employed in elemental analysis and discusses the fundamentals and instrumentation of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques. The analytical performance of such techniques, challenges related to calibration, and strategies to improve sensitivity are discussed. In addition, the processes involved in data acquisition and imaging for acquiring the elemental spatial distribution are highlighted, and some representative examples in environmental, biological, medical, and forensic researches are presented.",book:{id:"10481",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation"},signatures:"Renata S. Amais, Danielle S. Francischini, Pedro S. Moreau and Marco A.Z. Arruda",authors:[{id:"327464",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco A.Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Arruda",slug:"marco-a.z.-arruda",fullName:"Marco A.Z. Arruda"},{id:"327467",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Amais",slug:"renata-amais",fullName:"Renata Amais"},{id:"327468",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle S.",middleName:"Da Silva",surname:"Francischini",slug:"danielle-s.-francischini",fullName:"Danielle S. Francischini"},{id:"327488",title:"BSc.",name:"Pedro S.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreau",slug:"pedro-s.-moreau",fullName:"Pedro S. Moreau"}]},{id:"59750",title:"Quantum Dot-Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (QD-SOA): Dynamics and Applications",slug:"quantum-dot-semiconductor-optical-amplifiers-qd-soa-dynamics-and-applications",totalDownloads:1392,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Quantum dot-semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD-SOA) attracted strong interest for applications in optical communications and in all-optical signal processing due to their high operation rate, strong nonlinearity, small gain recovery time of about few picoseconds, broadband gain, low injection current and low noise figure (NF). In this chapter, we present the theoretical investigation of the gain recovery time acceleration in DQ SOA; the specific features of the cross gain modulation (XGM) in QD-SOA; the influence of the optical injection on the dynamics of QD-SOA based on the QD in a well (QDWELL) structure. We describe the following applications of QD-SOA: the all-optical ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse generation based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a QD-SOA; the ultra-fast all-optical signal processor based on QD-SOA-MZI; the ultra-fast all-optical memory based on QD-SOA. The contents of the chapter are mainly based on the original results.",book:{id:"6467",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Yossef Ben Ezra and Boris I. Lembrikov",authors:[{id:"2302",title:"Prof.",name:"Yossef",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Ezra",slug:"yossef-ben-ezra",fullName:"Yossef Ben-Ezra"},{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}]},{id:"73390",title:"Laser Machining",slug:"laser-machining",totalDownloads:571,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The increasing demands of materials with superior properties are given priority by most of the industries in recent years due to their higher performance levels. Machining of hard materials is a challenging task since it involves higher cutting forces and rapid tool wear. This leads to complexity in shaping these difficult-to machine materials such as advanced composite and ceramics. There have been many alternative techniques developed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional machining processes. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the advanced noncontact machining processes that employ monochromatic light with high frequency for machining using thermal energy. The highly energized photos are focused on a material cause heating, melting and vaporizes the material which is effectively used to remove unwanted portion of a material. Due to higher coherency of laser beam, materials can be machined very precisely than conventional machining processes. Generally, the laser-based material processing is suitable for a brittle type of material with minimum conductivity. However, this laser machining can be used for all kinds of materials in most cases. This chapter provides the principle of laser and its types, mechanism of material removal using laser, applications, advantages, and limitations of LBM.",book:{id:"10481",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation"},signatures:"Natarajan Jeyaprakash, Che-Hua Yang and Manickam Bhuvanesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"32620",title:"Prof.",name:"Che-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"che-hua-yang",fullName:"Che-Hua Yang"},{id:"319416",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeyaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"Natarajan",slug:"jeyaprakash-natarajan",fullName:"Jeyaprakash Natarajan"},{id:"329306",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhuvanesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"M",slug:"bhuvanesh-kumar-m",fullName:"Bhuvanesh Kumar M"}]},{id:"63522",title:"Nonlinear Optical Response of Noble Metal Nanoparticles",slug:"nonlinear-optical-response-of-noble-metal-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1466,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The special nonlinear optical response of noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) when exposed to intense laser radiation has induced novel applications in nonlinear spectroscopy, optoelectronics, and optical switchers and limiters. In this chapter, recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of MNPs (including gold, silver, palladium, and platinum) have been discussed. Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, saturable absorption and reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses, have been covered.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Yachen Gao and Deigui Kong",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"226",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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